You are on page 1of 388

&RQIXQLYGU75$1'$),5&251(/



























TEORIA GENERALĂ A DREPTULUI


Curs universitar pentru IFR/ID

Editura MUSTANG
BUCUREcTI 2017
(GLWXUD0867$1*HVWHUHFXQRVFXWăGH&1&6
&RG&1&6
ZZZHGLWXUDPXVWDQJUR
WHO

'HVFULHUHD&,3D%LEOLRWHFLL1DĠLRQDOHD5RPkQLHL
75$1'$),5&251(/
7HRULDJHQHUDOăDGUHSWXOXLFXUVXQLYHUVLWDUSHQWUX,)5,'
7UDQGDILU&RUQHO%XFXUHúWL0XVWDQJ
,6%1



,1752'8&(5(


Stimate student,


ÌQFă GH OD vQFHSXW GRUHVF Vă vWL XUH] VXFFHV vQ
VWXGLHUHD FXUVXOXL GHGLFDW GLVFLSOLQHL 7HRULD JHQHUDOă D
GUHSWXOXL

&XUVXO VH DGUHVHD]ă VWXGHQ‫܊‬LORU )DFXOWă‫܊‬LL GH 'UHSW
DQXO,IRUPHOHGHvQYă‫܊‬ăPkQWFXIUHFYHQ‫܊‬ăUHGXVă ,)5 
‫܈‬L ODGLVWDQ‫܊‬ă ,'  SXWkQG IL XWLO WRWRGDWă ‫܈‬LVWXGHQ‫܊‬LORU
vQVFUL‫܈‬LODIRUPDGHvQYă‫܊‬ăPkQWFXIUHFYHQ‫܊‬ă

6FRSXOFXUVXOXL

6FRSXO DFHVWXL FXUV HVWH GH D FRQWULEXL OD vQVX‫܈‬LUHD
QR‫܊‬LXQLORU JHQHUDOH ‫܈‬L VSHFLILFH GLVFLSOLQHL 7HRULD
JHQHUDOă D GUHSWXOXL 5HVSHFWLY FXQRVWHUHD VL XWLOL]DUHD
DGHFYDWDDWHUPLQRORJLHLMXULGLFHGHVSHFLDOLWDWHXUPkQG
FD OD ILQDOXO SDUFXUJHULL VDOH VWXGHQWXO Vă VWăSkQHDVFă
QR‫܊‬LXQLOH SULYLWRDUH OD LQVXVLUHD WHUPHQLORU MXULGLFL vQ
YHGHUHD XWLOL]ăULL DFHVWRUD vQ DSURIXQGDUHD FHORUODOWH
GLVFLSOLQHVSHFLILFHGRPHQLXOXLMXULGLF



3

5HFRPDQGăULGHVWXGLX

$‫܈‬D FXP DP DUăWDW PDLVXV FXUVXO HVWHVWUXFWXUDW vQ
;,9XQLWă‫܊‬LGHVWXGLXGXUDWDPHGLHQHFHVDUăSDUFXUJHULL
XQHLXQLWă‫܊‬LGHVWXGLXILLQGGHRUH

7RDWH FHOH ;,9 XQLWă‫܊‬L GH VWXGLX DX XUPăWRDUHD
VWUXFWXUă
Introducere vQ FDGUXO FăUHLD YHL JăVL R VFXUWă
GHVFULHUHDXQLWă‫܊‬LLGH VWXGLX
Obiectivele unitɚаii de studiu FRQ‫܊‬LQkQG
FRPSHWHQ‫܊‬HOH FRQIHULWH GXSă SDUFXUJHUHD XQLWă‫܊‬LL GH
VWXGLX
Timp alocat unităаii de studiu vQ FDUH VH LQGLFă
SHULRDGDQHFHVDUăSHQWUXvQYă‫܊‬DUH
Lectiile unităаii de studiu,DFHVWVXEFDSLWROUHSUH]LQWă
ORFXO XQGH HVWH SUH]HQWDWă OHFWLD ILHFăUHL XQLWă‫܊‬L GH
VWXGLX
Cuvinte cheie FX DMXWRUXO FăURUD YHL LGHQWLILFD PDL
X‫܈‬RUQR‫܊‬LXQLOH ‫܈‬LFRQFHSWHOHH[LVWHQWH
Teste de autoevaluareFDUHWHYRUDMXWDVă v‫܊‬LYHULILFL
FXQR‫܈‬WLQ‫܊‬HOH GREkQGLWH GXSă VWXGLHUHD XQLWă‫܊‬LL GH
vQYă‫܊‬DUH
Bibliografie SH FDUH v‫܊‬L UHFRPDQG Vă R SDUFXUJL
SHQWUXFRPSOHWDUHD FXQR‫܈‬WLQ‫܊‬HORU
ÌQSDUWHDVWkQJDDSDJLQLLYHLJăVLRPDQ‫܈‬HWăDOEăFDUH
SRDWH IL IRORVLWă SHQWUX D QRWD REVHUYD‫܊‬LL SUHFL]ăUL

4
FRPSOHWăUL DVSHFWH SH FDUH GRUH‫܈‬WL Vă OH GLVFXWăP OD
vQWkOQLULOHSHFDUHOHYRPDYHDXOWHULRUHWF
Ì‫܊‬LUHFRPDQGVăIRORVH‫܈‬WLDFHVWVSD‫܊‬LXSHQWUXFăWHYD
DMXWD Vă v‫܊‬L IL[H]L PDL X‫܈‬RU QR‫܊‬LXQLOH DERUGDWH vQ
PDWHULDOXOGHVWXGLX
7RWRGDWă vQ FXSULQVXO PDWHULDOXOXL GH VWXGLX YHL
vQWkOQL R VHULH GH SLFWRJUDPH $FHVWHD DX UROXO GH D WH
IDFH DWHQW OD DQXPLWH DVSHFWH GLQ FXSULQVXO FXUVXOXL
SUHFXP ‫܈‬L GH D LQGLFD VXESXQFWHOH GLQ FXSULQVXO XQHL
XQLWă‫܊‬LL GH VWXGLX DYkQG VFRSXO GH D X‫܈‬XUD SDUFXUJHUHD
DFHVWHLD
ÌQFDGUXOILHFăUHLXQLWă‫܊‬LGHVWXGLXYHLJăVLXQWHVWGH
DXWRHYDOXDUH Ì‫܊‬L UHFRPDQG Vă UH]ROYL WHVWHOH GH
DXWRHYDOXDUH LPHGLDW GXSă FH DL WHUPLQDW GH SDUFXUV
DVSHFWHOHWHRUHWLFHDIHUHQWHXQLWă‫܊‬LLGHVWXGLX$FHVWOXFUX
L‫܊‬LYDFRQVROLGDQR‫܊‬LXQLOHWHRUHWLFHSDUFXUVH‫܈‬LWHYDDMXWD
OD WHVWHOH GH YHULILFDUH FH YRU IL VXV‫܊‬LQXWH SH SDUFXUVXO
VHPHVWUXOXLSUHFXP‫܈‬LODHYDOXDUHDILQDOă
7RDWH VXELHFWHOH WHVWXOXL GH DXWRHYDOXDUH VXQW
REOLJDWRULL ÌQWUHEăULOH WLS JULOă DX R VLQJXUă YDULDQWă GH
UăVSXQV FRUHFWă 5ăVSXQVXULOH FRUHFWH SHQWUX WHVWXO GH
DXWRHYDOXDUHWLSJULOăVHDIOăODILQDOXOVXSRUWXOXLGHFXUV







5

3LFWRJUDPHOHDXXUPăWRDUHDVHPQLILFD‫܊‬LH

6LPERO 'HVFULHUH

 
 ,QWURGXFHUH

 
 7LPSGHVWXGLX

 
 2ELHFWLYH
 
 
 
 /HFWLLOH
 
 
 &XYLQWHFKHLH
 
 
 7HVWGHDXWRHYDOXDUH

 
 
 %LEOLRJUDILH


6


ÌQVLWXD‫܊‬LDvQFDUHREVHUYLFăUăVSXQVXULOHGDWHOD
WHVWHOHGHDXWRHYDOXDUHVXQWLQFRUHFWHv‫܊‬LUHFRPDQG
UHOXDUHDVWXGLXOXLSHQWUXRPDLEXQăIL[DUHDQR‫܊‬LXQLORU
WHRUHWLFH

(YDOXDUHD

&RPSRQHQ‫܊‬DQRWHLILQDOHHVWH

 SRQGHUHDHYDOXăULLILQDOH H[DPHQ ±
 SRQGHUHDDFWLYLWDWLRORUSHSDUFXUV SDUWLFLSDUH
DFWLYD ±
 SRQGHUHDUHIHUDWHORUSRQGHUHDWHVWHORU±














7





























&XSULQV
8QLWDWHDGHvQYă‫܊‬DUH
6,67(08/67,,1ğ(,'5(378/8,
'(635(ù7,,1ğĂ
 ù7,,1ğ$ '5(378/8, Ì1 6,67(08/
ù7,,1ğ(/2562&,$/(
 6,67(08/ ù7,,1ğ(, '5(378/8,
ù7,,1ğ(/25-85,',&( 
7(25,$*(1(5$/$$'5(378/8,
/2&8/ù,52/8/6$8Ì16,67(08/
ù7,,1ğ(,'5(378/8,
 '(),1,ğ,$ ù, 2%,(&78/ 63(&,),& $/
7(25,(,*(1(5$/($'5(378/8,
5H]XPDWXOXQLWă‫܊‬LLGHvQYă‫܊‬DUH
TEME PENTRU DEZBATERE
8QLWDWHDGHvQYă‫܊‬DUH
0(72'(/( &(5&(7Ă5,, ù7,,1ğ,),&( -85,',&(

 0(72'Ă ± 0(72'2/2*,( 35(&,=Ă5,
7(50,12/2*,&(
12ğ,81($0(72'2/2*,(,-85,',&(
 0(72'(/( &(5&(7Ă5,, ù7,,1ğ,),&(
-85,',&(
5H]XPDWXOXQLWă‫܊‬LLGHvQYă‫܊‬DUH
7(0(3(1758'(=%$7(5(
8QLWDWHDGHvQYă‫܊‬DUH
&21&(378/'5(378/8,

9
12‫܉‬,81(
 ',0(16,81($ ,6725,&Ă $ '5(378/8,

 ',0(16,81($ 62&,$/Ă $ '5(378/8,
5($/,7$7($-85,',&Ă
 )$&725,, '( &21),*85$5( $
'5(378/8,
&21‫܉‬,1878/ù,)250$'5(378/8,
7,32/2*,$'5(378/8,
'(),1,ğ,$'5(378/8,
5(=80$78/81,7Ă‫܉‬,,'(Ì19Ă‫܉‬$5(
7(0(3(1758'(=%$7(5(
8QLWDWHDGHvQYă‫܊‬DUH
'5(378/ù,67$78/
 &216,'(5$ğ,, *(1(5$/( '(635(
67$7
)81&ğ,,/(67$78/8,
)250$'(67$7
&25(/$ğ,$Ì175(67$7ù,'5(37
 75Ă6Ă785,/( &$5$&7(5,67,&(  $/(
67$78/8/'('5(37
5(=80$78/81,7Ă‫܉‬,,'(Ì19Ă‫܉‬$5(
7(0(3(1758'(=%$7(5(
8QLWDWHDGHvQYă‫܊‬DUH
35,1&,3,,/('5(378/8,
 ,'(17,),&$5($ 35,1&,3,,/25
'5(378/8,
5(=80$78/81,7Ă‫܉‬,,'(Ì19Ă‫܉‬$5(

10
7(0(3(1758'(=%$7(5(
8QLWDWHDGHvQYă‫܊‬DUH
'5(378/Ì16,67(08/
5(*/(0(17Ă5,/2562&,$/(
1250$7,9,7$7($62&,$/Ă
6,67(08/1250(/2562&,$/(
5(=80$78/81,7Ă‫܉‬,,'(Ì19Ă‫܉‬$5(
8QLWDWHDGHvQYă‫܊‬DUH
1250$-85,',&Ă
12‫܉‬,81(ù,75Ă6Ă785,
6758&785$1250(,-85,',&(
 &/$6,),&$5($ 1250(/25 -85,',&(

 $3/,&$5($ 1250(/25 -85,',&( Ì1
7,03ù,63$ğ,8
 $&‫܉‬,81($ 1250(/25 -85,',&( Ì1
7,0363$‫܉‬,8‫܇‬,$6835$3(562$1(/25
 $&‫܉‬,81($ 1250(/25 -85,',&( Ì1
63$‫܉‬,8‫܇‬,$6835$3(562$1(/25
5(=80$78/81,7Ă‫܉‬,,'(Ì19Ă‫܉‬$5(
7(0(3(1758'(=%$7(5,
8QLWDWHDGHvQYă‫܊‬DUH
,17(535(7$5($1250(/25-85,',&(
 12ğ,81($ ù, 5$ğ,81($
,17(535(7Ă5,,1250(/25-85,',&(
 )250(/( '( ,17(535(7$5( $
1250(/25-85,',&(
0(72'(/('(,17(535(7$5($

11
1250(/25-85,',&(
/,0,7(/(,17(535(7Ă5,,
5(=80$78/81,7Ă‫܉‬,,'(Ì19Ă‫܉‬$5(
7(0(3(1758'(=%$7(5(
8QLWDWHDGHvQYă‫܊‬DUH
,=92$5(/('5(378/8,
12‫܉‬,81(
 &/$6,),&$5($ ,=92$5(/25 )250$/(

$/('5(378/8,
5(=80$78/81,7Ă‫܉‬,,'(Ì19Ă‫܉‬$5(
7(0(3(1758'(=%$7(5(
8QLWDWHDGHvQYă‫܊‬DUH
(/$%25$5($ ù, 6,67(0$7,=$5($ '5(378/8,

12‫܉‬,81(
 (/$%25$5($ $&7(/25 1250$7,9(

  6758&785$ $&7(/25 1250$7,9(

 7(+1,&$ 6,67(0$7,=Ă5,, $&7(/25
1250$7,9(
7(0(3(1758'(=%$7(5(
8QLWDWHDGHvQYă‫܊‬DUH
6,67(08/'5(378/8,
12‫܉‬,81(
 &5,7(5,,/( '( 6758&785$5( $
6,67(08/8,'('5(37

12
 5$085,/( '5(378/8,
&217(0325$1
7(0(3(1758'(=%$7(5(
8QLWDWHDGHvQYă‫܊‬DUH
5($/,=$5($'5(378/8,
 &21&(378/ 5($/,=Ă5,, '5(378/8,

)250(/(5($/,=Ă5,,'5(378/8,
5(=80$78/81,7Ă‫܉‬,,'(Ì19Ă‫܉‬$5(
7(0(3(1758'(=%$7(5(
8QLWDWHDGHvQYă‫܊‬DUH
5$32578/-85,',&
'(),1,ğ,$5$32578/8,-85,',&
35(0,6(/(5$32578/8,-85,',&
 75Ă6Ă785,/( &$5$&7(5,67,&( $/(
5$32578/8,-85,',&
68%,(&7(/(5$32578/8,-85,',&
&21‫܉‬,1878/5$32578/8,-85,',&
2%,(&78/5$32578/-85,',&
)$378/-85,',&
 3$57,&8/$5,7Ăğ, $/(
5$325785,/25-85,',&('(5$085Ă
5(=80$78/81,7Ă‫܉‬,,'(Ì19Ă‫܉‬$5(
7(0(3(1758'(=%$7(5(
8QLWDWHDGHvQYă‫܊‬DUH
5Ă6381'(5($-85,',&Ă
12‫܉‬,81(
)250(/(5$6381'(5,,-85,',&(

13
&$5$&7(5,67,&,$/(',)(5,7(/25
)250('(5$6381'(5(-85,',&$
 35,1&,3,,/( 5Ă6381'(5,, -85,',&(

 &21',‫܉‬,,/( 5Ă6381'(5,, -85,',&(

&$8=(/(&$5((;&/8'&$5$&7(58/
,/,&,7 $/ )$37(, ‫܇‬, &$8=( &$5(
Ì1/Ă785Ă5Ă6381'(5(-85,',&Ă
5(=80$78/81,7Ă‫܉‬,,'(Ì19Ă‫܉‬$5(
7(0(3(1758'(=%$7(5(


















14

8QLWDWHDGHvQYă‫܊‬DUH
6,67(08/67,,1ğ(,'5(378/8,


CONЯINUTUL UNITĂЯII DE ÎNVĂЯARE


2ELHFWLYHXUPăULWH
7LPSDORFDWXQLWă‫܊‬LL
&XYLQWHFKHLH
'HVSUHúWLLQĠă
‫܇‬WLLQĠDGUHSWXOXLvQVLVWHPXOúWLLQĠHORUVRFLDOH
6LVWHPXOúWLLQĠHLGUHSWXOXL úWLLQĠHORUMXULGLFH 
7HRULDJHQHUDODDGUHSWXOXL/RFXOúLUROXOVDXvQ
VLVWHPXOúWLLQĠHLGUHSWXOXL
'HILQLĠLD‫܈‬LRELHFWXOVSHFLILFDOWHRULHLJHQHUDOHD
GUHSWXOXL
5H]XPDWXOXQLWă‫܊‬LLGHvQYă‫܊‬DUH
ÌQWUHEăULUHFDSLWXODWLYH
7HPHSHQWUXGH]EDWHUH
%LEOLRJUDILH


OBIECTIVE URMĂRITE
± ÌQVXúLUHD GH FăWUH FXUVDQĠL D QR‫܊‬LXQLORU GH ED]ă
QHFHVDUH SHQWUX VWXGLHUHD WHRULHL JHQHUDOH D GUHSWXOXL
vQFHSkQG FX IHQRPHQXO MXULGLF úL QHFHVLWDWHD VWXGLHULL
JOREDOHDDFHVWXLD

15
± 6XEOLQLHUHD UROXOXL DFHVWHL GLVFLSOLQH GH D SXQH OD
GLVSR]L‫܊‬LD FHUHFHWăWRULORU QR‫܊‬LXQL IXQGDPHQWDOH FD
H[SUHVLL VLQWHWLFH DOH DQDOL]HL úL FHUHFWăULL FH VH
GHVIăúRDUăvQFDGUXOGLVFLSOLQHL


7,03$/2&$781,7Ă‫܉‬,,25(



CUVINTE CHEIE
sistemul útiinĠelor – FXSULQGH úWLLQĠH DOH QDWXULL
úWLLQĠHOHGHVSUHVRFLHWDWHúLúWLLQĠHOHGHVSUHJkQGLUH
útiinĠele sociale – VWXGLD]ă OHJLOH JHQHUDOH DOH
H[LVWHQĠHL úL GH]YROWăULL VRFLHWă‫܊‬LL IRUPHOH LVWRULFH GH
RUJDQL]DUH VRFLDOă PRGDOLWăĠLOH VSHFLILFH GH PDQLIHVWDUH
DGLYHUVHORUFRPSRQHQWHDOHUHDOLWăĠLLVRFLDOXPDQH HWLFH
MXULGLFHSROLWLFHHWF 
sistemul útiinĠelor sociale – FXSULQGH
± úWLLQĠHOH FDUH DX FD RELHFW GH VWXGLX DFWLYLWăĠLOH
XPDQH ‫܈‬L FD ILQDOLWDWH VWDELOLUHD OHJLORU ‫܈‬L UHODĠLLORU
IXQF‫܊‬LRQDOH DOH DFHVWRUD úWLLQĠHOH FDUH UHFRQVWLWXLH úL
LQWHUSUHWHD]ăWUHFXWXOVRFLHWă‫܊‬LLXPDQH
± úWLLQĠHOH FDUH VWXGLD]ă DVSHFWH QRUPDWLYH DOH
DFWLYLWă‫܊‬LLXPDQH
FuncĠiile útiinĠei dreptului VXQW

16
± IXQFĠLD GHVFULSWLYă ± FDUH FRQVWă vQ VWDELOLUHD úL
IL[DUHD PHWRGLFă D IDSWHORU vPSUHMXUăULORU FRQFUHWH SH
FDUHOHVWXGLD]ăúLOHFHUFHWHD]ă
± IXQF‫܊‬LD WHRUHWLFă ± FH FRQVWă vQ HODERUDUHD
LSRWH]HORU WHRULLORU SULQFLSLLORU úL FRQFHSWHORU VSHFLILFH
SULQFDUHH[SOLFăGRPHQLXOSHFDUHvOFHUFHWHD]ă
Sistemul útiinĠelor dreptului HVWHDOFăWXLWGLQ
±7HRULDJHQHUDOăDGUHSWXOXL
±ùWLLQWHOHMXULGLFHGHUDPXUă
±ùWLLQWHOHMXULGLFHLVWRULFH
±úWLLQĠHOHMXULGLFHDMXWăWRDUH
'(635(ù7,,1ğĂ

ùWLLQĠD HVWH XQ VLVWHP GH FXQRúWLQĠH GHVSUH QDWXUă
VRFLHWDWH úL JkQGLUH FH DX IRVW REĠLQXWH SULQ PHWRGH
FRUHVSXQ]ăWRDUH ‫܈‬L H[SULPDWH vQ FRQFHSWH FDWHJRULL
SULQFLSLLúLQR‫܊‬LXQL
ùWLLQĠD WUHEXLH vQĠHOHDVă vQWkL FD R LQVWLWX‫܊‬LH ± R
RUJDQL]DĠLH GH RDPHQL FDUH vQGHSOLQHVF vQ VRFLHWDWH
DQXPLWH VDUFLQL DSRL FD R PHWRGă ± DGLFă XQ DQVDPEOX
GHSURFHGHHúLPLMORDFHSULQFDUHVHGH]YăOXLHDVSHFWH‫܈‬L
OHJLWăĠLQRLDOHOXPLLvQFRQMXUăWRDUHvQFDUHVHUHJăVHVFúL
DVSHFWHWUDGLĠLRQDOH
&D IHQRPHQ VRFLDO DSDUWH úL FD IRUPă VSHFLILFD GH
DFWLYLWDWH XPDQă úWLLQĠD QX SRDWH IL SULYLWă GRDU FD XQ
VLVWHP GH LGHL UHSUH]HQWăUL úL WHRULL FL ‫܈‬L FD XQ VLVWHP
FDUH VH GH]YROWă úL SURGXFH FRQWLQXX QRL FXQRúWLQĠH ‫܈‬L
YDORULVSLULWXDOH

17
1XPHURDVHOH DQDOL]H ‫܈‬L FODVLILFăUL IăFXWH VLVWHPXOXL
úWLLQĠHL GHD OXQJXO WLPSXOXL DX GXV OD FODVLILFDUHD
WULKRWRPLFăDDFHVWXLDvQúWLLQĠHDOHQDWXULLúWLLQĠHGHVSUH
VRFLHWDWHúLúWLLQĠHGHVSUHJkQGLUH
6FRSXO úWLLQĠHORU GHVSUH VRFLHWDWH HVWH DFHOD GH D
FXQRD‫܈‬WH OHJLOH JHQHUDOH DOH H[LVWHQĠHL úL GH]YROWăULL
VRFLHWă‫܊‬LL GH D VWXGLD IRUPHOH LVWRULFH GH RUJDQL]DUH
VRFLDOă ‫܈‬L PRGDOLWăĠLOH VSHFLILFH GH PDQLIHVWDUH D
GLYHUVHORU FRPSRQHQWH DOH UHDOLWăĠLL VRFLRXPDQH
SROLWLFHHWLFHMXULGLFH 
/HJLOH JHQHUDOH DOH VRFLHWăĠLL DX DQXPH WUăVăWXUL FDUH
OHGHRVHEHVFGHOHJLOHQDWXULLvQSULPXOUkQGSULQDFHHD
Fă OHJLOH GH]YROWăULL VRFLDOH VH PDQLIHVWă vQ vQVăúL
DFWLYLWDWHDRDPHQLORUGRWDĠLFXFRQúWLLQĠăúLUDĠLXQH
3ULQ WUDGLĠLH úL SULQ FRQ‫܊‬LQXWXO RELHFWXOXL VăX úWLLQĠD
GUHSWXOXLDSDUĠLQHúWLLQĠHORUGHVSUHVRFLHWDWH

 ù7,,1ğ$ '5(378/8, Ì1 6,67(08/
ù7,,1ğ(/2562&,$/(

&D úWLLQĠă GHVSUH VRFLHWDWH GUHSWXO HVWH R úWLLQĠă
VRFLDOXPDQă
ùWLLQĠD GUHSWXOXL úWLLQĠHOH MXULGLFH  VWXGLD]ă MXULGLFXO
vQ WRDWH IRUPHOH VDOH GH PDQLIHVWDUH PDL DOHV FD R
GLPHQVLXQH LQDOLHQDELOă D H[LVWHQWHL XPDQH vQ FRQGL‫܊‬LL
VRFLDOLVWRULFHGHWHUPLQDWH
'LPHQVLXQHD MXULGLFă D VRFLHWă‫܊‬LL HVWH R UHDOLWDWH
DVXSUD FăUHLD VH DSOHDFă DWkW GUHSWXO FkW úL FHOHODOWH

18
FRPSRQHQWH DOH VLVWHPXOXL úWLLQWHORU VRFLDOH LVWRULD
VRFLRORJLD SROLWRORJLD HWF  SHQWUX D FHUFHWD OHJLWăĠLOH
UHJXODULWăĠLOH JHQH]D ‫܈‬L PRGDOLWăĠLOH GH LPSOLFDUH úL GH
GHWHUPLQDUHDFRPSRUWDPHQWXOXLXPDQ
ùWLLQĠD GUHSWXOXL VWXGLD]ă GH DVHPHQHD OHJLOH
H[LVWHQWHL úL GH]YROWăULL VWDWXOXL ‫܈‬L GUHSWXOXL LQVWLWX‫܊‬LLOH
SROLWLFH‫܈‬LMXULGLFHIRUPHOHORUFRQFUHWLVWRULFHFRUHODĠLD
FX FHOHODOWH FRPSRQHQWH DOH VLVWHPXOXL VRFLDO PRGXO vQ
FDUHLQVWLWX‫܊‬LLOHSROLWLFRMXULGLFHLQIOXHQĠHD]ăVRFLHWDWHDúL
VXSRUWăODUkQGXOORULQIOXHQĠăVRFLDOă
&D fenomen normativ GHWHUPLQDW GH VFRSXUL FDUH VH
LPSXQ DFĠLXQLL GUHSWXO UHSUH]LQWă R WHQWDWLYă GH
GLVFLSOLQDUH GH RUGRQDUH D UHODĠLLORU VRFLDOH vQ YHGHUHD
SURPRYăULL XQRU YDORUL ODUJ UHFHSWDWH GH VRFLHWDWH
SUHFXP SURSULHWDWHD VLJXUDQĠD MXULGLFă úL DVLJXUDUHD
OLEHUWăĠLORULQGLYLGXDOHHWF
ùWLLQĠD GUHSWXOXL IRUPXOHD]ă SULQFLSLLOH JHQHUDOH vQ
ED]D FăURUD GUHSWXO vúL VWUXFWXUHD]ă XQ PHFDQLVP
DGHFYDW HILFLHQW úL DGDSWDW SHUPDQHQW OD VFDUD RPXOXL
UHDO úL XQ PHFDQLVP FRQFUHW GH LQIOXHQWDUH D
FRPSRUWDPHQWXOXLvQWHPHLXOXQRUFHULQĠHYDORULFH
&Dútiintă explicativăúWLLQĠDGUHSWXOXLVWXGLD]ăQDWXUD
MXULGLFXOXL FDUDFWHULVWLFLOH VDOH VWUXFWXUDOH UDSRUWXULOH
FHOHODOWHúWLLQWHúLOHJăWXULOHLQWHUQHDOHVLVWHPXOXLMXULGLF
$VWIHO GUHSWXO UHSUH]LQWă R JHQHUDOLWDWH D H[SHULHQWHL
XPDQH vQWUXQ DQXPLW VHFWRU GH DFWLYLWDWH úL FRQĠLQH R
VHULH GH GDWH YHULILFDWH ‫܈‬L VLVWHPDWL]DWH XQ FRPSOH[ GH
QR‫܊‬LXQL FDWHJRULL FRQFHSWH úL SULQFLSLL GDU úL XQ

19
DQVDPEOX PHWRGRORJLF vQ ED]D FăUXLD IHQRPHQHOH SRW IL
VWXGLDWHúLLQYHVWLJDWH
&Dútiintă socială FXVWDWXWúLSR]LĠLHVSHFLILFHúWLLQĠD
GUHSWXOXL DQDOL]HD]ă XQ DQXPLW GRPHQLX DO UHODĠLLORU ‫܈‬L
VWUXFWXULORU VRFLDOH ± GRPHQLXO SDUWLFLSăULL RDPHQLORU OD
FLUFXLWXO MXULGLF FD SXUWăWRUL GH GUHSWXUL úL REOLJD‫܊‬LL
MXULGLFH FX WRDWH FRQVHFLQĠHOH FDUH GHFXUJ GH DLFL
&RRSHUDUHDRDPHQLORUvQDFHVWGRPHQLXYDVWDOUHDOLWă‫܊‬LL
VRFLDOHLPSOLFăLQWHUYHQ‫܊‬LDGUHSWXOXLvQVFRSXOFRQGXFHULL
úL GLULMăULL FRPSRUWDPHQWHORU LPSXQkQGXOH UHJXOL
QRUPDWLYH PRGHOH SURJUDPkQGXOH vQWUXQ DQXPLW VHQV
DFWLXQLOHúLOLPLWkQGXOHGUHSWXOÄDEVROXW´GHPDQLIHVWDUH
vQWHPHLXOXQRUUDWLXQLFHĠLQGHFRH[LVWHQĠDOLEHUWăĠLORU
ùWLLQWD GUHSWXOXL QX VH RSUHúWH OD VWXGLXO QRUPHL
MXULGLFH úL DO MXULVSUXGHQWHL FL HD VXSXQH XQXL DPSOX
SURFHVH[SOLFDWLYFRQWH[WXOVRFLDOFXOWXUDOvQFDUHDSDUúL
vúLGXFYLDWDQRUPHOHúLLQVWLWX‫܊‬LLOHMXULGLFHFRODERUkQGvQ
DFHVW SURFHV FX WRDWH úWLLQWHOH VRFLDOH ± HFRQRPLD
SROLWLFăLVWRULDVRFLRORJLDGHPRJUDILDVWDWLVWLFDHWF
)LORVRIXO JHUPDQ 6FKHOOLQJ VFULD vQ  Fă Äùtiinta
dreptului e o útiinĠă pur teoretică. Ea e pentru libertate
exact acelaúi lucru ca mecanica pentru miúcare, pentru
ca deduce acel mecanism natural sub care fiintele libere
pot fi gândite ca atare în raporturi reciproce –
mecanism care, negreúit, nu poate fi construit decât prin
libertate”.
ÌQSRILGDXQRUSUH]LFHULIRDUWHSXWLQRSWLPLVWHSHFDUH
OH IDFHD DFXP  GH DQL SăULQWHOH VRFLRORJLHL $XJXVWH

20
&RPWH SRWULYLW FăUXLD „dreptul – nefiind útiinĠă – va
trebui să dispară” úWLLQWD GUHSWXOXL VD GH]YROWDW
SHUPDQHQWvQSDVFXFHUFHWăULOHúWLLQWLILFHFHOHPDLQRL
3URIHWLFH vQ DFHVW VHQV QH DSDU DFXP FXYLQWHOH VFULVH
vQ  GH FăWUH 7LWX 0DLRUHVFX Äùtiinta juridică este
una de cel mai înalt interes, nu numai pentru unul úi
altul ci în general, astfel încât lipsa de interes pentru ea
trebuie privită ca expresie a unui caz absolut
neútiintific" Юi mai departe: „...pentru omul de spirit,
útiinta dreptului este cea mai plină de spirit úi cea mai
interesantă”. (SLVWRODU 
'HSDUWH GH D GLVSăUHD GUHSWXO FXQRD‫܈‬WH R GH]YROWDUH
‫܈‬LRDILUPDUHFUHVFkQGăvQGRPHQLLYDULDWHDOHVRFLHWă‫܊‬LL
'H]YROWDUHD UHODWLLORU VRFLDOH FRPSOH[LWDWHD ORU
FUHVFkQGă ‫܈‬L PXOWLSOLFDUHD IăUă SUHFHGHQW D FRQWDFWHORU
LQWUD± úL LQWHUVRFLDOH DX GHWHUPLQDW R GH]YROWDUH
FRUHODWLYăDGUHSWXOXLúLDSDUL‫܊‬LDXQRUUDPXULQRLGHGUHSW
± GUHSWXO SRSXODWLHL GUHSWXO QXFOHDU GUHSWXO VSDWLDO
GUHSWXOFRPXQLWDUHWF$UHORFDVWIHOROăUJLUHDVIHUHLGH
DFWLXQH D GUHSWXOXL DWHVWDELOă SH PXOWLSOH SODQXUL IDSW
FDUH DPSOLILFă UROXO H[SOLFDWLY úL QRUPDWLY DO úWLLQWHL
MXULGLFH D FăUHL IXQF‫܊‬LH GH FHUFHWDUH úL GHVFLIUDUH D
UHDOXOXL VH GLYHUVLILFă ‫܈‬L VH DGkQFHúWH DGăXJkQGX‫܈‬L úL
ODWXUD GH SURVSHFĠLH D UHDOXOXL GDW ÌQ LQWHUSUHWDUHD úL vQ
SURVSHFWLD DFHVWXL GDW úWLLQWD MXULGLFă QX SOHDFă GH OD
FRQWUDSXQHUHD SR]LWLHL VDOH IDWă GH FHOHODOWH úWLLQWH
VRFLDOHULGLFkQGXQÄGHFOLQDWRULX´GHFRPSHWHQWăvQID‫܊‬ă
FHORUODWH úĠLLQWH VRFLDOH FRQWHVWkQGXOH GUHSWXO GH D VH

21
SURQXQWD DVXSUD XQRU DGHYăUXUL FDUH SULYHVF IHQRPHQXO
MXULGLFFLUHFXQRDúWHPDLUHSHGHDVSHFWHGHFRPSHWHQĠă
FRQFXUHQWă

 6,67(08/ ù7,,1ğ(, '5(378/8,
ù7,,1ğ(/25-85,',&( 

&RPSOH[LWDWHDIHQRPHQXLXLVRFLDOMXULGLFGHWHUPLQăR
VWUXFWXUDUH D HIRUWXULORU GH FHUFHWDUH D DFHVWXLD ‫܈‬L R
vPSăUWLUH D UROXULORU vQ UDSRUW GH QHFHVLWDWHD SXQHULL vQ
YDORDUHDODWXULORUFRUHODWHDOHDFHVWXLIHQRPHQ
'UHSWXOFDIHQRPHQFRPSOH[DOVRFLHWă‫܊‬LLHVWHVWXGLDW
DWkW GLQ SHUVSHFWLYD JOREDOă FD XQ VLVWHP vQFKHJDW FX
UHJXODULWăWL FDUDFWHULVWLFH  FkW úL GLQ SHUVSHFWLYă LVWRULFă
FD IHQRPHQ FHúL FRQVHUYă DQXPLWH SHUPDQHQWH GHD
OXQJXOGH]YROWăULLVRFLDOHGDUFDUHVHWUDQVIRUPăWRWRGDWă
vQ FDGUXO DFHVWHL GH]YROWăUL  SUHFXP ‫܈‬L GLQ SHUVSHFWLYă
VWUXFWXUDOă FD IHQRPHQ FX PXOWLSOH GHWHUPLQDĠLL
FDOLWDWLYH FX HOHPHQWH FRPSRQHQWH DIODWH OD UkQGXO ORU
vQWURVWDUHGHDFXWăLQWHUIHUHQĠă
,QFă GH OD vQFHSXWXO VHFROXOXL PDUHOH MXULVW 5XGROI
6WDPPOHU FRQVLGHUD Fă úWLLQWD GUHSWXOXL FXSULQGH GRXă
UDPXUL XQD tehnică, GHVWLQDWă VWXGLHULL VHQVXOXL ‫܈‬L
FXSULQVXOXL OHJLORU vQ DOFăWXLUHD ORU VLVWHPDWLFă ‫܈‬L R
UDPXUă teoretică, UDPXUă FDUH WUHEXLD Vă FRQVWDWH GDFă
GUHSWXO HVWH PLMORFXO MXVW SHQWUX VFRSXUL MXVWH DFRUGXO
OHJLORUFX „LGHDOXOVRFLDO 

22
ÌQ HYROXĠLD VD PLOHQDUă úWLLQĠD GUHSWXOXL D vQUHJLVWUDW
XQSHUPDQHQWSURFHVGHVSHFLDOL]DUHSURFHVvQFDUHVDX
FULVWDOL]DW YDORULOH FH FRQVWLWXLH RELHFW VSHFLILF GH
FHUFHWDUH. 7UHEXLHDPLQWLQWLWDGHILQL‫܊‬LDúWLLQWHLGUHSWXOXL
GDWă FX GRXă PLOHQLL vQ XUPă GH FăWUH 8OSLDQ „ùtiinta
dreptului este cunoaЮterea lucruritor divine úi umane,
útiinta de a deosebi ceea ce e drept de ceea ce e
nedrept”, SHQWUXDQHSXWHDGDVHDPD±GHDFXPXODULOHvQ
SODQXO FXQRD‫܈‬WHULL UHDOL]DWH vQWUXQ PLJăORV úL DQHYRLRV
HIRUWGHFODULILFăULGHVIăúXUDWHvQWLPS
6LVWHPXO úWLLQWHORU MXULGLFH HVWH DOFăWXLW GLQ
XUPăWRDUHWHSăUWL
±7HRULDJHQHUDOăDGUHSWXOXL
±ùWLLQWHOHMXULGLFHGHUDPXUă
±ùWLLQWHOHMXULGLFHLVWRULFH
6XQW QHFHVDUH SUHFL]ăUL vQ OHJăWXUă FX XOWLPHOH
FRPSRQHQWH DOH DFHVWXL VLVWHP XUPDQG FD 7HRULD
JHQHUDOăDGUHSWXOXLVDILHDQDOL]DWDVHSDUDW

ùWLLQĠHOHMXULGLFHLVWRULFH
ùWLLQĠHOH MXULGLFH LVWRULFH FHUFHWHD]ă LVWRULD GUHSWXOXL
GLQWUR DQXPLWă ĠDUă GH H[ LVWRULD GUHSWXOXL URPkQHVF
VDXGH]YROWDUHDJHQHUDOăDIHQRPHQXWXLMXULGLF 
&HUFHWDUHD LVWRULHL GUHSWXOXL SUH]LQWă LPSRUWDQWă GLQ
PDL PXOWH SXQFWH GH YHGHUHD ÌQ SULPXO UkQG HD
GRYHGHúWHFăVWUXFWXUDMXULGLFă DFWXDOăDUHDQWHFHGHQWHúL
OHJăWXUL VWDWRUQLFLWH LVWRULF vQ LQVWLWX‫܊‬LL VWUăYHFKL

23
8UPăULUHD HYROXWLHL DFHVWRU LQVWLWX‫܊‬LL VXEOLQLD]ă SXWHUQLF
LGHHDGHSURJUHVMXULGLF
ÌQ DO GRLOHD UkQG VWXGLXO LVWRULHL GUHSWXOXL VFRDWH OD
LYHDOăH[LVWHQWDXQRUOHJLSULYLQGDSDUL‫܊‬LDGHYHQLUHDVDX
GLVSDULWLD XQRU IRUPH GH GUHSW vQ VWUkQVD OHJăWXUD FX
OHJLOHJHQHUDOHDOHGH]YROWăULLVRFLDOHVDXFXED]LQHOHGH
FLYLOL]DWLHMXULGLFăDWHVWDWHvQWLPS
3HQWUXURPDQLVWXGLXOLVWRULHLGUHSWXOXLURPkQHVFDUH
úL R DOWă VHPQLILFDWLH DFHVW VWXGLX YLQH Vă DWHVWH
FRQWLQXLWDWHDYLHWXLULLvQDFHVWVSDWLXDSRSRUXOXLURPkQ
YHFKLOH IRUPH DOH GUHSWXOXL vQWkOQLWH ‫܈‬L SăVWUDWH vQ FHOH
WUHL WăUL 7DUD 5RPăQHDVFă 0ROGRYD ‫܈‬L 7UDQVLOYDQLD 
vQVHPQkQGXQDUJXPHQWDOGXUDWHLFRQYLHWXLULLSRSRUXOXL
úLXWLOL]ăULLXQRULQVWUXPHQWHMXULGLFHVLPLODUH
7RWvQFDWHJRULDúWLLQWHORULVWRULFHGHVSUHGUHSWLQWUăúL
LVWRULD GRFWULQHORU MXULGLFH D PDULORU FXUHQWH úL úFROL GH
GUHSW úFRDOD GUHSWXOXL QDWXUDO SR]LWLYLVPXO MXULGLF
úFRDODLVWRULFăDGUHSWXOXLHWF 

ùWLLQĠHOHMXULGLFHGHUDPXUă
ùWLLQWHOH MXULGLFH GH UDPXUă VWXGLD]ă IHQRPHQHOH
MXULGLFH SDUWLFXODUH UDPXULOH GUHSWXOXL SUHFXP úWLLQWD
GUHSWXOXL FLYLO GUHSWXOXL SHQDO GUHSWXOXL FRQVWLWXWLRQDO
GUHSWXOXLIDPLOLHLHWFÌQDFHVWFD]úĠLLQWHOHGHUDPXUăVH
VXSUDSXQVLVWHPXOXLGUHSWXOXLFULWHULXOORUGHGHSDUWDMDUH
‫܈‬LRUJDQL]DUHILLQGRELHFWXOUHJOHPHQWăULLMXULGLFHPHWRGD
VSHFLILFăGHUHJOHPHQWDUH

24
'UHSWXOXQXLVWDWHVWHDOFăWXLWGLQQXPHURDVHQRUPH‫܈‬L
LQVWLWX‫܊‬LL FDUH IRUPHD]ă VLVWHPXO XQLWDU DO GUHSWXOXL
VWDWXOXLUHVSHFWLY
ùWLLQWHOHMXULGLFHLVWRULFHLPSUHXQăFXúWLLQWHOHLVWRULFH
GH UDPXUă QX SRW DVLJXUD R SUH]HQWDUH úL R FHUFHWDUH GH
DQVDPEOX SULQFLSLDOă D IHQRPHQXOXL MXULGLF LQWUXFkW
RULFH úWLLQWă WLQGH VSUH R DERUGDUH JHQHUDOL]DWă VSUH
JOREDOL]DUH DVWIHO LQFkW HVHQWLDOL]ăULOH FRQFHSWH
SULQFLSLLOHJL VăILHGHVSULQVHGLQVWXGLHUHDúLFHUFHWDUHD
DQVDPEOXOXLIHQRPHQXOXL

7(25,$*(1(5$/$$'5(378/8,
/2&8/ù,52/8/6$8Ì16,67(08/
ù7,,1ğ(,'5(378/8,

6WXGLXO FRQFHSWHORU FDWHJRULLORU SULQFLSLLORU úL
QR‫܊‬LXQLORU GH ED]ă DOH GUHSWXOXL HVWH UHDOL]DW GH 7HRULD
JHQHUDOă D GUHSWXOXL ÌQ FDGUXO DFHVWHL úWLLQWH VXQW
HODERUDWH LQVWUXPHQWHOH HVHQWLDOH SULQ FDUH GUHSWXO vQ
DQVDPEOXOVăXHVWHJkQGLWRUJDQL]DWúLVLVWHPDWL]DW
$VWIHO RELHFWXO 7HRULHL *HQHUDOH D 'UHSWXOXL vO
FRQVWLWXLH VWXGLHUHD GUHSWXOXL vQ DQVDPEOXO VăX vQ
JHQHUDOLWDWHDúLvQLQWHJUDOLWDWHDVD
7HRULD JHQHUDOă D GUHSWXOXL IRUPXOHD]ă GHILQL‫܊‬LD
GUHSWXOXL FHOHODOWH FRQFHSWH úL FDWHJRULL VSHFLILFH
YDODELOH SHQWUX WRDWH úWLLQLHOH GH H[ FDWHJRULLOH GH
QRUPă MXULGLFă L]YRU GH GUHSW VLVWHP GH GUHSW UDSRUW
MXULGLFUăVSXQGHUHMXULGLFăHWF 

