Construction Technology IV

(DQS252)
Lecturer / Team Teaching
NORHAFIZAH YUSOP
010-8771302
Email: norha158@uitm.edu.my
Facebook: Fiza Nz

Resource Person
SITI NOR FAIZAH BINTI AB MALEK
Deep foundation
By
NORHAFIZAH YUSOP
 DEEP FOUNDATION – PILED
FOUNDATION
 Piled foundation can be defined as a series of
columns constructed or inserted into the ground
to transmit the loads of a structure to a lower
level of subsoil.

 Piled foundations can be used when suitable

foundation conditions are not present at or near
ground level making the use of deep traditional
foundations uneconomic.
 1) TO TRANSMIT/TRANSFER LOADS OF THE
SUPERSTRUCTURE
- From weak compressible strata to stiffer and
less compressible soils.

 2) TO ANCHOR STRUCTURES
- Resists uplifting action / downward load
- Resists overturning
- Resists lateral force

 3) TO COMPACT LOOSE COHESIONLESS

DEPOSITS
 4) TO CONTROL OR ELIMINATE SETTLEMENTS
OF A STRUCTURE
- Where the ground has undesirably high
compressibility.
- Where the sub soils may be subject to
moisture movement or plastic failure.

 5) ADDITIONAL SAFETY FACTOR FOR BENEATH

BRIDGE ABUTMENTS AND/OR PIERS
- Where scour is a potential problems

 6) PROTECT / SUPPORT
- In the form of sheet piling.
 THE NEED FOR FOUNDATION
PILING
 Where ground of low bearing capacity extend down
a considerable distance (low bearing capacity of the
subsoil).
 Harder stratum is reached at depth of 5 meter or
more.
 Uneconomical to use other foundation (i.e. where
raft foundation is impractical and costly).
 High water table.
 Shrinkable clay soil causes moisture movement and
plastic failure.
 Seasonal shrinkage and swelling of the upper layer
of soil.
 THE NEED FOR FOUNDATION
PILING (CONT’D)
 Load of the structure is too heavy exceeding bearing
capacity of the soil.
 Structure are located near the river or sea and foundation
are likely to be scoured due to action of water.
 Presence of highly compressible soil (filled ground).
 To resist the force created by wind pressure or cantilever
structure.
 Environmental considerations.
 Types of project.
 Cost.
 Factors governing pile selection depends on a
number of criteria, these include:
 FACTORS GOVERNING DEEP
FOUNDATION SELECTION
 The design, performance and options of piled foundation
depends on several factors, such as:

▪ Depth of sound subsoil (stratum)

- Exceeding 3m

▪ Nature of subsoil
- existing of boulders, cohesive/non-cohesive soil

▪ Economical consideration of using a right kind of pile

- Consideration between lesser piles in larger diameter
instead of using a lot of small-diameter piles
 FACTORS GOVERNING DEEP
FOUNDATION SELECTION (CONT’D)
 The design, performance and options of piled foundation
depends on several factors, such as:

▪ Loading condition of pile

- Compression/tension pile

▪ Nature of subsoil
- existing of boulders, cohesive/non-cohesive soil

▪ Physical environment of site

- Accessibility, space or headroom for the operation of
equipment
 FACTORS GOVERNING DEEP
FOUNDATION SELECTION (CONT’D)
 Other factors that might effect both installation and
performance of pile:

▪ The type, size, and weight of the structure to be supported.

▪ The physical properties of the soil stratum to be supported.
▪ The availability of materials for piles.
▪ The number of piles required.
▪ The driving equipment.
▪ The durability required.
▪ The type of structures adjacent to the project.
▪ The depth and kind of water above the ground into which
the piles will be driven.
▪ Cost.
 Pile can be classified into many categories by considering:

1. Driven pile / Driven and cast in place pile / Cast in

place pile – The construction method
2. Bearing pile and Sheet pile – The usage
3. End Bearing pile or Friction pile (or of combined
nature) – How they transmit loads
4. Displacement or replacement piles – Driving
effect on soil
5. Types of piles i.e. Timber / Concrete / Steel – The
material used
 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF
DIFFERENT TYPE OF PILED FOUNDATION
DRIVEN PILE
ADVANTAGES
• Materials of pile can be inspected before it
goes into the ground.
• Stable in squeezing ground.
• Not damage by ground heave when driving
adjacent piles.
• Construction procedure unaffected by
ground water.
• Can be readily carried above ground level,
especially in marine structure.
• Can be driven in very long length.
• Does not produce surplus soil.
DISADVANTAGES
• May break during hard driving causing delays
and replacement charges, or worse still may
suffer unseen damage in hard driving
condition.
• Uneconomical if amount of material in pile is
governed by handling and driving stresses
rather than by stresses from permanent
loading.
• Noise and vibration during driving may cause
nuisance and damage.
• Displacement of soil during driving piles in
groups may damage adjacent structures or
causing lifting by ground heave of adjacent
piles.
• Cannot be driven in condition of low
headroom.
 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF
DIFFERENT TYPE OF PILED FOUNDATION
DRIVEN AND CAST IN-PLACE PILE
ADVANTAGES
• Length can be readily adjusted to suit
varying level of bearing stratum.
• Tube is driven with a closed end, thus
excluding ground water.
• Possible to form an enlarged base in some
type.
• Material in pile is not determined from
handling or driving stresses.
• Noise and vibration can be reduced in some
types.
• Does not produce surplus spoil.
DISADVANTAGES
• Concrete cannot be inspected after
completion.
• Limitation of length of driving in most types.
• Displacement of ground may damage ‘green’
concrete of adjacent piles or cause lifting by
ground heave of adjacent piles.
• Noise, vibration and ground displacement
may cause nuisance or damage adjacent
structure.
• Cannot be used in river or marine structures
without special adaptation.
• Cannot be driven in very large diameter.
• Cannot be driven in conditions of very low
headroom.
• Water under artesian pressure may pipe up
pile shaft and washing out cement.
 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF
DIFFERENT TYPE OF PILED FOUNDATION
CAST IN-PLACE PILE
ADVANTAGES
• Length can be readily varied to suit varying
ground conditions.
• Soil removed in boring can be inspected and
if necessary sampled or in-situ tests made.
• Can be installed in very large diameter.
• End enlargements up to two or three
diameters are possible in clays.
• Material of pile is not dependent on handling
or driving conditions.
• Can be installed in very long lengths.
• Can be installed without appreciable noise or
vibration.
• Can be installed in conditions of very low
headroom.
• No risk of ground heave.
DISADVANTAGES
• Concrete is not placed under ideal conditions
and cannot be subsequently inspected.
• Water under artesian pressure may pipe up
pile shaft and washing out cement.
• Enlarged ends cannot be formed in coarse
materials without special techniques.
• Cannot be readily extended above ground
level especially in river and marine structures.
• Boring methods may loosen sandy or
gravelly soils leading to settlement of
adjacent structures.
• Surplus spoil produced with attendant costs
of transporting from site.
 ARTESIAN AQUIFER / ARTESIAN
WATER
 An artesian aquifer / artesian water is a confined aquifer
containing groundwater that will flow upwards through a
well without the need for pumping.
 Water may even spurt out of the ground if the natural
pressure is high enough.
 An aquifer provides the water for an artesian well.
 An aquifer is a layer of soft rock, like limestone or
sandstone that absorbs water from an inlet path. Porous
stone is confined between impermeable rocks or clay. This
keeps the pressure high, so when the water finds an outlet,
it overcomes gravity and goes up instead of down.
ARTESIAN WATER
ARTESIAN WATER
 BEARING PILE
- Behave like a column and are stressed axially
along their length.

 SHEET PILE
- Serve as part of bulkhead, as a fender
(support) on a wharf etc. It must be
adequately sized to resist bending or other
stresses.
 Pile classification – based on the
load transmission (design)
END-BEARING PILE

 End-bearing pile are those which transmit load by

the bearing of the toe of the pile on sub-stratum.

 By using this type of pile, the load is support by

resting onto a firm stratum such as bed-rock or
stratum of subsoil with the required bearing
capacity.
 Pile classification – based on the
load transmission (design)
END-BEARING PILE (CONT’D)

 Types of pile used will depend upon the ground

conditions as revealed by the boring test and other
soil tests.

 End-bearing piles will be driven to rock or other

firm strata but the important consideration is the
depth at which such stratum occurs and the effects
of placing a concentrated load on that stratum.
 Pile classification – based on the
load transmission (design)
FRICTION PILE

 Friction pile are those which mainly transmit loads

by the friction at their surfaces or surrounding
surfaces & soil.

 By using this type of pile, the load is support by the

frictional resistance so created between the
contact surface of the pile and the embracing soil.
END BEARING AND FRICTION PILE
 FRICTION PILE
AND
END-BEARING PILE
FRICTION & END BEARING PILE
END-BEARING PILE
PILE ARRANGEMENT

End Bearing Piles Piled Groups Consist of Both

Vertical and Raking Piles
 Pile classification – based on the DRIVING
EFFECT ON SOIL (CONSTRUCTION)
 BS 8004: 1986 divides piles into 3 main groups/categories
depending on their effect on the surrounding soil.

1) Displacement pile: Pre-formed

- Driven method (Example: Precast pile)

2) Replacement pile
- Boring method (Bored piles)

3) Displacement pile: Partially Pre-formed

- Driven & Boring method (Example: Composite pile)
- Combination of precast (casing/shell) and in-situ concrete
Pile classification – based on the DRIVING EFFECT
ON SOIL (CONSTRUCTION)
• Chudley, R (1999). Construction Technology (3rd edition)
London: Longman
• Chudley, R (1999). Advanced Construction Technology (3rd
edition) London: Longman
• Chew Yit Lin (2001). Construction Technology for Tall
Buildings (2nd edition) Singapore
• Chudley, R (2001). Building Construction Handbook (4tf
edition) London: Butterworth Heinemann
• Fleming, W.K (1992). Piling Engineering (2nd edition)
London
• Tomlinson, M.J (1940). Pile Design and Constryction Practice
(4th edition) London
END OF DEEP FOUNDATION

THANK YOU
ANY QUESTIONS?
J