25
'HDVHPHQHD7HRULDJHQHUDOăDGUHSWXOXLIRUPXOHD]ă
‫܈‬L DUJXPHQWHD]ă SULQFLSLLOH JHQHUDOH DOH GUHSWXOXL
YDODELOHSHQWUXWRDWHúWLLQWHOHMXULGLFHGHUDPXUă GHH[
UHWURDFWLYLWDWHDOHJLLIDSWXOLOLFLWFDWHPHLDOUăVSXQGHULL
MXULGLFHSULQFLSLXOOHJDOLWă‫܊‬LLSUH]XPWLDGHFXQRD‫܈‬WHUHD
OHJLLHWF 
7RWRGDWă 7HRULD JHQHUDOă D GUHSWXOXL VWXGLD]ă UHODWLD
GLQWUH GUHSW ‫܈‬L SXWHUHD GH VWDW LQ SHULRDGHOH DQWHULRDUH
GLVFLSOLQD GH VWXGLX D IRVW GHQXPLWă 7HRULD JHQHUDOă D
VWDWXOXL‫܈‬LGUHSWXOXL 
7HRULD JHQHUDOă D GUHSWXOXL HVWH HYLGHQW R úWLLQĠă
IXQGDPHQWDOă úL GH VLQWH]ă vQ DQVDPEOXO VLVWHPXOXL
úWLLQWHORU MXULGLFH LQWUXFkW FRQFHSWHOH FDWHJRULLOH ‫܈‬L
OHJLWăWLOHSHFDUHOHFUHD]ăVXQWIRORVLWHGHWRDWHFHOHODOWH
úWLLQWH
&D GLVFLSOLQă GH LQYăWăPkQW 7HRULD JHQHUDOă D
GUHSWXOXL DUH XQ FDUDFWHU LQWURGXFWLY vQ VWXGLHUHD
úWLLQWHORU MXULGLFH VHQV vQ FDUH XQLL DXWRUL DX GHQXPLWR
Ä,QWURGXFHUH vQ VWXGLXO GUHSWXOXL´ GDU WRWRGDWă ‫܈‬L XQ
FDUDFWHU FRQFOXVLY VHQV vQ FDUH VH DSURSLH GH DUWă vQ
PăVXUDvQFDUHVROLFLWăMXULVWXOXLSHOkQJăDFXPXODUHDGH
FXQRúWLQWH ‫܈‬L WDOHQW PăLHVWULH vQ D VHVL]D ‫܈‬L FHUFHWD
IHQRPHQXOMXULGLFVSUHDLFXSULQGHOHJLWăOLOH
3ULYLWăvQDFHDVWăXOWLPăSHUVSHFWLYă7HRULDJHQHUDOă
D GUHSWXOXL DSDUH FD R YHULWDELOă Ä(QFLFORSHGLH D
GUHSWXOXL´'HDOWIHODFHDVWDGHQXPLUHDDSăUXWvQDGRXD
MXPăWDWHDVHFROXOXLDO;,;OHD‫܈‬LHVWHSRWULYLWăSHQWUXR

26
GLVFLSOLQă úWLLQWLILFă FH‫܈‬L SURSXQH Vă VWXGLH]H
FRQVLGHUHQWHOHJHQHUDOHDVXSUDGUHSWXOXL
&RQVLGHUkQG 7HRULD JHQHUDOă D GUHSWXOXL R YHULWDELOă
HQFLFORSHGLH D GUHSWXOXL 0LUFHD 'MXYDUD R FRQVLGHUD
WRWRGDWă „articulatiunea însăúi a gindirii juridice, al
cărei obiect este studiul permanentelor juridice”.
1HFHVLWDWHD VWXGLHULL 7HRULHL JHQHUDOH D GUHSWXOXL
GHULYăDWDWGLQQHYRLDXQHLFODULILFăUL‫܈‬LDERUGăULWHURHWLFH
GDU PDL DOHV GLQ UDWLXQL SUDFWLFH 6FRSXO DFHVWHL úWLLQWH
HVWH DFHOD GH D DPSOLILFD ‫܈‬L FRQVROLGD FXQRDúWHUHD
WHRUHWLFă vQ EHQHILFLXO SUDFWLFLL FDUH VROLFLWă VROXWLL
UHOHYDQWH H[DFWH IXQGDPHQWDWH WHPHLQLF 1RĠLXQLOH
SULQFLSLLOH‫܈‬LFRQFHSWHOHFXFDUHRSHUHD]ăWHRULDJHQHUDOă
D GUHSWXOXL QX VXQW VSHFXODWLL DEVWUDFWH LUHOHYDQWH VXE
DVSHFWXODSOLFăULLGUHSWXOXL'LPSRWULYă7HRULDJHQHUDOă
D GUHSWXOXL DFRSHUă ÄVSDĠLXO LQWHUGLVFLSOLQDU´ DFHD ]RQă
vQ FDUH úWLLQWHOH GH UDPXUă VH RSUHVF  RIHULQG DVWIHO
VROXWLD WHRUHWLFă ‫܈‬L SUDFWLFă vQ FRQIRUPLWDWH FX FDUH VH
HOLPLQăLPSDVXOvQFDUHVDUSXWHDDIODODXQPRPHQWGDW
WHRUHWLFLDQXOVDXSUDFWLFLDQXOXQHLUDPXULDGUHSWXOXL
7HRULD JHQHUDOă D GUHSWXOXL HVWH vQ XOWLPă LQVWDQWă
SRVLELOLWDWHD GH D LQWHOHJH GUHSWXO QX FD SH XQ GRPHQLX
YDVW úL FRPSOLFDW vQFkOFLW úL LQDERUGDELO FL FD SH XQ
VLVWHP GH JkQGLUH FRHUHQW RUJDQL]DW VLVWHPDWL]DW úL
HILFLHQWvQRUJDQL]DUHD‫܈‬LIXQF‫܊‬LRQDUHDVRFLDOă


27
 '(),1,ğ,$ ù, 2%,(&78/ 63(&,),& $/
7(25,(,*(1(5$/($'5(378/8,

7HRULD JHQHUDOă D GUHSWXOXL HVWH GHILQLWD FD ILLQG
GLVFLSOLQDúWLLQĠLILFăFHVWXGLD]ăDQVDPEOXOGUHSWXOXL
UHVSHFWLY GHWHUPLQDUHD OXL DUWLFXODĠLLOH ‫܈‬L HVHQĠD OXL
DOFăWXLUHD ‫܈‬L VWUXFXWDUHD OXL úL FDUH HODERUHD]ă
LQVWUXPHQWHOH QHFHVDUH ‫܈‬L FRQFHSWHOH IXQGDPHQWDOH
SULQ FDUH GUHSWXO HVWH JkQGLW LQVWUXPHQWH FRQVWkQG
vQÄQRUPDMXULGLFăL]YRUXOGHGUHSWUDSRUWXOMXULGLF
WHKQLFDMXULGLFă
2ELHFWXO 7HRULHL JHQHUDOH D GUHSWXOXL vO FRQVWLWXLH
REVHUYDUHD ‫܈‬L FHUHFHWDUHD IHQRPHQXOXL MXULGLF
DOHJLORU JHQHUDOH DOH YLHĠLL MXULGLFH D FDWHJRULLORU úL
QR‫܊‬LXQLORU JHQHUDO YDODELOH SHQWUX vQWUHDJD úWLLQĠă
MXULGLFă

5H]XPDWXOXQLWă‫܊‬LLGHvQYă‫܊‬DUH
±7HRULDJHQHUDOăDGUHSWXOXLDUHRRUJDQL]DUHLQWHUQă
ORJLFăFDSDELOăVăvQGHSOLQHDVFăIXQF‫܊‬LDVDGHH[SOLFDUHD
IHQRPHQXOXLMXULGLF
± &XQRúWLQĠHOH QRĠLXQLOH úL FRQFHSWHOH SH FDUH OH
H[WUDJH GLQ FHUFHWDUHD JOREDOă D IHQRPHQXOXL MXULGLF
VXQWVLVWHPDWL]DWHGXSăUHJXOL‫܈‬LWHKQLFLVSHFLILFH
± 7HRULD JHQHUDOă D GUHSWXOXL QX LQYHQWDULD]ă úL QX
vQVXPHD]ă DULWPHWLF FXQRúWLQWHOH ‫܈‬L UH]XOWDWHOH FHUFHWăULL
úWLLQWLILFH GREkQGLWH GH úWLLQĠHOH MXULGLFH SDUWLFXODUH GH
UDPXUă VDXúWLLQWHOHMXULGLFHDMXWăWRDUH SDUWLFLSDWLYH 

28
± 7HRULD JHQHUDOă D GUHSWXOXL SăWUXQGH vQ
FRPSOH[LWDWHD IHQRPHQXOXL MXULGLF SHQWUX D DMXQJH OD
IRUPXODUHD FRQFHSWHORU FDUH VXQW H[SUHVLL VLQWHWLFH DOH
DQDOL]HLúLFHUFHWăULLSHFDUHRGHVIăúRDUă
± &RQFHSWHOH úL FDWHJRULLOH MXULGLFH HODERUDWH GH úWLLQWD
GUHSWXOXL FXSULQG FHHD FH HVWH YDODELO SHQWUX WRDWH
GLVFLSOLQHOH GH UDPXUă H[HPSOH FRQFHSWXO GH QRUPă
MXULGLFă GH UDSRUW MXULGLF L]YRU GH GUHSW UăVSXQGHUHD
MXULGLFăHWF 


ÎNTREBĂRI RECAPITULATIVE
D&DUHHVWHVIHUDGHFXSULQGHUHDúWLLQĠHORUGUHSWXOXL"
E&DUHHVWHRELHFWXOGHVWXGLXDOúWLLQĠHORUVRFLDOH"
F(QXPHUD‫܊‬LúLGHILQLĠLIXQF‫܊‬LLOHúWLLQĠHLGUHSWXOXL
G'LQFHHVWHDOFăWXLWVLVWHPXOúWLLQĠHLGUHSWXOXL"
H'HILQL‫܊‬L7HRULDJHQHUDOăDGUHSWXOXL
I 'HOLPLWDĠL RELHFWXO GH VWXGLX DO 7HRULHL JHQHUDOH D
GUHSWXOXL

TEME PENTRU DEZBATERE
± &DUH HVWH RELHFWXO GH VWXGLX DO úWLLQĠHORU MXULGLFH
LVWRULFH"
±2ELHFWXOGHVWXGLXDOúWLLQĠHORUMXULGLFHGHUDPXUă
± $SRUWXO úWLLQĠHORU DMXWăWRDUH SHQWUX FXQRD‫܈‬WHUHD vQ
SURIXQ]LPHDIHQRPHQXOXLMXULGLF


29
BIBLIOGRAFIE
 1 3RSD ±  7HRULD JHQHUDOă D GUHSWXOXL (GLWXUD
Ä$FWDPL%XFXUH‫܈‬WLS
 ,RQ 'RJDUX ± 7HRULD JHQHUDOă D GUHSWXOXL (GLWXUD
Ä(XURSD&UDLRYDS
 0 /XEXULFL úL , &HWHUFKL ± 7HRULD JHQHUDOă D
GUHSWXOXL±%XFXUH‫܈‬WLS
 , &UDLRYDQ ± 7HRULD JHQHUDOă D GUHSWXOXL  S

 0 0DOLĠD ± Ä=HFH PLL GH FXOWXUL R VLQJXUă
FLYLOL]DĠLH±(GLWXUD1HPLUD%XFXUH‫܈‬WL
*K0LKDLúL50RWLFD±)XQGDPHQWHOHGUHSWXOXL
(GLWXUD$OO±S
 0 0DQROHVFX ± 7HRULD ‫܈‬L SUDFWLFD GUHSWXOXL
%XFXUHúWL
 $OH[DQGUX 0LUFHD ± 7HRULD JHQHUDOă D GUHSWXOXL
(G8QLYHUVLWDV%XFXUHúWL
9O+DQJD±OQWURGXFHUH,VWRULDGUHSWXOXLURPkUHVF
YRO,(G$FDGHPLHL%XFXUH‫܈‬WLS

30

8QLWDWHDGHvQYă‫܊‬DUH
0(72'(/( &(5&(7Ă5,, ù7,,1ğ,),&(
-85,',&(



CONЯINUTUL UNITĂЯII DE ÎNVĂЯARE


2ELHFWLYHXUPăULWH
7LPSDORFDWXQLWă‫܊‬LL
&XYLQWHFKHLH
0HWRGă±PHWRGRORJLH3UHFL]ăULWHUPLQRORJLFH
1RĠLXQHDPHWRGRORJLHLMXULGLFH
0HWRGHOHFHUFHWăULLúWLLQĠLILFHMXULGLFH
5H]XPDWXOXQLWă‫܊‬LLGHvQYă‫܊‬DUH
ÌQWUHEăULUHFDSLWXODWLYH
7HPHSHQWUXGH]EDWHUH
%LEOLRJUDILH


OBIECTIVE URMĂRITE
HYLGHQWLHUHD LPSRUWDQWHL PHWRGRORJLHL MXULGLFH vQ
FHUFHWDUHDVWLLQWLILFDDGUHSWXOXL
FXQRD‫܈‬WHUHD vQ GHWDOLX D PHWRGHORU GH FHUFHWDUH
MXULGLFă DFHORUSDWUXUHJXOLDOHFRPSDUDWLHL úLvQVX‫܈‬LUHD
DFHVWRUD

7,03$/2&$781,7Ă‫܉‬,,25(

31


CUVINTE CHEIE
±Metodologia juridică±VLVWHPGHIDFWRUL SULQFLSLL
QRUPHúLFULWHULLPHWRGRORJLFH FDUHH[SOLFDUDSRUWXULOH‫܈‬L
OHJăWXULOH FDUH VH VWDELOHVF vQWUH PHWRGHOH VSHFLILFH GH
FXQRD‫܈‬WHUH‫܈‬LFHUFHWDUHDIHQRPHQXOXLMXULGLF
± Metoda logica – GHVHPQHD]D VXPD SURFHGHHORU
WHKQLFLORU ‫܈‬L RSHUDWLXQLORU PHWRGRORJLFH ‫܈‬L JQRVHRORJLFH
VSHFLILFH FDUH QH SXQ vQ LSRVWD]H FD FHUFHWDWRU VDX
DQDOLVW VD GHVFLIUDP VWUXFWXUD úL GLQDPLFD UDSRUWXULORU
UHODWLLORU VWDELOLWHvQWUHFRPSRQHQWHOHVLVWHPXOXLMXULGLF
H[LVWHQWvQVRFLHWDWHODPRPHQWXOGHPHUVXOXLVWLLQWLILF
±Logica deontica± GHRQWRVGHVSUHFHHDFHHVWH VDX
ORJLFD DSOLFDWD VH UHIHUD OD DQDOL]D SURSR]LWLLORU FDUH
FXSULQGQRUPHUHJXOLVDXLQVWUXFWLXQL
± Logica modala ± VWXGLD]D vQ SULQFLSDO SURSR]LWLLOH
MXULGLFHPRGDOH
± Comparatia ± RSHUDWLD SULQ FDUH FHUFHWDWRUXO
IHQRPHQXOXL MXULGLF XUPDUHVWH VD FRQVWDWH HOHPHQWH
LGHQWLFHVDXGLYHUJHQWHODGRXDIHQRPHQHFHUFHWDWH
± Metoda dreptului comparat ± HVWH LPSXVD GH
UHDOLWDWHD IHQRPHQXOXL MXULGLF LQWHUQDWLRQDO vQ FDGUXO
FăUXLD VWDWHOH GH]YROWD PXOWLSOH OHJăWXUL úL DVLVWDP OD
DPSOLILFDUHD LQWHUGHSHQGHQWHORU vQ SODQ HFRQRPLF úL
FXOWXUDODOWDULORUOXPLL
±Functiile dreptului comparat
 ±IXQF‫܊‬LDGHFXQRD‫܈‬WHUHDGUHSWXOXLQDWLRQDO

32
 ±IXQF‫܊‬LDQRUPDWLYD
 ±IXQF‫܊‬LDVWLLQWLILFD
 ±IXQF‫܊‬LDGHDFRQWULEXLODXQLILFDUHDOHJLVODWLLORU
±Regulile comparatiei:
 ±VHFRPSDUDQXPDLFHHVWHFRPSDUDELO
 ±QLFLRGDWDFRPSDUDWLDDGRXDLQVWLWX‫܊‬LLMXULGLFHVD
QX VH IDFD L]RODW vQ DIDUD  FRQWH[WXOXL OHJDO vQ FDUH
LQVWLWX‫܊‬LLOHFRPSDUDWHVXQWLQFDGUDWH
 ±FHUFHWDUHDXQHLLQVWLWX‫܊‬LLMXULGLFHWUHEXLHIDFXWD
OXDQG vQ FRQVLGHUDUH WRWDOLWDWHD L]YRDUHORU GH GUHSW GLQ
VLVWHPHOHMXULGLFHFRPSDUDWH
 ± WHUPHQXO FRPSDUDW WUHEXLH DSUHFLDW WLQDQDG
VHDPD QX QXPDL GH VHQVXO LQLWLDO DO QRUPHL FL úL GH
HYROXWLD DFHVWHLD vQ WLPS vQ SURFHVXO GH DSOLFDUH DO
QRUPHL
± Metoda istorica de cercetare juridică ± FRQVWD vQ
DQDOL]DFRQGL‫܊‬LLORUHFRQRPLFHVRFLDOHSROLWLFHúLGHDOWD
QDWXUD FRPSOHWDWD GH FHUFHWDUHD GLIHULWHORU FDWHJRULL
WLSXULGHVWDW‫܈‬LGHGUHSWDVWUXFWXULLúLIXQF‫܊‬LLORUDFHVWRUD
vQ HYROXWLD ORU GH OD R RUDQGXLUH OD DOWD úL vQ FDGUXO
DFHOHLDVLRUDQGXLULvQGLIHULWHHWDSH
± Metoda sociologica de cercetare juridică ± FRQVWD
vQ FHUFHWDUHD PRGXOXL vQ FDUH VRFLHWDWHD LQIOXHQWHD]D
GUHSWXO úL VXSRUWD OD UkQGXO HL LQIOXHQWD GLQ SDUWHD
DFHVWXLD



33
 0(72'Ă ± 0(72'2/2*,( 35(&,=Ă5,
7(50,12/2*,&(

&XYkQWXO metodă YLQH GH OD JUHFHVFXO ÄPHWKRGRV
FDUH LQVHDPQD FDOH GUXP PRG GH H[SXQHUH
3UHRFXSDUHD SHQWUX SHUIHFWLRQDUHD PHWRGHL D GXV OD
DSDUL‫܊‬LDúWLLQWHLGHVSUHPHWRGă±PHWRGRORJLD PHWKRGRV
úLORJRV úWLLQWă 
Metodologia UHSUH]LQWă VLVWHPXO FHORU PDL JHQHUDOH
SULQFLSLL GH LQYHVWLJDWLH GHGXVH GLQ VLVWHPXO FHORU PDL
JHQHUDOHOHJLRELHFWLYH
0HWRGD SULYHúWH XQ DQXPLW SULQFLSLX PHWRGRORJLF
PHWRGD SDUWLFXODUă  VDX XQ SURFHGHX WHKQLF RDUHFDUH
PHWRGDLQGLYLGXDOă 
2PHWRGăvQDGHYăUDWXOVHQVDOFXYkQWXOXLWUHEXLHVă
ILH GHWHUPLQDWă GH vQVăúL RELHFWXO FHUFHWăULL úWLLQWLILFH ‫܈‬L
Vă FRUHVSXQGă OHJLORU DFHVWXLD ÌQWUH GLYHUVHOH WUHSWH
PHWRGRORJLFH ± JHQHUDOă SDUWLFXODUă VLQJXODUă ± VH
VWDELOHVF UDSRUWXUL FRPSOH[H vQ FDGUXO FăURUD VH GLVWLQJ
DVSHFWH FDUDFWHULVWLFH OHJăWXULL GLQWUH JHQHUDO ‫܈‬L
SDUWLFXODUGLQWUHSDUWHúLvQWUHJGLQWUHSURFHV‫܈‬LPRPHQW
HWF
2 EXQă FXQRD‫܈‬WHUH H[SOLFDUH úL LQWHUSUHWDUH D
IHQRPHQXOXL MXULGLF QHFHVLWD R PHWRGRORJLH
FRUHVSXQ]ăWRDUH vQ ED]D FăUHLD Vă VH UHDOL]H]H R
vQĠHOHJHUH úWLLQWLILFă D PHFDQLVPXOXL DFWLXQLL VRFLDOH D
GUHSWXOXLDIXQF‫܊‬LLORUOXLDHVHQWHLDFRQ‫܊‬LQXWXOXLIRUPHL
VDOHúLDOHJăWXULORUVDOHPXOWLSOHFXVRFLHWDWHD

34

12ğ,81($0(72'2/2*,(,-85,',&(

ùWLLQWD GUHSWXOXL vúL DILUPă VWDWXWXO HSLVWHPRORJLF
SULQWUR SUHRFXSDUH FRQVWDQWă ‫܈‬L YHFKH SHQWUX
SHUIHFWLXQHD PLMORDFHORU JkQGLULL RELHFWXOXL VăX vQ
XOWLPXO WLPS DFHDVWă SUHRFXSDUH ILLQG FRQFHQWUDWă vQ
FDGUXOWHRULHL‫܈‬LVRFLRORJLHLMXULGLFH
ÌQ OLWHUDWXUD MXULGLFă VD DILUPDW Fă Ämetoda de
cercetare în útiinta dreptului – ca îmbinare dintre ceea
ce este general Юi ceea ce este specific, îúi aúteaptă incă
elaborarea". 7RWXúL SUHRFXSăUL GH GHILQLUH D
PHWRGRORJLHLMXULGLFHúLGHDQDOL]ăDPHWRGHORUFHUFHWăULL
úWLLQĠLILFH D GUHSWXOXL VXQW SUH]HQWH vQ OLWHUDWXUD MXULGLFă
GLQĠDUDQRDVWUăPDLYHFKHVDXPDLQRXă
0HWRGRORJLDMXULGLFăSRDWHVăDSDUăFDRúWLLQĠăGHVSUH
GUHSWFDUHGH]YăOXLHDVSHFWHGLQWUHFHOHPDLLPSRUWDQWH
‫܈‬L SDVLRQDQWH FXP DU IL PRGXO FXP OXFUHD]ă RPXO úL
úWLLQWD GDU úL DUWL]DQXO GUHSWXOXL UHJXOLOH úWLLQWHL
GUHSWXOXLúLFDUDFWHUXOVăX
ÌQWUR H[SULPDUH SODVWLFă 0LUFHD 0DQROHVFX
FRQVLGHUD Fă metodologia juridică ar fi sistemul care
organizează legăturile dintre apele adînci – uneori
liniútite, alteori tumultoase din diferite regnuri juridice,
aflate la atât de deosebite niveluri Юi cu mari accidente
de teren între ele.
6SUH GHRVHELUH GH DOWH FRQFHSĠLL FDUH FRQVLGHUă Fă
PHWRGRORJLD MXULGLFă HVWH GH IDSW ILORVRILD GUHSWXOXL vQ

35
GRPHQLXO PHWRGHL 0 0DQROHVFX VXVWLQH H[LVWHQWD XQHL
PHWRGRORJLL MXULGLFH DXWRQRPH vQ VHQVXO LQGHSHQGHQĠHL
GHRULFHFRQFHSWLHILORVRILFă Äfără a se subordona unei
anume icoane de lume úi viată 
$VWIHOSXWHPGHILQLPHWRGRORJLDMXULGLFăFDVLVWHP
DODFHORUIDFWRULGHUHODWLYăLQYDULDQWăvQWUXQQXPăU
VXILFLHQW GH PDUH GH PHWRGH IDFWRUL FH DX FD RELHFW
UDSRUWXULOH OHJăWXULOH UHODĠLOH FH VH VWDELOHVF vQWUH
GLIHULWH PHWRGH vQ SURFHVXO FXQRD‫܈‬WHULL IHQRPHQXOXL
MXULGLF
)DFWRULL GH UHODWLYă LQYDULDQWă VXQW vQ DFHVW FD]
SULQFLSLLOH QRUPHOH VDX FULWHULLOH PHWRGRORJLFH FDUH
IRUPHD]ăFRQ‫܊‬LQXWXOPHWRGRORJLHLMXULGLFH
5DSRUWXULOH OHJăWXULOH UHODWLLOH FDUH VH VWDELOHVF
vQWUH GLIHULWHOH PHWRGH ILH vQDLQWH ILH vQ WLPSXO ILH
GXSă vQFKHLHUHD DFWXOXL GH FHUFHWDUH úWLLQWLILFă
DOFăWXLHVF RELHFWXO PHWRGRORJLHL MXULGLFH $FHVW RELHFW
QXO IRUPHD]ă GHFL PHWRGHOH vQ VLQH FL UDSRUWXULOH
PXOWLSOHGLQWUHDFHVWHD
ÌQWUXFkW PHWRGHOH GLIHUă FD JUDG GH DEVWUDFWL]DUH FD
DULH GH DSOLFDUH FD JUDG DO SUHFL]LHL SH FDUH R SRW RIHUL
FHUFHWăULL úWLLQWLILFH VH MXVWLILFă GH]YROWDUHD XQHL
PHWRGRORJLL MXULGLFH FD XQ DQVDPEOX GH QRUPH GH
VHOHFĠLRQDUH GH FRRSHUDUH úL DSUHFLHUH D DYDQWDMHORU úL
HYHQWXDOGH]DYDQWDMHORUDSOLFăULLGLYHUVHORUPHWRGH
7UHEXLH UHPDUFDW ‫܈‬L IDSWXO Fă DQDOL]D VLVWHPXOXL
PHWRGHORUGHFHUFHWDUHDIHQRPHQXOXLMXULGLFQXVHYUHD
vQ QLFL XQ IHO XQ Äclasament valoric" vQ VHQVXO Fă QX

36
SRDUH IL DEVROXWL]DWă YDORDUHD XQHLD vQ UDSRUW FX DOWD
7RWRGRWă WUHEXLH FRPEăWXW H[WUHPLVPXO PHWRGRORJLF ±
OXFUXVHVL]DWFXDWkWDSHUWLQHQĠăGHYDORURDVDFHUFHWăWRDUH
URPkQă$QLWD1DVFKLW] 6HLPSXQHRVWUkQVăFRODERUDUH
R FRPELQDUH D PHWRGHORU GH FHUFHWDUH vQWUXFkW ILHFDUH
DUHYRFDĠLDGHDVHVL]DXQLYHUVDOXO

 0(72'(/( &(5&(7Ă5,, ù7,,1ğ,),&(
-85,',&(

$0HWRGDORJLFă
0HWRGD ORJLFă DUH R ODUJD XWLOLWDWH vQ RULFH DFW GH
JkQGLUH úWLLQĠLILFă ÌQ GUHSW HD HVWH WRWDOLWDWHD
SURFHGHHORU úL RSHUDĠLXQLORU PHWRGRORJLFH úL
JQRVHRORJLFH VSHFLILFH SULQ FDUH VH FUHD]ă
SRVLELOLWDWHD VXUSULQGHULL VWUXFWXULL úL GLQDPLFLL
UDSRUWXULORU QHFHVDUH vQWUH GLIHULWH FRPSRQHQWH DOH
VLVWHPXOXLMXULGLFDOXQHLVRFLHWăWL
'UHSWXO HVWH R úWLLQĠă HPLQDPHQWH GHGXFWLYă $WkW vQ
FRQVWUXFĠLLOH VDOH WHRUHWLFH REĠLQXWH GLQ DSURDSH vQ
DSURDSH FvW úL vQ SUDFWLFD MXULGLFă QHFHVLWDWHD
DUJXPHQWăULLVHSUH]LQWăFDRFHULQĠăVLQHTXDQRQ
&XQRDúWHUHDSHFDOHGHGXFWLYăSOHDFăúLvQGUHSWGHOD
SUHPLVD Fă QX VH SRDWH GRYHGL GHGXFWLY QLPLF GHFkW
SRUQLQGGHODSULQFLSLLDQWHULRDUH([LVWăSHQWUXGHGXFWLH
XQDQDQNHVWHQDL±LQGXFĠLD‫܈‬LSULQXUPDUHH[SHULHQWD
,QLPDRULFăUHLGHGXFĠLL±DQDOLWLFHVDXVLQWHWLFH±HVWH
VLORJLVPXO ùWLLQWă HPLQDPHQWH VLVWHPDWLFă GUHSWXO VH

37
DSURSLH FRQVLGHUDELO GH PDWHPDWLFă DVWIHO Fă FLQHYD D
SXWXW GHILQL GUHSWXO FD R „matematică a útiintelor
sociale´ 2 DVHPHQHD DSURSLHUH HVWH SRVLELOă GDWRULWă
FDUDFWHUXOXL SUHJQDQW ORJLF DO GUHSWXOXL 2ELHFWXO ORU
ILLQG GHRVHELW PDWHPDWLFD ‫܈‬L GUHSWXO DX SXQFWH FRPXQH
VXEDVSHFWXOIRUPHLGHFXUJkQGGLQQHFHVLWDWHDVWULQJHQWă
D SUREHL úL IRUPăULL LSRWH]HORU 2 QRUPă SURFHGXUDOă GH
GUHSW REOLJă SH DFHOD FDUH IDFH R DILUPDĠLH vQ ID‫܊‬ă
LQVWDQĠHLVRGRYHGHDVFăVWDELOLQG‫܈‬LUHJXOLFHDOFăWXLHVF
WHKQLFDGRYH]LL
Conceptele matematice ± VFULH :XQGW ± rezultă din
raporturile abstracte ale formelor intuiĠiei úi reduc
întotdeauna la elementele de cea mai simplă formă
intuitivă. JurisprudenĠa scoate conceptele ei din relatiile
cele mai complicate ale comertului uman úi ale
comportamentului arbitrar
$VWIHO PDWHPDWLFD HVWH GXSă QDWXUD SUREOHPHORU HL
FHD PDL VLPSOă GLQWUH WRDWH úWLLQWHOH LDU MXULVSUXGHQĠD
FHDPDLFRPSOLFDWă
'HGXFWLD vQ GUHSW HVWH vQ vQWUHJLPH GRPLQDWă GH
VLORJLVPHOHGHVXEVXPDUH1XvQWkPSOăWRU$WKDQDVH-RUD
FRQVLGHUD Fă „tehnica juridică úi retorica sunt o altă
obârúie a logicii".
6D GLVFXWDW vQGHOXQJ vQ OHJăWXUă FX H[LVWHQWD ORJLFLL
MXULGLFH FD R ORJLFă UHJLRQDOă ÌQ OLWHUDWXUD GH
VSHFLDOLWDWH GLQ ĠDUD QRDVWUă SXQFWHOH GH vedere DVXSUD
SR]LWLHLORJLFLLMXULGLFHvQVLVWHPXOúWLLQWHLORJLFLLDXIRVW
GLIHULWH $VWIHO SURIHVRUXO *K (QHVFX FRQVLGHUă Fă

38
există o logică judiciară în cadrul logicilor normativeLDU
SURIHVRUXO 3HWUH %RWH]DWX recunoaúte aportul dreptului
la construirea teoriei argumentării.
ÌQ JHQHUDO VH DUH vQ YHGHUH XWLOL]DUHD UHJXOLORU vQ
DFWLYLWDWHD SUDFWLFă GH UHDOL]DUH D GUHSWXOXL ORJLFD
MXGLFLDUă úLPDLSXWLQFDXQGRPHQLXGLVWLQFWGHDSOLFDUH
DORJLFLLvQSURFHVXOVSHFLILFGHFXQRD‫܈‬WHUHMXULGLFăFDR
GLDOHFWLFăDJkQGLULLMXULGLFHúLDORJLFLLDFWXOXLGHFUHDWLH
vQGUHSW
,QGLIHUHQW GH SR]LĠLLOH H[SULPDWH SULQFLSLLOH ORJLFLL
IRUPDOH QX VH WUDQVSXQ PXWDWLV PLWDQGLV vQ GRPHQLXO
MXULGLF FL HOH FDSăWă R H[SUHVLH VSHFLILFă vQ GUHSW
([SULPkQG R DVHPHQHD UHDOLWDWH .DOLPRZVNL GHILQHúWH
DVWIHO ORJLFD MXULGLFă FD ILLQG ÄStudiul gândirii juridice
discursive în toată întinderea acestuia, adică în toate
operatiile ei intelectuale pe care le efectuează în
elaborarea, interpretarea úi aplicarea dreptului”.
ÌQ VHQV UHVWUkQV ORJLFD MXULGLFă SULYHúWH ORJLFD
QRUPHORU LDU vQ VHQV ODUJ DUH vQ YHGHUH HOHPHQWHOH
FRQVWUXFWLYH GH DUJXPHQWDUH MXULGLFă ÌQ SULPXO UkQG
DSOLFDUHD ORJLFLL IRUPDOH vQ DSUHFLHULOH SULYLQG
IHQRPHQHOH MXULGLFH VH FLUFXPVFULH ORJLFLL GHQRWLFH FD
ORJLFăDREOLJDĠLHL‫܈‬LDQRUPHORU
'DFă úWLLQĠD vQVHDPQă IRORVLUHD VLVWHPDWLFă D SXWHULL
LQWHOHFWXDOHXPDQHSHQWUXSURGXFHUHDFXQRD‫܈‬WHULLúWLLQĠD
GUHSWXOXL vúL SURSXQH Vă H[SXQă WHPDWLF ‫܈‬L Vă DQDOL]H]H
ORJLF GUHSWXO DVWIHO vQFkW DFHVWD FD IDFWRU GH
ÄSURJUDPDUH D OLEHUWăĠLL GH DFĠLXQH D RDPHQLORU Vă

39
FRQVWLWXLH XQ WRW FRHUHQW FDUH Vă QX VH FRQWUD]LFă SULQ
LQDGYHUWHQĠH ORJLFH SULQ FRQWUDGLFĠLL LQWHULRDUH
$VSHFWHOH ORJLFH DOH úWLLQĠHL GUHSWXOXL VXQW VWUkQV OHJDWH
GHDVSHFWHOHHLSVLKRORJLFHúLVRFLRORJLFH
ÌQ SUHRFXSăULOH GH ORJLFă MXULGLFă VH RSHUHD]ă
GLIHUHQĠLHUL vQWUH SURSR]LĠLLOH LQWHUQH ‫܈‬L FHOH H[WHUQH DOH
úWLLQĠHLGUHSWXOXLvQWUHSURSR]LĠLLOHFDUHH[SULPăUHJXOLúL
FHOHFDUHOHH[SOLFă‫܈‬LFRPHQWHD]ă
-XULVWXOXL RPXO GH úWLLQĠă úL SUDFWLFLDQXO vL HVWH
QHFHVDU‫܈‬LXWLOvQWUHJXODSDUDWDOORJLFLL6HSRDWHDILUPD
FD H[LVWă FKLDU R DGHYăUDWă SDVLXQH vQ GUHSW SHQWUX
FRQFHSWHOHORJLFLLIRUPDOH
ÌQFă GH OD vQFHSXWXO VHFROXOXL ;; VH FRQVLGHUD Fă
SHQWUXLQWHUSUHWDUHDGUHSWXOXLWUHEXLHVăVHDSOLFHPHWRGD
FODVLFă D MXULVFRQVXOĠLORU 'XSă /DUQDXGH Äaceastă
metodă se compune din inducĠie Юi deducĠie Юi constă în
mod esenĠial din cercetări ce trebuie efectuate asupra
constitutiilor, a acordurilor, a legilor, precum Юi a
deciziilor juridice úi a practicii"
8OWHULRU XWLOL]DUHD LQVWUXPHQWHORU ORJLFH D SULYLW QX
QXPDLDQDOL]DFRQVWUXFWLHLWHKQLFHDGUHSWXOXL±FHDFDUH
SXQHvQOXPLQăYLUWXĠLOHWHRUHWLFHDOHXQXLVLVWHPGHGUHSW
±GDU‫܈‬LILQDOLWăĠLOHSHFDUHOHXUPăUHúWHúLYDORULOHSHFDUH
OH RFURWHúWH VLVWHPXO UHVSHFWLY $FHDVWă H[WLQGHUH D
vQWUHEXLQWăULL PHWRGHL D OHJDWR PDL VWUkQV GH FHOHODOWH
PHWRGH D LPSOLFDWR vQ ÄGHIULúDUHD´ XQRU ]RQH GH
FXQRD‫܈‬WHUHLJQRUDWHSkQăDWXQFL


40
%0HWRGDFRPSDUDWLYă
/RJLFD GHILQHúWH FRPSDUDWLD FD ILLQG RSHUDĠLD FDUH
XUPăUHúWH FRQVWDWDUHD XQRU HOHPHQWH LGHQWLFH VDX
GLYHUJHQWH OD GRXă IHQRPHQH. &RPSDUDUHD VLVWHPHORU
GH GUHSW DOH GLYHUVHORU VWDWH D WUăVăWXULORU UDPXULORU
LQVWLWX‫܊‬LLORU úL QRUPHORU DFHVWRUD VD GRYHGLW H[WUHP GH
IUXFWXRDVă vQ SURFHVXO PHWRGRORJLF GH VWXGLHUH D
IHQRPHQXOXL MXULGLF $FHDVWă DFWLXQH D GHWHUPLQDW FKLDU
vQ XQHOH VLVWHPH GH LQYăWăPkQW MXULGLF UHFXQRDúWHUHD
H[LVWHQWHL XQHL UDPXUL úWLLQWLILFH ± úWLLQWD GUHSWXOXL
FRPSDUDW ([WLQGHUHD PHWRGHL GUHSWXOXL FRPSDUDW HVWH
LPSXVă D]L vQ PRG HVHQWLDO GH VSRULUHD IăUă SUHFHGHQW D
OHJăWXULORU VWDWHORU GH FUHúWHUHD YROXPXOXL FRQWUDFWHORU
HFRQRPLFH ‫܈‬L VRFLDOH FD XUPDUH D DPSOLILFăULL
LQWHUGHSHQGHQWHORU vQ SODQXO GH]YROWăULL HFRQRPLFH ‫܈‬L
FXOWXUDOHDWăULORUOXPLL$FHDVWăUHDOLWDWHLQFRQWHVWDELOăD
]LOHORUQRDVWUHDGXFHvQSULPSODQQHFHVLWDWHDFXQRD‫܈‬WHULL
GLYHUVHORUVLVWHPHQDWLRQDOHGHGUHSW
ÌQ IRUPD VD HPEULRQDUă FRQFHSWLD DVXSUD QHFHVLWă‫܊‬LL
GUHSWXOXL FRPSDUDW DSDUH OD vQFHSXWXO VHF ;; FkQG VH
DYDQVHD]ă úL SULPHOH WH]H DOH XQHL IRUPH PHWRGRORJLFH
XQLYHUVDOH GH VWXGLHUH D GUHSWXOXL 8OWHULRU OLWHUDWXUD
MXULGLFă VD vPERJăWLW FX OXFUăUL FDUH DX SXV ED]HOH QX
QXPDL XQHL PHWRGH D GUHSWXOXL FRPSDUDW FL FKLDU D
úWLLQWHLDXWRQRPHDGUHSWXOXLFRPSDUDW
6FRSXULOH VSHFLILFH DOH PHWRGHL FRPSDUDWLYH VXQW
GHWHUPLQDWH GH UDSRUWXULOH H[LVWHQWH vQWUH SURSULHWăĠLOH
RELHFWLYH DOH FDWHJRULLORU FRPSDUDWH $OăWXUL GH

41
FRPSDUDWLH VH PDL XWLOL]HD]ă vQ PRG QHFHVDU ‫܈‬L DOWH
LQVWUXPHQWH DOH ORJLFLL FODVLILFăUL WLSRORJLL
FODVLILFDWRDUH GLYL]LXQLGHILQLWLLúLDQDORJLL
ùWLLQWDGUHSWXOXLFRPSDUDWDIL[DWGHMDDQXPLWHUHJXOL
FDUHSUH]LGHD]ăXWLOL]DUHDPHWRGHLFRPSDUDWLYHvQGUHSW
2EVHUYDUHD ULJXURDVă D DFHVWRU UHJXOL DVLJXUă VXFFHVXO
PHWRGHLFRQIHULQGXLFDUDFWHUXOúWLLQWLILFLQGLVSHQVDELO
3ULPD regulă a PHWRGHL impune a compara numai
ceea ce este comparabilÌQFDGUXODFHVWHLUHJXOLWUHEXLH
Vă VH FRQVWDWH PDL vQWkL GDFă VLVWHPHOH FRPSDUDWH
DSDUWLQ DFHOXLDúL WLS LVWRULF GH GUHSW VDX DSDUWLQ XQRU
VLVWHPHLVWRULFHGHGUHSWGLIHULWH'DFăVLVWHPHOHGHGUHSW
GLQFDUHIDFSDUWHLQVWLWX‫܊‬LLOHFRPSDUDWHVXQW±LGHRORJLF
YRUELQG ± DQWDJRQLVWH HVWH HYLGHQW Fă SURFHGHXO
FRPSDUDWLHL QX SRDWH IL UHOHYDQW GHFkW VXE DVSHFWXO
VWDELOLULL GLIHUHQWHORU 'H H[HPSOX GDFă DP FRPSDUD
UHJOHPHQWDUHD LQVWLWX‫܊‬LHL SURSULHWă‫܊‬LL vQ IDPLOLD GUHSWXOXL
URPDQRJHUPDQLF GLQFDUHIDFHSDUWH‫܈‬LVLVWHPXOQRVWUX
GH GUHSW  úL IDPLOLD GUHSWXOXL PXVXOPDQ YRP IRORVL
DQDOL]DGHFRQWUDVW FRPSDUDWLHFRQWUDVWDQWă ,QVWLWXWLLOH
ILLQG HYLGHQW GHRVHELWH QX YD SXWHD IL UHDOL]DWă R
MX[WDSXQHUH D DFHVWRUD LDU UH]XOWDWHOH YRU IL SUHD SXWLQ
UHOHYDQWH)DĠăGHH[HPSOXOGHPDLVXVODED]DvQWUHJXOXL
GUHSW GH  SURSULHWDWH vQ GUHSWXO PXVXOPDQ VH DIOă WHRULD
WHRFUDWLFă SRWULYLW FăUHLD vQWUHJXO SăPkQW DSDUWLQH OXL
$ODKúLWULPLVXOXLVăX0DKRPHG3URSULHWDUXOVXSUHPDO
SăPkQWXOXL LVODPLF HVWH &DOLIXO ± UHSUH]HQWDQW ‫܈‬L
FRQWLQXDWRUDO3URIHWXOXL

42
3URSULHWDWHD HVWH SHUPDQHQWă QHH[LVWkQG LQVWLWX‫܊‬LD
SUHVFULSWLHL0RGXULOHGHGREkQGLUHDSURSULHWă‫܊‬LLVXQWGH
DVHPHQHD GHRVHELWH GH FHOH GLQ GUHSWXO URPDQR
JHUPDQLF 'LIHUHQĠHOH VHQVLELOH H[LVWă ‫܈‬L vQ OHJăWXUă FX
ILJXUD MXULGLFă D DOWRU LQVWLWX‫܊‬LL 'H H[HPSOX GUHSWXO
PXVXOPDQ UHJOHPHQWHD]ă vQWUXQ PRG DSDUWH LQVWLWX‫܊‬LD
FăVăWRULHL'DFăGRFWULQDFRQVLGHUăFăVăWRULDÄGHRULJLQH
GLYLQă GUHSWXO PXVXOPDQ R WUHFH vQ UkQGXO WUDQ]DFĠLLORU
FLYLOH XQ FRQWUDFW IăFXW vQ YHGHUHD ÄGUHSWXOXL GH D WH
EXFXUD GH R IHPHLH´ GUHSW UHFXQRVFXW HYLGHQW QXPDL
EăUEDWXOXL &RQGL‫܊‬LLOHGHYDOLGLWDWHDOHFRQWUDFWXOXLVXQW
FRQVLPĠăPkQWXO SăULQĠLORU SUH]HQWD D GRL PDUWRUL
FRQVWLWXLUHD XQHL GRWH DEVHQWD RULFăUXL LPSHGLPHQW
/RJRGQD HVWH XQ X]DM FRQVWDQW ILLQG XQ SUHOXGLX DO
FăVăWRULHL FRQVWkQG GLQ GHFODUDWLD SUHWHQGHQWXOXL ‫܈‬L
X]DQWHOH SULYLQG GHVIDFHUHD FăVăWRULHL UHSXGLHUHD VRWLHL
úLSROLJDPLD
$VHPHQHD GDWH SH FDUH OH IXUQL]HD]ă VWXGLXO
FRPSDUDWLVW VXQW GH QDWXUă D DGXFH LQIRUPDWLL SUHWLRDVH
vQ OHJăWXUă FX UHJOHPHQWăULOH GLQ VLVWHPHOH GH GUHSW
GLIHULWH FKLDU GDFă QX YRU SXWHD IL VHVL]DWH VLPLOLWXGLQL
VDX MX[WDSXQHUL GH UHJOHPHQWăUL vQWUH LQVWLWX‫܊‬LD GLQ
VLVWHPXOQRVWUXOHJDOúLFHOHGLQVLVWHPXOPDLVXVQXPLW
2 DOWă regulă D PHWRGHL FRPSDUDWLYH REOLJă să se
considere termenii supuúi comparatiei în conexiunile lor
reale, în contextul social, politic, cultural din care au
rezultat. 'H DLFL UH]XOWă QHFHVLWDWHD FD vQ SURFHVXO
FRPSDUDWLY Vă VH SOHFH GH OD FXQRD‫܈‬WHUHD SULQFLSLLORU GH

43
GUHSW úL D UHJXODULWă‫܊‬LL FDUH FRPDQGă VLVWHPHOH GH GUHSW
FRPSDUDWH
Luarea în discutie a principiilor – pe OkQJă
compararea LQVWLWX‫܊‬LHL‫܈‬LQRUPHORU±VHLPSXQHSHQWUXD
PăUL SRWHQWLDOXO úWLLQWLILF DO FHUFHWăULL FRPSDUDWH ‫܈‬L
SHQWUXDSUHYHQLXQHYHQWXDOIUDJPHQWDULVPHPSLULF
Trebuie cercetat ulterior VLVWHPXO L]YRDUHORU
GUHSWXOXLFDUHRIHUăLPDJLQHDSR]LWLHLGLIHULWHDIRUPHORU
GHH[SULPDUHDGUHSWXOXL OHJLFXWXPHMXULVSUXGHQĠă GH
ODXQVLVWHPMXULGLFODDOWXOÄ&RPSDUDWLVWXOFDUHGRUHúWH
Vă VWDELOHDVFă DFHO FRPSDUDQGXP FDUH HVWH QRUPD
DSOLFDELOăvQPRGUHDOYDWUHEXLVăĠLQăVHDPDGHLHUDUKLD
DFHVWRU L]YRDUH GH UDSRUWXULOH UHDOH GH IRUĠă MXULGLFă
GLQWUHHOHGHPRGXOvQFDUHVHFRPSOHWHD]ăUHFLSURF
2XOWLPăregulă, vQDSUHFLHUHDWHUPHQXOXLGHFRPSDUDW
LPSXQHsă se aibă în vedere nu numai de sensul iniĠial al
normei FL úL GH HYROXWLD DFHWXLD vQ WLPS vQ SURFHVXO
DSOLFăULLQRUPHLÌQDFHVWSURFHV±úLPDLDOHVFkQGWH[WXO
VXSUDYLHWXLHúWH XQRU SHULRDGH VRFLDO LVWRULFH GLIHULWH ±
IRUPD LQLWLDLă D UHJXOHL GH FRQGXLWă SRDWH HYROXD LQWU
DWkW vQFkW VHQVXO QRUPHL DSDUH FRPSOHW GLIHULW
&RPSDUDWLVWXO YD WUHEXL vQ DFHVW FD] Vă DSHOH]H OD
OLWHUDWXUDGHVSHFLDOLWDWHVăFHUFHWH]HVWDUHDPRUDYXULORU
úLLQIOXHQWDWUDGLĠLLORU
/D ED]D WXWXURU FRPSDUDWLLORU WUHEXLH Vă VWHD
GHVFRSHULUHD XQXL QXPăU DQXPLW GH LQGLFL FRPXQL D
FăURU H[LVWHQWă SHUPLWH GLVFXWLD GHVSUH R LGHQWLWDWH GH
IHQRPHQH

44
ÌQ FRQFOX]LH IXQF‫܊‬LLOH GUHSWXOXL FRPSDUDW QX SRW IL
GLVRFLDWH GH IXQF‫܊‬LLOH JHQHUDWH DOH 7HRULHL GUHSWXOXL
FRJQLWLYă FULWLFă SUDFWLFDSOLFDWLYă  &RPSDUDĠLD DMXWă
HVHQWLDO OD FRQVWUXLUHD WLSRWRJLLORU MXULGLFH ‫܈‬L
FODVLILFăULORU ÌQ SURFHVXO GH OHJLIHUDUH PHWRGD
FRPSDUDWLYă DUH GH DVHPHQHD R LPSRUWDQWă PDMRUă HD
IXPL]kQG LQIRUPDWLL SUHĠLRDVH OHJLXLWRUXOXL vQ ,HJăWXUă
FXUHJOHPHQWăULOHFXSULQVHvQDOWHVLVWHPHGHGUHSWVDXvQ
GRFXPHQWHMXULGLFHLQWHPDWLRQDOH

&0HWRGDLVWRULFă
0HWRGD LVWRULFă HVWH vQ VWUkQVă OHJăWXUă FX LVWRULD
GH]YROWăULL VRFLDOH Istoria este – DúD FXP DILUPă 3
5LFRHXU DGHSWXO YL]LXQLL KHUPHQHXWLFH ± o modalitate
prin care oamenii îúi reafirmă apartenenta lor la aceeaúi
umanitate: ea este un sector al comunicării conútiintelor,
scindat prin etapa metodologică a comunicări.
3HQWUX MXULúWL HVWH H[WUHP GH LPSRUWDQWă GH]YăOXLUHD
VHQVXOXL HYHQLPHQWHORU WUHFXWH D UHJXODULWăWLORU FH
SUH]LGHD]ă OD VXFFHVLXQHD DFHVWRUD UHJXODULWăWL FH‫܈‬L
H[HUFLWă LQIOXHQWD úL DVXSUD GUHSWXOXL GHWHUPLQkQG
PRGLILFăUL vQ FRQWLQXĠXO UHJOHPHQWăULORU ‫܈‬L IL]LRQRPLL
VSHFLILFH LQVWLWX‫܊‬LLORU MXULGLFH ÌQ ILHFDUH OHJH VXQW
VLQWHWL]DWH QHFHVLWăĠL UHDOH DOH YLHWLL VH H[SULPă R
DQXPLWăVWDUHDPRUDYXULORU
3HQWUX DFHVW PRWLY FXQRD‫܈‬WHUHD UHJOHPHQWăULORU ‫܈‬L
IRUPHORU GH GUHSW FRQVWLWXLH XQ LPSRUWDQW GRFXPHQW úL
SHQWUXLVWRULH/HJHDFHORU;,,7DEOHFDUHDUH]LVWDWFX

45
PLFL PRGLILFăUL WLPS GH SHVWH  VHFROH YDVWD RSHUă
OHJLVODWLYă D OXL -XVWLQLDQ &RGXO 'LJHVWHOH ,QVWLWXWHOH
1RYHOHOH  &RGXO OXL 0DQX vQ ,QGLD HWF VXQW PRPHQWH
MXULGLFH GDU vQ HJDOă PăVXUă DFHVWHD VWDX GRYDGă
HYROXWLHLLVWRULFH
ÌQ LQGHOXQJDWD LVWRULH D SRSRUXOXL URPkQ IRUPHOH
GUHSWXOXL YHFKL IDF SURED VSLULWXOXL XPDQLVW DO VHWHL GH
GUHSWDWH úL DGHYăU FDUH DX FDUDFWHUL]DW DFHVW SRSRU ±
XUPDúXOFHORUPDLGUHSWL‫܈‬LPDLYLWHMLGLQWUHWUDFLFXPvL
FDUDFWHUL]D+HURGRWSHJHWRGDFLÌQFRQúWLLQWDSRSRUXOXL
úL vQ FHUFHWăULOH GH LVWRULH  OHJHD WăULL VDX RELFHLXO
SăPkQWXOXL HUDX VRFRWLWH FD XQ Ädrept vechi”, R GDWLQă
GLQ EăWUkQL SURYHQLQG GLQ WLPSXUL ÄGH GLQDLQWH´ GH OD
DOFăWXLUHD WăULL VDX PDL vQFROR 0DL WkU]LX vQ GUHSWXO
IHXGDO VFULV 3UDYLOD OXL 9DVLOH /XSX 3UDYLOD OXL 0DWHL
%DVDUDE HWF  VXQW FXSULQVH QRL UHJOHPHQWăUL FDUH
RJOLQGHVF VFKLPEăULOH SHWUHFXWH vQ YLDWD HFRQRPLFă
SROLWLFă‫܈‬LFXOWXUDOăDĠăULORUURPkQH
ÌQJHQHUDOGUHSWXOXUPHD]ăILUXOHYROXWLHLVRFLDOHvQHO
UHIOHFWkQGXVH QLYHOXO GH]YROWăULL FXOWXUDOH D XQHL
VRFLHWăWL9DORDUHDFUHDWLHLMXULGLFDGLIHULWHORUSRSRDUH‫܈‬L
GLQGLIHULWHHSRFLLVWRULFHVHLQWHJUHD]ăvQPRGQHPLMORFLW
vQFXOWXUDSRSRUXOXLúLHSRFLLHVSHFWLYHFRQWULEXLHúLvQ
DFHODúLWLPSGHSLQGHGHQLYHOXODFHOHLFXOWXUL6WUXFWXUD
VDORJLFăDúHD]ăGUHSWXOODXQORFFXUDPXULOHFXQRD‫܈‬WHULL
vQ JHQHUDO ÌQ DFHODúL WLPS SULQ FRQVWUXFWLD WHKQLFă
GUHSWXO DFXPXOHD]ă UH]LGXXUL WUDGLWLRQDOH LVWRULFH FDUH
SRW IL FRPXQH XQRU IRUPH VXSUDSXVH GH GUHSW OD IHO

46
LGHLOHMXULGLFHFDUHVHSRWSURSDJDGHODRHWDSăODDOWDGH
OD XQ SRSRU OD DOWXO GHWHUPLQkQG XQ SURFHV GH
FRQWDPLQDUH MXULGLFă ÌQ DFHVW VHQV VH YRUEHúWH GHVSUH
DULL ]RQH UHJLXQL VDX SURYLQFLL GH FXOWXUă ‫܈‬L FLYLOL]DĠLH
MXULGLFă SHRUL]RQWDODJHRJUDILHL ‫܈‬LGHVSUHHSRFLVWDGLL
WUHSWH GH FXOWXOW ‫܈‬L FLYLOL]DĠLH MXULGLFă SH YHUWLFDOD
LVWRULHL
3HQWUXFXQRD‫܈‬WHUHDVLVWHPHORUGHGUHSWVXQWH[WHUQGH
XWLOHMXULVWXOXLFRQFOX]LLOHLVWRULFXOXLDúDFXP‫܈‬LLVWRULFXO
WUHEXLHVăVHDSOHFHDVXSUDGRFXPHQWXOXLMXULGLF0DUHOH
QRVWUXLVWRULF;HQRSROPăUWXULVHúWHFăSUDFWLFD‫܈‬LWHRULD
GUHSWXWXL Äîmi fuseră una din cele mai bune pregătiri
pentru tratarea istoriei". 2ULFH LVWRULF WUHEXLH Vă‫܈‬L
SURSXQă FD VFRS DIODUHD úL GRYHGLUHD DGHYăUXOXL vQ
IDSWHOHRPHQHúWL,GHHDGUHSWXOXLVWUăEDWHGHODXQFDSăW
,DDOWXOLVWRULD
9LDĠDOăXQWULFăDSRSRDUHORUQXSRDWHILELQHvQWHOHDVă
IăUă FHUFHWDUHD DúH]ăPLQWHORU ,RU FDUH WRDWH VH
vQWHPHLD]ăSHUHJOHPHQWăUL‫܈‬LUDSRUWXULMXULGLFHDVWIHOFă
XQ PDUH LVWRULF IUDQFH] D SXWXW FRQFKLGH ÄTout
jurisconsulte doi etre historien et tout historien doit etre
jurisconsulte" 2ULFHMXULVFRQVXOWWUHEXLHVăILHLVWRULFúL
ILHFDUHLVWRULFWUHEXLHVăILHúLMXULVFRQVXOW 
,VWRULD FXSULQGH WRDWH JHQXULOH GH PDQLIHVWăUL GHFL úL
SHFHOHMXULGLFH&DúWLLQWăHDHVWHXQPRGGHH[SOLFDUHD
OXPLL DQXPHDPRGXOXLVXFFHVLY LDUDFHDVWăH[SOLFDWLH
R UHDOL]HD]ă XWLOL]kQG PHWRGD LQIHUHQWHL SULQ FDUH VH
XUPăUHúWH Vă VH VWDELOHDVFă DGHYăUXUL LQGLYLGXDOH vQFă

47
QHFXQRVFXWH SULQ LQWHUPHGLXO DGHYăUXULORU LQGLYLGXDOH
GLQDLQWHFXQRVFXWH
$SHOkQG OD LVWRULH GUHSWXO vúL DIOă FRQGLĠLLOH FHL SRW
GHVFLIUD DVFHQGHQĠD FXQRVFkQG IRUPHOH VXSUDSXVH GH
GUHSWLVWRULDvúLSURFXUăVWDWRUQLFHPRGDOLWăĠLGHDWHVWDUH
GRFXPHQWDUă
7HRULD JHQHUDOă D GUHSWXOXL úL úWLLQWHOH SDUWLFXWDUH
úWLLQWHOH MXULGLFH GH UDPXUă  DERUGHD]ă GH ILHFDUH GDWă
GLPHQVLXQHDLVWRULFăDFRQFHSWHORUúLFDWHJRULLORUFXFDUH
RSHUHD]ă $VWIHO SOHFkQG GH OD GDWHOH SH FDUH OH RIHUă
LVWRULD vQ FHUFHWDUHD PDULORU LQVWLWX‫܊‬LL MXULGLFH úWLLQWD
GUHSWXOXLFRQVWDWkQGYHFKLPHDORUOHXUPăUHúWHYROXĠLD
FRQILJXUDĠLDIXQF‫܊‬LLOHHWF
7HRULDGUHSWXOXLRSHUHD]ăFDWHJRULDGHWLSDOGUHSWXOXL
FX FHD GH ED]LQ GH FLYLOL]DĠLH MXULGLFă SOHFkQG GH OD
GDWHOHGHFXQRD‫܈‬WHUHRIHULWHGHúWLLQWDLVWRULHL2ULJLQHD‫܈‬L
DSDUL‫܊‬LD VWDWXOXL ‫܈‬L GUHSWXOXL QX SRW IL VWXGLDWH IăUă Vă VH
SRUQHDVFă GH OD SXQFWHOH GH YHGHUH DILUPDWH vQ LVWRULH
8QHRUL SH ED]D XQRU GDWH LVWRULFH VH UHDOL]HD]ă
UHFRQVWLWXLUHD IL]LRQRPLHL XQRU LQVWLWX‫܊‬LL DOH GUHSWXOXL
DFWLXQH FH SHUPLWH R DQDOL]ă UHWURVSHFWLYă FX ODUJL
LPSOLFDĠLLvQvQWHOHJHUHDSR]LĠLHLUHVSHFWLYHORULQVWLWX‫܊‬LLvQ
GUHSWXODFWXDO
Istoria este întotdeauna produsul unei istorii´ VFULD
1RLFD ,VWRULFXO WUHEXLH Vă YDGă HSRFL úL GHVWLQH Vă LD
VRFRWHDOăGHFHDIRVWúLHVWHSHQWUXDSXWHDILvQWUDGHYăU
XWLOúLDGHYăUDW


48
'0HWRGDVRFLRORJLFă
'UHSWXO LQGLIHUHQW GH IRUPHOH úL JHQXULOH VDOH QX
SRDWH H[LVWD GHFkW GDFă HVWH IXQGDPHQWDW SH
UHFXQRD‫܈‬WHUHDúLDFFHSWDUHDFYDVLXQDQLPăIăUăGHFDUHQX
VDU SXWHD VWDELOL DFHD FRUHVSRQGHQWă vQWUH REOLJD‫܊‬LL úL
GUHSWXULFRUHODWLYH
'UHSWXOúLVRFLHWDWHDVHDIOăvQWURXQLWDWHLQVHSDUDELOă
vQWURUHODWLHGHFRH[LVWHQWăúLGHGHWHUPLQDUHUHFLSURFă
1XH[LVWăVRFLHWDWHIăUăGUHSW‫܈‬LQXSRDWHH[LVWDGUHSWvQ
DIDUD VRFLHWă‫܊‬LL Ubi societas, ibi ius" VSXQHDX URPDQLL
úLFRQVWDWDUHDHVWHYDODELOă‫܈‬LDVWă]L 
7RWXúLVHSRDWHYRUELGHVSUHRPHWRGăVRFLRORJLFăvQ
VWXGLXO GUHSWXOXL DELD OD vQFHSXWXO VHFROXOXL DO ;;OHD
GHúLLGHHDFăOHJLOHVXQWvQLQWHUGHSHQGHQWăFXVRFLHWDWHD
VD SUHILJXUDW vQFă GLQ DQWLFKLWDWH LDU vQ SHULRDGD
LOXPLQLVPXOXL VD FRQWXUDW LGHHD Fă ÄVSLULWXO OHJLORU
0RQWHVTXLHX  VH UHJăVHúWH SH GH R SDUWH vQ UHODWLLOH
GLQWUH RDPHQL LDU SH GH DOWă SDUWH GLQWUH DFHúWLD úL
PHGLXOvQFRQMXUăWRU
6RFLRORJLD FD úWLLQWă D VRFLHWă‫܊‬LL FD IRUPXOă GH
FRH[LVWHQWă VRFLDOă D GHEXWDW OD PLMORFXO VHFROXOXL DO
;,;OHD vQVă SDUDGR[DO FX R DQXPLWă RVWLOLWDWH IDĠă GH
úWLLQĠHOH MXULGLFH FRQVLGHUDWH D IL ÄFRQVHUYDWRDUH ‫܈‬L
ÄH[FOXVLYLVWH
&RH[LVWHQĠD GLQWUH VRFLRORJLH ‫܈‬L GUHSW D vQFHSXW Vă VH
FRQVROLGH]H OD XQ VHFRO GXSă DSDUL‫܊‬LD &RGXOXL FLYLO
IUDQFH]   DWXQFL FkQG D GHYHQLW HYLGHQW Fă
VRFLHWDWHD DUH XQ GLQDPLVP PDL DFFHQWXDW IDWă GH

49
Äîncorsetarea" OHJLVODWLYăÌQDFHVWHFRQGL‫܊‬LLVDUHPDUFDW
R ÄFUL]ă D GUHSWXOXL" LDU VRFLRORJLD ± FD úWLLQWă
ÄSURJUHVLVWă‫܈‬LDDVXPDWUROXOGHDDERUGDÄsacralitatea
dreptului" vQWUR SHUVSHFWLYă QRXă PRGHUQă vQORFXLQG
PHWRGHOH vQYHFKLWH GH FHUFHWDUH FX PHWRGH QRL PDL
OLEHUH‫܈‬LPDLDFWLYH
$VWIHO VRFLRORJLD DGXFH R YL]LXQH QRXă DVXSUD
GUHSWXOXLGHILQLQGXOFDSHXQIDSWVRFLDO‫܈‬LLQFHUFkQGVă
UHVFULH SRWHQĠLDOXO FUHDWRU DO GUHSWXOXL IDĠă GH QHYRLOH
VRFLHWă‫܊‬LL 6RFLRORJLL DX FRQVWDWDW Fă GLQWUH WRDWH
IHQRPHQHOH VRFLDOH PRUDOD HWLFD WUDGLWLLOH HWF 
IHQRPHQXO MXULGLF VH LPSXQH FD ILLQG FHO PDL
FDUDFWHULVWLF
'LQ DFHVW PRPHQW R LQWUHDJă SOHLDGă GH MXULúWL úL
VRFLRORJL FRQMXJă SUHRFXSăULOH SHQWUX UHDOL]DUHD XQXL
GUHSW PDL EXQ PDL PRGHUQ ‫܈‬L PDL HILFLHQW vQ UDSRUW FX
GH]YROWDUHD VRFLDOă $SDUH DVWIHO R QRXă SHUVSHFWLYă D
VWXGLXOXL UHDOLWă‫܊‬LL MXULGLFH FD UHDOLWDWH VRFLDOă
YHULILFkQGXVH PRGXO vQ FDUH VRFLHWDWHD LQIOXHQWHD]ă
GUHSWXOORUWRWRGDWăVXSRUWăLQIOXHQWHOHSHFDUHGUHSWXOL
OHLPSXQH
&HUFHWDUHD VRFLRORJLFă D GUHSWXOXL SXQH vQ GLVFXWLH
FRQFHSWH úL SUHRFXSăUL úWLLQWLILFH QRL UHVSRQVDELOLWDWHD
VRFLDOăVWDWXWXOúLUROXOLQGLYLGXOXLHWF LDUSULQPHWRGH
FDUHLLVXQWVSHFLILFH REVHUYDWLDLQWHUYLXOFKHVWLRQDUXO
VRQGDMXO GH RSLQLH DQFKHWD VRFLRORJLFă  vúL DGXFH
FRQWULEXWLLVHPQLILFDWLYHvQGRPHQLXOFUHăULLGUHSWXOXL

50
0HWRGD VRFLRORJLFă HVWH DWkW GH LPSRUWDQWă LQFkW D
JHQHUDW R UDPXUă úWLLQWLILFă ÄGH LQWHUVHFWLH vQWUH
VRFLRORJLHúLúWLLQWHOHMXULGLFH6RFLRORJLD-XULGLFă

($OWHPHWRGH
ÌQDIDUDPHWRGHORUGHFHUFHWDUHPHQWLRQDWHRXWLOL]DUH
GLQFHvQFHPDLIUHFYHQWăvQGRPHQLXOúWLLQWHORUMXULGLFH
R DX ‫܈‬L DOWH PHWRGH SUHFXP analiza sistematică,
structurală Юi funcаională VDX analizele cantitative
QHFHVLWDUH SHQWUX SUHOXFUDUHD FX PLMORDFH PRGHUQH D
DYDODQúHL GH LQIRUPDWLL FDOFXODWRUXO GHYHQLQG XQ
LQVWUXPHQWRELúQXLWvQDUVHQDOXOMXULVWXOXL
ÌQFRUHODUHFXDFHVWHPHWRGHVHXWLOL]HD]ăGLQFHvQFH
PDL IUHFYHQW metoda statistică XWLOă DWkW vQ SURFHVXO GH
HODERUDUHDGUHSWXOXLFkWúLvQSURFHVXOGHDSOLFDUHDOXL
Statistica judiciară, DSăUXWă FD GRPHQLX GLVWLQFW DO
VWDWLVWLFLL UHOHYă GDWHOH FRQFUHWH SULYLQG FULPLQDOLWDWHD
VXEGLYHUVHOHHLLSRVWD]H UDWDFULPLQDOLWăOLLJHQXULOHPDL
IUHFYHQWHQXPăUXOGHFRQGDPQăULúLWHQGLQOHOHSROLWLFLL
SXQLWLYH  SURFHQWDMXO GHVFRSHULULL IDSWHORU SHQDOH
FRPLVHWHQGLQWHDOHGLYHUVHORUIHQRPHQHMXGLFLDUHHWF
7UHEXLH UHPDUFDW IDSWXO Fă DFHVWH PHWRGH QX WUHEXLH
LQWHOHVHúLDERUGDWHL]RODW'HH[HPSOXPHWRGDVWDWLVWLFă
VHED]HD]ăSHGDWHOHREWLQXWHSULQPHWRGHOHFDQWLWDWLYH‫܈‬L
RSHUHD]ă FRPSDUDWLY UHOHYkQG FRQFOX]LL ORJLFH 3ULQ
XUPDUH SHQWUX R FHUFHWDUH DSURIXQGDWă PHWRGHOH
DSOLFDWH WUHEXLH XWLOL]DWH vQ LQWHUGHSHQGHQĠD ‫܈‬L
FRPSOHPHQWDULWDWHDORU

51
5H]XPDWXOXQLWă‫܊‬LLGHvQYă‫܊‬DUH
0HWRGRORJLD MXULGLFă HVWH úWLLQWD GHVSUH úWLLQWD
GUHSWXOXLFDUHGH]YăOXLHFHOHPDLLPSRUWDQWHDVSHFWHDOH
IHQRPHQXOXLMXULGLF
0HWRGHOHGHFHUFHWDUHMXULGLFăVXQW
±PHWRGDORJLFă
±PHWRGDFRPSDUDWLYă
±PHWRGDLVWRULFă
±PHWRGDVRFLRORJLFă
±PHWRGDFDQWLWDWLYă
&HOHSDWUXUHJXOLDOHFRPSDUDĠLHLVXQW
– se compară numai ceea ce este comparabil;
– niciodată comparatia a două instituаii juridice să nu
se facă izolat, în afara contextului legal în care
instituаiile comparate sunt încadrate;
– cercetarea unei instituаii juridice trebuie făcută
luând în considerare totalitatea izvoarelor de drept din
sistemele juridice comparate;
– termenul comparat trebuie apreciat, linând seamă
nu numai de sensul initial al normei, ci úi de evolulia
acestuia în timp, în procesul de aplicare a normei.
&HOH SDWUX UHJXOL VH DSOLFă GH FHUFHWăWRUXO MXULGLF vQ
SURFHVXOHIHFWXăULLVWXGLXOXLFRPSDUDWLY
5HJXOLOH SUH]HQWDWH PDL VXV DOFăWXLHVF PHWRGD
úWLLQWLILFăGHHIHFWXDUHDFRPSDUDWLHL
&HOHSDWUXUHJXOLVHDSOLFăQXPDLGXSăFHDQDOLVWXOVDX
FHUFHWăWRUXO MXULGLF UHDOL]HD]ă LQWHJUDO SURFHGXUD
SUHPHUJăWRDUH FRPSDUDWLHL SURSULX]LVH $FHDVWă

52
SURFHGXUăvOREOLJăSHFHUFHWăWRUVăVHOHFWH]HHOHPHQWHOH
FH XUPHD]ă D IL FRPSDUDWH QRUPH MXULGLFH LQVWLWXOLL
MXULGLFHOHJLRUJDQLFHOHJLVSHFLDOHHWF vQIXQF‫܊‬LHGHXQ
DQXPLW DVSHFW DYXW vQ YHGHUH GH FHO FH HIHFWXHD]ă
FRPSDUDWLDDVSHFWFHYDILGHILQLWGHODvQFHSXWFDIDFWRU
FRPXQ
3URFHVXO FRPSDUDWLHL vQ FDUH VH RSHUHD]ă FX FHOH
SDWUXUHJXOLUHFODPăXWLOL]DUHDREOLJDWRULHDWUHLWHUPHQL
ORJLFL
1. comparatum, DGLFă OHJLVODWLD QDWLRQDOă D
FHUFHWăWRUXOXLVDXDQDOLVWXOXLMXULGLFFkQGFRPSDUDWLDVH
HIHFWXHD]ăvQVFRSXOFODUGHILQLWDOSHUIHFWLRQăULLSURSULHL
OHJLVODWLL VDX D XQHL PDL FXSULQ]ăWRDUH FXQRD‫܈‬WHUL D
DFHVWHLD
2. comparandumHVWHWHUPHQXOORJLFFDUHLQWHUYLQHvQ
VLWXD‫܊‬LD FkQG VH FRPSDUă GUHSWXO D GRXă VWDWH VDX PDL
PXOWHVLVWHPHGHGUHSW GHH[FHUFHWăWRUXOMXULGLFURPkQ
FDUHFRPSDUăFRQFHSWXOMXULGLFGHFULPăRUJDQL]DWăDúD
FXPvOUHJăVHúWHUHJOHPHQWDWvQGUHSWXOHQJOH]DPHULFDQ
JHUPDQ ‫܈‬L LWDOLDQ VDX QRUPD MXULGLFă GLQ GUHSWXO URPDQ
SULYLWRDUH OD EDQFUXWD IUDXGXORDVă FRPSDUDWă FX
LQVWLWX‫܊‬LDFRUHVSXQ]ăWRDUHGLQGUHSWXOIUDQFH] (VWHORFXO
VăVXEOLQLHPDLFLIDSWXOFDOHJLVODWLLOHFRPSDUDWHWUHEXLH
Vă DLEă R DQXPLWă ]RQă FRPXQă vQ VHQVXO Fă UHDOLWDWHD
MXULGLFă GLQ VLVWHPHOH FRPSDUDWH WUHEXLH Vă ILH
DVHPăQăWRDUH 'DFă UHYHQLP OD H[HPSOXO SULYLWRU OD
FRQFHSWXO GH FULPă RUJDQL]DWă WUHEXLH Vă HYLGHQWLHP
IDSWXO Fă UHDOLWDWHD MXULGLFă GLQ VWDWHOH PHQWLRQDWH

53
FRQILUPăH[LVWHQWD‫܈‬LDPSOLILFDUHDIHQRPHQXOXLGHFULPă
RUJDQL]DWă
3. tertium comparationis QX GHVHPQHD]ă DO WUHLOHD
WHUPHQ DO FRPSDUDWLHL úL QLFL UH]XOWDWXO ILQDO DO DFHVWHLD
FL HVWH R QR‫܊‬LXQH FRPXQă VXSHULRDUă GHJDMDWă GLQ
FRPSDUDWLD D GRXă QR‫܊‬LXQL VDX LQVWLWX‫܊‬LL (VWH R QR‫܊‬LXQH
FDUH OH vQJOREHD]ă SH SULPHOH GRXă FRPSDUDWXP úL
FRPSDUDQGXP $FHVWWHUWLXPFRPSDUDWLRQLVVHDOHJHGH
FăWUHFHUFHWăWRUVDXDQDOLVW‫܈‬LQXHVWHSHFDOHDORJLFLLFL
UHSUH]LQWăvQXOWLPăLQVWDQĠăRSUREOHPăGHLQVSLUDĠLHD
FHUFHWăWRUXOXLMXULGLF
'DWăILLQGLPSRUWDQĠDGUHSWXOXLFRPSDUDWFRQVLGHUăP
UHOHYDQWH vQ FRQWH[WXO DFHVWXL FDSLWRO FHOH PDL
UHSUH]HQWDWLYH RSLQLL H[SULPDWH GH 3URI &RQVWDQWLQHVFX
vQFHOHGRXăYROXPHDOHÄ7UDWDWXOXLGHGUHSWFRPSDUDW´±

$XWRUXOGLVWLQJHXUPăWRDUHOHID]HDOHFRPSDUDĠLHL
)D]DQUFXQRD‫܈‬WHUHDWHUPHQLORUGHFRPSDUDWID]ă
FDUHSUHVXSXQHUHVSHFWDUHDXUPăWRDUHORUUHJXOL
±WHUPHQXOGHFRPSDUDWWUHEXLHVWXGLDWDVWIHOFXPHOD
IRVWIRUPXODWúLQXFXPHVWHDSOLFDW
± WHUPHQXO GH FRPSDUDW WUHEXLH H[DPLQDW SOHFkQG GH
OD VXUVHOH VDOH RULJLQDUH $FHDVWD SUHVXSXQH VWXGLHUHD
L]YRDUHORUGUHSWXOXLUHVSHFWLYFXQRD‫܈‬WHUHDWHUPLQRORJLHL
MXULGLFHúLDOLPELLvQFDUHVXQWUHGDFWDWHQRUPHOHMXULGLFH
FRPSDUDWH
± WHUPHQXO GH FRPSDUDW WUHEXLH VWXGLDW vQ
FRPSOH[LWDWHD WRWDOLWă‫܊‬LL L]YRDUHORU RUGLQLL MXULGLFH

54
UHVSHFWLYH $FHDVWD vQVHDPQă OXDUHD vQ FRQVLGHUDUH D
IDSWXOXL FD ILHFDUH VLVWHP GH GUHSW DUH R SOXUDOLWDWH GH
L]YRDUH PRWLY SHQWUX FDUH VH LPSXQH VWXGLHUHD WXWXURU
L]YRDUHORU FXWXPDGRFWULQDMXULVSUXGHPDHWF 
±FRPSDUDWLVWXOWUHEXLHVăUHVSHFWHLHUDUKLDL]YRDUHORU
MXULGLFH GDW WLLQG IDSWXO FD ILHFDUH VLVWHP GH GUHSW DUH
SURSULD LHUDUKLH D L]YRDUHORU QX WRDWH L]YRDUHOH DX
DFHHDúLYDORDUH‫܈‬LDXWRULWDWH 
± FRPSDUDWLVWXO WUHEXLH Vă LQWHUSUHWH]H WHUPHQXO GH
FRPSDUDW SRWULYLW PHWRGHORU FDUDFWHULVWLFH VLVWHPXOXL
MXULGLFUHVSHFWLY
)D]D QU  vQĠHOHJHUHD WHUPHQXOXL GH FRPSDUDW HVWH
REOLJDWRULH SHQWUX VLPSOXO PRWLY FD D FXQRD‫܈‬WH QX HVWH
VLQRQLP FX D vQWHOHJH $ vQOHOHJH WHUPHQXO GH FRPSDUDW
vQVHDPQă DO UHLQWHJUD SH DFHVWD vQ FDGUXO JHQHUDO DO
RUGLQLL VDOH MXULGLFH SUHFXP ‫܈‬L FXQRD‫܈‬WHUHD UDSRUWXULORU
VDOHFXRUGLQHDMXULGLFă
ÌQDFHVWVFRSFRPSDUDWLVWXOWUHEXLHVăLDVăGLQFDGUXO
VWULFWMXULGLFVăSăWUXQGăFXDGHYăUDWvQ]RQDPDLDGkQFă
DFRORXQGHVHDIOăUăGăFLQLOHQRUPHORUMXULGLFH$VWIHOHO
SRDWH Vă vQOHOHDJă FRPSRQHQWHOH XPDQă UHOLJLRDVă
LVWRULFă PRUDOă VRFLDOă ‫܈‬L SROLWLFă DOH RUGLQLL MXULGLFH
UHVSHFWLYH
)D]D QU  FRPSDUDUHD SURSULX]LVă FDUH vQVHDPQă
H[WUDJHUHDDVHPăQăULORU‫܈‬LDGHRVHELULORUGLQWUHWHUPHQLL
FRPSDUDWL


55
ÎNTREBĂRI RECAPITULATIVE
± 'HILQL‫܊‬L PHWRGD ORJLFD úL SUHFL]DWL GRXD QR‫܊‬LXQL
IUHFYHQWXWLOL]DWHGHVSHFLDOLVWLLvQFHUFHWDUHMXULGLFăO
± &DUH VXQW FRQVWUDQJHULOH DFWXDOH FDUH LPSXJQ
PHWRGDGUHSWXOXLFRPSDUDW"
±(QXPHUD‫܊‬LIXQF‫܊‬LLOHGUHSWXOXLFRPSDUDW
±&DUHVXQWUHJXOLOHFRPSDUDWLHL"
± &RPHQWDWL úL H[SOLFDWL WHUPHQLL ORJLFL DL FDURU
XWLOL]DUHREOLJDWRULHHVWHFHUXWDGHUHJXOLOHFRPSDUDWLHL
±ÌQFHFRQVWDUHJXODLVWRULFDGHFHUFHWDUHMXULGLFă"
±'HILQL‫܊‬LPHWRGDVRFLRORJLFDGHFHUFHWDUHMXULGLFă

7(0(3(1758'(=%$7(5(
±&XPSRDWHILGH]YDOXLWVHQVXOHYHQLPHQWHORUFDUHV
DXVXFFHGDWGHDOXQJXOLVWRULHL"
± $QDOL]DWL PRGXO vQ FDUH VRFLHWDWHD LQIOXLHQWHD]D
GUHSWXO
± &DUH VXQW PHWRGHOH DGHFYDWH SHQWUX FHUFHWDUHD
IHQRPHQHORUMXULGLFH
± $SUHFLDWL FDUH HVWH IXQGDPHQWXO SHQWUX D VHVL]D
VROLGLWDWHD‫܈‬LPRGHUQLVPXOVLVWHPHORUGHGUHSW


BIBLIOGRAFIE
 1LFRODH 3RSD ± 7HRULD JHQHUDOă D GUHSWXOXL
%XFXUHúWLS

56
 9LFWRU ' =OăWHVFX ± 'UHSW SULYDW FRPSDUDW
%XFXUH‫܈‬WLS
 ,RQ 'RJDUX ± 7HRULD JHQHUDOă D GUHSWXOXL (GLWXUD
(XURSD&UDLRYDS
1LFRODH3RSD$XJXVWLQ5ăGXFDQX±
6RILD3RSHVFX'UDJRú,OLHVFX±
 *K (QHVFX ±  )LORVRILH úL ORJLFă (G ùWLLQWLILFă
%XFXUH‫܈‬WLS
 *KHRUJKH 0LKDL ± (OHPHQWH FRQVWUXFWLYH GH
DUJXPHQWDUHMXULGLFă(G$FDGHPLHL%XFXUH‫܈‬WLS


57
8QLWDWHDGHvQYă‫܊‬DUH
&21&(378/'5(378/8,


CONЯINUTUL UNITĂЯII DE ÎNVĂЯARE


2ELHFWLYHXUPăULWH
7LPSDORFDWXQLWă‫܊‬LL
&XYLQWHFKHLH
1R‫܊‬LXQH
'LPHQVLXQHDLVWRULFăDGUHSWXOXL
 'LPHQVLXQHD VRFLDOă D GUHSWXOXL 5HDOLWDWHD
MXULGLFă
)DFWRULLGHFRQILJXUDUHDGUHSWXOXL
&RQ‫܊‬LQXWXO‫܈‬LIRUPDGUHSWXOXL
7LSRORJLDGUHSWXOXL
'HILQLĠLDGUHSWXOXL
5H]XPDWXOXQLWă‫܊‬LLGHvQYă‫܊‬DUH
ÌQWUHEăULUHFDSLWXODWLYH
7HPHSHQWUXGH]EDWHUH
%LEOLRJUDILH


OBIECTIVE URMĂRITE
± ÌQVX‫܈‬LUHD GH FăWUH FXUVDQWL D YDOHQWHORU MXULGLFH DOH
WHUPHQXOXLGHGUHSWFXDFFHSWLXQLOHGUHSWRELHFWLYGUHSW
SR]LWLYúLGUHSWVXELHFWLY

58
± FXQRD‫܈‬WHUHD GLPHQVLXQLL LVWRULFH D GUHSWXOXL úL
vQFHSXWXULOHDFWLYLWă‫܊‬LLQRUPDWLYMXULGLFH
± UHOHYDUHD GLPHQVLXQLL VRFLDOH D FRQ‫܊‬LQXWXOXL úL
GHILQL‫܊‬LHLGUHSWXOXL

7,03$/2&$781,7Ă‫܉‬,,25(


CUVINTE CHEIE
Dreptul obiectiv±HVWHGHILQLWFDDQVDPEOXOQRUPHORU
MXULGLFHHODERUDWHGHVWDWvQVFRSXOGHVIă‫܈‬XUDULLQRUPDOHD
YLHWLLvQFRPXQDRDPHQLORU
Dreptul subiectiv ±  UHSUH]LQWă SUHURJDWLYD
UHFXQRVFXWD XQHL SHUVRDQH IL]LFH VDX MXULGLFH GH D
GLVSXQHGHXQGUHSWFDUHLLHVWHUHFXQRVFXWGHOHJH
Dreptul pozitiv ± UHSUH]LQWă WRWDOLWDWHD QRUPHORU
MXULGLFH vQ YLJRDUH FDUH VH DSOLFD LPHGLDW ‫܈‬L FRQWLQXX
REOLJDWRULX ‫܈‬L VXVFHSWLELO GH D IL DGXVH OD LQGHSOLQLUH
DWXQFL FDQG VXQW LQFDOFDWH SULQ IRU‫܊‬D GH FRQVWUDQJHUH D
VWDWXOXL
Dreptul national ± HVWH GUHSWXO RELHFWLY DO XQXL VWDW
DQXPHDSOLFDWGHDXWRULWDWLOHDELOLWDWHDOHDFHOXLVWDW
Dreptul international ± GHVHPQHD]D WRWDOLWDWHD
QRUPHORUMXULGLFHFXSULQVHvQWUDWDWHOHLQWHUQDWLRQDOHFDUH
VXQW GHILQLWH FD DFRUGXUL GH YRLQWD UHDOL]DWH vQWUH GRXD
VDX PDL PXOWH VWDWH SULQ FDUH DFHVWHD UHJOHPHQWHD]D R
DQXPLWDVIHUDLQWHUQDWLRQDOD

59
Dreptul comunitar ± QRUPHOH MXULGLFH FXSULQVH vQ
SUHYHGHULOH WUDWDWHORU FRPXQLWă‫܊‬LORU HXURSHQH úL DOH
FHORUODOWH DFWH IXQGDPHQWDOH FDUH UHJOHPHQWHD]D GLIHULWH
GRPHQLLGHDFWLYLWDWHDOHVWDWHORUPHPEUH8(
Esenta dreptului ± R FRQVWLWXLH YRLQWD JHQHUDOă
RILFLDOL]DWDGHYHQLWDYRLQWDMXULGLFăH[SULPDWDvQOHJLúL
DSDUDWDGHVWDW

12‫܉‬,81(

&XYkQWXOÄGUHSW´HVWHIRORVLWvQPDLPXOWHDFFHSWLXQL
(OGHULYăGHODODWLQHVFXOdirectusOXDWvQVHQVPHWDIRULF
GHODGLULJRFDUHvQVHPQăGUHSW±RUL]RQWDOVDXYHUWLFDO
GHD GUHSWXO GLUHFW OLQLH GUHDSWă  ÌQVă vQ OLPED ODWLQă
FXYkQWXOFDUHFRUHVSXQGHVXEVWDQWLYXOXLÄGUHSWHVWH jus
GUHSW GUHSWDWH OHJH  ÌQ DOWH OLPEL DUH DFHHDúL
VHPQLILFDWLH ± GURLW OD IUDQFH]L GLULWWR OD LWDOLHQL
GHUHFKDODVSDQLROLUHFKWODJHUPDQLULJKWODHQJOH]L
ÌQWUXQ SULP VHQV FXYkQWXO ÄGUHSW VHPQLILFă úWLLQĠD
GUHSWXOXL ± DQVDPEOXO GH LGHL QRĠLXQL FRQFHSWH úL
SULQFLSLL FDUH H[SOLFă GUHSWXO ‫܈‬L SULQ LQWHUPHGLXO FăURUD
DFHVWDSRDWHILJkQGLW
7RWXVLGUHSWXOQXHVWHQXPDLúWLLQĠăFLHVWHvQHJDOă
PăVXUăWHKQLFă‫܈‬LDUWă
'UHSWXOFDDQVDPEOXGHQRUPHFDUHRUJDQL]HD]ăYLDWD
vQFRPXQHVWHRWHKQLFăDFRQYLHĠXLULLXPDQHGHVWLQDWă
Vă GLVFLSOLQH]H FRPHUĠXO XPDQ úL Vă DSHUH VRFLHWDWHD GH
H[FHVH

60
5HJXOLOH MXULGLFH LPSXQ REOLJD‫܊‬LL RUJDQL]HD]ă
IXQF‫܊‬LRQDUHDJHQHUDOăDVWDWXOXL‫܈‬LRUJDQLVPHORUQHVWDWDOH
RIHUă SRVLELOLWDWHD YDORULILFăULL XQRU LQWHUHVH
UHFXQRVFkQG FDSDFLWDWHD SDUWLFLSăULL LQGLYLGXDOH vQ
GLIHULWH UHODĠLL LQWHUXPDQH GHWDOLLQG UROXUL úL VWDWXWH
GLIHULWH
$VWIHO GUHSWXO vPELQă QHFHVLWDWHD ‫܈‬L OLEHUWDWHD
1HFHVLWDWHDUH]XOWăGLQFKLDUVFRSXULOHJHQHUDOHDOHYLHWLL
VRFLDOH VFRSXUL SUHILJXUDWH vQ DQVDPEOXO QRUPHORU
OHJDOH FDUH DOFăWXLHúWH GUHSWXO RELHFWLY úL FDUH SULYHúWH
DFHD FRRUGRQDUH LPSHUDWLYă SULQ QRUPH ILLQG SUHPLVD
QHFHVDUă FRH[LVWHQĠHL OLEHUWăWLORU 5HJXOLOH VWDELOLWH SULQ
QRUPH WUHEXLH Vă‫܈‬L JăVHDVFă XQ FDGUX PLQLP GH
OHJLWLPLWDWHSHQWUXDSXWHDILFRQGL‫܊‬LDH[LVWHQWHLSRVLELOH
DFRPXQLWăĠLL
ÌQ DIDUD DFHVWHL DFFHSĠLXQL FXYkQWXO ÄGUHSW PDL
VHPQLILFăIDFXOWDWHDXQXLVXELHFWGHDúLYDORULILFDVDXGH
D‫܈‬L DSăUD LPSRWULYD WHUĠLORU XQ DQXPLW LQWHUHV
OHJDOPHQWH SURWHMDW ÌQ GLYHUVH GHFODUDĠLL DVXSUD
GUHSWXULORU RPXOXL VH DUH vQ YHGHUH R DVHPHQHD
DFFHSĠLXQH D GUHSWXULORU LQGLYLGXDOH $FHVWD HVWH GUHSWXO
VXELHFWLY úL HO LPSOLFă FDWHJRULD GH OLEHUWDWH 5RPDQLL
IăFHDXGLVWLQFĠLDvQWUHQRUPDDJHQGLúLIDFXOWDVDJHQGL
ÌQ XQHOH YRFDEXODUH H[LVWă FXYLQWH GHRVHELWH SHQWUX
FHOHGRXăDFFHSĠLXQLDOHQRĠLXQLLGHGUHSW6SUHH[HPSOX
vQ HQJOH]ă ODZ GHVHPQHD]ă GUHSWXO RELHFWLY LDU ULJKW
GUHSWXOVXELHFWLYÌQJHUPDQăGHúLGHODUJăXWLOL]DUHHVWH
WHUPHQXO 5HFKW XQHRUL SHQWUX GUHSWXO VXELHFWLY VH

61
IRORVHúWHWHUPHQXOÄEHUHFKWLJXQJ´ÌQIUDQFH]ăGHRELFHL
GUHSWXO RELHFWLY HVWH UHGDW QRWkQGXVH FXYkQWXO FX OLWHUă
PDUH 'URLW  LDU GUHSWXO VXELHFWLY FX OLWHUă PLFă GURLW 
VDXODSOXUDO GURLWV ÌQYRUELUHDFXUHQWăQHVSHFLDOL]DWă
RDPHQLL DX vQ YHGHUH vQ VSHFLDO VHQVXO GH GUHSW FD XQ
GUHSW VXELHFWLY GUHSWXO GH YRW GUHSWXO GH SURSULHWDWH
HWF 
7RWDOLWDWHD QRUPHORU MXULGLFH vQ YLJRDUH DFWLYH 
GLQWUXQ VWDW SRDUWă GHQXPLUHD GH GUHSW SR]LWLY XQ
GUHSW DSOLFDELO LPHGLDW ‫܈‬L FRQWLQXX REOLJDWRULX ‫܈‬L
VXVFHSWLELO D IL DGXV OD vQGHSOLQLUH SULQWUR IRUĠă
H[WHULRDUă FRHUFLĠLXQHVWDWDOă FDRvQGUHSWăĠLUHOHJLWLPă
DXQRULQVWDQWHVRFLDOHVSHFLDODELOLWDWH
'UHSWXO HVWH vQVă úL R DUWă DGLFă XQ DQVDPEOX GH
PLMORDFHSHFDUHOHvQWUHEXLQĠHD]ăRUJDQHOHFDUHFUHHD]ă
GUHSWXOVDXFDUHDSOLFăGUHSWXO/HJLXLWRUXOWUHEXLHVăúWLH
Vă VHOHFWH]H GLQ DQVDPEOXO WUHEXLQĠHORU VRFLDOH SH FHOH
FDUH UăVSXQG XQRU QHYRL UHDOH -XGHFăWRUXO WUHEXLH Vă
SRVHGHDUWDGHDDSOLFDOHJHDvQFRQIRUPLWDWHFXOLWHUDúL
VSLULWXOVăX
&XYkQWXO ÄGUHSW´ PDL HVWH DVRFLDW FD DGMHFWLY vQ
DSUHFLHULOH GH QDWXUă PRUDOă GH H[ RP GUHSW DFĠLXQH
GUHDSWă HWF  ÌQ DIDUD WHUPHQXOXL GH GUHSW VH
vQWUHEXLQĠHD]ă ‫܈‬L WHUPHQXO GH ÄMXULGLF $FHVWD HVWH
XWLOL]DW DWkW FD DGMHFWLY QRUPă MXULGLFă UDSRUW MXULGLF
HWF FkWúLvQWURDFFHSĠLXQHFHH[FHGHQR‫܊‬LXQLLGHGUHSW
RELHFWLYVDXVXELHFWLY 

62
-XULGLFXOHVWHXQIHQRPHQFRPSOH[FDUHIXQF‫܊‬LRQHD]ă
RELHFWLY SH XQ IXQGDO VRFLDO FRQVWLWXLQG XQXO GLQ
PRGXULOHGHUHIOHFWDUHvQSODQVRFLDODH[LVWHQWHLXPDQH
-XULGLFXO  DUH XQ FDUDFWHU XQLWDU GHúL DUH R VWUXFWXUă
FRPSOH[ă SVLKRORJLFă LQVWLWX‫܊‬LRQDOă UHODĠLRQDOă 
8QLFLWDWHD IHQRPHQXOXL MXULGLF GHWHUPLQă XQLFLWDWHD
úWLLQWHL GUHSWXOXL FDUH HVWH R úWLLQWă H[SOLFDWLYQRUPDWLY
FHQXVHOLPLWHD]ăODGHVFULHUHDúLH[SOLFDUHDIXQF‫܊‬LRQăULL
XQRU HOHPHQWH GH WHKQLFLWDWH ‫܈‬L FRQVWUXFĠLL ORJLFH FL VH
UHIHUă úL OD FDUDFWHUXO RSHUDĠLRQDO DO FRQFHSWHORU SULQ
LQWHUPHGLXO FăURUD VH IXQGDPHQWHD]ă RQWRORJLD
JQRVHRORJLDD[LRORJLD‫܈‬LPHWRGRORJLDMXULGLFă
-XULGLFXO GHILQHúWH R SDUWH FRPSRQHQWDOă D UHDOLWăĠLL
VRFLDOH DOăWXUL GH SROLWLF HWLF HFRQRPLF HWF ÌQ
VRFLRORJLHVHYRUEHúWHGHVSUHIHQRPHQXOMXULGLFúLGHVSUH
MXULGLFLWDWH FD XQ FULWHULX GH GLVWLQFĠLH D IHQRPHQHORU
VRFLDOH
ÌQ DFHVW VHQV WRDWH IHQRPHQHOH MXULGLFH SRW IL SULYLWH
FD IHQRPHQH VRFLDOH GDU QX WRDWH IHQRPHQHOH VRFLDOH
VXQWúLMXULGLFHFHHDFHYLQHVăSXQăvQGLVFXĠLHFULWHULXO
SHED]DFăUXLDSRWILGLVWLQVHGLQDQVDPEOXOIHQRPHQHORU
VRFLDOH FHOH MXULGLFH $FHVW FULWHULX HVWH FKLDU
MXULGLFLWDWHDUHIOHFWDWPDLDOHVSHSODQQRUPDWLY





63
',0(16,81($,6725,&Ă$'5(378/8,

6WXGLXO FRQFHSWXOXL GH ÄGUHSW LPSOLFă FX QHFHVLWDWH
YL]LXQHD LVWRULFă OHJDWă GH GHVFLIUDUHD RULJLQLORU
GUHSWXOXL
&D LQVWLWX‫܊‬LH FDUH GHULYă GH OD VRFLHWDWH úL vúL JăVHúWH
VXSRUWXOvQUHODĠLLOHUHFLSURFHGLQWUHRDPHQLGUHSWXOHVWH
LQGLVROXELO OHJDW GH HYROXĠLD JHQHUDOă D VRFLHWăĠLL GH
SDUWLFXODULWă‫܊‬LOHDFHVWHLDvQGLIHULWHOHWUHSWHGHGH]YROWDUH
LVWRULFă
3ULPHOHIRUPHGHRUJDQL]DUHVRFLDOăVXQWFXQRVFXWHD
IL FHOH GLQ HSRFD FRPXQHL SULPLWLYH vQ FDUH FHDWD GH
KXPDQRL]L VH WUDQVIRUPă vQWUR FRPXQLWDWH XPDQă PDL
VWDELOăVXEDVSHFWXOFRH]LXQLLúLDOLQWHUHVXOXLHFRQRPLF
&RH]LXQHD VRFLDOă D IDPLOLHL D JLQWHL D WULEXOXL úL D
XQLXQLL GH WULEXUL LPSXQHD DGRSWDUHD úL UHFXQRD‫܈‬WHUHD
XQXL DQXPLW ÄFRG GH FRQYLHĠXLUH FRG FH UHJOHPHQWD ±
GHVLJXU vQ IRUPH SULPLWLYH ± UHODĠLLOH GH PXQFă GH
DSăUDUH GH IDPLOLH GH DXWRULWDWH HWF &XP QX H[LVWD R
IRUPăVWULFWHODERUDWăVDXVFULVăDDFHVWXLFRGGHQRUPH
UHJXOLOH GH FRQGXLWă GH FRQYLHĠXLUH  HUDX UHJOHPHQWDWH
SULQ RELFHLXUL úL WUDGLĠLL RUL SH FDOH PLVWLFRUHOLJLRDVă
6DQFĠLXQLOHSHQWUXvQFăOFDUHDQRUPHORUGHFRQYLHĠXLUH vQ
IDSW R vQFăOFDUH D RELFHLXOXL DIODW vQ FRQVRQDQĠă FX
LQWHUHVXOFROHFWLYLWăĠLL HUDXDSOLFDWHSULQIRUĠăFRHUFLWLYă
D FRPXQLWăĠLL úL vQ DFRUG FX DQXPLWă IRUPă SULPLWLYă
DUKDLFă GHMXGHFDWă VIDWXOEDWUkQLORU 

64
6DQFĠLXQHD FRQVWD LQLĠLDO vQ ÄUă]EXQDUHD VkQJHOXL
OHJHD WDOLRQXOXL  DSRL vQ IXQF‫܊‬LH GH JUDYLWDWHD IDSWHL
DFHDVWDDIRVWvQORFXLWăFXH[SXO]DUHDGLQFRPXQLWDWHúL
PDL WkU]LX FX ÄUăVFXPSăUDUHD´ R VDQFĠLXQH
SUHSRQGHUHQWPDWHULDOă 
ÌQ DFHDVWă HYROXĠLH D WUDGLĠLLORU úL RELFHLXULORU FDUH
UHJODX FRQGXLWHOH PHPEULORU FRPXQLWăĠLL DX DSăUXW
JHUPHQLL GUHSWXOXL DL QRUPHORU MXULGLFH FDUH WLQG Vă VH
GLVWLQJăGHFHOHODOWHWLSXULGHQRUPHPDLDOHVSULQDFHHD
FăUHFXUJODRIRUĠăFRHUFLWLYăSXEOLFăVXERUGRQDWăXQHL
DXWRULWăĠL UHFXQRVFXWH GH FRPXQLWDWH /D vQFHSXW
QRUPHOHHUDXGHVWXOGHGLIX]HvPSOHWLWHFXPXOWLWXGLQHD
GHRELFHLXULQRUPHUHOLJLRDVHúLPRUDOHGDWLQLHYROXĠLD
‫܈‬L FRQVROLGDUHD ORU FD GUHSW ĠLQkQG SDVXO FX OHQWRDUHD
GH]YROWăULL VRFLDOH D SURJUHVXOXL VRFLDO  GLQ HSRFD
UHVSHFWLYă
3HULRDGHOH ‫܈‬L ED]LQHOH JHRJUDILFH vQ FDUH GUHSWXO
vQFHSHVăVHFRQVROLGH]HPDLSUHJQDQWVXQWDFHOHDvQFDUH
VRFLHWăĠLOH VFODYDJLVWH DOH DQWLFKLWăĠLL VDX FRQVROLGDW FD
VWDWH SXWHUQLF GH]YROWDWH GLQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH FXOWXUDO
HFRQRPLFúLPLOLWDU
'UHSWXO DSDUH vQ DFHVWH FRQGL‫܊‬LL vQ 2ULHQWXO DQWLF vQ
XUPă FX FLUFD  GH DQL RGDWă FX SULPHOH OHJLXLUL
DGHYăUDWH PRQXPHQWH MXULGLFH FXQRVFXWH DVWă]L ILLQG
&RGXO OXL +DPXUDEL %DELORQ  /HJLOH OXL 0DQX ,QGLD 
/HJLOH OXL 0RLVH 'HFDORJXOSHQWUX HYUHL  úL &RGXO OXL
0X &KLQD  $VWIHO &RGXO OXL +DPXUDEL GHVFRSHULW OD
6XVD vQ   HODERUDW vQ XUPă FX FLUFD  GH DQL

65
FRQĠLQHvQFHOHGHDUWLFROHQRUPHFXFDUDFWHUPRUDO
UHOLJLRVGDUúLVWULFWMXULGLFVWDWXkQGFăOHJHDWUHEXLHVă
DGXFăELQHOHSRSRUXOXLúLVăORSUHDVFăSHFHOSXWHUQLFGH
DOYăWăPDSHFHOVODE
/HJLOH OXL 0DQX HGLFWDWH vQ  GH YHUVXUL VXQW R
RSHUD FROHFWLYă D PDL PXOWRU EUDKPDQL 7H[WHOH SUHYăG
VDQF‫܊‬LXQL SHQWUX vQFăOFDUHD OHJLL „pedeapsa cârmuieúte
omenirea úi o protejează".
ÌQ ED]LQXO HXURSHDQ DO OXPLL DQWLFH SULPHOH OHJLXLUL
FRQVHPQDWH GRFXPHQWDU VXQW /HJLOH OXL /\FXUJ vQ
6SDUWDVHF;,;Ì&KU /HJLOHOXL'UDFRQ‫܈‬L6RORQGLQ
$WHQD VHF9,9Ì&KU /HJHDFHORU;,,7DEOH OD5RPD
VHF9Ì&KU /HJHD6DOLFD ODIUDQFLVHF99, 
'UHSWXO HVWH XQXO GLQ SURGXVHOH PLQĠLL úL H[SHULHQĠHL
XPDQH FX YHFKLPH FRQVLGHUDELOă úL FX R UH]LVWHQĠă vQ
WLPS GHPQă GH PHQLUHD VD FLYLOL]DWRDUH GH VFRSXO VăX
LQWLP FRUHODW FX VHQVXO JHQHUDO DO ILLQĠHL RPXOXL vQ
VRFLHWDWH
$VWIHO LVWRULD GUHSWXOXL VH SLHUGH vQ QHJXUD WLPSXOXL
LDU GLPHQVLXQHD LVWRULFă D GUHSWXOXL LL FRQIHUă DFHVWXLD
SUHVWLJLX‫܈‬LDXWRULWDWH

 ',0(16,81($ 62&,$/Ă $ '5(378/8,
5($/,7$7($-85,',&Ă

'UHSWXO HVWH XQ SURGXV FRPSOH[ DO VRFLHWă‫܊‬LL úL XQ
PRGHODWRU DO DFHVWHLD $ERUGDUHD GLPHQVLXQLL VRFLDOH D
GUHSWXOXL LPSOLFă DQDOL]DUHD ORFXOXL GUHSWXOXL úL D

66
UHDOLWă‫܊‬LL MXULGLFH vQ VRFLHWDWH FRUHODUHD DFHVWHL UHDOLWăĠL
FXFHOHODOWHHOHPHQWHDOHVRFLHWă‫܊‬LL
Realitatea juridică HVWH XQ HOHPHQW VWUXFWXUDO DO
UHDOLWăĠLL VRFLDOH GHSHQGHQW GH DFHDVWD ‫܈‬L DIODW vQ
SHUPDQHQWă GHWHUPLQDUH FX HD 'HQXPLWă ‫܈‬L VLVWHP
MXULGLF VDX VXSUDVWUXFWXUD MXULGLFă UHDOLWDWHD MXULGLFă
FXSULQGHGUHSWXO±vQDFFHSWLXQHDGHGUHSWSR]LWLYDGLFă
QRUPHOH MXULGLFH vQ YLJRDUH GDU ‫܈‬L DOWH FRPSRQHQWH
SUHFXP FRQúWLLQĠDMXULGLFă DSRSRUXOXLVDXDIDFWRUXOXL
OHJLVODWLY GUHSWXOSR]LWLYúLUHODĠLLOHMXULGLFH RUGLQHDGH
GUHSW 
 D  &RQúWLLQWD MXULGLFă UHIOHFWă QHYRLOH GH
VFKLPEDUHvQSODQMXULGLFDUHODĠLLORUVRFLDOHDPRGXOXL
GH UHJOHPHQWDUH D XQRU LQVWLWX‫܊‬LL MXULGLFH vQ DFRUG FX
LGHLOH‫܈‬LFRQFHSĠLLOHFDUHVHvQFKHDJăvQSUDFWLFDVRFLDOă
GHH[DEROLUHDSHGHSVHLFDSLWDOHvQDLQWHGHDGHYHQLR
SUHYHGHUHMXULGLFăDIRVWXQIDSWGHFRQúWLLQĠăMXULGLFă 
&RQúWLLQWD MXULGLFă DSDUH FD R SUHPLVă D GUHSWXOXL
SR]LWLY IXQF‫܊‬LD QRUPDWLYă D DFHVWXLD ILLQG PLMORFLWă GH
LSRVWD]HOHFRQúWLLQWHL3UDFWLFDVRFLDOăDUHOHYDWIDSWXOFă
DFHDVWDDUHvQVWUXFWXUDVDGRXăFRPSRQHQWH
± FRPSRQHQWD UDWLRQDOă UHVSHFWLY LGHRORJLD MXULGLFă
FRQVWLWXLWă GLQ DQVDPEOXO UHSUH]HQWăULORU FX SULYLUH OD
IHQRPHQXOMXULGLF
± FRPSRQHQWD SVLKRORJLFă UHVSHFWLY SVLKRORJLD
MXULGLFă UHSUH]HQWDQWă GH DQVDPEOXO VHQWLPHQWHORU úL
DWLWXGLQLORUIDWăGHIHQRPHQXOMXULGLF

67
1LYHOXO GH VXSUDSXQHUH DO FHORU GRXă FRPSRQHQWH
FRQIHUă vQ XOWLPă LQVWDQWă FULWHULXO GH ÄSRSXODULWDWH DO
GUHSWXOXLQRUPDWLY
 E  'UHSWXO SR]LWLY  FD VLVWHP GH UHJOHPHQWăUL ‫܈‬L
LQVWLWX‫܊‬LL MXULGLFH vQ YLJRDUH DOFăWXLHúWH HVHQWD UHDOLWă‫܊‬LL
MXULGLFH 'UHSWXO FD DWDUH HVWH FHO FDUH UHSUH]LQWă IRUPD
FRQFUHWăGHH[SUHVLHDPRGXOXLGHRUGRQDUHDUHODĠLLORUúL
VLWXD‫܊‬LLORUMXULGLFHDVLJXUkQGvQXOWLPăLQVWDQWăGHUXODUHD
ILUHDVFăDUHODWLLORUVRFLDOHFRQFUHWH
 F 2UGLQHDGHGUHSWFXSULQGHGHUXODUHDFRQFUHWăD
UDSRUWXULORU MXULGLFH úL D VLWXD‫܊‬LLORU MXULGLFH ILLQG DFHD
FRPSRQHQWăFDUHSUREHD]ăHILFLHQWDGUHSWXOXL
'HVIăúXUDUHD UDSRUWXULORU MXULGLFH GH H[ FRQWUDFWXO
GH FUHGLW EDQFDU FRQWUDFWHOH GH WUDQVSRUW GHVIăúXUDUHD
QRUPDOăúLFRUHFWăDDOHJHULORUSODWDSHQVLLORUIXUQL]DUHD
VHUYLFLLORUWUDJHUHDODUăVSXQGHUHSHQDOăDFHORUFDUHDX
FRPLVLQIUDFĠLXQLHWF GHPRQVWUHD]ăFăRUGLQHDGHGUHSW
HVWH XQ IDSW LQFRQWHVWDELO LDU UHDOLWDWHD MXULGLFă vQ
DQVDPEOXO VăX D DMXQV OD XQ VWDQGDUG FRUHVSXQ]ăWRU vQ
DFRUGFXUROXOHLGHDDVLJXUDDUPRQLDVRFLDOă

 )$&725,, '( &21),*85$5( $
'5(378/8,

3RUQLQG GH OD H[DPLQDUHD UROXOXL IDFWRULORU GH
FRQILJXUDUHDGUHSWXOXLDFHúWLDVXQWJUXSDĠLvQúDVHPDUL
FDWHJRULL
±FDGUXOQDWXUDO

68
±UHDOLWDWHDVRFLDOHFRQRPLFă 
±FDGUXOLVWRULFHWQLFQDWLRQDO
±VLVWHPXOSROLWLF
±IDFWRUXOFXOWXUDOLGHRORJLF
±FRQMXQFWXUDLQWHUQDWLRQDOă

 &DGUXO QDWXUDO FD IDFWRU GH FRQILJXUDUH D
GUHSWXOXL
0RQWHVTXLHXQRWDFăÄlegile trebuie să fie potrivite cu
condiаiile fizice ale Ġării, cu clima – rece, caldă sau
temperată – cu calitatea solului, cu aúezarea, cu
întinderea sa ..."
&DGUXOQDWXUDOUHVSHFWLYPHGLXOJHRJUDILFIDFWRULLGH
PHGLX ELRORJLFL IL]LRORJLFL GHPRJUDILFL LQIOXHQWHD]ă
FRQILJXUDWLD GUHSWXOXL LPSXQkQG PăVXUL OHJLVODWLYH
UHIHULWRDUHODDFHVWD GHH[VXEDVSHFWJHRJUDILFXQVWDW
FDUH DUH GUHSW JUDQLĠă ĠăUPXO PăULL DUH UHJOHPHQWăUL
LQWHUQHGHWHUPLQDWHGHDFHVWIDSWúLWUDWDWHLQWHUQDWLRQDOH
FX WHUĠH VWDWH SULYLQG UDSRUWXULOH GH QDYLJDĠLH úL JUDQLĠD
FRQYHQĠLRQDOă )DFWRUXO GHPRJUDILF GHWHUPLQă PăVXUL
OHJLVODWLYHSULYLQGOLPLWDUHDVSRUXOXLQDWXUDODOSRSXODWLHL
±&KLQDVDXvQFXUDMDUHDGH]YROWăULLGHPRJUDILFH 

5HDOLWDWHDVRFLDOHFRQRPLFă
5HDOLWDWHDMXULGLFăSHQWUXDILHILFLHQWăWUHEXLHVăĠLQă
FRQW HIHFWLY GH SRWHQWLDOXO HFRQRPLF DO XQXL VWDW ‫܈‬L Vă
VWUXFWXUH]H UHODĠLLOH HFRQRPLFH vQ IRUPD MXULGLFă vQ
DFRUG FX FHHD FH HVWH SRVLELO úL QHFHVDU 5HDOLWDWHD

69
HFRQRPLFă vúL LPSXQH DXWRULWDWHD DVXSUD FHORUODOWH
FRPSRQHQWHDOHVLVWHPXOXLVRFLDO
$VWIHO GUHSWXO ILLQG XQ SURGXV VRFLDO HVWH vQWUR
FRQWLQXăUHODĠLHGHGHWHUPLQDUHIDWăGHUHDOLWăWLOHVRFLDO
HFRQRPLFH

&DGUXOLVWRULFHWQLFQDWLRQDO
(YROXWLDLVWRULFăDVRFLHWă‫܊‬LLúLSDUWLFXODULWă‫܊‬LOHHWQLFR
QDĠLRQDOHDOHSRSXODĠLHLGHWHUPLQăRDQXPLWăFRQILJXUDUH
DGUHSWXOXLPDLDOHVvQFRPSRQHQWHOHVDOHFRQVWLWXWLRQDOH
‫܈‬LDGPLQLVWUDWLYH
&RQILJXUDĠLD GUHSWXOXL GLQWUXQ VWDW FX R SRSXODWLH
PRQRHWQLFăGLIHUăGHFHDGLQWUXQVWDWFXJUXSăULHWQLFR
QDWLRQDOHSXWHUQLFH‫܈‬LFRQFHQWUDWH

 6LVWHPXO SROLWLF HVWH XQ IDFWRU LPSRUWDQW GH
FRQILJXUDUHDGUHSWXOXLPDLDOHVDFHOXLFRQVWLWXĠLRQDO‫܈‬L
FHO SULYLQG GUHSWXULOH RPXOXL 'UHSWXULOH FLYLOH SRW IL
GH]YROWDWH VDX vQJUăGLWH vQ IXQF‫܊‬LH GH VLVWHPXO SROLWLF
FDUHSRDWHILGHPRFUDWLFVDXGLFWDWRULDO

 )DFWRUXO FXOWXUDOLGHRORJLF VH vPSOHWHúWH vQ PDUH
PăVXUă FX UHDOLWDWHD HFRQRPLFă ‫܈‬L FX VLVWHPXO SROLWLF
FRQWULEXLQG OD FRQILJXUDUHD GUHSWXOXL &UHDĠLD VSLULWXDOă
LGHRORJLFăUHOLJLDFXOWXUDvQJHQHUDODXRPDUHLQIOXHQĠă
DVXSUD SXWHULL SROLWLFH PDMRULWDUH FRQILJXUDWLD GUHSWXOXL
HPLVă GH R SXWHUH SROLWLFă GH RULHQWDUH OLEHUDOă HVWH DOWD

70
GHFkW FHD vQ FDUH LGHRORJLD MXULGLFă JHQHUDWRDUH D
GUHSWXOXLHVWHVRFLDOGHPRFUDWăVDXFRQVHUYDWRDUH 

&RQMXQFWXUDLQWHUQDĠLRQDOă
6LWXDĠLD LQWHUQDĠLRQDOă UHJLRQDOă VDX FRQWLQHQWDOă
SUHFXP ‫܈‬L UHODĠLLOH LQWHUQDĠLRQDOH SUHH[LVWHQWH GHWHUPLQă
R DQXPLWă FRQILJXUDUH D GUHSWXOXL 'DFă vQ ]RQD
JHRJUDILFă DSURSLDWă H[LVWă R vQFRUGDUH VDX R VLWXD‫܊‬LH
SRWHQĠLDO FRQIOLFWXDOă VWDWXO LúL DVLJXUă SULQ GUHSW
PăVXUL YL]kQG vQWăULUHD FDSDFLWăĠLL GH DSăUDUH D ĠăULL úL
RULHQWHD]ăSROLWLFDGHDOLDQĠH

&21‫܉‬,1878/ù,)250$'5(378/8,

ÌQ DQVDPEOXO GHWHUPLQăULORU FDOLWDWLYH D GUHSWXOXL
QDWXUDOXLLQWLPăHVWHGDWăGHFDOLWDWHDMXULGLFăDYRLQĠHL
úLDLQWHUHVXOXLFDUHJHQHUHD]ăDSDULĠLDQRUPHORUGHGUHSW
úL DVLJXUă XQ DQXPLW HFKLOLEUX vQ GHVIăVXUDUHD
UDSRUWXULORUXPDQH$FHDVWăFDOLWDWHUăPkQHQHVFKLPEDWă
vQHYROXĠLDRULFăUXLVLVWHPMXULGLF
VoinĠa HVWH  SURFHVXO SVLKLF SULQ FDUH VH GHSăúHVF
RULFH REVWDFROH SULQ RULHQWDUHD DFĠLXQLORU SHQWUX
UHDOL]DUHD FRQúWLHQWă D XQXL VFRS 5ROXO YRLQĠHL DUH R
GXEOăVHPQLILFDĠLH
± YRLQĠD JHQHUDOă D JUXSXULORU VRFLDOH VDX D vQWUHJLL
VRFLHWăĠL GHWHUPLQDWă GH DQXPLWH LQWHUHVH FDUH WLQGH Vă
VH RILFLDOL]H]H SULQ LQWHUPHGLXO DFWLYLWă‫܊‬LL GH FUHDUH D
GUHSWXWXLHWDWLF

71
±YRLQĠDLQGLYLGXDOăPDQLIHVWDWăvQSURFHVXODSOLFăULL
GUHSWXOXL
'UHSWXO HVWH H[SUHVLD LQWHUHVHORU úL YRLQĠHL VRFLDOH
JHQHUDOHQXDYRLQĠHORU‫܈‬LLQWHUHVHORULQGLYLGXDOH,XDWHvQ
QHPLMORFLUHDORU
Interesul general UHOHYă WUHEXLQĠHOH VRFLDOH JHQHUDOH
úLIXQGDPHQWDOHDOHFRPXQLWă‫܊‬LLFRQFUHWHIăUăVăUH]XOWH
GLQUHSULPDUHDLQWHUHVHORUSHUVRQDWHRULGHJUXSúLIăUăVă
ILH VXPD DFHVWRU LQWHUHVH DGHVHD GLIHULWH ‫܈‬L FKLDU
FRQWUDGLFWRULL
9RLQĠD LYLWă SH DFHDVWă ED]ă UHSUH]LQWă YRLQĠD
JHQHUDOă ‫܈‬L QX YRLQĠD WXWXURU &RQVDFUkQG YRLQĠD
JHQHUDOă QRUPD MXULGLFă VH LGHQWLILFă GUHSW H[SUHVLH
VSHFLILFă D FRQFLOLHULL LQWHUHVHORU LQGLYLGXDOH ILLQG R
UH]XOWDQWă D QHYRLORU úL LQWHUHVHORU VRFLHWDOH
IXQGDPHQWDOH
&RQWUDFWXO VRFLDO SURSXV GH 5RXVVHDX SUHYHGHD Fă
Äfiecare din noi pune în comun persoana sa úi toate
puterile sale sub conducerea supremă a vointei generale
úi privim pe fiecare membru ca parte indivizibilă a
totului".
5RXVVHDXDVHVL]DWGLIHUHQĠDGLQWUHYRLQĠDFROHFWLYăúL
YRLQĠD JHQHUDOă FDUH QX SULYHVWH GHFkW LQWHUHVXO FRPXQ
FHDODOWă DYkQG vQ YHGHUH LQWHUHVXO SULYDW QHILLQG GHFkW
VXPD YRLQĠHORU SDUWLFXODUH Ä...scădeti din acestea
năzuinĠele opuse care se cornpensează Юi va rămâne, ca
rezultat, voinĠa generală".

72
'HFLYRLQĠDJHQHUDOăQXHVWHVXPDWXWXURUYRLQĠHORUFL
QXPDL D FHORU FDUH FRQFRUGă vQ YHGHUHD DVRFLDĠLHL ÌQ
DFHDVWă FRQFHSĠLH GUHSWXO ‫܈‬L VWDWXO DSDU FD SURGXVH DOH
YRLQWHLFDIRUPHQHFHVDUHDOHFRQYLHĠXLULL
3HQWUX D‫܈‬L FRQVHUYD ILLQĠD VRFLHWDWHD DUH QHYRLH GH
FRRUGRQDUHD DFWLYLWă‫܊‬LL LQGLYLGXDOH vQ FDGUXO XQHL
FRRSHUăULúLDXQHLRUGLQLSULYLWHGUHSWFRQGLĠLLPLQLPHGH
FRQVHQVvQSURPRYDUHDXQXLVFRSVFRSFROHFWLY
'UHSWXO QX SRDWH UăPkQH GRDU vQ VWDUH GH YRLQĠă
5DWLXQHDSUDFWLFăúLOHJăWXULOHVDOHFRQVWLWXLWHLVWRULFHúWH
FX LQWHUHVHOH IXQGDPHQWDOH DOH RDPHQLORU úL DOH
VWUXFWXULORU VRFLDOH GH ED]ă LPSULPă GUHSWXOXL WUăVăWXUL
GH HILFLHQĠă PXOW PDL SURQXQĠDWH vQ FRPSDUDĠLH FX DOWH
VHWXULQRUPDWLYH PRUDOHFXWXPHHWF 
Perceptele dreptului VH FRQFUHWL]HD]ă vQ HOHPHQWHOH
GHFRQ‫܊‬LQXWDOHDFHVWXLD&RQĠLQXWXOGUHSWXOXLvOFRQVWLWXLH
DQVDPEOXOHOHPHQWHORUODWXULORUúLFRQH[LXQLORUFDUHGDX
H[SUHVLHFRQFUHWăYRLQĠHLúLLQWHUHVHORUVRFLDOHFHUHFODPă
RILFLDOL]DUHD ‫܈‬L JDUDQWDUHD SH FDOH HWDWLFă 'LQ DFHDVWD
SHUVSHFWLYă FRQ‫܊‬LQXWXO GUHSWXOXL LPSOLFă HVHQĠD VD GDU
QX VH UHGXFH OD HD &RQWLQXWXO HVWH PDL VWXIRV GHúL QX
HVWH DWkW GH SURIXQG FD HVHQĠD )LLQG PDL DSURSLDW GH
UHDOLWăWLOH VRFLDOH vQ FDUH GUHSWXO vúL GXFH H[LVWHQĠD
FRQ‫܊‬LQXWXO HVWH vQ DFHODúL WLPS PDL PRELO vúL DUH
GLQDPLFDVD
0LUFHD 'MXYDUD VHVL]D IDSWXO Fă în conаinutul lor,
legislaĠiile sunt mereu altele, deúi în esentă úi în formă
există ceva care planează deasupra lor úi le serveúte de

73
cadrul permanent – ideea de obligatie, tendinta ideală
spre sancаiunea juridică, subiectele úi obiectul relaĠiei
juridice.$FHVWHDIDFVăVHGLVWLQJăFHHDFHHVWHHOHPHQW
MXULGLFHOHGHWHUPLQăvQPRGFRQVWDQWUHDOLWDWHDMXULGLFă
vQHVHQWDHLÌQFRQ‫܊‬LQXWXOORUQRUPHOH‫܈‬LUHJOHPHQWăULOH
GLIHUă vQ WLPS ‫܈‬L ORF. „Nici un jurist ± VFULD *HRUJHV
5LSHUW ± nu ar indrăzni să sustină în zilele noastre că
dreptul nu evoluează".
'LQDPLFD GUHSWXOXL GHWHUPLQă DSURIXQGDUHD
FXQRD‫܈‬WHULLFRQ‫܊‬LQXWXOXLGUHSWXOXLvQWRDWăFRPSOH[LWDWHD
VDúLvQFRQVLGHUDUHDFRQH[LXQLORUDOHJăWXULORULQWHUQH‫܈‬L
H[WHUQHPXOWLSOHDOHHOHPHQWHORUVDOHFRPSRQHQWH
5DSRUWDW OD VRFLHWDWH GUHSWXO DSDUH FD XQ IDFWRU FDUH
RUJDQL]HD]ăUHODĠLLOHVRFLDOHvQFRQIRUPLWDWHFXXQLQWHUHV
SXEOLF&RPSRQHQWăGRPLQDQWăDFRQ‫܊‬LQXWXOXLGUHSWXOXL
VLVWHPXO QRUPHORU MXULGLFH QX VH vQIăĠLúHD]ă QXPDL vQ
FDOLWDWH GH SUHPLVH úL FRQGL‫܊‬LL VLQH TXD QRQ DOH RUGLQLL
VRFLDOHFLúLGHLQVWUXPHQWHDOHFRQWUROXOXLVRFLDO
ÌQWUHFRQ‫܊‬LQXWXOGUHSWXOXLúLIRUPDVDH[LVWăROHJăWXUă
QHPMORFLWă 3ULQ IRUPD GUHSWXOXL vQĠHOHJHP PRGXO GH
VWUXFWXUDUH‫܈‬LRUJDQL]DUHDFRPSRQHQWHORUOXLGHFRQ‫܊‬LQXW
PRGXO DFHVWXLD GH H[WHULRUL]DUH $úD FXP DILUPD úL &
1RLFDÄforma în sine, considerată fără conаinut nu Юi-ar
justifica raĠiunea de a exista Юi este o absurditate".
6H DILUPă vQ GRFWULQă Fă QRUPD MXULGLFă FRQVWLWXLH
IRUPD HVHQĠLDOă GLUHFWă D GUHSWXOXL Fă QRUPHOH VXQW
PRGXO LPXDELO GH H[SULPDUH D GUHSWXOXL LDU DFWHOH
QRUPDWLYH VXQW R IRUPă H[WHULRDUă D DFHVWRU QRUPH

74
6WDWXOSRDWHvQORFXLXQIHOGHDFWHQRUPDWLYHGDUQXHVWH
vQVWDUHVăvQORFXLDVFăQRUPHOHGHGUHSWSULQDOWPRGGH
H[SULPDUHDGUHSWXOXL
ÌQ IRUPD GUHSWXOXL VXQW FXSULQVH úL SURFHGXULOH
VSHFLILFH WHKQLFLL MXULGLFH FXP DU IL FRQFHSWHOH
SURFHGHHOH GH FRQFHSWXDOL]DUH FODVLILFăULOH WLSDUHOH
ORJLFHDOHQRUPHORUMXULGLFHHWF
)RUPDGUHSWXOXLDMXWăODvQĠHOHJHUHDFRUHFWăDPRGXOXL
vQ FDUH GUHSWXO SăWUXQGH vQ HVHQĠD UDSRUWXULORU VRFLDOH
LQIOXHQĠkQG FRQGXLWD RDPHQLORU úL RFURWLQG YDORULOH
VRFLDOHPDMRUH

7,32/2*,$'5(378/8,

0HWRGD WLSRORJLFă HVWH XWLOL]DWă GH úWLLQĠHOH MXULGLFH
vQFă GLQ FHOH PDL YHFKL WLPSXUL vQ GUHSWXO URPDQ VH
XWLOL]DWLSXOEXQXOXLSURSULHWDUDOOXLÄSDWHUIDPLOLDV ÌQ
JHQHUDO WLSRORJLLOH MXULGLFH VXQW UHDOL]DWH vQ GUHSW SULQ
FRQVLGHUDUHD HOHPHQWHORU úL UHODĠLLORU UHDOH GLQ YLDĠD
MXULGLFăSHQWUXDSXWHDFXQRD‫܈‬WHPDLH[DFWFHPHFDQLVPH
VDX UHODĠLL VWUXFWXUDOH DX IRVW VWDELOLWH vQWUR DULH GH
SUREOHPHMXULGLFH
&ODVLILFDUHD WLSXULORU GH GUHSW WUHEXLH Vă LD vQ
FRQVLGHUDUH DWkW ODWXULOH FRQ‫܊‬LQXWXOXL GUHSWXOXL FkW úL
WUăVăWXULOH VSHFLILFH DOH PRGXOXL GH H[SULPDUH D DFHVWXL
FRQ‫܊‬LQXW7RWRGDWăvQWLSRORJLDGUHSWXOXLWUHEXLHDYXWHvQ
YHGHUH ‫܈‬L DOWH FULWHULL SUHFXP GHSHQGHQĠD GH WLSRORJLD

75
VLVWHPHORUGHRUJDQL]DUHVRFLDOăDSDUWHQHQĠDODXQED]LQ
GHFLYLOL]DĠLHMXULGLFăHWF
$ ÌQ IXQF‫܊‬LH GH tipologia sistemelor de organizare
socială FULWHULX SURSXV GH -HDQ 3RLQLHU  VH SRDWH
FRQVWLWXL XQ WDEORX DO VLVWHPHORU GH GUHSW vQ SODQ
VXSUDSXVLVWRULFGHQXPLWHWLSXULLVWRULFHGHGUHSWILHFDUH
GLQHOHDYkQGWUăVăWXULVSHFLILFHvQFRQ‫܊‬LQXWXOLQVWLWX‫܊‬LLORU
IXQGDPHQWDOH vQ FRQILJXUDĠLD FRQVWUXFĠLLORU MXULGLFH vQ
SRQGHUHD L]YRDUHORU HWF (YROXĠLD LVWRULFă D WLSXULORU GH
GUHSWDIRVWVHULRVPDUFDWăGHHYROXĠLDUHODĠLLORUVRFLDOH
$VWIHOVDXFRQVDFUDWWLSXULOHLVWRULFHFODVLFHGHGUHSW
dreptul sclavagist, dreptul feudal, dreptul burghez,
dreptul socialist GH H[ UHYROXWLLOH EXUJKH]H DX DYXW
GUHSWVWLQGDUGGH]LGHUDWHOHVRFLDOHFXRFRQRWDWLHMXULGLFă
PDUFDQWă  ÄOLEHUWDWH HJDOLWDWH IUDWHUQLWDWH GH]LGHUDWH
FDUH DX PRGLILFDW úL vPERJăĠLW vQ PRG VHPQLILFDWLY
GUHSWXOVWDWHORUUHVSHFWLYHWLSXOLVWRULFGHGUHSWEXUJKH]
FDSLWDOLVWvQJHQHUDO 
%ÌQIXQF‫܊‬LHGHcriteriul apartenenĠei la un bazin de
civilizaĠie socio-juridică WLSRORJLH SURSXVă GH 5HQH
'DYLG  vQ GUHSWXO FRPSDUDW VD UHDOL]DW ‫܈‬L R DOWă
WLSRORJLH IDPLOLD GH GUHSW $FHDVWD DUH vQ YHGHUH
JUXSDUHDXQRUPDULVLVWHPHGHGUHSWvQMXUXOXQRUFULWHULL
YL]kQG RULJLQHD LVWRULFă ‫܈‬L JHRJUDILFă FRPXQLWDWHD
LGHLORU ILOR]RILFH úL VRFLRORJLFH HVHQWLDOH ÄOLPEDMXO
IRUPDGHH[SUHVLHMXULGLFă 
$FHDVWă WLSRORJLH HYLGHQĠLD]ă XUPăWRDUHOH VLVWHPH GH
GUHSW

76
D  Sistemul romano-germanic sau continental DSăUXW
vQVHFROXODO;,,,OHDSULQUHFHSWDUHDGUHSWXOXLURPDQGH
FHQWUHOHXQLYHUVLWDUHvQVSHFLDOSULQúFRDODJORVDWRULORUúL
SRVWJORVDWRULORU ILLQG FDUDFWHUL]DW SULQ GHVFHQGHQĠD VD
URPDQă IRUPD GH H[SULPDUH SUHSRQGHUHQW QRUPDWLYă
SULQOHJLVFULVH ‫܈‬LWHQGLQĠDGHFRGLILFDUH
$FHVW VLVWHP VH FODVLILFă OD UkQGXO OXL vQ WUHL
VXEVLVWHPH
± VLVWHPXO GH LQVSLUDĠLH IUDQFH]ă FDUH FXSULQGH
VLVWHPHOHGHGUHSWFHDXFDPRGHO&RGXOFLYLOGHOD
%HOJLD 3RUWXJDOLD 6SDQLD 9HQH]XHOD 3DQDPD
5RPDQLDHWF 
± VLVWHPXO JHUPDQRHOYHWLDQ FDUH D LQIOXHQĠDW
OHJLVODĠLDEUD]LOLDQăJUHFHDVFăúLLWDOLDQă
± VLVWHPXO QRUGLF ED]DW SH WUDGLĠLD URPDQLVWă GDU FX
SXWHUQLFHLQIOXHQĠHGLQVLVWHPXOJHUPDQLFúLEULWDQLF
E  Sistemul anglo-saxon (common law) vQ FDUH
SUHGRPLQă IRUPD FXWXPLDUă MXULVSUXGHQĠLDOă SUHFXP ‫܈‬L
VWDWXWHOH
6LVWHPXO vúL DUH RULJLQHD vQ $QJOLD GDU D IRVW SUHOXDW
GHğDUD*DOLORU68$$XVWUDOLD1RXD=HHODQGăHWFúL
DUHWUHLFRPSRQHQWH
 common law FDUH HVWH DFHD SDUWH D VLVWHPXOXL
DOFăWXLWă GLQ UHJXOL VWDELOLWH SH FDOH MXGHFăWRUHDVFă
SUHFHGHQWH MXGLFLDUH FDUH GHYLQ REOLJDWRULL SHQWUX
LQVWDQĠHOHLQIHULRDUHVHVL]DWHFXFD]XULLGHQWLFH 
 equity FDUH FRQĠLQH UHJXOL GH GUHSW DQWHULRU
XQLILFăULLMXULVGLFĠLLORUHQJOH]H

77
statutary lawFDUHUHSUH]LQWăVHJPHQWXOÄOHJLIHUDW
DOGUHSWXOXLDOFăWXLWGLQVWDWXWHÌQVLVWHPXODQJORVD[RQ
VWDWXWHOHDXUROGHÄlex specialis'' OHJHVSHFLDOă 
'H UHPDUFDW Fă vQ PDWHULH FRQVWLWXĠLRQDOă 0DUHD
%ULWDQLH UHFXUJH OD SUHYHGHUL úL X]DQĠH FXSULQVH vQ
VWDWXWDU\ ODZ vQ GUHSWXO MXGLFLDU FRPPRQ ODZ  úL vQ
X]DQĠHOH FRQVWLWXĠLRQDOH QHVFULVH ÌQ DFHDVWă LSRVWD]ă
VWDWXWDU\ ODZ QX PDL HVWH R OHJH VSHFLDOă FL XQD
IXQGDPHQWDOă DOFăWXLWă GLQ 0DJQD &KDUWD /LEHUWDWXP
+DEHDV &RUSXV $FW ‫܈‬L %LOXO GUHSWXULORU FD ‫܈‬L GLQ DFWH
FRQVWLWXĠLRQDOHPDLQRL $FWXOGHVSUHSDUODPHQW6WDWXWXO
GHOD:HVWPLQVWHUHWF 
F  Familia dreptului musulman FRQWLQXDWRU DO
OHJLVODĠLLORU VXPHURDNDGLHQH DUH R DULH GH FXSULQGHUH
VXSUDSXVă VWDWHORU DUDEH GLQ $VLD úL $IULFD ILLQG UHODWLY
LQWHJUDW GRFWULQHL UHOLJLRDVH LVODPLFH (VWH XQ VLVWHP
UHODWLY VWDELO WUDGLĠLRQDO ED]DW SH QRUPH GH FRQGXLWă
SXWHUQLF FRQWXUDW GH WUDGLĠLL úL UHOLJLH VXUVD LVWRULFă ‫܈‬L
GRFWULQDUăUHJăVLQGXVHvQ&RUDQúLDOWHFăUĠLUHOLJLRDVH 
&Dreptul comunitar, ca tipologie juridică specifică.
,QWHJUDUHD HFRQRPLFă YHVWHXURSHDQă FD GH]LGHUDW úL
GHPHUVSROLWLFH[WUHPGHDFWLYDO VWDWHORUGH]YROWDWHGLQ
(XURSDDGHWHUPLQDWúLRWHQGLQĠăGHDOLQLHUHODDQXPLWH
VWDQGDUGHMXULGLFHvQOăWXUkQGXVHDFHOHSDUWLFXODULWă‫܊‬LGLQ
GRPHQLXO GUHSWXOXL FDUH VDX FRQVLGHUDW D IL QHDGHFYDWH
FXLGHHDGHLQWHJUDUH
7UDWDWXOGHOD0DDVWULFKWDSUHILJXUDWED]HOHXQHLQRL
(XURSH FDUH ‫܈‬LD SURSXV R XQLWDWH HFRQRPLFă MXULGLFă

78
SROLWLFă úL GH DSăUDUH 'UHSW XUPDUH PRQHGD VLJXUDQĠD
LQWHUQă ‫܈‬L MXVWLĠLD SROLWLFă H[WHUQă ‫܈‬L DSăUDUHD VH
VXERUGRQHD]ă XQHL WLSRORJLL MXULGLFH VXSUDQDĠLRQDOH vQ
FDUHGHFL]LLOHVHLDXSULQFRQVHQVODQLYHOXORUJDQLVPHORU
HXURSHQHúLGHYLQREOLJDWRULLSHQWUXWRDWHVWDWHOH
&DUDFWHULVWLFD DFHVWHL WLSRORJLL HVWH IDSWXO Fă HD IDFH
DEVWUDFĠLHGHJUDQLĠHOHQDĠLRQDOHvQGRPHQLLOHFDUHDXIRVW
GHGXVH UHJOHPHQWăULORU 8QLXQLL (XURSHQH
VXSUDSXQkQGXVH RDUHFXP VXYHUDQ ‫܈‬L DXWRULWDU SHVWH
VLVWHPHOHGHGUHSWWUDGLĠLRQDOHDOHVWDWHORUGLQ8QLXQH
&DUDFWHUXO LPHGLDW ‫܈‬L H[HFXWRULX DO QRUPHL GH GUHSW
FRPXQLWDU ‫܈‬L SURHPLQHQĠD GUHSWXOXL FRPXQLWDU DVXSUD
GUHSWXOXL QDĠLRQDO UHSUH]LQWă R FDOLWDWH VSHFLILFă D
WLSRORJLHL MXULGLFH FRPXQLWDUH vQVă ILHFDUH VWDW PHPEUX
SăVWUHD]ă ‫܈‬L vúL YDORULILFă SURSULXO VLVWHP GH GUHSW FDUH
UDPkQH DSOLFDELO vQ GRPHQLLOH FH H[FHG SUHRFXSăULORU
8QLXQLL(XURSHQH

'(),1,ğ,$'5(378/8,

ÌQ LVWRULD FXOWXULL VDX HODERUDW QXPHURDVH GHILQLĠLL
SHQWUX 'UHSW FRQFHSWXO ILORVRILF  úL SHQWUX GUHSW
FDWHJRULH MXULGLFă  'HILQLUHD 'UHSWXOXL D GHSLQV GH
SR]LWLD ‫܈‬L RULHQWDUHD ILORVRILFă GH úFRDOD ‫܈‬L FXUHQWXO
FăURUDDXDSDUĠLQXWDXWRULLDFHVWRUGHILQLĠLL
ÌQFă GLQ YHFKLPH MXULVWXO URPDQ &HOVXV FLWDW GH
8OSLDQ vQ &DUWHD , D ,QVWLWXĠLLORU DILUPă Fă Ädreptul este
arta echităĠii úi a binelui – jus est ars aequi et boni".

79
ÌPELQDUHDvQWUHGUHSWúLPRUDOăvOYDGHWHUPLQDSH8OSLDQ
VăFRQVLGHUHFăÄ trebuie să dezvăluim ideea de bun Юi de
just, despărĠind ceea ce este drept de ceea ce este
nedrept, deosebind ceea ce este permis de ceea ce este
interzis".
ÌQFHUFDUHDGHDGHILQLGUHSWXODDGXVvQGLVFXĠLHFKLDU
QDWXUD 'UHSWXOXL (VWH 'UHSWXO R UHDOLWDWH WUDQVFHQGHQWă
FDUHVHLPSXQHUDĠLXQLLvQPRGDSULRULFVDXGLPSRWULYă
HVWH XQ DQVDPEOX GH IHQRPHQH VRFLDOH SHUFHSWLELOH SULQ
H[SHULHQWă" 5ăVSXQVXO OD DFHDVWă vQWUHEDUH D FRQVWLWXLW
XQDGLQSUREOHPHOHIXQGDPHQWDOHFDUHDPDUFDWvQWUHDJD
HYROXĠLHDILORVRILHLMXULGLFH
ÌQ FRQFHSĠLD MXULVFRQVXOĠLORU URPDQL VH UHOHYă IDSWXO
Fă'UHSWXODIRVWGDWGHQDWXUăWXWXURU$VWIHO&LFHURvQ
'H 5HSXEOLFD ,,,   DILUPD ÄEste o lege adecvată,
dreapta raĠiune, conformă cu natura, răspândită în toĠi,
constantă, eternă. Această lege nu e permis să fie
abrogată úi nici nu se poate deroga de la ea. Nici nu este
alta la Roma, alta la Atena, alta acum, alta mai târziu, ci
o singură lege Юi eternă úi neschimbătoare va cârmui pe
toĠi oamenii în toate timpurile".
7HRULD VROLGDULWăĠLL VRFLDOH SURPRYDWă GH /HRQ
'XJXLW DGPLWH vPSăUĠLUHD GUHSWXOXL vQ GRXă FDWHJRULL
dreptul socialFDUHUH]XOWăGLQYLDĠDVRFLDOăDRDPHQLORU
‫܈‬L FăUXLD L VH FRQIRUPHD]ă FHL PDL PXOĠL RDPHQL ‫܈‬L
dreptul pozitiv HODERUDW GH VWDW úL FDUH Gă FRQVDFUDUH
MXULGLFă GUHSWXOXL VRFLDO SULQV vQ IRUPXOH MXULGLFH ‫܈‬L
LQYHVWLW FX IRUĠD GH FRQVWUkQJHUH GH FăWUH VWDW &kQG

80
GUHSWXO SR]LWLY LQWUă vQ FRQWUDGLFĠLH FX GUHSWXO VRFLDO
SUHYDOHQW SULQ QDWXUD VD DWXQFL HVWH SXVă vQ SHULFRO
YDORDUHDIXQGDPHQWDOăDVROLGDULWăĠLLVRFLDOH
ÌQ FRQVWUXFĠLD MXULGLFă D DXWRUXOXL GUHSWXULOH SH FDUH
LQGLYLGXOOHH[HUFLWăvQVkQXOVRFLHWăĠLLQXVXQWvQUHDOLWDWH
GHFkW IXQF‫܊‬LXQL VRFLDOH HODERUkQGXVH DVWIHO XQ QRX
VLVWHPGHRUGLQUHDOLVWFDUHVHRSXQHDFHOXLPHWDIL]LF
ÌQDFHDúLGLUHFĠLHUHDOLVWăVHvQVFULHúLFRQFHSĠLDOXL,
+HULQJ FDUH DúHD]ă OD ED]D GUHSWXOXL LQWHUHVXO
OHJDOPHQWHRFURWLW
8Q DOW UHSUH]HQWDQW DO FXUHQWXOXL SR]LWLYLVW (XJHQ
(UOLFKVXVĠLQHFăIDFWRUXOPRWRUDOHYROXĠLHLGUHSWXOXLQX
vO UHSUH]LQWă QLFL OHJLVODĠLD QLFL úWLLQĠD GUHSWXOXL QLFL
VROXĠLLOH MXGLFLDUH FL VRFLHWDWHD FD DWDUH OHJHD ILLQG
H[SUHVLDIRUĠHLGHFRQVWUkQJHUHDVRFLHWă‫܊‬LL
/HJDWă GH SR]LWLYLVPXO MXULGLF WHRULD QRUPDWLYă FX
FHD PDL UHSUH]HQWDWLYă YDULDQWă D VD FHDD OXL +DQV
.HOVHQ vúL XUPHD]ă FRQWLQXĠXO vQ LGHHD Fă WUHEXLH
GLIHUHQĠLDW GUHSWXO DúD FXP HVWH vQ UHDOLWDWH GH GUHSWXO
DúDFXPDUWUHEXLVăILH&RQVLGHUkQGúWLLQĠDGUHSWXOXLFD
RLHUDUKLHGHUHODĠLLQRUPDWLYHVDUFLQDGUHSWXOXLFRQVWăvQ
GHVFLIUDUHD UHODĠLHL GLQWUH QRUPHOH LQIHULRDUH úL QRUPD
IXQGDPHQWDOă
ÌQ YL]LXQHD úFROLL H[LVWHQĠLDOLVWH +DLGHJJHL -DVSHUV
6DUWUH  PHQLUHD GUHSWXOXL HVWH GH D DVLJXUD LQGLYLGXOXL
SURWHFĠLD vQ ID‫܊‬ă LQVHFXULWă‫܊‬LL VRFLDOH GHWHUPLQDWH GH
Äinvazia incertitudinii existenĠiale".

81
&RQFHSĠLLOHVRFLDOLVWHGHIDFWXUăPDWHULDOLVWGLDOHFWLFă
DX SXV DFFHQWXO vQ H[SOLFDUHD ‫܈‬L GHILQLUHD GUHSWXOXL SH
UROXO IDFWRULORU PDWHULDOL FDUH FRQVWLWXLH ED]D VWUXFWXUD 
VRFLHWă‫܊‬LLED]ăSHFDUHVHULGLFăVXSUDVWUXFWXUD GLQFDUH
IDFHSDUWH‫܈‬LGUHSWXO 
$XWRULL ,RDQ &HWHUFKL úL ,RQ &UDLRYDQ SURSXQ R
JUXSDUHDGLIHULWHORUGHILQLĠLLGHVSUHGUHSWvQ
±definiĠii cu nuanĠă accentuat filosoficăSUHFXPFHD
GDWă GH , .DQW Ädreptul este totalitatea condiаiilor din
care voinĠa liberă a fiecăruia poate coexista cu voinĠa
liberă a tuturora, în conformitate cu o lege universală a
libertăаii";
± definiĠii cu nuanĠă formal-normativistă GLQ FDUH R
DPLQWLP SH FHD GDWă GH - / %HUJHO Ädreptul este
ansamblul regulilor de conduită, într-o societate, mai
mult sau mai puĠin organizată, care reglementează
raporturile sociale Юi a căror respectare este asigurată,
la nevoie prin forĠa de constrângere publică 7RW DLFL
SXWHP FLWD ‫܈‬L GHILQLĠLD FRQVWLWXĠLRQDOLVWXOXL IUDQFH] $
+DXULRQ Ädreptul este un ansamblu de percepte de
conduită stabilite în formă de reguli obligatorii úi
destinate a face să domnească între oameni trăind în
societate, ordinea úi justiĠia".
±definiĠii sociologice GLQFDUHVHHYLGHQĠLD]ăFHDGDWă
GH /HRQ 'XJXLW Ädreptul este linia de conduită care se
impune indivizilor în societate, respectul căreia este
considerat, la un moment dat de către o societate ca o
garanĠie a interesului comun Юi a cărei violare

82
antrenează o reacĠie colectivă împotriva autorului
acestei violări".
6LWXkQGXVH SH R SR]LĠLH LQWHUPHGLDUă -HDQ 'DELQ DUDWă
Fă GUHSWXO SRDWH IL GHILQLW FD Äansamblul regulilor de
conduită edictate sau cel puĠin primite Юi consacrate de
societatea civilă, sub sancаiunea constrângerii publice,
urmărind să realizeze în raporturile dintre membrii unui
grup, o anumită ordine care postulează scopul societăаii
civile, precum Юi menĠinerea societăĠii ca instrument în
slujba acestui scop".
ÌQ FRQFHSĠLD SURI 1 3RSD GUHSWXO HVWH Äansamblul
regulilor asigurate Юi garantate de stat, care au ca scop
organizarea Юi disciplinarea comportamentului uman în
principalele relaĠii din societate, într-un climat specific
manifestării coexistenĠei libertăĠilor, apărării drepturilor
esenĠiale ale omului úi justiĠiei sociale".

5(=80$78/81,7Ă‫܉‬,,'(Ì19Ă‫܉‬$5(
5RPDQLL DX GHILQLW GUHSWXO FD ÄJus est ars boni et
aequi". (L QX SXWHDX FRQFHSH H[LVWHQĠD VRFLHWă‫܊‬LL IăUă
GUHSW FL FUHGHDX vQ YHúQLFLD GUHSWXOXL URPDQ FD úL vQ
YHúQLFLDVRFLHWă‫܊‬LLURPDQH
ÌQ (JLSWXO ‫܈‬L %DELORQXO DQWLF GUHSWXO úL VWDWXO HUDX
FRQVLGHUDWHGHRULJLQHGLYLQă
$GHSĠLLùFROLL'UHSWXOXL1DWXUDO +XJR*URWLXV
  FRQVLGHUDX GUHSWXO QDWXUDO FD VXPD SULQFLSLLORU ‫܈‬L
UHJXOLORU SH FDUH UDĠLXQHD OH GLFWHD]ă SHQWUX VDWLVIDFHUHD
QHYRLORUVRFLDOHDOHRPXOXL

83
7H]D IXQGDPHQWDOă D FRQFHSĠLHL OXL + *URWLXV HVWH
DFHHDFăÄRPXOHVWHSULQQDWXUDVDRILLQĠăVRFLDOă
'UHSWXOQDWXUDOUHFXQRD‫܈‬WHWHQGLQĠDQDWXUDOăDRPXOXL
SHQWUXRYLDĠăvQFRPXQ1DWXUDHVWHvQFRQFHSĠLDOXL+
*URWLXV FHD FDUH REOLJă SH RDPHQL Vă vQWUH vQ DQXPLWH
UDSRUWXULvQWUHHLDGLFăvQUDSRUWXULVRFLDOH
'UHSWXO QDWXUDO VH RSXQH FDUDFWHUXOXL GLYLQ DO
GUHSWXOXLHOHVWHXQLYHUVDO‫܈‬LLQYDULDELOúLQLFL'XPQH]HX
QXOSRDWHVFKLPED
3RUQLQG GH OD DFHVWH FRQVLGHUHQWH úFRDOD GUHSWXOXL
QDWXUDO IRUPXOHD]ă PDL PXOWH SULQFLSLL úL FRQFHSWH
LQYDULDELOH
± DOLHQGL DEVWLQHQWLD REOLJDWLD GH D UHVSHFWD WRW FH
DSDUĠLQHDOWXLD 
±SURPLVVRUXPLPSOHQGRUXPREOLJDWLR REOLJDWLDGHD
UHVSHFWDDQJDMDPHQWHOHDVXPDWH 
±GDPQXPFXOSDGDWLUHSDUDWLR REOLJDĠLDGHDUHSDUD
SDJXEHOHSURGXVHDOWRUD 
±SRHQDHLQWHUKRPLQHVPHULWXP SHGHDSVDDSOLFDWăVă
ILHDFKLWDELOă 
&RQFHSĠLD PRGHUQă FX SULYLUH OD DVLJXUDUHD GUHSWXOXL
IXQGDPHQWHD]ă WHRULD SRWULYLW FăUHLD GUHSWXO DSDUH vQ
FRQGLĠLL VRFLDLVWRULFH GHWHUPLQDWH SH R DQXPLWă WUHDSWă
GHGH]YROWDUHDVRFLHWăĠLLRGDWăFXDSDUL‫܊‬LDVWDWXOXL
6WDWXO ‫܈‬L GUHSWXO VXQW VWUkQV OHJDWH VH FRQGL‫܊‬LRQHD]ă
UHFLSURFDXDSăUXWvQDFHODúLWLPSvQDFHOHDúLFRQGLĠLLúL
GLQDFHOHDúLFDX]HúLQXSRWILFHUFHWDWH‫܈‬LVWXGLDWHvQPRG
FRUHVSXQ]ăWRUGHFkWvPSUHXQă

84
6WDWXO HVWH FHO FDUH FUHHD]ă GUHSWXO HO LPSXQH UHJXOL
GHFRQGXLWăREOLJDWRULLSHQWUXWRĠL
3HQWUX VRFLHWDWHD XPDQă VWDWXO D DSăUXW FD VROXĠLH
XQLFă‫܈‬LRSWLPăSHQWUXFRQVHUYDUHDYDORULORUGH]YROWDUHD
PDWHULDOă‫܈‬LVSLULWXDOăDFRPXQLWăĠLORUXPDQH
'UHSWXO HVWH LQVWUXPHQWXO vQ FXSULQVXO FăUXLD VH
vQWkOQHVF vQ FRUHODĠLH GUHSWXUL úL vQGDWRULUL DOH
RDPHQLORU 5DSRUWXULOH VLPSOH úL FRPSOH[H FDUH VH
VWDELOHVFúLVHGHUXOHD]ăvQWUHRDPHQLWUHEXLHVăDLEăFD
VXSRUW OHJHD DVWIHO FD RUGLQHD vQ VRFLHWDWH Vă ILH
DVLJXUDWă


ÎNTREBĂRI RECAPITULATIVE
±'HILQL‫܊‬LGUHSWXORELHFWLY
±'HILQL‫܊‬LGUHSWXOVXELHFWLY
±'HILQL‫܊‬LGUHSWXOSR]LWLY
±'HILQL‫܊‬LGUHSWXOFRPXQLWDU
±'HILQL‫܊‬LGUHSWXO


85
7(0(3(1758'(=%$7(5(
 &DUH VXQW FRPSRQHQWHOH UHDOLWDWLL MXULGLFH úL FH
VHPQLILFDDFHVWHD"
9RLQWDJHQHUDOăYRLQWDLQGLYLGXDODYRLQWDMXULGLFă
([LVWDYUHRFRUHODWLHvQWUHDFHVWLWHUPHQL"
6LVWHPXOQRUPHORUMXULGLFH


BIBLIOGRAFIE
 1LFRODH 3RSD ± 7HRULD JHQHUDOă D GUHSWXOXL
%XFXUHúWLS
 9LFWRU ' =OăWHVFX ± 'UHSW SULYDW FRPSDUDW
%XFXUH‫܈‬WLS
 ,RQ 'RJDUX ± 7HRULD JHQHUDOă D GUHSWXOXL (GLWXUD
(XURSD&UDLRYDS
 + /HY\%UXKO ± 6RFLRORJLF GX GURLW 38) 3DULV
S

86
8QLWDWHDGHvQYă‫܊‬DUH
'5(378/ù,67$78/



CONЯINUTUL UNITĂЯII DE ÎNVĂЯARE


2ELHFWLYHXUPăULWH
7LPSDORFDWXQLWă‫܊‬LL
&XYLQWHFKHLH
&RQVLGHUDĠLLJHQHUDOHGHVSUHVWDW
)XQFĠLLOHVWDWXOXL
)RUPDGHVWDW
&RUHODĠLDvQWUHVWDW‫܈‬LGUHSW
7UăVăWXULOHFDUDFWHULVWLFHDOHVWDWXOXOGHGUHSW
5H]XPDWXOXQLWă‫܊‬LLGHvQYă‫܊‬DUH
ÌQWUHEăULUHFDSLWXODWLYH
%LEOLRJUDILH


OBIECTIVE URMĂRITE
±vQVX‫܈‬LUHDPRGDOLWDWLORUGHDSDUL‫܊‬LHDVWDWXOXLSUHFXP
‫܈‬LHYROXWLDvQIXQF‫܊‬LHGHFRQGL‫܊‬LLOHLVWRULFHFRQFUHWH
± VXEOLQLHUHD DFFHSWLXQLORU WHUPHQXOXL ÄVWDW´ FD
LQVWLWX‫܊‬LHSROLWLFDDVRFLHWDWLL
±FXQRD‫܈‬WHUHDGHWDOLDWDDHOHPHQWHORUFRPSRQHQWHDOH
VWDWXOXLúLDIXQF‫܊‬LLORUVDOH

87
± vQVX‫܈‬LUHD FRQFHSWHORU FDUH SULYHVF IRUPD GH
JXYHUQDPDQW D VWDWHORU FRPSDUDWLY FX FHD H[LVWHQWD vQ
5RPDQLD

7,03$/2&$781,7Ă‫܉‬,,25(


CUVINTE CHEIE
± Statul ± UHSUH]LQWă SULQFLSDOD LQVWLWX‫܊‬LH SROLWLFD D
VRFLHWDWLL FDUH H[HUFLWD SXWHWHD VXYHUDQD DVLJXUDQG
RUJDQL]DUHD‫܈‬LFRQGXFHUHDVRFLHWDWLLSULQSUHURJDWLYHOHSH
FDUHOHDUH‫܈‬LDQXPHGHDHODERUDúLDSOLFDGUHSWXODFăUXL
UHVSHFWDUHRSRDWHJDUDQWDSULQIRU‫܊‬HGHFRQVWUDQJHUH
±Acceptiunile termenului „stat”VXQW
 ±SXWHUHDFHQWUDOD
 ± DQVDPEOXO DXWRULWDWLORU SXEOLFH FDUH DVLJXUD
JXYHUQDUHDXQHLVRFLHWDWL
 ±PRGDOLWDWHVRFLDOLVWRULFDGHRUJDQL]DUHVRFLDOD
 ±VRFLHWDWHSROLWLFDRUJDQL]DWD
± Teritoriul – FULWHULX SROLWLF vQ ED]D FăUXLD VWDWXO LVL
VWDELOHVWH OHJăWXULOH FX FHWDWHQLL LVL FRQVWUXLHVWH R
VWUXFWXUD VSHFLDOD D DSDUDWXOXL GH FRQGXFHUH úL VH
FRQVWLHQWL]HD]DFRQFHSWXOGHVXYHUDQLWDWH
± Populatia ± WRWDOLWDWHD SHUVRDQHORU FDUH VH
UDSRUWHD]D OD VWDW SULQ  FHWDWHQLH GH OD FDUH GHFXUJ
GUHSWXULúLREOLJD‫܊‬LL

88
± Puterea de stat ± HVWH H[HUFLWDWD SULQWUXQ DSDUDW
XWLOL]DWSRWULYLWQRUPHORUMXULGLFHSHQWUXDSDUDUHDRUGLQLL
vQVRFLHWDWHDUHVSHFWLYH
± Suveranitatea ± SUHURJDWLYD VWDWXOXL GH D FRQGXFH
VRFLHWDWHD
±Functiile statului VXQW
 ± IXQF‫܊‬LD OHJLVODWLYD ± VWDWXO VWDELOHVWH UHJXOL GH
FRQGXLWDREOLJDWRULL
 ± IXQF‫܊‬LD H[HFXWLYD ‫܈‬L DGPLQLVWUDWLYD ±
RUJDQL]DUHDDSOLFDULLúLSXQHUHDvQSUDFWLFDDOHJLORU
 ± IXQF‫܊‬LD MXULVGLFWLRQDOD ± VROXWLRQDUHD
FRQIOLFWHORUMXULGLFH
 ±IXQF‫܊‬LDH[WHUQD±DFWLYLWă‫܊‬LOHGHVIă‫܈‬XUDWHGHVWDW
SHQWUXGH]YROWDUHDUHODWLLORUFXDOWHVWDWH
±Forma de guvernamant±GHVHPQHD]DPRGXOvQFDUH
VXQW FRQVWLWXLWH ‫܈‬L IXQF‫܊‬LRQHD]D LQVWLWX‫܊‬LLOH VXSUHPH DOH
VWDWXOXL
± Monarhia ± VHIXO VWDWXOXL HVWH XQ PRQDUK HUHGLWDU
VDXGHVHPQDW
 PRQDUKLD FRQVWLWXWLRQDOD VH FDUDFWHUL]HD]D SULQ
OLPLWDUHDSXWHULORUPRQDUKXOXLSULQOHJHDIXQGDPHQWDODD
VWDWXOXL
 PRQDUKLDSDUODPHQWDUDVHFDUDFWHUL]HD]DSULQWUR
DXWRULWDWHUHGXVDDPRQDUKXOXLSDUODPHQWXOILLQGDELOLWDW
VDIRUPH]HJXYHUQXOSHED]DPDMRULWDWLLSDUODPHQWDUH
±Republica±IRUPDGHJXYHUQDPDQvQFDUHFHWDWHQLL
DOHJXQVHIGHVWDWGHQXPLWGHUHJXODSUHVHGLQWH

89
 ± UHSXEOLFD SDUODPHQWDUD VH FDUDFWHUL]HD]D SULQ
IDSWXOFDVHIXOVWDWXOXLHVWHDOHVGHFăWUHSDUODPHQWvQID‫܊‬ă
FăUXLDUăVSXQGH
 ± UHSXEOLFD SUH]LGHQWLDOD ± DOHJHUHD VHIXOXL GH
VWDW VH UHDOL]HD]D ILH GLUHFW SULQ YRW XQLYHUVDO HJDO
VHFUHWúLOLEHUH[SULPDWGHFăWUHFHWDWHQLILHLQGLUHFWSULQ
LQWHUPHGLXOFROHJLLORUHOHFWRUDOHVDXHOHFWRUL
± Ideologia ± WRWDOLWDWHD LGHLORU ‫܈‬L FRQFHSWLLORU
ILORVRILFH PRUDOH UHOLJLRDVH HWF FDUH UHIOHFWD LQWUR
IRUPD WHRUHWLFD LQWHUHVHOH ‫܈‬L DVSLUDWLLOH XQRU FDWHJRULL
VRFLDOHLQWURDQXPLWDHSRFD
± Doctrina ± WRWDOLWDWHD SULQFLSLLORU XQXL VLVWHP
SROLWLFVWLLQWLILFUHOLJLRVHWF

&216,'(5$ğ,,*(1(5$/('(635(67$7

'HD OXQJXO WLPSXOXL FXUHQWH úL WHRULL ILORVRILFH DX
H[SOLFDW LPSRUWDQĠD VWDWXOXL UROXO VăX vQ DSăUDUHD XQRU
LQWHUHVHVRFLDOHGHJUXSVDXDOHVRFLHWă‫܊‬LLvQvQWUHJXOVăX
$ERUGDUHD DQDOLWLFă D ORFXOXL úL UROXOXL VWDWXOXL vQ
RUJDQL]DUHD ‫܈‬L FRQGXFHUHD VRFLHWă‫܊‬LL DUDWD LPSRUWDQWD
QDWXULL LVWRULFH D VWDWXOXL GHSHQGHQĠD IRUPHORU VDOH GH
WUDQVIRUPăULOH VRFLDOLVWRULFH &D ‫܈‬L vQ FD]XO GUHSWXOXL
DSDUL‫܊‬LD VWDWXOXL HVWH GHWHUPLQDWă GH VFKLPEăULOH
SHWUHFXWH vQ RUkQGXLUHD FRPXQHL SULPLWLYH FDUH DX IăFXW
FD YHFKLOH IRUPH GH RUJDQL]DUH úL FRQGXFHUH JLQWD ‫܈‬L
WULEXO  Vă QX PDL ILH VXILFLHQWH LPSXQkQGXVH R QRXă
IRUPăFHDSROLWLFRVWDWDOă

90
2GDWă FX DSDULĠLD VWDWXOXL UHODĠLLOH VRFLDOH VDX
GH]YROWDWODDGăSRVWXOXQHLIRUĠHGHFRQVWUkQJHUHSHFDUH
VWDWXORGHĠLQHúLRSRDWHXWLOL]DvPSRWULYDFHORUFDUHLVH
RSXQ 6WDWXO DSDUH DVWIHO FD R PRGDOLWDWH VRFLDOLVWRULFă
GH RUJDQL]DUH VRFLDOă SULQ FDUH JUXSXULOH VRFLDOH ‫܈‬LDX
SURPRYDW LQWHUHVHOH FRPXQH úL vQ FDUH ‫܈‬LDX JăVLW
H[SUHVLDFRQFHQWUDWăvQWUHDJDVRFLHWDWH
ÌQSUH]HQWvQOLPEDMX]XDOWHUPHQXOGHVWDWFLUFXOăvQ
GRXăVHQVXUL
D  vQ VHQV LVWRULFRJHRJUDILF SULQ VWDW vQĠHOHJHP
SRSXODĠLD RUJDQL]DWă SH XQ DQXPLW WHULWRULX FRQILJXUDW
SULQ IURQWLHUH UHFXQRVFXWH LQWHUQDĠLRQDO úL UHODĠLLOH
SROLWLFHVRFLDOH‫܈‬LHFRQRPLFHDOHDFHVWXLD
ÌQ FDGUXO VHQVXOXL LVWRULFRJHRJUDILF DO QR‫܊‬LXQLL GH
ÄVWDWVHGLVWLQJGRXăODWXUL
± RUJDQL]DUHD SROLWLFă GH SH XQ DQXPLW WHULWRULX
GHVHPQDWă SULQ FHOH GRXă DWULEXWH ÄGHPRFUDWLF´ úL
ÄXQLWDUFRQIHULWHWHUPHQXOXLGHÄVWDW
± WHULWRULXO ORFXLW vQ PDMRULWDWH GH SRSXODWLH URPkQă
FH‫܈‬LDFRQVWUXLWXQVLVWHPGHUHODWLLHFRQRPLFHSROLWLFR
FXOWXUDOH ‫܈‬L LGHQWLILFDW FX DMXWRUXO XQRU IURQWLHUH
UHFXQRVFXWH SH SODQ LQWHUQDWLRQDO úL FDUH FLUFXPVFULX
VIHUDH[HUFLWăULLFRPSHWHQWHLSXWHULLGHVWDW
E vQVHQVSROLWLFRMXULGLFVHQVPDLUHVWUkQVFDVIHUă
GDU PDL SURIXQG vQ FRQ‫܊‬LQXW PDL ERJDW vQ VHPQLILFDWLL
SULQQR‫܊‬LXQHDGHÄVWDWLQWHOHJHPVăDYHPvQYHGHUHGRDU
SULPD ODWXUă GLQ VHQVXO LVWRULFRJHRJUDILF DGLFă QXPDL
RUJDQL]DUHD SROLWLFă GH SH XQ DQXPLW WHULWRULX IRUPDWă

91
GLQWRWDOLWDWHDRUJDQHORUGHVWDWFHHDFHvQOLPEDMMXULGLF
HVWHGHVHPQDWSULQVLQWDJPDGHÄSXWHUHSXEOLFă
ÌQ VWLLQWD GUHSWXOXL VH XWLOL]HD]ă H[SUHVLL VLQRQLPLFH
SUHFXPÄVWDWÄSXWHUHGHVWDWÄDSDUDWGHVWDWvQWUHFDUH
QX VH LQUHJLVWUHD]ă GHRVHELUL GH IRQG FL GRDU GH QXDQWă
GHDFFHQWXOFDUHVHSXQHvQSURFHVXOGHDEVWUDFWL]DUHSH
XQXO VDX DOWXO GLQ DVSHFWHOH DFHVWXL IHQRPHQ VRFLDO
FRPSOH[
1RĠLXQHD GH ÄVWDW HVWH LQ]HVWUDWă FX FHO PDL ULGLFDW
JUDGGHDEVWUDFWL]DUHúLJHQHUDOL]DUHFKLDU‫܈‬LDWXQFLFkQG
VHDUHvQYHGHUHPRGXOGHRUJDQL]DUHDOSXWHULLSXEOLFH
7HUPHQXO GH ÄDSDUDW GH VWDW VDX

PHFDQLVP GH VWDW


YL]HD]ă DFHHDúL VIHUă FD ‫܈‬L GH ÄVWDW vQ VHQVXO SROLWLFR
MXULGLF GDU SULYLWă SULQWUR SHUVSHFWLYă VWUXFWXUDOă
LQWHUHVXO DERUGăULL FRQFHQWUăQGXVH DVXSUD RUJDQL]ăULL
VDOH DVXSUD DQDOL]HL VLVWHPXOXL GH RUJDQH úL RUJDQLVPH
LQWHJUDWHvQWUXUPHFDQLVPSULQLQWHUPHGLXOFăUXLDVWDWXO
vúLH[HUFLWăUROXO‫܈‬LIXQF‫܊‬LLOHvQVRFLHWDWH
([SUHVLD ÄSXWHUH GH VWDW´ VH XWLOL]HD]ă vQ vPSUHMXUăUL
UHYROXĠLRQDUH FkQG QX VH SRDWH SUHFL]D FX FHUWLWXGLQH
FRQILJXUDWLD YLLWRDUHL VWUXFWXUL SROLWLFH SH FDUH R YRU
SURPRYDIRUĠHOHUHYROXWLRQDUHYLFWRULRDVH
6WDWXO D IRVW GHILQLW FD Äo putere organizată asupra
unei populaĠii pe un anumit teritoriu" definiаie ce
permite a se concluziona că pentru existenĠa unui stat
sunt necesare Юi suficiente trei elemente constitutive:
populatia, teritoriul Юi puterea de stat. Deúi cele trei
elemente trebuie întrunite simultan Юi cumulativ,

92
elementul caracteristic îl reprezintă puterea de stat,
denumită în doctrină Юi „putere politică" sau „putere
publică".
)DĠă GH FHOHODOWH IRUPH GH DXWRULWDWH VRFLDOă SXWHUHD
GH VWDW VH FDUDFWHUL]HD]ă SULQ DQXPLWH WUăVăWXUL FDUHL
GHILQHVFúLGHOLPLWHD]ăDWULEXWHOHvQUDSRUWFXDXWRULWDWHD
PRUDOăSăULQWHDVFă‫܈‬LUHOLJLRDVă
D 3XWHUHDGHVWDWHVWHRSXWHUHSROLWLFăSROLWLFDILLQG
úWLLQĠD JXYHUQăULL VWDWHORU ‫܈‬L UHSUH]HQWkQG WRW FHHD FH VH
UHIHUăODDUWDGHDJXYHUQDXQVWDW
(VHQWLDOSHQWUXFXQRD‫܈‬WHUHDFDUDFWHUXOXLSXWHULLGHVWDW
HVWH FLQH GHWLQH SXWHUHD FXP D GREkQGLWR úL FXP R
H[HUFLWă SUHFXP úL UHODWLLOH H[LVWHQWH vQWUH JXYHUQDWL vQ
vQIăSWXLUHD FRQGXFHULL VRFLHWă‫܊‬LL vQ GLUHFWLD SROLWLFLL
SUHFRQL]DWHGHIRU‫܊‬HOHSROLWLFRVRFLDOHFDUHGHWLQSXWHUHD
3XWHUHD FD IHQRPHQ OHJDW GH DXWRULWDWH D H[LVWDW GLQ
FHOHPDLYHFKLWLPSXUL
E  3XWHUHD GH VWDW HVWH R SXWHUH GH FRPDQGă HD
LQVWLWXLHQRUPHREOLJDWRULLúLGLVSR]L‫܊‬LLREOLJDWRULLILHVXE
IRUPD QRUPHORU JHQHUDOH ILH VXE IRUPD GLVSR]L‫܊‬LLORU
FRQFUHWH 0HWRGD VD GH FRQGXFHUH HVWH FRQVWUkQJHUHD
DGXFHUHD OD vQGHSOLQLUH D GLVSR]L‫܊‬LLORU QRUPDWLYH FX
DMXWRUXO IRU‫܊‬HL FRHUFLWLYH H[HUFLWDWă GH RUJDQHOH VSHFLDO
DELOLWDWHvQFD]XOvQFDUHFRQGXLWDLQGLYL]LORUGHYLD]ăGH
ODSUHVFULSWLLOHLPSHUDWLYHDOHOHJLL
F 3XWHUHDGHVWDWDUHYRFDWLDJHQHUDOLWă‫܊‬LLvQVHQVXOFă
HD HVWH DSOLFDELOă vQ VRFLHWDWHD UHVSHFWLYD WXWXURU
DVSHFWHORUVWDELOLQGOLPLWHOHDFWLYLWă‫܊‬LLvQWRDWHGRPHQLLOH

93
YLHWLL&DUDFWHUXOJOREDODOSXWHULLGHVWDWLPSOLFă‫܈‬LIDSWXO
FD HD VH H[HUFLWă DVXSUD vQWUHJLL SRSXODWLL FH WUăLHúWH SH
XQ DQXPLW WHULWRULX ,QWUH VWDW ‫܈‬L LQGLYLG VH VWDELOHúWH XQ
FRPSOH[ GH OHJăWXUL ‫܈‬L REOLJD‫܊‬LL FRUHODWLYH 3XWHUHD
VWDWXOXL QX VH OLPLWHD]ă QXPDL OD FHWă‫܊‬HQLL UHVSHFWLYL HD
VH H[HUFLWă LQWUXQ PRG VSHFLILF úL DVXSUD FHWă‫܊‬HQLORU
VWUăLQLVDXDSDWUL]LDIODWLSHWHULWRULXOWăULL
G  3XWHUHD GH VWDW HVWH R SXWHUH VXYHUDQă ± DFHDVWă
WUăVăWXUD GHVHPQkQG FDUDFWHUXO SXWHULL GH VWDW GH D IL
VXSUHPă vQ LQWHULRUXO VWDWXOXL GH D FXQRD‫܈‬WH QLFL R DOWă
SXWHUHGHDVXSUDVD‫܈‬LGHDILLQGHSHQGHQWăvQH[WHULRUvQ
UDSRUW FX DOWH VWDWH DYkQG SRVLELOLWDWHD GH D‫܈‬L UH]ROYD
SUREOHPHOH IăUă QLFL R LPL[WLXQH UHVSHFWkQG
VXYHUDQLWDWHD DOWHU VWDWH SUHFXP ‫܈‬L QRUPHOH GUHSWXOXL
LQWHUQDWLRQDO
6XYHUDQLWDWHDDUHGRXăODWXUL
± XQD LQWHUQă ± H[SULPDWă SULQ VXSUHPDWLH FRQWUD
FăUHLD QLFL R DOWă SXWHUH VRFLDOă GLQ LQWHULRU QX HVWH
VXSHULRDUăSXWHULLVWDWXOXL
±XQDH[WHUQă±H[SULPDWăSULQLQGHSHQGHQWăFRQIRUP
FăUHLD VWDWXO vúL RUJDQL]HD]ă UHODWLLOH LQWHUQDWLRQDOH IăUă
QLFL XQ DPHVWHF H[WHULRU FX UHVSHFWDUHD GUHSWXULORU
FHORUODOWH VWDWH SUHFXP ‫܈‬L D QRUPHORU úL SULQFLSLLORU
GUHSWXOXLLQWHUQDWLRQDO
&DLQVWLWX‫܊‬LHSROLWLFăVWDWXOHVWHRUJDQH‫܈‬LRUJDQLVPH
LQWHJUDWHvQWUXQPHFDQLVPSULQLQWHUPHGLXOFăUXLDHOvúL
H[HUFLWă UROXO úL IXQF‫܊‬LLOH vQ VRFLHWDWH $QDOL]DW vQ
SHUVSHFWLYăGLDFURQLFăPHFDQLVPXOGHVWDWVDFRQVWLWXLW

94
vQ IXQF‫܊‬LH GH UHDOLWăĠLOH VRFLDHFRQRPLFH SROLWLFH
LGHRORJLFH GLQWUR VRFLHWDWH VDX DOWD ÌQ FRQWH[WXO OXSWHL
vPSRWULYD DEVROXWLVPXOXL IHXGDO FDUDFWHUL]DW SULQ
DEX]XUL úL DUELWUDU vQ HSRFD PRGHUQă D DSăUXW WHRULD
VHSDUDWLHL SXWHULORU vQ VWDW DYkQGXL FD IRQGDWRUL SH
-RKQ/RFNH ± vQ$QJOLD‫܈‬LSH0RQWHVTXLHX
± vQ)UDQWD
3RWULYLWDFHVWHLWHRULLvQVWDWH[LVWăWUHLSXWHULSXWHUHD
OHJLVODWLYăSXWHUHDH[HFXWLYDúLFHDMXGHFăWRUHDVFă&HOH
WUHL SXWHUL VXQW RUJDQL]DWH GH DúD QDWXUă vQFkW SH GH R
SDUWHVăH[HUFLWHDWULEXWLLVSHFLILFHLDUSHGHDOWăSDUWHVă
FRODERUH]H‫܈‬LVăFRQWUROH]HvQWUHHOH3HQWUXDQXVHDEX]D
GH SXWHUH 0RQWHVTXLHX DUDWă Fă DWULEXĠLLOH FHORU WUHL
SXWHULWUHEXLHRUJDQL]DWHDVWIHOvQFkWÄSXWHUHDVăRSUHDVFă
SXWHUHDÄ

)81&ğ,,/(67$78/8,

$YDQG vQ YHGHUH Fă VFRSXO XQXL VWDW GHPRFUDW HVWH
UHDOL]DUHD ELQHOXL FRPXQ VH LPSXQH SUHFL]DUHD Fă
DWLQJHUHDDFHVOXLGH]LGHUDW LPSOLFă H[HUFLWDUHD IXQF‫܊‬LLORU
VWDWXOXL FRQFUHWL]DWH vQ GHVIăúXUDUHD DFWLYLWăWLORU VDOH
IXQGDPHQWDOH OD UHDOL]DUHD FăURUD SDUWLFLSă vQWUHJXO
PHFDQLVPGHVWDW
)XQFWLLOH VWDWXOXL VH LPSDUW vQ LQWHUQH ‫܈‬L H[WHUQH IăUă
FD SULQ DFHDVWD Vă VH LQWHOHDJă H[LVWHQWD YUHXQHL UXSWXUL
vQWUH DFHVWH GRXă FDWHJRULL GH IXQF‫܊‬LL $FHVWH IXQF‫܊‬LL VH

95
UHDOL]HD]ă vQ SULQFLSDO SULQ DFWLYLWDWHD VWDWXOXL GDU vQ
VXEVLGLDU‫܈‬LSULQSDUWLFLSDUHDRUJDQHORUQHVWDWDOH
2SULPăIRUPăGHUHDOL]DUHDIXQF‫܊‬LLORUGHVWDWLQWHUQH
HVWHDFWLYLWDWHDOHJLVODWLYăFKHPDWăVăDVLJXUHHODERUDUHD
DFWHORUQRUPDWLYHúLIăXULUHDXQHLRUGLQLMXULGLFHFDUHVă
DLEă GUHSW FRURODU SURPRYDUHD GUHSWXULORU úL OLEHUWăWLORU
IXQGDPHQWDWHODQLYHOXOH[LJHQWHORULQWHUQDWLRQDOH
ÌQ VWUDQVă OHJăWXUă FX SULPXO DVSHFW R DOWă IRUPă GH
UHDOL]DUH D IXQF‫܊‬LLORU VWDWXOXL FRQVWă vQ DFWLYLWDWHD
MXGHFăWRUHDVFă SULQ FDUH VH XUPăUHúWH VROXWLRQDUHD
OLWLJLLORUDSăUXWHFDXUPDUHDQHUHVSHFWăULLOHJLORU
2 DOWă PRGDOLWDWH GH UHDOL]DUH D IXQF‫܊‬LLORU LQWHUQH DOH
VWDWXOXL HVWH FRQFUHWL]DWă vQ DFWLYLWDWHD H[HFXWLY
GLVSR]L‫܊‬LYăvQGHSOLQLWăGHRUJDQHOHDGPLQLVWUDWLHLGHVWDW
DFWLYLWDWHFXFDUDFWHURSHUDWLYFRQFUHW

)250$'(67$7

)RUPD GH VWDW HVWH XQ FRQFHSW FRPSOH[ FDUH
GHVHPQHD]ăPRGXOGHRUJDQL]DUHDOFRQ‫܊‬LQXWXOXLSXWHULL
VWUXFWXUDLQWHUQă‫܈‬LH[WHUQăDDFHVWXLFRQ‫܊‬LQXW
'DFăFHUFHWDUHDHVHQWHLVWDWXOXL‫܈‬LDWLSXOXLLVWRULFGH
VWDW QX Gă UăVSXQVXO OD vQWUHEDUHD vQ PkQD FXL VH DIOă
SXWHUHD GH VWDW vQ VOXMED FăUHL FODVH VRFLDOH DFWLRQHD]ă
VWDWXO H[DPLQDUHD IRUPHL GH VODW UăVSXQGH D R DOWă
vQWUHEDUH ‫܈‬L DQXPH vQ FH PRG FODVD FDUH GHILQH SXWHUHD
FRQGXFHVWDWXO
/DWXULOHFRPSRQHQWHDOHIRUPHLGHVWDWVXQW

96
±IRUPDGHJXYHUQăPkQW
±VWUXFWXUDGHVWDW
±UHJLPXOSROLWLF
)RUPD GH JXYHUQăPkQW HVWH GHILQLWă FD ILLQG
RUJDQL]DUHDSXWHULLVXSUHPHGHVWDWPRGXOGHIRUPDUHúL
FRPSHWHQĠDRUJDQHORUVXSUHPHDOHVWDWXOXL
)RUPHOHGHJXYHUQăPkQWVXQW
D  PRQDUKLD FDUDFWHUL]DWă SULQ GHĠLQHUHD SXWHULL
VXSUHPH GH R VLQJXUă SHUVRDQă FDUH RFXSă WURQXO SULQ
VXFFHVLXQH WUDQVPLĠkQGXO HUHGLWDU 6IHUD DFHVWHL SXWHUL
HVWHYDULDELOăGHODRPRQDUKLHODDOWD
E  UHSXEOLFD FDUDFWHUL]DWă SULQ IDSWXO Fă SXWHUHD
VXSUHPăDSDUĠLQHXQXLRUJDQDOHVSHRSHULRDGăOLPLWDWă
FRPSXV GLQ SHUVRDQH UHVSRQVDELOH MXULGLFHúWH SHQWUX
DFWLYLWDWHDORU
$FHDVWD VH GHRVHEHúWH GH PRQDUKLH SULQ FDUDFWHUXO
HOLJLELODOIXQF‫܊‬LHLúHIXOXLVWDWXOXL
6WUXFWXUD GH VWDW VH UHIHUă OD RUJDQL]DUHD SXWHULL GH
VWDW vQ IXQF‫܊‬LH GH vPSăUĠLUHD DGPLQLVWUDWLYWHULWRULDOă OD
FDUDFWHUXO UHODĠLLORU UHFLSURFH GLQWUH SăUĠLOH FRPSRQHQWH
DOHVWDWXOXL‫܈‬LDOHILHFăUXLDGLQWUHHOHFXVWDWXOvQvQWUHJXO
VăX$VWIHOVWDWHOHSRWIL
±VWDWHVLPSOHVDXXQLWDUHFDUDFWHUL]DWHSULQIDSWXOFă
SHWHULWRULXOORUH[LVWăXQVLQJXUUkQGGHRUJDQHVXSUHPH
LDU SRSXODĠLD DUH R VLQJXUă FHWă‫܊‬HQLH (QWLWDWHD VWDWDOă
XQLWDUăHVWHUHFXQRVFXWăFDVXELHFWGHGUHSWLQWHUQDWLRQDO
±VWDWHFRPSXVHVDXIHGHUDWLYHFDUHVXQWFRPSXVHGLQ
GRXă VDX PDL PXOWH VWDWH PHPEUH FDUH vQ OLPLWHOH ‫܈‬L vQ

97
FRQGL‫܊‬LLOHVWDELOLWHSULQFRQVWLWXWLDIHGHUDWLHLvúLWUDQVIHUă
R SDUWH GLQ DWULEXWHOH ORU VXYHUDQH vQ IDYRDUHD VWDWXOXL
FRPSXV úL GDX QDúWHUH DVWIHO XQXL QRX VWDW GLVWLQFW GH
VWDWHOH FH vO DOFăWXLHVF 6WDWHOH FRPSRQHQWH vúL SăVWUHD]ă
vQVă LGHQWLWDWHD ‫܈‬L FHDODOWă SDUWH D DWULEXWHORU ORU
VXYHUDQH
5HJLPXO SROLWLF HVWH Äacea latură a formei de slat
prin care se defineúte sistemul metodelor Юi principiilor
de înfăptuire a puterii de stat, în strânsă legătură cu
situaаia drepturilor Юi libertătilor democratice ale
cetăаenilor Юi posibiiitatea lor de a determina sau
influenta politica statului".
'XSă PRGXO FRQFUHW vQ FDUH XQ VWDW JDUDQWHD]ă ‫܈‬L
DVLJXUD vQ YROXP úL LQWHQVLWDWH GUHSWXULOH VXELHFWLYH
UHJLPXULOHSROLWLFHVHvPSDUWvQ
±UHJLPXULDXWRFUDWLFHGLFWDWRULDOH
±UHJLPXULGHPRFUDWLFH
D  5HJLPXO DXWRFUDWLF VH FDUDFWHUL]HD]ă SULQ IDSWXO Fă
PDVHOHSRSXODUHQXDXQLFLRSRVLELOLWDWHVăGHWHUPLQHVDXVă
LQIOXHQWH]HSROLWLFDLQWHUQă‫܈‬LH[WHUQăDVWDWXOXL5HJLPXULOH
GLFWDWRULDOH DXWRULWDUH VDX WRWDOLWDUH  VXQW DFHOHD vQ FDUH
VWDWXO VH PDQLIHVWă FD XQ RUJDQ GRPLQDWRU Äel intervine în
toate domeniile vietii sociale, căutând să domine úi să
dicteze totul, prin metode dictatoriale, brutale, prin folosirea
teroarei politieneúti, a cenzurii, a serviciilor secrete etc”.
E  5HJLPXO SROLWLF GHPRFUDWLF SUHVXSXQH H[LVWHQWD
XQRU FRQGL‫܊‬LL FDUH Vă IDFă SRVLELOă SDUWLFLSDUHD PDVHORU
GHFHWă‫܊‬HQLODYLDWDSROLWLFăLQIOXHQWDUHDSROLWLFLLH[WHUQH

98
úL LQWHUQH D VWDWXOXL H[HUFLWDUHD XQXL FRQWURO DVXSUD
PRGXOXLvQFDUHRUJDQHOHGHVWDWvQGHSOLQHVFYRLQWDORU
&DUDFWHULVWLFL DOH UHJLPXOXL SROLWLF GHPRFUDWLF
SXWHUHDDSDUWLQHSRSRUXOXLSOXUDOLVPXOSROLWLFDSOLFDUHD
SULQFLSLXOXL PDMRULWă‫܊‬LL OLEHUWDWHD ‫܈‬L UHFXQRD‫܈‬WHUHD
RSR]LWLHL SURPRYDUHD úL DSăUDUHD GUHSWXULORU úL
OLEHUWăWLORUIXQGDPHQWDOH
'XSă PRGXO vQ FDUH SRSRUXO vúL H[HUFLWă SXWHUHD
UHJLPXULOHGHPRFUDWLFHVHvPSDUWvQGHPRFUDWLLGLUHFWHúL
GHPRFUDWLLUHSUH]HQWDWLYH
)RDUWH LPSRUWDQWă ‫܈‬L DFWXDOă HVWH DQDOL]D PRGXOXL vQ
FDUH VH PDQLIHVWă FRQFUHW GHPRFUDWLD úL UHJLPXO
GHPRFUDWLF vQ UHJLPXO SOXUDOLVW UHSUH]HQWDWLY 'LQ DFHVW
SXQFWGHYHGHUHGHRVHELP
±UHJLPSDUODPHQWDU
±UHJLPSUH]LGHQWLDO
±UHJLPPL[W
5HJLPXO SDUODPHQWDU SUHVXSXQH VHSDUDUHD SXWHULORU
GDU vQ DFHODúL WLPS SHUUQLWH FRODERUDUHD SXWHULORU ‫܈‬L
FRQWUROXOORUPXWXDO
5HJLPXO SUH]LGHQWLDO VH ED]HD]ă SH VHSDUDUHD
RUJDQLFăDFFHQWXDWăDSXWHULORUvQVWDWSUHúHGLQWHOHDYkQG
R SR]LWLH SUHHPLQHQWă vQ UDSRUW FX FHOHOHOWH RUJDQH DOH
SXWHULL
5HJLPXOPL[WHVWHSURGXVXOFRPELQDWLHLvQWUHUHJLPXO
SUH]LGHQWLDO‫܈‬LFHOSDUODPHQWDU


99
&25(/$ğ,$Ì175(67$7ù,'5(37

&RQYLHĠXLUHD RDPHQLORU vQ VRFLHWDWH D SXV SUREOHPD
RUJDQL]ăULLúLGLVFLSOLQăULLUHODWLLORUGLQWUHHLGHDOXQJXO
H[LVWHQĠHLORUvQGLIHULWHIRUPHGHFRPXQLWDWHXPDQă
$QDOL]DWD GLDFURQLF YLDĠD vQ FROHFWLYLWDWH ‫܈‬LD DWLQV
QLYHOXORSWLPvQPRPHQWXOvQFDUHIRUPDGHRUJDQL]DUHD
GHYHQLW VWDWXO DFHDVWD ILLQG IRUPD FHD PDL FRPSOHWă úL
PDLFRUHVSXQ]ăWRDUHSULQFDUHSRDWHILUHJOHPHQWDWăYLDWD
vQ FRPXQ SH XQ DQXPLW WHULWRULX GHOLPLWDW GH IURQWLHUH
UHFXQRVFXWHLQWHUQDĠLRQDO
5DWLXQLOH SH FDUH VH vQWHPHUD]D DFHDVWă FRQVLGHUDWLH
YL]HD]ăWRFPDLFRUHODWLDGLQWUHVWDWúLGUHSWFDUHHVWHXQD
ELYDOHQWă GH RUJDQLFă LQWHUGHSHQGHQWă 0DMRULWDWHD
GHFL]LLORU REOLJDWRULL SH FDUH OH HGLFWHD]ă RUJDQXO
OHJLVODWLYUHSUH]HQWDQWDOSRSRUXOXLVXQWFRQVHPQDWHvQ
QRUPHOHGHGUHSWFXSULQVHvQDFWHOHQRUPDWLYH
ÌQ DFHVW FRQWH[W GUHSWXO HVWH FRQVLGHUDW FD ILLQG XQ
DQVDPEOXGHQRUPHGHFRQGXLWăLQVWLWXLWHGHVWDWDFăURU
UHVSHFWDUHHVWHREOLJDWRULHLDUvQFăOFDUHDORUDWUDJHGXSă
VLQHDSOLFDUHDIRUĠHLGHFRQVWUkQJHUHDVWDWXOXLÌQVLWXD‫܊‬LD
vQFDUHVWDWXOQXHODERUHD]ăGLUHFWQRUPHOHMXULGLFHHODUH
GH UHJXOă FRPSHWHQWD GH D DWULEXL QRUPHORU VRFLDOH
MXULGLFLWDWHD RELFHLXUL QRUPH VRFLDOH HODERUDWH GH
GLYHUVH RUJDUQL]DWLL VRFLDOH HWF  DVLJXUkQG SULQ IRU‫܊‬D VD
FRHUFLWLYăDSOLFDUHDORU
'LQSXQFWGHYHGHUHDORUJDQL]DĠLHLVWDWXOVHSUH]LQWă
FD XQ DQVDPEOX GH RUJDQH ED]DW SH OHJăWXUL LHUDUKLFH

100
2UJDQL]DUHD VWDWDOă VD PDQLIHVWDW FD R QHFHVLWDWH D
VRFLHWăĠLLDMXQVăSHXQDQXPLWVWDGLXDOGH]YROWăULLVDOH
3ULQ XUPDUH VWDWXO DVLJXUă RUJDQHOH PHFDQLVPHOH úL
SURFHGXULOH FX DMXWRUXO FăURUD VH FRQWXUHD]ă UHDFWLD
VRFLHWă‫܊‬LL IDWă GH FHL FDUH vQFDOFă QRUPHOH MXULGLFH )ăUă
JDUDQWLDIRU‫܊‬HLSXEOLFHGUHSWXO‫܈‬LDUSLHUGHVSHFLILFLWDWHD
úL HILFDFLWDWHD vQ UDSRUW FX DOWH PRGDOLWăWL GH
UHJOHPHQWDUHVRFLDOă$FWLXQHDQRUPHORUMXULGLFHvQWLPS
‫܈‬L VSDWLX FkW úL DVXSUD SHUVRDQHORU HVWH UHJOHPHQWDWă GH
YRLQWDVWDWDOăFDUHVHSURQXQWăDVXSUDLQWUăULvQYLJRDUHD
DFHVWRUDDPHQWLQHULLORUvQFDGUXOGUHSWXOXLSR]LWLYúLD
PRGDOLWăWLORUGHDEURJDUHDDFHVWRUD

75Ă6Ă785,/(&$5$&7(5,67,&(
$/(67$78/8/'('5(37

6WDWXOGHGUHSWQXUHSUH]LQWăRQRXWDWHQLFLGLQSXQFW
GH YHGHUH WHRUHWLF QLFL FD UHDOLWDWH VRFLDOă FL HVWH
UH]XOWDWXO GH]YROWăULL LVWRULFH D FRH[LVWHQĠHL FHORU GRXă
IHQRPHQH VRFLDOH ± VWDWXO úL GUHSWXO D UDSRUWXULORU ORU
UHFLSURFH PDQLIHVWDWH FD UHODWLL vQWUH SXWHUH úL
QRUPDWLYLWDWH ± SULPD FX WHQGLQWă VSUH GRPLQDUH úL
VXSXQHUHFHDODOWăFXFHDGHIUkQDUHGHRUGRQDUH
5HPDUFkQG DFHDVWă LQWHUGHSHQGHQWă /HRQ 'XJXLW
FRQVLGHUD FD Ä dreptul fără forаă este neputincios, dar
forĠa fără drept este o barbarie".
ÌQFRQFHSWLDOXL'DQ&HWHUFKLúL,RQ&UDLRYDQÄstatul
de drept poate fi înteles ca un concept politico-juridic ce

101
defineúte o formă a regimului democratic de
guvernământ din perspectiva raporturilor dintre stat úi
drept, dintre putere Юi lege, prin asigurarea domniei legii
úi drepturilor Юi libertăĠilor fundamentale ale omului în
exercitarea puterii".
7XGRU'UăJDQXFRQVLGHUăFăÄstatul de drept va trebui
înĠeles ca un stat care, organizat pe baza principiului
separaĠiei puterilor statului, asigură respectarea strictă
a reglementărilor sale de către ansamblul organelor lui
în întreaga lor activitate".
$VWIHO vQ GRFXPHQWXO ILQDO DO 5HXQLXQLL GH OD
&RSHQKDJD DVXSUD GLPHQVLXQLL XPDQH ILQDOL]DW OD 
LXQLHVDVXEOLQLDWFD statul de drept nu înseamnă
doar o legalitate formală menită să asigure
regularitatea Юi coerenĠa în instaurarea Юi punerea în
aplicare a ordinii democratice, ci Юi o deplină acceptare
a valorii supreme a persoanei umane garantată de
instituĠii constituind un cadru legal pentru expresia sa
cea mai completă.
ÌQ FRQFHSWLD OXL 7UXGRU 'UăJDQX SUHPLVHOH VRFLDOH ‫܈‬L
SROLWLFHDOHVWDWXOXLGHGUHSWVXQWXUPDWRDUHOH
D  vQUăGăFLQDUHD vQ FRQúWLLQWD FLYLFă D FRQYLQJHULL Fă
H[LVWăGUHSWXULLQHUHQWHQDWXULLXPDQHRSR]DELOHVWDWXOXL
3DVXO XULDú vQ DILUPDUHD DFHVWRU GUHSWXUL D IRVW IăFXW
SULQDSDUL‫܊‬LDvQD'HFODUDWLHLIUDQFH]HDGUHSWXULORU
RPXOXL
&XUHQWXOGHLGHLGH]OăQĠXLWGH'HFODUDWLDGLQ‫܈‬LD
JăVLWRJOLQGLUHDvQFHOHPDLPXOWHFRQVWLWXWLLDGRSWDWHGLQ

102
OXPHLDUFRQFHSWLDFăVWDWXOQXHVWHXQVFRSvQVLQHFLXQ
PLMORF SXV vQ VOXMED LQGLYL]LORU FD WLWXODUL DL XQRU
GUHSWXUL FH L]YRUăVF GLQ vQVăúL GHPQLWDWHD XPDQă úL D
JăVLWFRQVDFUDUHvQWURVHULHGHGRFXPHQWHLQWHUQDWRQDOH
'HFODUDWLD XQLYHUVDOă D GUHSWXULORU RPXOXL DGRSWDWă GH
$GXQDUHD *HQHUDOă 218 OD  GHFHPEULH  3DFWXO
LQWHUQDWLRQDO FX SULYLUH OD GUHSWXULOH HFRQRPLFH VRFLDOH
‫܈‬LFXOWXUDOH‫܈‬L3DFWXOLQWHUQDWLRQDOFXSULYLUHODGUHSWXULOH
FLYLOH‫܈‬LSROLWLFHDPEHOHDGRSWDWHGH$GXQDUHDJHQHUDOă
218 vQ  'HFODUDWLD DVXSUD GUHSWXULORU FRSLOXOXL ±
QRLHPEULH
E XQVLVWHPGHPRFUDWLFGHDGRSWDUHDOHJLORU
'DFă VWDWXO GH GUHSW HVWH VXE GRPQLD OHJLL OHJHD
FKHPDWă Vă VH LPSXQă UHVSHFWXOXL JHQHUDO QX SRDWH IL
H[SUHVLDDUELWUDUăDYRLQWHLXQHLPLQRULWăWLGHLQGLYL]LFL
HD WUHEXLH Vă ILH R VLQWH]ă D LQWHUHVHORU ‫܈‬L DVSLUDĠLLORU
vQWUHJLLFRPXQLWăWL
$FHVW SULQFLSLX ‫܈‬LD JăVLW FRQVDFUDUHD úL vQ DUW  DO
'HFODUDWLHL GLQ  ÄLegea este expresia vointei
generale. Toti cetăаenii au dreptul de a concura personal
sau prin reprezentant la formarea ei”.
F 6HSDUDĠLDSXWHULORUVWDWXOXL
([LVWHQWDDFHVWHLSUHPLVHHVWHGHRVHELWGHLPSRUWDQWD
SHQWUXIXQF‫܊‬LRQDUHDVWDWXOXLGHGUHSW
&HO FDUH D GDW SULPD IRUPXODUH GRFWULQHL PRGHUQH D
VHSDUDWLHL SXWHULORU VWDWXOXL DWULEXLQGXL YDORDUHD XQXL
SULQFLSLXJHQHUDOGHRUJDQL]DUHDVWDWXOXLDIRVWILORVRIXO

103
HQJOH] -RKQ /RFNH vQ FDUWHD VD Ä(VD\ RQ &LYLO
*RYHUQPHQW
G ,QGHSHQGHQĠDMXVWLWLHL
3HQWUX H[LVWHQWD XQHL MXVWLWLL LQGHSHQGHQWH HVWH
QHFHVDUă H[LVWHQWD XQXL VLVWHP GH RUJDQH FKHPDW Vă
vQIăSWXLDVFă DFWLYLWDWHD MXULVGLFWLRQDOă GLVWLQFW GH
SXWHUHDOHJLXLWRDUH‫܈‬LGHFHDH[HFXWLYD‫܈‬LVXVWUDVRULFăUHL
LQIOXHQĠHDDFHVWRUD
$SOLFDUHD VDQF‫܊‬LXQLORU VH DVLJXUD vQ ED]D VWULFWHL
UHVSHFWăUL D OHJLL úL vQ ED]D XQHL RELHFWLYH VWDELOLUL D
VLWXD‫܊‬LHL GH IDSW DYDQG vQ YHGHUH LQGHSHQGHQWD
LQVWDQWHORU MXGHFăWRUHúWL UHJOHPHQWDUHD IXQF‫܊‬LRQăULL
DFHVWRU RUJDQH FRQIRUP SULQFLSLXOXL FRQWUDGLFWRULDOLWă‫܊‬LL
úLREOLJDWLDGHPRWLYDUHDKRWăUkULORU
&D R JDUDQWLH D LQGHSHQGHQWHL MXVWLWLHL vQ &RQVWLWLD
5RPkQLHL GLQ  HVWH SUHYă]XWă vQ DUW
LQDPRYDELOLWDMXGHFăWRULORU
$YDQG vQ YHGHUH SUHPLVHOH HQXPHUDWH DQWHULRU FDUH
SHQWUX D GXFH OD LQVWDXUDUHD VWDWXOXL GH GUHSW WUHEXLHVF
LQWUXQLWH FXPXODWLY úL VLPXOWDQ ORDQ &HWHUFKL úL ,RQ
&UDLRYDQ FRQVLGHUă Fă SULQFLSDOHOH WUăVăWXUL DOH
VWDWXOXLGHGUHSWVXQWXUPăWRDUHOH
±SOXUDOLVPXOSROLWLFOLEHUWDWHDFRPSHWLWLHLSROLWLFHD
GUHSWXOXLGHRSR]LWLH
± VXYHUDQLWDUHD SRSRUXOXL UHIOHFWDWă SULQ VLVWHPXO
HOHFWRUDO ED]DW SH YRW XQLYHUVDO HJDO GLUHFW ‫܈‬L VHFUHW
DOHJHULOLEHUH

104
± RUGLQHD GH GUHSW vQ FDUH ORFXO VXSUHP vO RFXSă
&RQVWLWXWLD H[LVWkQG REOLJDWLD WXWXURU ± FHWă‫܊‬HQL RUJDQH
GH VWDW RUJDQLVPH VRFLDOH ± GH D VH VXSXQH OHJLL ÌQ
FDGUXO DFHVWHL RUGLQL GH GUHSW OHJDOLWDWHD YL]HD]ă
UHVSHFWDUHD QRUPHORU MXULGLFH D SULQFLSLLORU úL
SURFHGXULORU SUHYă]XWH GH ,HJH D GUHSWXULORU úL
OLEHUWăWLORU IXQGDPHQWDOH DOH FHWă‫܊‬HQLORU OD QLYHOXO
VWDQGDUGHORULQWHUQDWLRQDOH
± VHSDUDUHD SXWHULORU vQ VWDW OLPLWDUHD SXWHULORU SULQ
GUHSW LQGHSHQGHQWD MXGHFăWRULORU SRVLELOLWDWHD ILHFăUXL
FHWă‫܊‬HDQ GH D VH DGUHVD MXVWLWLHL vQ FD]XO vQ FDUH vL HVWH
,H]DWXQGUHSWRFURWLWGHOHJH
± JXYHUQDUHD vQ QXPHOH PDMRULWă‫܊‬LL FX UHVSHFWDUHD
GUHSWXULORU PLQRULWă‫܊‬LL D HJDOLWă‫܊‬LL vQ ID‫܊‬ă OHJLL D WXWXURU
FHWă‫܊‬HQLORUIăUăQLFLRGHRVHELUH
± UHVSHFWDUHD ,LEHUWă‫܊‬LL HFRQRPLFH GH SLDWă D
SURSULHWă‫܊‬LLSULYDWHúLDHJDOLWă‫܊‬LLVDQVHORUVWDWXOGHGUHSW
SUHVXSXQkQG úL SURWHFWLD VRFLDOă D FDWHJRULLORU
GHIDYRUL]DWH
±UHDOL]DUHDXQXLLQDOWJUDGGHLQVWUXFWLH‫܈‬LHGXFDWLHD
SRSRUXOXL DVLJXUDUHD XQXL FOLPDW SURSLFH GH]YROWăULL
FXOWXULL
± OLEHUWDWHD SUHVHL D WXWXURU PLMORDFHORU PDVVPHGLD
D GUHSWXOXL GH DVRFLHUH D H[LVWHQWHL VRFLHWă‫܊‬LL FLYLOH FD
XQD ÄGLQ PRGDOLWăWLOH LPSRUWDQWH GH D LPSLHGLFD DEX]XO
GHGUHSWSXWHULLVWDWDOH
ÌQ FDGUXO PHFDQLVPHORU MXULGLFH GH vQIăSWXLUH D
VWDWXWXLGHGUHSW7XGRU'UăJDQXDPLQWHúWH

105
±JHQHUDOLWDWHDOHJLL
± UHJOHPHQWDUHD SULQ OHJH D SULQFLSDOHORU UDSRUWXUL
VRFLDOH
± PRGDOLWăWLOH GH DVLJXUDUH D FRQIRUPLWă‫܊‬LL OHJLORU
RUGLQDUH FX &RQVWLWXWLD FRQWUROXO FRQVWLWXWLRQDOLWă‫܊‬LL
SURLHFWHORU GH OHJL úL OHJLORU DQWHULRU SURPXOJăULL ORU úL
SRVWHULRULQWUăULLORUvQYLJRDUH
± FRQWUROXO OHJDOLWă‫܊‬LL vQ DFWLYLWDWHD DGPLQLVWUDWLHL
SXEOLFH FRQWUROXO LQWHUQ FRQWUROXO MXULVGLFWLRQDO úL
FRQWUROXOSDUODPHQWDU
'HúL VWDWXO GH GUHSW FD UHDOLWDWH LVWRULFă ‫܈‬L FRQFHSW
WHRUHWLF UHSUH]LQWă R IRUPă VXSHULRDUD GH RUJDQL]DUH
SROLWLFRVRFLDOă HO SUH]LQWă DúD FXP VD UHOHYDW vQ
OLWHUDWXUD MXULGLFă R VHULH GH DVSHFWH YXOQHUDELOH
FRQGL‫܊‬LRQDWH GH FRQWH[WXO VRFLRSROLWLF DO UHODWLLORU
LQWHUQDWLRQDOHvQFDUHHVWHDQJUHQDWVWDWXOUHVSHFWLY
±SRVLELOLWDWHDLQIODWLHLOHJLVODWLYH
± vQWkU]LHUHD HGLFWăULL QRUPHORU MXULGLFH vQ UDSRUW FX
FHOHULWDWHDWUDQVIRUPăULORUGLQYLDWDVRFLDOă
±H[LVWHQWDHURULORUMXGLFLDUH
±LQVXILFLHQWDUHFHSWLYLWDWHúLRSHUDWLYLWDWHDRUJDQHORU
DGPLQLVWUDWLYH OD WUDQVSXQHUHD vQ YLDWă D DFWHORU
QRUPDWLYH
± H[HUFLWDUHD GLVFUHWLRQDUă D SXWHULL MXGHFăWRUHúWL
DEX]kQGXVH GH SUHURJDWLYD LQGHSHQGHQWHL MXGHFăWRULORU
DMXQJkQGXVHODÄGLFWDWXUăMXULVWRFUDWLFă³
3ULQ XUPDUH FRQFHSWXO GH ÄVWDW GH GUHSW HVWH
SHUIHFWLELO vQ UDSRUW FX H[SHULHQWD LVWRULFă ‫܈‬L WHQGLQWHOH

106
SURJUHVXOXLVRFLDO'HDFHHD‫܈‬LvQ&RQVWLWXWLDWăULLQRDVWUH
VH SUHYHGH Fă ÄRomania este un stat de drept,
democratic úi social, în care demnitatea omului,
drepturile úi libertătile cetăаenilor, libera dezvoltare a
personalităаii umane, dreptatea úi pluralismul politic
reprezintă valori supreme Юi sunt garantate"

5(=80$78/81,7Ă‫܉‬,,'(Ì19Ă‫܉‬$5(
±$OGRLOHDUă]ERLPRQGLDO‫܈‬LUă]ERLXOUHFHGHFODQúDW
LPHGLDWGXSăúLFRQVLGHUDWvQFKHLDWvQDQXODX
DYXWRFRPSRQHQWăLGHRORJLFDIRDUWHLPSRUWDQWă
0DULOH LGHRORJLL VDX FRPSURPLV VH FRQVWUXLHúWH
DOWFHYD PDL SUDJPDWLF FHYD FDUH YD WLQH FRQW GH
GH]DVWUHOHSURYRFDWHGHH[DFHUEDUHDXQRULGHRORJLLFDUH
VXQW vQFă IRDUWH DSURDSH GH QRL úL FDUH QH REOLJă OD XQ
PRGGHDJkQGLúLGHDFRQVWUXL([LVWăSRDWHGLQFRORGH
IRUPXODUHD RILFLDOă D LGHRORJLORU DQDOLúWLORU R LGHRORJLH
SDUWLFXODUă FDUH D UH]LVWDW YUHPXULORU HVWH YRUED GH
QDWLRQDOLVP2UHJăVLPSUHJQDQWvQ$PHULFDvQ5XVLD
vQ ILHFDUH GLQ WDULOH 8QLXQLL (XURSHQH *HQHUDWLLOH
vQFHSXWXOXL GH PLOHQLX WUHL JkQGHVF QDWLRQDOLVPXO
LQWHUHVXO QDWLRQDO  vQ FX WRWXO DOWH FRRUGRQDWH GHFDW
JHQHUDWLLOHGHFHQLLORUGLQPLOHQLXOGRL
±ÌQ6WDWH,H8QLWHDOH$PHULFLLLGHRORJLDúLGRFWULQDvQ
DVFHQVLXQHHVWHFHDDSOXUDOLVPXOXLFRQFHSXWăFDRFDOH
GH PLMORF vQWUH WHRULD XQHL HOLWH D SXWHULL úL WHRULD
GHPRFUDWă FODVLFă 6XVWLQăWRULL HOLWHL SXWHULORU GHFODU Fă
$PHULFD HVWH FRQGXVă GH R VLQJXUă HOLWă FH FRQWUROHD]ă

107
GHFL]LLOHHVHQWLDOHDOHVWDWXOXL7HRULDGHPRFUDWLFăFODVLFă
GHPRQVWUHD]ă IDSWXO Fă VRFLHWDWHD PRGHUQă HVWH FHD vQ
FDUHPDMRULWDWHDFHWăWHQLORUGHFLGHvQFHOHPDLLPSRUWDQWH
SUREOHPHDOHVRFLHWăWLL


ÎNTREBĂRI RECAPITULATIVE
±'HILQL‫܊‬LVWDWXOFDLQVWLWX‫܊‬LHSROLWLFDDVRFLHWDWLL
±3UHFL]DWLDFFHSWLXQLOHWHUPHQXOXLÄVWDW´
± 'HILQL‫܊‬L WHUPHQXO ÄWHULWRULX´ FD HOHPHQW GH ED]D DO
VWDWXOXL
±'HWDOLDWLWHUPHQXO´SRSXODWLH´FDHOHPHQWDOVWDWXOXL
‫܈‬LQDWXUDUHODWLHLMXULGLFHDSRSXODWLHLFXVWDWXO
± 3XWHUHD GH VWDWHOHPHQW DO VWDWXOXL FD LQVWLWX‫܊‬LH
SROLWLFD
± 'HILQL‫܊‬LD VWDWXOXL IRUPXODWD GH 0DUFXV 7XOOLXV
&LFHUR
±&RQFHSWLDOXL$ULVWRWHOGHVSUHVWDWúLGUHSW
±(VWHVXYHUDQLWDWHDXQHOHPHQWDOVWDWXOXL"'HFH"
±(QXPHUD‫܊‬LIXQF‫܊‬LLOHVWDWXOXL‫܈‬LGHILQLWLOH
±&HHVWHIRUPDGHJXYHUQDPDQW"
± 3ULQ FH VH FDUDFWHUL]HD]D PRQDUKLD FD IRUPD GH
JXYHUQDPDQWúLFDWHWLSXULGHPRQDUKLLH[LVWD"
± 'HILQL‫܊‬L UHSXEOLFD úL SUHFL]DWL FHOH PDL FXQRVFXWH
WLSXULDOHDFHVWHLIRUPHGHJXYHUQDPDQW
±&DUHHVWHGHILQL‫܊‬LDLGHRORJLHL"


108
7(0(3(1758'(=%$7(5(
 )RUPD GH JXYHUQDPDQW D 5RPDQLHL FRQVDFUDWD GH
&RQVWLWXWLDGLQ
 &DUH VXQW PDULOH GRFWULQH SROLWLFH DOH HSRFLL
PRGHUQHúLFRQWHPSRUDQH"
*OREDOL]DUHDúLHIHFWHOHHLVRFLDOH


BIBLIOGRAFIE
 1LFRODH 3RSD ± 7HRULD JHQHUDOă D GUHSWXOXL
%XFXUHúWLS
 0 /XEXULFL VL, &HWHUFKL ± 7HRULD JHQHUDOă D
GUHSWXOXL%XFXUHúWLS
 0 0DOLWD ± =HFH PLL GH FXOWXUL R VLQJXUă
FLYLOL]DWLH±%XFXUH‫܈‬WL±
'DYLG0F/HOODQ±,GHRORJLD±%XFXUH‫܈‬WL±±
S±
 6LOYLX %UXFDQ ± 'LDOHFWLFD SROLWLFLL PRQGLDOH
%XFXUH‫܈‬WL(GLWXUD1HPLUD
 +30DUWLQ + 6FKXPDQQ ± &DSFDQD JOREDOL]ăULL
(GLWXUD(FRQRPLFă
*LRUJLR'HO9HFFKLR±/HFWLLGHILOR]RILHMXULGLFă
(GLWXUD(XURSD1RYD

109
8QLWDWHDGHvQYă‫܊‬DUH
35,1&,3,,/('5(378/8,


CONЯINUTUL UNITĂЯII DE ÎNVĂЯARE


2ELHFWLYHXUPăULWH
7LPSDORFDWXQLWă‫܊‬LL
&XYLQWHFKHLH
1R‫܊‬LXQH
,GHQWLILFDUHDSULQFLSLLORUGUHSWXOXL
5H]XPDWXOXQLWă‫܊‬LLGHvQYă‫܊‬DUH
ÌQWUHEăULUHFDSLWXODWLYH
7HPHSHQWUXGH]EDWHUH
%LEOLRJUDILH


OBIECTIVE URMĂRITE
±ÌQVX‫܈‬LUHDFRUHFWDDQR‫܊‬LXQLLÄSULQFLSLLIXQGDPHQWDOH
DOH GUHSWXOXL´ úL GHOLPLWDUHD DFHVWHLD GH FRQFHSWH úL
FDWHJRULLMXULGLFHQRUPHD[LRPHPD[LPHDIRULVPH
± &XQRDVWHUHD DSURIXQGDWD D SULQFLSLLORU
IXQGDPHQWDOHDOHGUHSWXOXL
±5HOHYDUHDSULQFLSLLORUUDPXULRUGUHSWXOXL


7,03$/2&$781,7Ă‫܉‬,,25(


110
CUVINTE CHEIE
± 3ULQFLSLLOH IXQGDPHQWDOH DOH GUHSWXOXLVXQW DFHOH
LGHL JHQHUDOH FDUH VWDX OD ED]D HODERUDULL úL DSOLFDULL
GUHSWXOXL
± &RQFHSWHOH ‫܈‬L FDWHJRULLOH MXULGLFHVXQW FRQVWUXFWLL
MXULGLFH FDUH SXQ vQ PLVFDUH PLMORDFHOH SULQFLSLLOH
IXQGDPHQWDOHDOHGUHSWXOXL
±&ODVLILFDUHDSULQFLSLLORUGUHSWXOXL
D GXSăLPSRUWDQWD‫܈‬LVIHUDGHDFWLXQH
±SULQFLSLLIXQGDPHQWDOH
±SULQFLSLLGHUDPXUD
 E  GXSă FRQ‫܊‬LQXWXO ORU SULQFLSLLOH SRW IL GH
LQVSLUDWLH
±ILORVRILFD
±SROLWLFD
±VRFLDOD
±H[FOXVLYMXULGLFă
± &DUDFWHULVWLFLOH SULQFLSLLORU IXQGDPHQWDOH DOH
GUHSWXOXL
 ±ILHFDUHVLVWHPGHGUHSWLVLDUHSURSULLOHSULFLSLL
IXQGDPHQWDOH
 ± SULQFLSLLOH IXQGDPHQWDOH DX FKDUDFWHU GLQDPLF
ILLQGH[SUHVLDVFKLPEDULORUSURGXVHvQHYROXWLDVRFLHWDWLL
 ± SULQFLSLLOH IXQGDPHQWDOH DOH GUHSWXOXL LVL DX
RULJLQHDGHUHJXODvQOHJLOHIXQGDPHQWDOH
 ±SULQFLSLLOHIXQGDPHQWDOHDOHGUHSWXOXLDXXQUROO
FRQVWUXFWLYH‫܈‬LYDORUL]DWRU

111
 ± SULQFLSLXO DVLJXUDULL ED]HORU OHJDWH GH
IXQF‫܊‬LRQDUHD VWDWXOXL SULQFLSLXO OHJDOLWDWLL  ± SULQ DFHVWD
VWDWXOXL GH GUHSW L VH FRQIHUD OHJLWLPLWDWH úL L VH
JDUDQWHD]DIXQF‫܊‬LRQDUHD
 ± SULQFLSLXO OLEHUWDWLL úL HJDOLWDWLLPHQWLQH
HFKLOLEUXO GLQWUH OLEHUWDWH ‫܈‬L HJDOLWDWH SHQWUX D QX
FRQIXQGDOLEHUWDWHDFXOLEHUXODUELWUX
 ± SULQFLSLXO UHVSRQVDELOLWDWLL VH FDUDFWHUL]HD]D
SULQ
±UHVSRQVDELOLWDWHDLQVRWHVWHFRQVWDQWOLEHUWDWHD
±UHVSRQVDELOLWDWHDHVWHRGLPHQVLXQHDGUHSWXOXL
± UHVSRQVDELOLWDWHD MXULGLFă QX VH FRQIXQGD FX
UăVSXQGHUHDMXULGLFăO
±UHVSRQVDELOLWDWHDHVWHXQIHQRPHQVRFLDO
± UHVSRQVDELOLWDWHD GHVHPQHD]D VXERUGRQDUHD
FRQVWLHQWDDRPXOXLID‫܊‬ăGHOHJH
±GUHSWXOVDQFWLRQHD]DLUHVSRQVDELOLWDWHD
 ± UHVSRQVDELOLWDWHD VRFLDODUHSUH]LQWă FDSDFLWDWHD
RPXOXL GH DVXPDUH D UăVSXQGHULL SHQWUX FRQVHFLLQWHOH
DFWHORU OXL  úL LPSOLFD VXERUGRQDUHD FRQVWLHQWD D
LQWHUHVHORUSHUVRQDOHFHORUJHQHUDOH
 ±IRUPHOHUHVSRQVDELOLWDWLLVRFLDOH
  ±UHVSRQVDELOLWDWHDFLYLFD
  ±UHVSRQVDELOLWDWHDMXULGLFă
  ±UHVSRQVDELOLWDWHDPRUDOD
  ±UHVSRQVDELOLWDWHDSROLWLFD

112
 ± SULQFLSLXO GUHSWDWLL DO HFKLWDWLL úL MXVWLWLHLFHUH
VDVHGHDILHFDUXLDFHHDFHLVHFXYLQH‫܈‬LVDLVHUHVSHFWH
GUHSWXULOH

12‫܉‬,81(

7UDQVSXQHUHD UHODWLLORU LQWHUXPDQH GLQ SODQXO VRFLDO
vQ SODQXO QRUPDWLY HVWH FRQGL‫܊‬LRQDWD GH FXQRD‫܈‬WHUHD
VLVWHPDWLFD ‫܈‬L SURIXQGD D IHQRPHQHORU VRFLDOH GHRDUHFH
QXPDL SULQ UHIOHFWDUHD FX DMXWRUXO QR‫܊‬LXQLORU ‫܈‬L
FRQFHSWHORUGUHSWXOUHXVHVWHVDILHRH[SUHVLHVSHFLILFDD
UHDOLWDWLLVRFLDOH
&UHDUHD GUHSWXOXL SH ED]D QHFHVLWDWLORU SH FDUH YLDWD
OH LQIDWLVHD]D UHSUH]LQWă R DFWLXQH GH PDUH UH]RQDQWD
VRFLDOD ‫܈‬L FX DGDQFL LPSOLFDWLL vQ GHUXODUHD QRUPDOD D
UDSRUWXULORU HVHQWLDOH GLQWUH RDPHQL ÌQ DFHVW SURFHV XQ
UROIXQGDPHQWDOLODUHFXQRD‫܈‬WHUHDVWLLQWLILFD
*DQGLUHD úL FXQRD‫܈‬WHUHD MXULGLFă UHVLPW QHFHVLWDWHD
XQRU FRQFHSWH úL FDWHJRULL (OH FRUHVSXQG OHJLORU úL
LSRWH]HORU FHORU PDL JHQHUDOH UHSUH]HQWDQG DVWIHO
HODERUDUHD VWLLQWLILFD D GUHSWXOXL (OH DSDU vQ XUPD
IRUPXODULLSULQFLSLLORU
&RQVWUXFWLDMXULGLFăFRQIUXQWDGLIHULWHOHSULQFLSLLvQWUH
HOH DQDOL]DQG WRDWH LQWHOHVXULOH DFHVWRU SULQFLSLL WRDWH
QXDQWHOHORUúLOHDUPRQL]HD]DvQWUHHOH
3ULQFLSLLOH GUHSWXOXL VXQW DFHOH LGHL IXQGDPHQWDOH
DOH FRQ‫܊‬LQXWXOXL WXWXURU QRUPHORU MXULGLFH FDUH
MXVWLILFD LQWUHJXO VLVWHP GH GUHSW GLQWUR ĠDUă

113
RULHQWkQG UHJOHPHQWDULOH MXULGLFH ‫܈‬L DSOLFDUHD
GUHSWXOXLHWDWLF
3ULQFLSLLOH GUHSWXOXL VXQW GHWHUPLQDWH GH UHODWLLOH
VRFLDOHGLQVRFLHWDWHILLQGvQVHQVXOYDORULORUSURPRYDWH
úLDSDUDWHGHDFHOGUHSW
(OH DX XQ URO FRQVWUXFWLY ‫܈‬L XQ URO YDORUL]DWRU SHQWUX
VLVWHPXO FRQFUHW GH GUHSW DGLFă HOH GHSLQG GH FHULQWHOH
VRFLHWDWLL FX PDQLIHVWăUL VSHFLILFH vQ SURFHVXO GH
HODERUDUHúLDSOLFDUHDVD
5ROXO FRQVWUXFWLY DO SULQFLSLLORU VH UHOLHIHD]ă vQ
PRPHQWXOIăXULULLGUHSWXOXLPRPHQWVLWXDWODFRQIOXHQWD
WUDGLWLHL FX LQRYDWLD ÌQ DFHVW VHQV Äprincipiile generale
ale unui sistem constituie ansamblul propozitiilor -
directoare cărora le sunt subordonate atât structura, cât
úi dezvoltarea sistemului".
&XYDQWXO ÄSULQFLSLX SURYLQH GLQ ODWLQHVFXO
SULQFLSLXP FDUH LQVHDPQD vQFHSXW REkUúLH GDU DUH úL
VHQVXOGHÄHOHPHQWIXQGDPHQWDO3ULQFLSLLOHGUHSWXOXLDX
IRUĠD úL VHPQLILFDWLD XQRU QRUPH VXSHULRDUH XQLYHUVDOH
FDUH SRW IL IRUPXODWH vQ WH[WHOH DFWHORU QRUPDWLYH vQ
&RQVWLWXĠLL VDX GDFă QX VXQW IRUPXODWH H[SUHV VXQW
GHGXVHvQSHUVSHFWLYDYDORULORUVRFLDOHLQWHQWLRQDWH
)RUPXODUHD FODVLFă D DFHVWRU SULQFLSLL D IRVW GDWD GH
8OSLDQvQ &DUWHDvQWkLD5HJXOLORUÄJuris praecepte sunt
haec: honeste vivere, alterum non laedere, suum quique
tribuere." UHFHSWHOH GUHSWXWXL VXQW DFHVWHD D WUăL vQ
FLQVWHDQXYăWăPDSHDOWXODGDILHFăUXLDFHHDFHHVWHDO
VăX )RUPXODUHDGHPDLVXVFXSULQGHHVHQWDGUHSWXOXLúL

114
DQXPH UHDOL]DUHD LGHLL GH FRPSRUWDUH FRUHFWă
UHVSHFWDUHD DSURDSHOXL úL GLVWULEXLUHD GUHSWă‫܊‬LL GkQG
ILHFăUXLDFHLVHFXYLQH
3ULQFLSLLOH JHQHUDOH DX URO vQ DGPLQLVWUDUHD MXVWLWLHL
vQWUXFkW FHL vQVăUFLQDĠL FX DSOLFDUHD GUHSWXOXL WUHEXLH Vă
FXQRDVFă QX QXPDL OLWHUD OHJLL GDU úL VSLULWXO HL LDU
SULQFLSLLOHGHGUHSWFRQVWLWXLHDFHOVSLULW
8QHRUL SULQFLSLLOH GH GUHSW SRW ĠLQH ORFXO QRUPHL GH
UHJOHPHQWDUH FkQG vQWUR FDX]ă FLYLOă VDX FRPHUFLDOă
OHJHD WDFH MXGHFăWRUXO VROXWLRQHD]D FDX]D vQ ED]D
SULQFLSLLORU JHQHUDOH GH GUHSW 3ULQ XUPDUH MXGHFăWRUXO
QX YD SXWHD UHIX]D VROXĠLRQDUHD XQHL SULFLQL vQYRFkQG
OLSVDWH[WXOXLOHJDOvQED]DFăUXLDSRDWHMXGHFDSHQWUXFă
DU IL FXOSDELO GH ÄQHJDUH GH GUHSWDWH LQFXEkQGXL
REOLJDĠLD GH D VROXĠLRQD FDX]D vQ OXPLQD SULQFLSLLORU
JHQHUDOH
6XEOLQLLQG LPSRUWDQWD SULQFLSLLORU GUHSWXOXL (XJHQ
6SHUDQWLD DILUPD Ädacă dreptul apare ca un total de
norme sociale, unitatea acestei totalităĠi este datorată
consecvenĠei tuturor normelor faĠă de un număr minim
de principii fundamentale, ele însele prezentand un
maxim de afinitate logica între ele”.
ÌQFODVLILFDUHDSULQFLSLLORUDYHPvQYHGHUHGLVSXQHUHD
ORULHUDUQLFDVDXLQWUXQUDSRUWGHODJHQHUDOODSDUWLFXODU
$VWIHO FHOH PDL LPSRUWDQWH ‫܈‬L FXSULQ]ăWRDUH SULQFLSLL
IXQGDPHQWDOH JHQHUDOH VDX FRQVWLWXĠLRQDOH VXQW
GHPRFUDWLVPXO SROLWLF GUHSWXULOH RPXOXL VHSDUDWLD
SXWHULORULDUIDSWXOFăVXQWvQVFULVHvQ&RQVWLWXĠLHFRQIHUă

115
DFHVWRUDRIRUĠăMXULGLFăVXSHULRDUăIDĠăGHWRDWHFHOHODOWH
OHJL‫܈‬LIDĠăGHWRDWHUDPXULOHGUHSWXOXL'HVLVXVFHSWLELOH
DDYHDXQFRHILFLHQWULGLFDWGHVWDELOLWDWHDFHVWHSULQFLSLL
VXQWLQIOXHQWDWHGHSUHFDULWDWHDWUDQVIRUPăULORUVRFLDOH‫܈‬L
HFRQRPLFHGHPRELOLWDWHDUHODWLLORUVRFLDOH

 ,'(17,),&$5($ 35,1&,3,,/25
'5(378/8,

&HOHPDLLPSRUWDQWHSULQFLSLLDOHGUHSWXOXLVXQW
D DVLJXUDUHDED]HORUOHJDOHGHIXQF‫܊‬LRQDUHDVWDWXOXL
E JDUDQWDUHDOLEHUWă‫܊‬LLúLHJDOLWăĠLLLQGLYL]LORU
F SULQFLSLXOUHVSRQVDELOLWăĠLLVRFLDOHDLQGLYL]LORU
G SULQFLSLXOHFKLWă‫܊‬LLúLMXVWLĠLHL
D  $VLJXUDUHD ED]HORU OHJDOH GH IXQFĠLRQDUH D
VWDWXOXL FRQVWLWXLH SUHPLVD H[LVWHQĠHL VWDWXOXL GH GUHSW
GHRDUHFHFDUDFWHULVWLFDIXQGDPHQWDOăDVWDWXOXLGHGUHSW
RFRQVWLWXLHFXFHULUHDSHFDOHOHJDOăDSXWHULLGHVWDWúL
DSRLH[HUFLWDUHDHLvQFRQIRUPLWDWHFXFHULQĠHOHOHJDOLWă‫܊‬LL
ÌQ VWDWXO GH GUHSW MXULGLFXO vQGHSOLQHVWH PLVLXQHD GH
LQWHUPHGLDU vQWUH LGHDOXULOH PRUDOH ILOR]RILFH úL IRU‫܊‬HOH
UHDOHVRFLRORJLFHvQWUHRUGLQH‫܈‬LYLDĠă
ÌQ VWDWXO GH GUHSW vQWLQGHUHD SXWHULL WUHEXLH
FRPSHQVDWă GH UHGXFHUHD GXUDWHL VDOH ,]YRUXO RULFăUHL
SXWHULSROLWLFHVDXFLYLOHWUHEXLHVăILHYRLQĠDVXYHUDQăD
SRSRUXOXL LDU DFHVWD WUHEXLH VăĠL JăVHDVFă IRUPHOH
MXULGLFH SRWULYLWH GH H[SULPDUH DVWIHO vQFkW SXWHUHD

116
SRSRUXOXL Vă SRDWă IXQF‫܊‬LRQD vQ PRG UHDO FD R
GHPRFUDĠLH
'H DFHHD WUHEXLH Vă H[LVWH DFHOH FDQDOH LQWHUPHGLDUH
SULQ FDUH FLUFXOă SXWHUHD Vă ILH VWDELOLWH JDUDQĠLL
FRQVWLWXĠLRQDOH SHQWUX UHDOL]DUHD VHSDUDĠLHL úL
DXWROLPLWăULLSXWHULORUvQVWDW
*XYHUQDUHD SULQ GUHSW vQ FDGUXO VWDWXOXL GH GUHSW VH
ED]HD]ă SH SULQFLSLXO DVLJXUăULL OLEHUWă‫܊‬LL SROLWLFH úL
H[HUFLWăULL SXWHULL SROLWLFH DVWIHO vQFkW Vă UHIOHFWH
GUHSWXULOH FHWă‫܊‬HQLORU JXYHUQDĠL úL QX YRLQĠD FHORU FDUH
GHĠLQSXWHUHD
ÌQ VWDGLXO DFWXDO DO GH]YROWăULL VRFLHWă‫܊‬LL JXYHUQDUHD
FRQVWLWXĠLRQDOăSUHVXSXQHVHSDUDUHDSXWHULORUDXWRULWDWHD
OHJLL úL H[HUFLWDUHD SXWHULL SULQ PLQLVWHUH úL SULQ
RUJDQLVPHVSHFLDOL]DWH
E 3ULQFLSLXOJDUDQWăULLOLEHUWă‫܊‬LLúLHJDOLWăĠLL
&DUDFWHUXO GHPRFUDWLF DO XQHL VRFLHWăWL VH
IXQGDPHQWHD]ăSHLGHHDFăVWDWXORUJDQLVPXOSROLWLFFDUH
GLVSXQHGHIRU‫܊‬ăúLGHFLGHFXSULYLUHODvQWUHEXLQĠDUHDHL
JDUDQWHD]ă MXULGLF ‫܈‬L HIHFWLY OLEHUWDWHD ‫܈‬L HJDOLWDWHD
LQGLYL]LORUDGLFăSURFHGHD]ăODSURSULDVDOLPLWDUH
Libertatea constituie substanĠa úi determinarea
dreptului, iar sistemul dreptului este domeniul înfăptuirii
libertăĠii, al coexistenĠei libertăаii tuturor cu libertatea
fiecăruia. Nu poate exista egalitate decât între oameni
liberi úi nici libertate decât între oameni a căror
egalitate este consfinĠită juridic.

117
(JDOLWDWHD YL]HD]ă HFKLOLEUXO YLHĠLL LDU OLEHUWDWHD
SULYHúWHFDSDFLWDWHDRDPHQLORUGHDDFĠLRQDIăUăRSUHOLúWL
vQVăvQDVDIHOvQFkWH[HUFLWDUHDGUHSWXULORUORUSURSULLVă
QXOH]H]HGUHSWXULOHFHORUODOWL
'HúL OLEHUWDWHD HVWH XQD VLQJXUă FăLOH VDOH GH
PDQLIHVWDUH VXQW PXOWLSOH OLEHUWDWHD SUHVHL OLEHUWDWHD
FRQúWLLQĠHL OLEHUWDWHD FXYkQWXOXL IDSW FH vQGUHSWăWHúWH
H[SULPDUHD OXL %DVWLDW ÄLibertatea este ansamblul
libertăĠilor".
$FHVWRUIRUPHGHH[SULPDUHDOHOLEHUWă‫܊‬LLOHFRUHVSXQG
GLYHUVHOH GUHSWXUL DOH LQGLYLGXOXL SUHYă]XWH vQ
&RQVWLWXĠLL úL DSăUDWH GH OHJH FXP DU IL GUHSWXO OD
H[SULPDUHDOLEHUăGUHSWXOODOLEHUWDWHDUHOLJLRDVăHWF
/LEHUWDWHD WUHEXLH vQĠHOHDVă GH ILHFDUH RP  DúD FXP
SODVWLF VH H[SULPD -HDQ 3DXO 6DUWUH ÄNu avem nici
înapoia noastră, nici înaintea noastră justificări Юi scuze.
Este ceea ce aú exprima spunând că omul este
condamnat să fie liber. Condamnat pentru că el nu s-a
creat pe sine însuúi úi, de altfel, deoarece el este
responsabil pentru tot ceea ce face".
$VWă]LVHFRQVLGHUăFăvQWURVRFLHWDWHFLYLOăWUHEXLHVă
H[LVWHFHOSXĠLQWUHLGUHSWXULDEVROXWQHFHVDUHVHFXULWDWHD
SHUVRDQHL OLEHUWDWHD LQGLYLGXOXL SURSULHWDWHD ÌQ DFHDVWă
WULDGă FXP REVHUYD SURIHVRUXO 3RSD Äproprietatea
apare ca un adevărat fundament al atitudinii
independente a spiritului: fără libertate economică nu
poate exista nici o libertate Юi este deschis oricând
drumul servituĠii”.

118
F 3ULQFLSLXOUHVSRQVDELOLWă‫܊‬LL
5HVSRQVDELOLWDWHD vQVRĠHúWH OLEHUWDWHD úL GH DFHHD
WUHEXLH IăFXWă R GLVWLQFĠLH QHWă vQWUH OLEHUWDWH ‫܈‬L OLEHUXO
DUELWUX 5HVSRQVDEL,LWDWHD HVWH XQ IHQRPHQ VRFLDO FDUH
H[SULPă XQ DFW GH DQJDMDUH D LQGLYLGXOXL vQ SURFHVXO
LQWHUDFĠLXQLLVRFLDOH
/LEHUWDWHDLQGLYLGXOXLSRDWHILDERUGDWăGLQWUHLSXQFWH
GH YHGHUH OLEHUWDWHD vQ UDSRUW FX QDWXUD OLEHUWDWHD vQ
UDSRUWFXVRFLHWDWHD‫܈‬LOLEHUWDWHDRPXOXLvQUDSRUWFXVLQH
vQVX‫܈‬L ÌQ DFHVW FRQWH[W UHVSRQVDELOLWDWHD SUHVXSXQH
H[LVWHQĠDOLEHUWă‫܊‬LLPDWHULDOL]DWăvQGUHSWXOODDOHJHUHGDU
‫܈‬L ÄDXWROLPLWDUHD LQHUHQWă D RULFăUHL DOHJHUL SkQă OD
JUDQLĠDODFDUHVHUHDOL]HD]ăWDQJHQĠDGUHSWXULORUILHFăUXLD
FXGUHSWXULOHFHORUODOĠL
)LLQG VWUkQV OHJDWă GH DFĠLXQHD RPXOXL
UHVSRQVDELOLWDWHDDSDUHFDILLQGLQWLPFRUHODWăFXVLVWHPXO
QRUPDWLY
'LPHQVLXQHD UHVSRQVDELOLWăĠLL YDORULILFă DGH]LXQHD
LQGLYLGXMXL OD UHVSHFWDUHD GH EXQă YRLH D QRUPHORU
MXULGLFHFHHDFHvQVHDPQăFăLQGLYLGXOQXVHPDLDIOăvQ
VLWXD‫܊‬LD GH VXERUGRQDUH ÄRDUEă úL QHvQĠHOHDVă IDĠă GH
QRUPDGHGUHSWFLvQVLWXD‫܊‬LDGHIDFWRUFDUHVHUDSRUWHD]ă
ODQRUPHXQHLVRFLHWăĠLvQPRGDFWLYúLFRQúWLHQW
G 3ULQFLSLXOHFKLWă‫܊‬LLúLMXVWLĠLHL
&XYkQWXO ÄHFKLWDWH SURYLQH GLQ ODWLQHVFXO ÄDHTXLWDV
FDUH vQVHDPQă QHSăUWLQLUH FXPSăWDUH GUHSWDWH /D
&LFHUR ÄDHTXLWDV´ VH FRQIXQGă FX ÄMXV FLYLOH GUHSWXO
HJDO SHQWUX WRĠL FHWăĠHQLL  DSăUkQG FD VFRS ‫܈‬L LGHDO DO

119
GUHSWXOXL&HOVXVGHILQLQGGUHSWXOFDÄDUVERQLHWDHTXL
DUWDELQHOXLúLHFKLWă‫܊‬LL 
$FĠLXQHDSULQFLSLXOXLHFKLWă‫܊‬LLSULYHúWHDWkWDFWLYLWDWHD
,HJLXLWRUXOXL FX RFD]LD HODERUăULL DFWHORU QRUPDWLYH FkW
‫܈‬L DFWLYLWDWHD GH LQWHUSUHWDUH úL DSOLFDUH D GUHSWXOXL GH
FăWUHRUJDQHOHFDUHDSOLFăOHJLOH
-XVWLĠLD UHSUH]LQWă DFHD VWDUH JHQHUDOă LGHDOă D
VRFLHWăĠLL UHDOL]DELOă SULQ DVLJXUDUHD SHQWUX ILHFDUH
LQGLYLG vQ SDUWH ‫܈‬L SHQWUX WRĠL vPSUHXQă VDWLVIDFHUHD
GUHSWXULORU‫܈‬LLQWHUHVHORUOHJLWLPH
3ULQ ILQDOLWDWHD VD MXVWLWLD VH VLWXHD]ă SULQWUH IDFWRULL
SULQFLSDOL GH FRQVROLGDUH D FHORU PDL LPSRUWDQWH UHODĠLL
VRFLDOH GHRDUHFH HD vQWUXFKLSHD]ă YLUWXWHD PRUDOă
IXQGDPHQWDOă PHQLWă Vă DVLJXUH DUPRQLD úL SDFHD
VRFLDOăODDFăURUUHDOL]DUHFRQWULEXLHGHRSRWULYăUHJXOLOH
UHOLJLRDVHPRUDOHúLMXULGLFH
&D SULQFLSLX GH GUHSW UDWLRQDOLWDWHD LGHLL GH MXVWLĠLH
DMXQJH Vă GRPLQH SUHVFULSĠLLOH GUHSWXOXL SR]LWLY Älex
injusta non est lex"/HJLOHSRWILQHGUHSWHDWXQFLFkQGVH
LPSXQH VFKLPEDUHD ,RU VDX FKLDU VFKLPEDUHD RUGLQLL GH
GUHSW H[LVWHQWH FkQG DFHDVWD VH GRYHGHúWH D IL XQ
REVWDFROGHILQLWLYvQUHDOL]DUHDMXVWLĠLHL
ÌQ FRQFOX]LH SHQWUX FXQRD‫܈‬WHUHD XQXL VLVWHP MXULGLF
WUHEXLHVăVHSRUQHDVFăGHODH[DPLQDUHDPRGXOXLvQFDUH
LGHLOHFRQGLFăWRDUHVXQWUHIOHFWDWHvQDFHVWVLVWHP
0XOWLSOLFDUHD FRQWUDFWHORU VRFLDOH ‫܈‬L PDULOH SUHIDFHUL
HFRQRPLFRVRFLDOH GHWHUPLQă ‫܈‬L VFKLPEDUHD FRQ‫܊‬LQXWXOXL
OHJLVOD‫܊‬LHLIDSWFHGRYHGHúWHRGDWăPDLPXOWLPSRUWDQĠD

120
SULQFLSLLORU GUHSWXOXL FDUH DSDU Äîn calitate de supape
care asigură deschiderea sistemului dreptului, legătura
sa cu realitatea. A acĠiona asupra dreptului úi a ajuta
dreptul să acĠioneze, aceasta e natura principiilor
generale ale dreptului".

5(=80$78/81,7Ă‫܉‬,,'(Ì19Ă‫܉‬$5(
&HOH SDWUX SULQFLSLL IXQGDPHQWDOH JXYHUQHD]ă DVWă]L
VLVWHPHOH PRGHUQH GH GUHSW /H UHJăVLP vQ OHJLOH
IXQGDPHQWDOHDOHVWDWHORU &RQVWLWXĠLL vQFRGXULMXULGLFH
vQ OHJL RUJDQLFH vQ WUDWDWH úL FRQYHQĠLL LQWHUQDĠLRQDOH
IRUPXODWHXQHRULGLIHULWGDUDYkQGDFHHDúLHVHQĠăDFHODúL
PHVDMDFHHDúLILQDOLWDWH
/LWHUDWXUD MXULGLFă GHVFRSHUă QRL SULQFLSLL SH FDUH OH
H[WUDJHGLQPDQLIHVWDUHDFRQFUHWăDGUHSWXOXLVDXSHFDUH
OH DGXFH vQ PRGHUQLWDWH GLQ GUHSWXO URPDQ GH H[ HVWH
FRQVLGHUDW FD SULQFLSLX JHQHUDO FHO IRUPXODW vQ GUHSWXO
URPDQnemo censetur ignorare legem±QLPHQLQXSRDWH
LQYRFD QHFXQRD‫܈‬WHUHD OHJLL SULQFLSLX LPSXV GH UROXO
GUHSWXOXLvQUHDOL]DUHDRUGLQLLVRFLDOH 
3ULQFLSLXO vQFULPLQăULL H[SULPDW VWULFW vQ GUHSWXO
SHQDO nullum crimen sine lege, nulla poena sine lege 
SULQFLSLXO UăVSXQGHULL SULQFLSLXO SUH]XPĠLHL GH
QHYLQRYăĠLH SULQFLSLXO DIOăULL DGHYăUXOXL SULQFLSLXO
GUHSWXOXLODDSăUDUHSULQFLSLXODXWRULWăĠLLOXFUXOXLMXGHFDW
± VXQW FRQVLGHUDWH OLQLLOH GH IRUĠă YHFWRULL FDUH GDX
FODULWDWHVLVWHPHORUGHGUHSWvQDQVDPEOXOORUúLUDPXULORU
GHGUHSWFRPSRQHQWHDOHDFHVWRUD

121
ÎNTREBĂRI RECAPITULATIVE
±'HILQL‫܊‬LSULQFLSLXOIXQGDPHQWDODOGUHSWXOXL
±'HILQL‫܊‬LFDWHJRULLOHMXULGLFH
±&DUHHVWHFODVLILFDUHDSULQFLSLLORUGUHSWXOXL"
± &DUH VXQW FDUDFWHULVWLFLOH SULQFLSLLORU IXQGDPHQWDOH
DOHGUHSWXOXL"
± 3UHFL]DWL FHOH SDWUX SULQFLSLL IXQGDPHQWDOH FDUH
JXYHUQHD]DVLVWHPHOHGHGUHSWPRGHUQH
±3UH]HQWDWLSULQFLSLLOHGUHSWXOXLLQWHUQDWLRQDO
±([SXQHWLSULQFLSLLOHGUHSWXOXLFLYLOURPDQ
±(QXPHUD‫܊‬LSULQFLSLLOHGUHSWXOXLSHQDOURPDQ
±3UH]HQWDWLSULQFLSLLOHGUHSWXOXLIDPLOLHL

7(0(3(1758'(=%$7(5(
3ULQFLSLLOHGUHSWXOXLSURFHVXDOSHQDOURPDQ
3ULQFLSLLOHGUHSWXOXLFRPXQLWDU


BIBLIOGRAFIE
13RSD±7HRULDJHQHUDOăDGUHSWXOXL(G$FWDPL
S
 0 'MXYDUD ± 7HRULD JHQHUDOă D GUHSWXOXL YRO ,,
%XFXUH‫܈‬WLS
*K0LKDLúL50RWLFD±)XQGDPHQWHOHGUHSWXOXL
7HRULDúLILOR]RILDGUHSWXOXL%XFXUHúWLS
 0 0DQROHVFX ± 7HRULD ‫܈‬L SUDFWLFD GUHSWXOXL
%XFXUHúWLS

122
 , 1HDJX ± 7UDWDW GH SURFHGXUă SHQDOă %XFXUH‫܈‬WL
S
 ,RQ 3 )LOLSHVFX ± 7UDWDW GH GUHSWXO IDPLOLHL
%XFXUH‫܈‬WLS
,RQ'RJDUX±7HRULDJHQHUDOăDGUHSWXOXL&UDLRYD
S
&%XODL±'UHSWSHQDOURPDQ%XFXUH‫܈‬WLS

 + %XFKH ± /D QDWXUH GHV SULQFLSHV JHQHUDX[ GX
GURLW±5HYXHGXLQWHUQDWLRQDOHWGHGURLFRPSDUH
S
 (XJHQ 6SHUDQWLD ± 3ULQFLSLL IXQGDPHQWDOH GH
ILORVRILHMXULGLFă&OXMS

123
8QLWDWHDGHvQYă‫܊‬DUH
'5(378/Ì16,67(08/
5(*/(0(17Ă5,/2562&,$/(



CONЯINUTUL UNITĂЯII DE ÎNVĂЯARE


2ELHFWLYHXUPăULWH
7LPSDORFDWXQLWă‫܊‬LL
&XYLQWHFKHLH
1RUPDWLYLWDWHDVRFLDOă
6LVWHPXOQRUPHORUVRFLDOH
5H]XPDWXOXQLWă‫܊‬LLGHvQYă‫܊‬DUH
%LEOLRJUDILH


OBIECTIVE URMĂRITE
± ÌQVXúLUHD IDSWXOXL Fă UHODĠLLOH VRFLDOH VXQW
UHJOHPHQWDWH SULQ QRUPH VRFLDOH QRUPH RELúQXLHOQLFH
QRUPHWHKQLFHQRUPHOHGHGHRQWRORJLHSURIHVLRQDOăHWF
±6XEOLQLHUHDFRUHODĠLHLGLQWUHGUHSWúLUHOLJLH
± 5HOHYDUHD XQRU QR‫܊‬LXQL JHQHUDOH GHVSUH GUHSWXO
FDQRQLFRUWRGR[


7,03$/2&$781,7Ă‫܉‬,,25(


124
CUVINTE CHEIE
Norma sociala±UHJOHPHQWHD]DFRQGXLWDXPDQD
Sfera de cuprindere a normelor sociale IDFH UHIHULUH
OD
1RUPHHWLFH PRUDOH 
1RUPHRELVQXLHOQLFH
1RUPHWHKQLFH
1RUPHSROLWLFH
1RPHUHOLJLRDVH
1RPHMXULGLFH
1RUPHGHFRQYLHWXLUHVRFLDOD
Moralitatea ± HVWH FRQFRUGDQWD GLQWUH WHQGLQWHOH ‫܈‬L
FRPSRUWDPHQWHOH SURSULL úL WHQGLQWHOH ‫܈‬L
FRPSRUWDPHQWHOHDOWRUD
Imoralitatea ± HVWH VWDUHD GH GH]HFKLOLEUX vQ IDYRUHD
GUHSWXULORU‫܈‬LSHVRFRWHDWDLQGDWRULULORULQGLYLGXDOH
Amoralitatea ± HVWH R VWDUH QHXWUD vQWUH PRUDOLWDWH ‫܈‬L
LPRUDOLWDWH
Legile úi regulile morale±VXQWQRUPHFDUHSUHVXSXQ
UHFLSURFLWDWHúLHJDOLWDWH
Obiceiurile ± UHSUH]LQWă R FDWHJRULH ODUJă GH UHJXOL
VRFLDOH DSăUXWH RGDWă FX FRDJXODUHD VRFLHWăĠLL XPDQH
FkQG DX FRQVWUXLW SULPHOH UHJOHPHQWăUL GH FRQGXLWă vQ
FDGUXOFROHFWLYLWăĠLORU
ObisnuinĠele ± PRGDOLWDWL GH FRQGXLWă VWDWRUQLFLWH
SHQWUX FD]XUL úL VLWXD‫܊‬LL GHWHUPLQDWH FDUH QX SURYRDFă

125
UHDFĠLL QHJDWLYH úL DGYHUVLWăĠL GLQ SDUWHD PHGLXOXL VRFLDO
vQFRQMXUăWRU
Uzurile ± FRPSRUWDPHQWH FRQYHQLWH vQWUH GRXă VDX
PDL PXOWH SHUVRDQH FX SULYLUH OD SUREOHPH GLYHUVH DúD
FXPUH]XOWăHOHGLQWURSUDFWLFăGRYHGLWă
Norme tehnice ± VXQW QRUPH VRFLDOH FUHDWH GH
RDPHQL FDUH UHJOHPHQWHD]ă UHODĠLLOH GLQWUH RDPHQL vQ
SURFHVXO FRPSOH[ GH SDUWLFLSDUH D DFHVWRUD OD YLDĠD
HFRQRPLFă‫܈‬LVRFLDO±FXOWXUDOă
Deontologia profesională ± GHVHPQHD]ă WRWDOLWDWHD
QRUPHORU GH FRQGXLWă vQ FDUH VH HYLGHQĠLD]ă minima
moralia FX SULYLUH OD H[HUFLWDUHD XQHL SURIHVLXQL
1RUPHOHHODERUDWHGHRUJDQL]DĠLLQHVWDWDOHUHJOHPHQWHD]D
GUHSWXULOH ‫܈‬L REOLJD‫܊‬LLOH PHPEULORU ORU VDQF‫܊‬LXQLOH FH VH
DSOLFăvQVLWXD‫܊‬LDQHUHVSHFWăULLUHJXOLORUVWDELOH
Animismul ± HVWH FHD PDL YHFKH GRFWULQă UHOLJLRDVă
FDUHvQVHDPQăFUHGLQĠDvQVSLULWH‫܈‬LvQVXIOHWH DQLPXV 
VXIOHW  SULQFLSDOHOH IRUPH GH PDQLIHVWDUH ILLQG FXOWXO
PRUĠLORU‫܈‬LFHODOIHQRPHQHORUQDWXUDOH
Indaismul±UHSUH]LQWăSULPDPDUHUHOLJLHPRQRWHLVWă
ED]DWă SH DOLDQĠD GLQWUH ,DKQH ,HKRYD  ± 'XPQH]HX ‫܈‬L
SRSRUXO DOHV UăVSkQGLWă vQ ED]LQXO PHGLWHUDQHDQ FX
DSURDSHGHDQLvQDLQWHGH+ULVWRV
Dreptul canonic ± GHVHPQHD]ă VXPD SULQFLSLLORU úL
XUPHORU GH GUHSW GXSă FDUH VH RUJDQL]HD]ă úL FRQGXFH
vQWUHDJD%LVHULFăFUHúWLQă

126
Nomocanoanele ± UHSUH]LQWă XQ L]YRU SULQFLSDO DO
GUHSWXOXLFDQRQLFRUWRGR[HOHILLQGFROHFĠLLPL[WHGHOHJL
ELVHULFHúWLúLOHJLGHVWDW

1250$7,9,7$7($62&,$/Ă

,QGLYLGXOvúLGXFHH[LVWHQWDvQVRFLHWDWHvQWUXQVLVWHP
FRUHODWLY GH UHODWLL FDUHO SXQ vQ FRQWDFW QHPLMORFLW úL
GLYHUVLILFDW FX VHPHQLL VăL ,QWHUDFWLXQHD UHFLSURFă D
LQGLYL]LORU‫܈‬LFROHFWLYLWăĠLORUIRUPHD]ăÄYLDĠDVRFLDOă
$FRORXQGHLQGLYL]LLLVLGXFH[LVWHQĠDvQDFHODúLVSDĠLX
úLvúLVDWLVIDFQHFHVLWăWLOHGHYLDĠăPDWHULDOă‫܈‬LVSLULWXDOă
DYHP GHD IDFH FX YLDĠD VRFLDOă vQ FDGUXO FDUHLD VH
FRQVWDWă H[LVWHQĠD XQRU OHJăWXUL SHUPDQHQWH D XQXL
VLVWHPSHUPDQHQWGHGHSHQGHQĠHvQWUHLQGLYL]L
$FWLXQHDXPDQăSRDWHILGHILQLWăFDR „transformare
sau mutaĠie indusă deliberat de un agent sau fiintă
umană în cursul firesc al evenimentelor prin care se
obĠine o stare finală sau un produs ce satisface anumite
trebuinĠe sau nevoi umane istoriceúte determinate".
$FWLXQHDLQGLYL]LORUvQ]HVWUDWLFXFRQúWLLQWăúLYRLQWă
UHDOL]HD]ă GLQDPLFD VRFLHWă‫܊‬LL ÌQ JHQHUDO DFWLXQLOH
RPXOXLVXQWGHWHUPLQDWHGHLQWHUHVHOHVDOH GHLQWHUHVHOH
GHPRPHQW‫܈‬LGHSHUVSHFWLYă 6WUXFWXUkQGXúLLQWHUHVHOH
‫܈‬L VWDELOLQGXúL VWUDWHJLD GH DFWLXQH LQGLYLGXO LQWUă vQ
GLYHUVHOHJăWXULVRFLDOH
$FWLXQLOH LQGLYLGXOXL úL UHODWLLOH OXL JHQHUHD]ă
VRFLHWDWHD LDU UHODWLLOH VRFLDOH LQVWLWX‫܊‬LRQDOL]DWH úL

127
RELHFWLYDWH GHYLQ DVWIHO IRU‫܊‬H PRGHODWRDUH DOH
GHWHUPLQDWLLORUFDOLWDWLYHDOHLQGLYL]LORU
(YROXWLD LVWRULFă DFWXDOă VH FDUDFWHUL]HD]ă SULQWUR
FUHúWHUH D JUDGXOXL GH FRPSOH[LWDWH D UHODWLLORU GLQWUH
LQGLYLG ‫܈‬L VRFLHWDWH SULQWUR DFXWă GLYHUVLILFDUH ‫܈‬L
PXOWLSOLFDUHDVFKLPEXULORUHFRQRPLFRVRFLDOH
$FWLYLWDWHD XPDQă VH GHVIăúRDUă vQWUXQ FDGUX
FRPSOH[ VRFLDOXPDQ ‫܈‬L IL]LFQDWXUDO )LLQWD XPDQă
KRPR IDEHU GDU ‫܈‬L KRPR VDSLHQV  LPSOLFDWă vQWUR
DFWLXQHWUHEXLHvQWHOHDVăDWkWFDVLVWHPQDWXUDODQDWRPR
QHXURIL]LRORJLF vQ VWDUH Vă H[HUFLWH R DFWLXQH DVXSUD
PHGLXOXL GDU ‫܈‬L FD VLVWHP UHIOHFWDQW FDSDELO Vă SUHYDGă
úLVăDQWLFLSH]HFXUVXOHYHQLPHQWHORUODFDUHSDUWLFLSăFD
DJHQWSUHFXPúLVăVHOHFWH]HGLQPDLPXOWHDOWHUQDWLYH
YDULDQWD RSWLPă GHFRPSRUWDPHQW
'LQ PXOWLWXGLQHD GH GLPHQVLXQL DOH XQHL DFWLYLWăĠL
XPDQH RQWRORJLFă QRUPDWLYD FRJQLWLYLQIRUPDWLRQDOă
WHOHRORJLFă HWF  GLPHQVLXQHD QRUPDWLYă HVWH FHD FDUH
LPSXQHDJHQWXOXLXQPRGHODFWLRQDOGHFRPSRUWDPHQW HWLF
SROLWLF MXULGLF UHOLJLRV HWF  GHWHUPLQkQGXL DQXPLWH
SUDJXULvQOHJăWXUăFXFDUHHOWUHEXLHVăIDFăFHYDSRDWHVă
IDFă FHYD VDX GLPSRWULYă WUHEXLH Vă VH DEĠLQă D VăYkUúL
FHYD
1RUPHOHVRFLDOHSULYHVFFRPSRUWDPHQWHVRFLDOHDXvQ
YHGHUH GLVWLQFWLD GLQWUH LQGLFDWLY úL LPSHUDWLY WUHFHUHD
GLQ GRPHQLXO ÄVHLQ FHHD FH HVWH  vQ GRPHQLXO OXL
ÄVROOHQ´ FHHDFHWUHEXLHVăILH 

128
$FWLRQkQGvQWURDPELDQWăVRFLDOă‫܈‬LQXvQWUXQVSDWLX
SDVLY VDX QHXWUX UH]XOWDWHOH DFWLXQLL RPXOXL VXQW
HYDOXDWHvQIXQF‫܊‬LHGHUH]RQDQWDORUVRFLDOă‫܈‬LQXGRDUvQ
IXQF‫܊‬LHGHUH]RQDQWDLQWLPăSHUVRQDOă6XELHFWXODFWLXQLL
DJHQWXO  DFWLRQHD]ă LQWRWGHDXQD vQ WHPHLXO XQXL DQXPLW
SURJUDP DOFăWXLW vQ ED]D VFRSXULORU PDL DSURSLDWH VDX
PDL GHSăUWDWH VXSHULRULWDWHD RPXOXL DVXSUD
FRPSRUWDPHQWXOXL DQLPDOXOXL FRQVWDQG WRFPDL vQ
H[LVWHQĠD DFHVWXL SURJUDP vQ FDUH RPXO vúL SUHILJXUHD]ă
UH]XOWDWXO ILQDO DO DFWLYLWă‫܊‬LL VDOH 2PXO HVWH VLQJXUXO
DQLPDOvQVWDUHVă‫܈‬LJkQGHDVFăYLLWRUXOVă‫܈‬LGHILQHDVFă
H[LVWHQĠDvQIXQF‫܊‬LHGHXQDQXPLWSURLHFWHOvQWUHSULQGH
XQ DFW GH VWUDWHJLH DFW FH LPSOLFă SUHYL]LXQH ‫܈‬L
UăVSXQGHUH
3H OkQJă VFRSXO GLUHFW QHPLMORFLW DFWLXQHD XPDQă
UHDOL]HD]ă úL R VHULH GH VFRSXUL LQGLUHFWH vQGHSăUWDWH
8QHRUL DFHVWHD GHSăúHVF VFRSXO LQLWLDO DO DFWLXQLL 6H
SURGXFH DLFL XQ SURFHV GH UH]RQDQWă FDUH REOLJă
VRFLHWDWHD Vă VH DVLJXUH SULQWUR VHULH GH SUHVFULSWLL
QRUPH $FHVWH SUHVFULSWLL DX XQ FDUDFWHU UHODWLY HOH
IL[HD]ăvQID‫܊‬ăLQGLYLGXOXLOLPLWHGHDFWLXQH
OPSRUWDQWD UHODWLLORU VRFLDOH D FăURU LQWHJULWDWH HVWH
DVLJXUDWăSULQVHWXULQRUPDWLYHGHWHUPLQăFDUDFWHUXODFXW
LPSHUDWLY DO XQRU QRUPH vQ UDSRUW FX FDUDFWHUXO
SHUPLVLY HODVWLF DO DOWRUD 1RUPDUHD DFWLYLWă‫܊‬LL XPDQH
UHSUH]LQWă R FHULQWă LQGLVSHQVDELOă RULFăUHL IRUPH GH
FRQYLHWXLUH LQGLIHUHQW GH JUDGXO HYROXWLHL VDOH VDX GH
FDOLWDWHD IRUPHORU FH DVLJXUă FRH]LXQHD LQWHUQă D

129
DFHVWHLD $FHDVWă FHULQWă HVWH FX DWkW PDL QHFHVDUă vQ
VRFLHWăWLOH DFWXDOH FDUDFWHUL]DWH SULQWUR DFFHQWXDWă
GLYHUVLILFDUH D IRUPHORU GH VFKLPE GLQWUH PHPEULL
DFHVWRUD$FWLXQHDXPDQăSULQvQVăúLQDWXUDVDLPSXQH
QRUPDUHDúLUHJODUHDSULQQRUPHDFRQGXLWHL
ÌQ JHQHUDO WRDWH JHQXULOH GH DFWLYLWDWH XPDQă VXQW
VXSXVHvQWUXQIHOVDXDOWXOQRUPăULLvQVHQVXOFăHOHQX
VHSRWGHVIăúXUDQHRUJDQL]DWIăUăVăVHVXERUGRQH]HXQRU
VFRSXULVDXFULWHULLSUHILJXUDWHvQWUXQVLVWHPGHSULQFLSLL
úL QRUPH $VWIHO Fă RULFH SURFHV GH HYROXWLH DGDSWDUH
VDX LQWHJUDUH vQ VRFLHWDWH YD DYHD ORF vQWUXQ FDGUX
RUJDQL]DWQRUPDWUHJOHPHQWDW
6LVWHPHOH GH QRUPH SUHH[LVWă GHFL]LHL ‫܈‬L FRQGXLWHL
HIHFWLYHDLQGLYLGXOXLÄDin această perspectivă, normele
apar ca factori circumstantiali ai actiunii, ce
influentează atitudinile Юi deciziile, scpurile Юi
aspiratiile".

6,67(08/1250(/2562&,$/(

'LYHUVLWDWHDUHODWLLORUVRFLDOHGHWHUPLQăH[LVWHQWDXQHL
PXOWLWXGLQLGHQRUPHVRFLDOH‫܈‬LRYDULHWDWHGHIRUPHSULQ
FDUH VHLQIOXHQWHD]ăFRQGXLWDRDPHQLORUvQFDGUXODFHVWRU
UHODĠLL ([LVWHQWD IRUPHORU YDULDWH GH UHJOHPHQWDUH D
DFWLYLWă‫܊‬LL RDPHQLORU LPSXQH SH SODQXO FHUFHWăULL
QHFHVLWDWHD GHOLPLWăULL VLVWHPHORU QRUPDWLYH ± R
GHOLPLWDUH vQ WLPS ‫܈‬L VSDWLX SUHFXP ‫܈‬L H[DPLQDUHD
WUăVăWXULORUORUGHWHUPLQDQWHIXQGDPHQWDOH

130
([DPLQDUHD WUăVăWXULORU ‫܈‬L GHWHUPLQDWLLORU FDOLWDWLYH
VSHFLILFH WXWXURU FDWHJRULLORU GH QRUPH QX SUH]LQWD R
LPSRUWDQWD GHRVHELWD DFFHQWXO FD]DQG SH DQDOL]D
FRUHODWLLOH XQRU QRUPH VRFLDOH FX QRUPHOH GH GUHSW úL
DQDOL]D UHODWLHL GUHSWXOXL FX PRUDOD DVSHFW ODUJ úL
vQGHOXQJFHUFHWDWvQWHRULDGUHSWXOXL
6LVWHPXO QRUPHORU VRFLDOH HVWH DOFăWXLW GLQ
XUPăWRDUHOH FDWHJRULL GH QRUPH QRUPHOH HWLFH QRUPHOH
RELúQLHOQLFHQRUPHOHWHKQLFHQRUPHOHSROLWLFHQRUPHOH
UHOLJLRDVHúLQRUPHOHMXULGLFH

$&RUHODWLDQRUPHORUMXULGLFHFXQRUPHOHHWLFH
'LQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH LVWRULF GUHSWXO VD GHVSULQV
WUHSWDW GLQ QRUPHOH GH PRUDOă ‫܈‬L GLQ REFHLXUL ÌQ DFHVW
VHQV PRUDOD SUHFHGH GUHSWXOXL ÄMorala – VFULH *X\
'XUDQG – a servit totdeauna ca o proto-legislaаie
socială".3HYHUWLFDODLVWRULHLHYROXWLDGUHSWXOXLVDIăFXW
vQVWUkQVăOHJăWXUăFXFHDD PRUDOHLÌQSODQXOFHUFHWăULL
SUREOHPD OHJăWXULL GUHSWXOXL FX PRUDOD D UDSRUWXOXL
GLQWUH GUHSW ‫܈‬L GUHSWDWH D IXQGDPHQWXOXL úL OHJLWLPLWă‫܊‬LL
PRUDOH D UHJOHPHQWăULORU MXULGLFH SR]LWLYH DX FRQVWLWXLW
DVSHFWHFHQWUDOHDOHWHRULHL‫܈‬LILORVRILHLGUHSWXOXL±XQIHO
GH Ä&DS +RUQ´ DO ILOR]RILHL GUHSWXOXL 5 YDQ -KHULQJ 
VDXXQÄSXQFWDOIXUWXQLORU´ $5DYD 
5RPDQLLFDUHSULQ&HOVXVGHILQLVHUăGUHSWXOca „ars
boni et aequi" (binele úi echitatea fiind categorii ale
morale), IDF SULPLL SDúL vQ H[SOLFDUHD LQGHSHQGHQWă D
GUHSWXOXLvQFRQFHSHUHDVDVHSDUDWăGHPRUDOă

131
ÌQWUH SHUFHSWHOH GUHSWXOXL VH vQWkOQHVF DWkW SULQFLSLL
PRUDOH „honeste vivere”, „neninem laedere”, GDU úL
SULQFLSLXO SRWULYLW FăUXLD SULQ GUHSW WUHEXLH Vă VH GHD
ILHFăUXLD FHHD FH H DO VăX „suum cuique tribuere”,
SULQFLSLX FDUH ĠLQH GH IXQF‫܊‬LRQDUHD MXVWLĠLHL MXVWLWLHL
GLVWULEXWLYH 
ÌQ JHQHUDO vQ DSUHFLHUHD UDSRUWXOXL GLQWUH GUHSW ‫܈‬L
PRUDOă WHRULD MXULGLFă D HYROXDW SH GRXă PDUL GLUHFĠLL
FHD FDUH D FRQFHSXW GUHSWXO FD XQ PLQLP GH PRUDOă
MXVWLĠLH SULQ GUHSW ‫܈‬L PRUDOă  úL FHD FRUHVSXQ]ăWRDUH
SR]LWLYLVPXOXLMXULGLFvQFRQIRUPLWDWHFXFDUHVWDWXOHVWH
VLQJXUXO WHPHL DO GUHSWXOXL RUGLQHD GH GUHSW IăUă
PRUDOă 
ÌQ FDGUXL SULPHL RULHQWăUL FRQFHSWLLOH PRUDOLVWH
GHVSUHGUHSW GUHSWXO‫܈‬LPRUDODVXQWvQWHOHVHFDGRXăIHĠH
DOH XQXL IHQRPHQ PRUDOD HVWH HWLFă VXELHFWLYă LDU
GUHSWXO DSDUHFD HWLFă RELHFWLYă ÄMorala ± VFULH
0'MXYDUD±are ca obiect aprecierea faptelor interne de
conútiintă, a intentiunilor omeneúti; pe când dreptul are
de obiect aprecierea faptelor externe ale persoanelor, în
relaĠiile lor cu alte persoane".
6FRDODGUHSWXOXLQDWXUDOFRQFHSHDDIODUHDFXDMXWRUXO
UDWLXQLLDXQXLVLVWHPGHUHJXOăDGHFYDWFHULQWHORUYLHWLL
VLVWHP GHULYDW GLQ SHUFHSWHOH PRUDOH IXQGDPHQWDOH
ÄCând regula morală comandă cuiva să fie bun, îi
comandă o atitudine sufletească, intentiune sinceră.
Îndată ce această intentiune s-a manifestat în afară,

132
printr-un fapt în legătură cu altă persoană, îndată apare
fenomenul drept".
&XQRVFXWXOMXULVWIUDQFH]*HRUJHV5LSHUWFRQVLGHUăFă
QXH[LVWăQLFLRGLIHUHQWăGHGRPHQLXQDWXUă‫܈‬LVFRSvQWUH
UHJXODPRUDOă‫܈‬LFHDMXULGLFă5HJXODPRUDOăSăWUXQGHvQ
GUHSWvQPRGIDFLOSULQLQWHUPHGLXOFRQFHSWLLORUHWLFHDOH
OHJLXLWRUXOXL VDX MXGHFăWRUXOXL VDX vQ FHO PDL UăX FD]
UăWăFHúWHODIURQWLHUHOHGUHSWXOXLSHQWUXDSăWUXQGHDWXQFL
FkQG VH LYHúWH SULOHMXO DWXQFL FkQG OHJLOH MXULGLFH VXQW
ODFXQDUHVDXFkQGVXQWFRQWUDUHOHJLLPRUDOH 
&XOHJkQG H[HPSOH GLQ GRPHQLXO GUHSWXOXL FLYLO
DXWRUXO LQGLFă vQWUH REOLJD‫܊‬LLOH PRUDOH OHJLIHUDWH
UHVSRQVDELOLWDWHD FLYLOă LQWHU]LFHUHD vPERJăWLULL IăUă
MXVWă FDX]ă H[HFXWDUHD FRQWUDFWHORU úL HFKLOLEUXOXL
SUHVWDWLLORU H[HUFLWDUHD FX EXQă FUHGLQWă úL QHDEX]LYă D
GUHSWXULORU FRQIHULWH GH OHJH &kQG OHJHD QX PDL H
FRQIRUPăFXSULQFLSLLOHPRUDOHYDFăGHDvQGHVXHWXGLQH
3HQWUX )U *HQ\ HOHPHQWH GHILQLWRULL SHQWUX UHJXOD GH
GUHSW vQ FRPSDUDWLH FX FHD PRUDOă VXQW VDQF‫܊‬LXQHD GLQ
DIDUă LGHHD GH MXVW úL LPSHUDWLYXO FDWHJRULF SH FDUHO
LPSOLFăFRQ‫܊‬LQXWXOQRUPHLMXULGLFH
0RUDOD DSDUH úL FD XQ FULWHULX GH YHULILFDUH D
FRUHVSRQGHQĠHL GUHSWXOXL SR]LWLY FX GUHSWDWHD GUHSWXO
SR]LWLY WUHEXLQG Vă VH FRQVWUXLDVFă vQ WHPHLXO XQRU
VFRSXUL PRUDOH 1RUPHOH MXULGLFH FDUH FRQWUD]LF
SULQFLSLLOH PRUDOH VXQW LQMXVWH (lex injusta non est lex).
2UL GH FkWH RUL H[HUFLWLXO VWULFW DO XQXL GUHSW QHJOLMHD]ă

133
DVSHFWH GH XPDQLWDWH (summum jus summa injuria)
LQWHUYLQHSULQFLSLXOPRUDOGHHFKLWDWH
,QVDH[LVWă‫܈‬LQRUPHMXULGLFHFăURUDSULQFLSLLOHPRUDOH
OH VXQW LQGLIHUHQWH GH H[ UHJXOLOH GH FLUFXODWLH SH
GUXPXULOH SXEOLFH QRUPHOH HFRQRPLFH FDUH DX XQ
FDUDFWHUSXULQVWUXPHQWDOHWF
,QIOXHQWD PRUDOHL DVXSUD GUHSWXOXL SULYHúWH DWkW
SURFHVXOFUHHULLGUHSWXOXLFkW‫܈‬LSURFHVXOGHDSOLFDUHDVD
OHJHD MXULGLFă ILLQG XQ LPSRUWDQW PLMORF GH HGXFDUH
PRUDOă ÄLegile ± VFULH 'XUDQG ± influenĠează
mentalităĠile Юi puĠin câte puĠin, morala fiecăruia".
ÌQ FDGUXO FHOHLODOWH RULHQWăUL GUHSWXO HVWH GHVSULQV GH
RULFH DOWă UHDOLWDWH HO HVWH R FRQVWUXFĠLH vQ VLQH VWDWXO
ILLQG VLQJXUD UHDOLWDWH FX FDUH VH FRUHOHD]ă ‫܈‬L VLQJXUXO
WHPHL DO GUHSWXOXL GH DFHHD vQ OLSVD VWDWXOXL LGHHD GH
GUHSWHVWHGHQHFRQFHSXW
5HQXPLĠL DXWRUL vQ WHRULD GUHSWXOXL FRQVLGHUă Fă ÄúL
QRUPHOH GH GUHSW LQMXVWH FRQVWLWXLH GUHSW vQWUXFkW VXQW
HODERUDWHGHVWDW
ÄJustiĠia – VFULD +DQV .HOVHQ ± fiind o cerinĠă a
moralei, raportul dintre justiĠie úi drept este inclus în
raportul dintre morală Юi drept". $ DILUPD vQVă Fă
GUHSWXO HVWH PRUDO úL HVHQĠLDOPHQWH MXVW vQVHDPQă D
FRQFHSH H[LVWHQĠD XQHL VLQJXUH PRUDOH YDODELOH D XQHL
PRUDOH DEVROXWH WH]ă FRQVLGHUDWă GH .HOVHQ FD
LQDFFHSWDELOă9DORULOHPRUDOHVXQWUHODWLYH‫܈‬LQLPHQLQX
SRDWH GHWHUPLQD FHHD FH WUHEXLH FRQVLGHUDW FD MXVW VDX
LQMXVW vQ PRG DEVROXW $ VSXQH Fă GUHSWXO HVWH PRUDO

134
vQVHDPQăFHOPXOWDDILUPDFăHOHVWHRQRUPă VRFLDOăFX
YDORDUH PRUDOă UHODWLYă ‫܈‬L vQ DFHDVWă VLWXD‫܊‬LH UDSRUWXO
GUHSW ± PRUDOă QX VH UHIHUă OD FRQ‫܊‬LQXWXO GUHSWXOXL FL OD
IRUPDVD'HFLQXVHSRDWHDILUPDFăGUHSWXOWUHEXLHVă
ILH PRUDO GHRDUHFH QX H[LVWă PRUDOă DEVROXWă R
UHJOHPHQWDUHSXWkQGILFRQIRUPăFXXQVLVWHPGHPRUDOă
úL FRQWUDULH DOWXL VLVWHP $VWIHO MXVWLILFDUHD GUHSWXOXL
SULQWURRUGLQHPRUDOăHVWHOLSVLWăGHVHPQLILFDĠLH
ÌQWUH DFHVWH GRXă RULHQWăUL VH SODVHD]ă úL FXUHQWHOH
VRFLRORJLFH DIODWH vQVă PDL DSURDSH GH FHD GLQ XUPă
GLQWUH HOH 6ROLGDUă FX VLQH vQVăúL úL vQ SURSULXO VăX
LQWHUHV VRFLHWDWHD vúL RUJDQL]HD]ă XQ DQVDPEOX GH
PLMORDFH ± vQWUH FDUH ‫܈‬L FHOH QRUPDWLYH ± SULQ FDUH VH
DSăUă vPSRWULYD DFWLYLWăWLORU FHL WXOEXUă H[LVWHQĠD VDX vL
SHULFOLWHD]ăSURJUHVXO
/HJLXLWRUXO DUH vQ YHGHUH vQ SURFHVXO GH FUHDUH D
GUHSWXOXL FRQúWLLQĠD VRFLDOă VHQWLPHQWXO VRFLDOLWăĠLL úL
VROLGDULWDWLL VRFLDOH /HJHD SR]LWLYă LQYHVWHúWH FX SXWHUH
GH FRQVWUkQJHUH UHJXOL LPSXVH GH IRUĠHOH VRFLDOH
FRQVLGHUDWH DLFL VXUVD SULPDUă D GUHSWXOXL  2UJDQHOH
MXULGLFH VDX DGPLQLVWUDWLYH SRW vQVă Vă QX ĠLQă VHDPD GH
GLVSR]L‫܊‬LLHVDOHDWXQFLFkQGDFHVWHDYLQvQFRQWUDGLFWLHFX
VHQWLPHQWXO MXULGLF DO PDVHORU &RQFHSWLD VRFLRORJLFă D
GUHSWXOXL D GHWHUPLQDW DSDUL‫܊‬LD XQRU GLUHFĠLL QRL GH
LQYHVWLJDUH D IHQRPHQXOXL MXULGLF FXP DU IL úFRDOD
OLEHUXOXL GUHSW vQ *HUPDQLD VDX /LEHUD FHUFHWDUH D
GUHSWXOXLvQ)UDQĠD

135
ÌQ FRQFOX]LH VXEOLQLHP IDSWXO Fă IDĠă GH QRUPD GH
PRUDOă QRUPD MXULGLFă SUH]LQWă XQHOH WUăVăWXUL $VWIHO
QRUPD MXULGLFă UHJOHPHQWHD]D DFHOH UHODĠLL VRFLDOH FDUH
YL]HD]ă EXQD GHVIăúXUDUH D UDSRUWXULORU GLQ VRFLHWDWH úL
FRQVWLWXLHIXQGDPHQWXOvQWUHJLLRUGLQLVRFLDOH UDSRUWXULOH
GH SURSULHWDWH DSăUDUHD YDORULORU HVHQWLDOH XPDQH
UDSRUWXULOH FH VH LYHVF vQ SURFHVXO FRQGXFHULL VRFLDOH
HWF 
/HJDWXUDGUHSWXOXLFXPRUDODULGLFăSUREOHPDVWDELOLULL
FULWHULLORU vQ ED]D FăURUD R DQXPLWă UHODĠLH WUHFH GLQ
UHJOHPHQWDUHD PRUDOă vQ FHD MXULGLFă  $VWIHO VSUH
H[HPSOX PRUDOD FRQĠLQH vQWUH SHUFHSWHOH VDOH úL SH FHO
FDUHL vQGHDPQă SH RDPHQL OD R FRQGXLWă ORLDOă
FRQGDPQkQG PLQFLXQD (ILFLHQĠD XQHL DVHPHQHD QRUPH
VHUHDOL]HD]ăSULQGH]DYXDUHDVRFLDOăSULQEODPXOPRUDO
FHVHDEDWHDVXSUDFHOXLFHVHFRPSRUWăQHORLDOLQFRUHFW
ÌQ FD]XO vQ FDUH R DQXPLWă FRPSRUWDUH PLQFLQRDVă ±
PăUWXULH PLQFLQRDVă VDX FDORPQLH DIHFWHFWHD]ă XQ
LQWHUHV OHJDO RFURWLW GH]DSUREDUHD PRUDOă QX PDL HVWH
VXILFLHQWă LQWHUYHQLQG VDQF‫܊‬LXQHD MXQGLFă FULWHULXO ILLQG
LQWHUHVXO OH]DW ‫܈‬L PRGXO VăX GH DSăUDUH VRFLDOă
([LJLELOLWDWHD DSDUH FD R FDUDFWHQVWLFă LPSRUWDQWă D
QRUPHLMXULGLFH
1RUPHOH MXULGLFH ± GDWH ILLQG FRQVHFLQĠHOH GHRVHELWH
DOH DFĠLXQLL ORU VXQW VXSXVH XQRU IUHFYHQWH RSHUDĠLL GH
RUJDQL]DUHGHVLVWHPDWL]DUHúLGHSXEOLFL]DUH,QWUDUHDvQ
YLJRDUH SULQFLSLLOH DFWLYLWă‫܊‬LL PRPHQWXO LQWUăULL vQ
YLJRDUH LHúLUHD GLQ YLJRDUH WRDWH DFHVWH PRPHQWH VXQW

136
ULJXURVSUHFL]DWHvQSULYLQĠDQRUPHORUMXULGLFH([LVWăGH
DVHPHQHD R WHRULH vQFKHJDWă D L]YRDUHORU GUHSWXOXL vQ
FDUH HVWH LQGLYLGXDOL]DW ORFXO UROXO ILHFăUXL L]YRU
vQWLQGHUHDVDYDULDĠLLOHvQWLPS‫܈‬LVSDĠLXHWF

%1RUPHOHRELFHLXOXL
1RUPHOH RELFHLXOXL UHSUH]LQWă R FDWHJRULH LPSRUWDQWă
DVLVWHPXOXLQRUPHORUVRFLDOHÌQSODQLVWRULFGUHSWXOQX
VD GHVSULQV GRDU GLQ PRUDOă ‫܈‬L PRUDYXUL FL úL GLQ
RELFHLXUL ÌQ FRQWLQXDUH GUHSWXO VD GH]YROWDW vQ VWUkQVă
OHJăWXUă FX RELFHLXO $FHDVWă OHJăWXUă HVWH FDOLWDWLY
GLIHULWăGHFHDFDUHOHDJăGUHSWXOGHPRUDOăvQVHQVXOFă
RELFHLXO GHYLQH FKLDU R IRUPă GH H[SULPDUH D GUHSWXOXL
RFXSăXQORFDSDUWHvQVLVWHPXOL]YRDUHORUMXULGLFH
ÌQ PRG FXUHQW RELFHLXO HVWH GHILQLW FD R UHJXOă GH
FRQGXLWăVWDWRUQLFLWăvQFDGUXOFRQYLHĠXLULLXPDQHSULQWU
XQX]vQGHOXQJDW$SOLFDUHDVDVHUHDOL]HD]ăPDLDOHVSULQ
FRQVHQVXO PHPEULORU FRPXQLWă‫܊‬LL JUXSXOXL  SRWULYLW FX
FUHGLQĠDvQMXVWHĠHDvQUHJOHPHQWăULLVDOH
&D QRUPH VRFLDOH RELFHLXULOH VXQW PRGHOH GH
FRQGXLWăHOHH[SULPăQHFHVLWăĠLDOHJUXSXULORUVRFLDOH‫܈‬L
VXQWOHJDWHGHYDORULOHVSHFLILFHJUXSXOXL
6SUH GHRVHELUH GH RELFHLXUL RELúQXLQĠHOH VXQW
PRGDOLWăĠL GH FRQGXLWă VWDWRUQLFLWă SHQWUX VLWXD‫܊‬LL
GHWHUPLQDWH FDUH QX WUH]HVF RELHFĠLL úL QX vQWkOQHVF
UHDFĠLL QHJDWLYH GLQ SDUWHD PHGLXOXL vQFRQMXUăWRU
OQGLYLGXOvúLDPHQDMHD]ăXQVHWGHRELúQXLQĠHVHWUH]HúWH

137
OD R DQXPLWă RUă FLWHúWH SUHVD DVFXOWă LQIRUPDWLLOH HWF
2ELúQXLQWHOHDSDUDVWIHOFDRGHSULQGHUHLQGLYLGXDOă
6SUHGHRVHELUHGHDFHVWHDRELFHLXULOHVXQWPRGHOHGH
FRQGXLWă HOH SUHVXSXQ R DQXPLWă FRQVWUkQJHUH vQ
UHFXQRD‫܈‬WHUHD YDORULORU GH JUXS úL vQ UHVSHFWDUHD ORU (O
VHFRQFUHWL]HD]ăvQJHQHUDOvQIRUPHRUDOHLDUDXWRULWDWHD
VD VH ED]HD]ă SH IDSWXO Fă HVWH UH]XOWDWXO XQHL SUDFWLFL
YHFKLúLLQFRQWHVWDELOH
$OăWXUL GH RELFHLXUL H[LVWă ‫܈‬L X]XULOH FDUH DX XQ
FDUDFWHUFRQYHQĠLRQDO±XQPRGDQXPLWvQFDUHSăUĠLOHDX
vQWHOHV Vă FRQYLQă DúD FXP UH]XOWă GLQWUR SUDFWLFă
GRYHGLWă GH H[ X]XULOH FRPHUFLDOH  ÌQ SULYLQĠD
WUDWDPHQWXOXL ORU MXULGLF VXEOLQLHP IDSWXO Fă X]XULOH
WUHEXLHGRYHGLWHvQID‫܊‬ăLQVWDQĠHORU GHRDUHFHDXFDUDFWHU
FRQYHQĠLRQDO  SH FkQG RELFHLXULOH SRW IL LQYRFDWH GLUHFW
vQLQVWDQWăFDXQGUHSWSR]LWLY
„În mod general ± VSXQHD ' *XVWL ± trei subiecte
sunt producătoare de legislaĠii, individul, statul úi
societatea. Individul îúi crează o legislaĠie a lui proprie,
de conducere prin aúa-zisa obiúnuinĠă, statul prin
sistemul cunoscut, iar societatea prin obiceiuri. Obiceiul
e legislaĠia proprie pe care societatea Юi-o dă ei însăúi
pentru ca să trăiască úi să se dezvolte"
2ELFHLXOOHDJăSULQLPSHUDWLYHOHVDOHDWkWLQGLYLGXOFkW
úL VRFLHWDWHD 2SHUkQG XQHOH GLVWLQFĠLL *XVWL SUHFL]HD]ă
Fă obiúnuinĠa este totdeauna repetarea unei voinĠe
individuale, moda este o repetare a unei voinĠe sociale,
însă de origine individuală, datina este repetarea

138
regulată a unei voinĠe sociale particulare iar obiectul e
repetarea unei voinĠe regulate social generale.

&1RUPHOHWHKQLFH
1RUPHOH WHKQLFH VXQW UHJXOL FDUH FRQGXF SURFHVXO
SURGXFWLY (OH VH VWDWRUQLFHVF vQWUH RDPHQL vQ FDGUXO
SDUWLFLSăULORU OD YLDWD HFRQRPLFă ‫܈‬L VRFLDOFXOWXUDOă
$VHPHQHD UHJXL H[LVWă GH IRDUWH PXOWă YUHPH úL
QHUHVSHFWDUHD ORU GXFH OD FRPSURPLWHUHD UH]XOWDWXOXL
PXQFLL VDX OD FRQVHFLQĠH SăJXELWRDUH SHQWUX FHO FH OH
vQFDOFă 6SRULUHD FRPSOH[LWăĠLL SURFHVHORU HFRQRPLFH
GHWHUPLQăRFRQWLQXăVSHFLDOL]DUHDDFWLYLWă‫܊‬LLSURGXFWLYH
‫܈‬L R FUHúWHUH VXEVWDQĠLDOă D YROXPXOXL GH FXQRD‫܈‬WHUH D
FHORUFHSDUWLFLSăODDFHDVWăDFWLYLWDWH
1HUHVSHFWDUHD QRUPHORU WHKQLFH GHWHUPLQă vQ
QXPHURDVH FD]XUL ‫܈‬L FRQVHFLQĠH MXULGLFH &RQGXFHUHD
H[HPSODUăDFRPSOLFDWHORUSURFHVHWHKQRORJLFHLPSOLFăR
PD[LPă SURIHVLRQDOLWDWH úL UHVSRQVDELOLWDWH 0XOWLSOH
YDULDWLL DOH WUHEXLQWHORU FROHFWLYLWă‫܊‬LL GHWHUPLQă ‫܈‬L XQ
SURFHV GH YDULDELOLWDWH D LQVWUXPHQWHORU MXULGLFH
6RFLHWDWHDQXSRDWHUăPkQHGHVFRSHULWăvQID‫܊‬ăXQRUHURUL
GH XWLOL]DUH D SURFHVHORU WHKQRORJLFH FD]XUL vQ FDUH
XUPăULOH SRW IL JUDYH XQHRUL H[WUHP GH SHULFXORDVH
3HQWUXDFHVWPRWLYFRQVHFLQWHOHMXULGLFHDOHQHUHVSHFWăULL
QRUPHORUWHKQLFHLQWHUYLQWRWPDLIUHFYHQWvQSURFHVXOGH
RUJDQL]DUHVRFLDOă
7RWRGDWă H[SDQVLXQHD LQGXVWULDOă D GHWHUPLQDW
vQPXOWLUHD DFFLGHQWHORU GH PXQFă úL DSDUL‫܊‬LD ÄWHRULHL

139
ULVFXOXL³ vQ PDWHULD UHVSRQVDELOLWă‫܊‬LL GHOLFWXDOH DVWIHO LD
DPSORDUHUDPXUDGUHSWXOXLPXQFLLúLVHFXULWă‫܊‬LLVRFLDOH
3UREOHPDH[LVWHQWHLXQRUQRUPHWHKQLFHVHSXQHúLvQ
FDGUXO DQDOL]HL FRPSOH[XOXL QRUPDWLYH MXULGLF vQ VHQVXO
Fă vQ FDGUXO GLYHUVHORU FRPSRQHQWH DOH VLVWHPXOXL
QRUPHORU MXULGLFH H[LVWă ‫܈‬L UHJXOL WHKQLFH VDX FX XQ
SURQXQWDW FDUDFWHU WHKQLF $VWIHO UHJXOLOH GH HODERUDUH
QRUPDWLYă FX XQ FDUDFWHU PHWRGRORJLF VXQW QRUPH GH
WHKQLFă MXULGLFă 0DMRULWDWHD QRUPHORU GH SURFHGXUă
FLYLOăSHQDOăDGPLQLVWUDWLYă DXXQFDUDFWHUWHKQLFPDL
SURQXQĠDW 6SUH H[HPSOX QRUPHOH PHWRGRORJLFH FDUH
FRQGXF SURFHVXO HODERUăULL OHJLORU LQLWLHUHD SURLHFWXOXL
DYL]DUHD DFHVWXLD GHSXQHUHD VD GH]EDWHUHD VD
DGRSWDUHD SURPXOJDUHD SXEOLFDUHD  QRUPHOH FDUH
SULYHVF VWUXFWXUD DFWXOXL QRUPDWLY PHWRGRORJLD
LQWHUSUHWăULL D PRGLILFăULL VDX DEURJăULL DFWHORU
QRUPDWLYH HWF GH DVHPHQHD UHJXOLOH GH SURFHGXUă FDUH
SULYHVF VSUH H[HPSOX VHVL]DUHD LQVWDQWHL RUGLQHD
DXGLHULL PDUWRULORU DFRUGDUHD FXYkQWXOXL vQ IRQG HWF
WRDWHDFHVWHDVXQWQRUPHWHKQLFHMXULGLFH

5(=80$78/81,7Ă‫܉‬,,'(Ì19Ă‫܉‬$5(
2PXO LúL FRQVWUXLHVWH DFWLXQLOH SURSULL vQ IXQF‫܊‬LH GH
LQWHUHVHOV VDOH LQWHUHVH LPHGLDWH úL LQWHUHVH GH
SHUVSHFWLYDGHDLFLL]YRUăúWHGLQDPLFDDFWLXQLLXPDQHVL
LPSOLFLWGLQDPLFDVRFLHWăĠLL
3H ED]D LQWHUHVHORU VDOH LQGLYLGXO vúL VWDELOHVWH XQ
SODQ GH DFWLXQH vQ FDUH VH UHJDVHVF OHJăWXULOH VRFLDOH vQ

140
FDUH DFHVWD GHYLQH SDUWLFLSDQW $FWLYLWDWHD XPDQD HVWH
SURLHFWDWD ‫܈‬L UHDOL]HD]D FRQFUHW LQWUXQ FDGUX FRPSOH[
VRFLDO QDWXUDO HFRQRPLF SROLWLF FXOWXUDO LGHRORJLF
5HODWLLOHGLQWUHLQGLYLG‫܈‬LVRFLHWDWHVXQWDVWD]LH[WUHPGH
FRPSOH[H‫܈‬LGLYHUVLILFDWH
)LLQWD XPDQD WUHEXLH SULYLWD DWDW FD XQ VLVWHP
LQGLYLGXDO DSW VD H[HUFLWH R DFWLXQH DVXSUD PHGLXOXL
LQFRQMXUDWRU PHGLXO QDWXUDO HFRQRPLF SROLWLF VRFLDO 
GDU ‫܈‬L FD VLVWHP UHIOHFWDQW FDSDELO VD UHFHSWLRQH]H úL VD
DQDOL]H]HPHVDMHOHVRFLHWDWLLúLVD‫܈‬LFRQVWUXLDVFDUDWLRQDO
RYDULDQWDGHFRPSRUWDPHQW‫܈‬LDWLWXGLQH
'UHSWXO HVWH FKHPDW VD DQDOL]H]H SR]LWLD RPXOXL
DWLWXGLQHD ‫܈‬L FRPSRUWDPHQWXO DFHVWXLD IDĠă GH QRUPHOH
MXULGLFH FDUH vL LPSXQ R YDULDQWD GH FRPSRUWDPHQW
GHWHUPLQDQGX VD VH FRQIRUPH]H UHJXOLORU FXSULQVH vQ
QRUPHOHMXULGLFH$FHVWHUHJXOLYL]HD]DRPXOvQFHOHWUHL
LSRVWD]HFăWUHEXLHVăIDFăFHYDVDXQXFDWUHEXLHVDVH
DEWLQDDIDFHFHYD
5HJXOLOH DFHVWHD QH GHPRQVWUHD]D FD RPXO WUDLHVWH ‫܈‬L
DFWLRQH]D LQWUXQ PHGLX DFWLY GLQDPLF ILLQG SXV
SHUPDQHQWvQVLWXD‫܊‬LDGHDVHDGDSWDODQRUPHOHSUHVFULVH
GHGUHSW,PSRUWDQWDQXHVWHJDQGLUHDVDXUHDFWLDLQWLPD
SHUVRQDODDLQGLYLGXOXLID‫܊‬ăGHUHDOLWDWHDH[WHULRDUDID‫܊‬ă
GH FRQ‫܊‬LQXWXO QRUPHORU MXULGLFH FL PDQLHUD FRQFUHWD
SUDJPDWLFD vQ FDUH RPXO DFWLRQHD]D ID‫܊‬ă GH QRUPD
MXULGLFă
ÌQLQWLPLWDWHDVDvQJDQGXOVDXRPXOSRDWHVDQXILH
GH DFRUG FX SUHVFULSWLLOH XQRU QRUPH MXULGLFH (O SRDWH

141
UHVSLQJHQRUPHOHOHSRDWHFRQWHVWD'DUHVWHREOLJDWVD
VH FRQIRUPH]H DFHVWRUD SHQWUX FD QRUPD MXULGLFă
UHSUH]LQWăYRLQWDPDMRULWDWLL
ÌQ IDSW RPXO DFFHSWD FD WRDWH DFWLYLWă‫܊‬LOH XPDQH
WUHEXLHVDILHQRUPDWHUHJOHPHQWDWHFDDFHVWHDQXVHSRW
GHUXOD GH]RUJDQL]DW IDUD FD HOH VD ILH VXERUGRQDWH XQRU
VFRSXULFODUHXQRUQRUPHúLSULQFLSLLMXULGLFH
1RUPDUHD DFWLYLWă‫܊‬LL XPDQH VH LPSXQH FD R FHULQWD
IXQGDPHQWDOă vQ RULFH IRUPD GH FRQYLHWXLUH vQ IDPLOLH
vQ FROHFWLYHOH GH PXQFă vQ FRPXQLWă‫܊‬LOH GH HOHYL úL
VWXGHQWLvQFRPXQLWă‫܊‬LOHUXUDOH‫܈‬LXUEDQHHWF 
$FHDVWD FHULQWD IXQGDPHQWDOă FDSDWD QXDQWH ‫܈‬L
SDUWLFXWDULWDWL LQFRQGLWLLOH FRQWHPSRUDQH FH VH
FDUDFWHUL]HD]D SULQWUR PDUH GLYHUVLWDWH GH UDSRUWXUL
LQWHUXPDQH ‫܈‬L VRFLDOH 6RFLHWDWHD XPDQD PLOHQLXOXL WUHL
HVWH PDUFDWD GH VFKLPEDUL SURIXQGH GHWHUPLQDWH GH
UHYROXWLD LQIRUPDWLRQDOD GH FUL]D DOLPHQWDUD GH
GH]HFKLOLEUHOH PDMRUH DSDUXWH vQ ]RQH ‫܈‬L UHJLXQL
JHRJUDILFHGHIHQRPHQHGHLQVWUDLQDUHDLQGLYLGXOXLGH
FUL]D JXYHUQDULL VWDWHORU GH IRUPLGDELOD SUHVLXQH D
IHQRPHQXOXL GH VRPDM DQDOIDEHWLVP FULPLQDOLWDWH ‫܈‬L
VDUDFLH
ÌQWUXQ DVHPHQHD FRQWH[W DFWLXQHD XPDQD WUHEXLH
QRUPDWă HD vQVăúL LPSXQkQG UHJODUHD SULQ QRUPH D
FRQGXLWHORUúLFRPSRUWDPHQWHORU
1RUPD VRFLDOD HVWH FHD FDUH UHJOHPHQWHD]ă FRQGXLWD
XPDQă


142
BIBLIOGRAFIE
 1LFRODH 3RSD ± 7HRULD JHQHUDOă D GUHSWXOXL
%XFXUH‫܈‬WLS±
 ORQ &UDLRYDQ ± 7HRULD JHQHUDOă D GUHSWXOXL
%XFXUH‫܈‬WLS±
 6WHIDQ 2GREUHMD ± 3VLKRORJLD FRQVRQDQWLVWD
%XFXUH‫܈‬WLS±
-6]H]HSDQVNL±1RĠLXQLHOHPHQWDUHGHVRFLRORJLH
%XFXUH‫܈‬WL(GùWLLQWLILFăS
 *K&0LKDL úL 5,0RWLFD ± )XQGDPHQWHOH
GUHSWXOXL 7HRULD úL ILOR]RILD GUHSWXOXL %XFXUH‫܈‬WL 
S±
 * 'XUDQG ± 'XUUDSRUW HQWUH OH GURLW HW O¶HWLTXH
YROQUS
3DXO 5DXELHU ± 7KHRULH JHQHUDOH GX GURLW (G 
6XH\3DULVS
 -HDQ 'DELQ ± /D SKLORVRSKLH GH O¶RUGUH MXULGLTXH
Q3DULVS
 + .HLVHQ ± 7KHRULH SXUH GX GUDIW 'DOOR] 3DULV
S
+/HY\%UXKL±6RFLRORJLHGXGURLW3WLI3DULV
S
 /HRQ 'XJXWW ± 7UDLWH GH GURLW FRQVWLWXWLRQHO (G
3DULV9RO,
 ' *XVWL ± &XUV GH HWLFă 8QLYHUVLWDWHD GLQ
%XFXUH‫܈‬WLS

143
8QLWDWHDGHvQYă‫܊‬DUH
1250$-85,',&Ă


CONЯINUTUL UNITĂЯII DE ÎNVĂЯARE


2ELHFWLYHXUPăULWH
7LPSDORFDWXQLWă‫܊‬LL
&XYLQWHFKHLH
1R‫܊‬LXQH‫܈‬LWUăVăWXUL
6WUXFWXUDQRUPHLMXULGLFH
&ODVLILFDUHDQRUPHORUMXULGLFH
$SOLFDUHDQRUPHORUMXULGLFHvQWLPS‫܈‬LVSDĠLX
 $F‫܊‬LXQHD QRUPHORU MXULGLFH vQ WLPS VSD‫܊‬LX ‫܈‬L
DVXSUDSHUVRDQHORU
 $F‫܊‬LXQHD QRUPHORU MXULGLFH vQ VSD‫܊‬LXO ‫܈‬L DVXSUD
SHUVRDQHORU
5H]XPDWXOXQLWă‫܊‬LLGHvQYă‫܊‬DUH
ÌQWUHEăULUHFDSLWXODWLYH
7HPHSHQWUXGH]EDWHUL
%LEOLRJUDILH


OBIECTIVE URMĂRITE
± vQVX‫܈‬LUHD GH FăWUH FXUVDQWL D HOHPHQWHORU
FDUDFWHULVWLFH DOH QRUPHL MXULGLFH úL D VWUXFWXULL VDOH
SHQWUXRPDLEXQDLQWHOHJHUHDFHORUODOWHUDPXULGHGUHSW

144
± VXEOLQLHUHD FULWHULLORU GH FODVLILFDUH DOH QRUPHL GH
GUHSW úL DFWLXQHD vQ WLPS VSDWLX úL DVXSUD SHUVRDQHORU
DFHVWHLD

7,03$/2&$781,7Ă‫܉‬,,25(


CUVINTE CHEIE
– Norma juridică – HVWH R UHJXOD GH FRQGXLWD FX
FDUDFWHUJHQHUDO‫܈‬LREOLJDWRULXHODERUDWDVDXUHFXQRVFXWD
GHSXWHUHDGHVWDWvQVFRSXODVLJXUDULLRUGLQLLVRFLDOHFH
SRDWH IL DGXVD OD LQGHSOLQLUH OD QHYRLH SULQ IRU‫܊‬H GH
FRQVWUDQJHUHDOHVWDWXOXL
±Trasaturile caracteristice ale normei juridice
 ±FDUDFWHUJHQHUDOúLLPSHUVRQDO
 ±FDUDFWHUREOLJDWRULX
 ±FDUDFWHUWLSLF
 ±QRUPDMXGLFLDUDLPSOLFDXQUDSRUWVXELHFWLY
– Structura logica a normei juridice HVWH
 ± LSRWH]D ± HVWH DFHD SDUWH D QRUPHL MXULGLFH vQ
FDUH OHJLXLWRUXO VWDELOHVWH FRQGL‫܊‬LLOH LPSUHMXUDULOH VDX
IDSWHOHvQXUPDFDURUDLQWUDvQDFWLXQHQRUPDSUHFXPúL
FDWHJRULDVXELHFWLORUGHGUHSW
  ± LSRWH]H VWULFW GHWHUPLQDWH ± FDUH
VWDELOHVFH[DFWFRQGL‫܊‬LLOHGHDSOLFDUHDGLVSR]L‫܊‬LHLQRUPHL
MXULGLFH
  ± LSRWH]H UHODWLYH GHWHUPLQDWH± VXQW FHOH
vQ FDUH FRQGL‫܊‬LLOH ‫܈‬L LPSUHMXUDULOH GH DSOLFDUH D

145
GLVSR]L‫܊‬LHL SULQ QDWXUD ORU QX SRW IL IRUPXODWH vQ PRG
GHWDOLDW
  LSRWH]H VLPSOH ± VXQW FHOH vQ FDUH HVWH
IRUPXODWDRVLQJXUDFRQGL‫܊‬LHVDXLPSUHMXUDUHSHQWUXDVH
DSOLFDGLVSR]L‫܊‬LDQRUPHLMXULGLFH
  ± LSRWH]H FRPSOH[H ± VXQW FHOH vQ FDUH
VXQW IRUPXODWH PDL PXOWH FRQGL‫܊‬LL úL LPSUHMXUDUL SHQWUX
DSOLFDUHDGLVSR]L‫܊‬LHLQRUPHLMXULGLFH
  ± GLVSR]L‫܊‬LD ± HVWH DFHO HOHPHQW DO
VWUXFWXULL ORJLFH D QRUPHL MXULGLFH FDUH SUHYHGH FRQGXLW
DFHWUHEXLHXUPDWDvQFD]XOLSRWH]HLIRUPXODWH
  ± GLVSR]L‫܊‬LL GHWHUPLQDWH ± VXQW FHOH FDUH
VWDELOHVFFDWHJRULFGUHSWXULOHúLREOLJD‫܊‬LLOHVXELHFWLORU
  ± GLVSR]L‫܊‬LL UHODWLYH GHWHUPLQDWH ± VXQW
FHOH FDUH VWDELOHVF YDULDQWH GH FRQGXLWD VDX OLPLWH DOH
FRQGXLWHLXUPDQGFDVXELHFWLLVDDOHDJDXQDGLQWUHHOH
 – Sanctiunea  SUHFL]HD]D XUPDULOH FRQVHFLQWHOH
FHDSDUvQFD]XOQHUHVSHFWDULLGLVSR]L‫܊‬LHLQRUPHLMXULGLFH
$FHVWHDVHFODVLILFăvQ
  GXSDQDWXUDORUVDQF‫܊‬LXQLOHVXQW
  VDQF‫܊‬LXQLFLYLOH
  VDQF‫܊‬LXQLSHQDOH
  VDQF‫܊‬LXQLDGPLQLVWUDWLYH
 GXSD JUDGXO ORU GH GHWHUPLQDUH VDQF‫܊‬LXQLOH
VXQW
  ±VDQF‫܊‬LXQLDEVROXWGHWHUPLQDWH
  ±VDQF‫܊‬LXQLUHODWLYGHWHUPLQDWH
  ±VDQF‫܊‬LXQLDOWHUQDWLYH

146
  ±VDQF‫܊‬LXQLFXPXODWLYH
±Clasificarea normelor juridice:
±GXSăFULWHULXOUDPXULLGHGUHSW
±GXSăFULWHULXOIRU‫܊‬HLMXULGLFHDDFWXOXLQRUPDWLY
±GXSăFULWHULXOVIHUHLGHDSOLFDUH
±GXSăFULWHULXOJUDGXOXLúLLQWHQVLWDWLLLQFLGHQWHL
±GXSăFULWHULXOPRGXOXLGHUHJOHPHQWDUHDFRQGXLWHL
±DOWHFDWHJRULLGHQRUPHMXULGLFH
– Actiunea în timp a normei juridiceVHUHIHUDOD
LQWUDUHDvQYLJRDUHDQRUPHLMXULGLFH±GDWDFRQFUHWD
OD FDUH DFWXO QRUPDWLY FDUH FRQWLQH QRUPD MXULGLFă
vQFHSH VD DFWLRQH]H úL GHYLQH RSR]DELOD VXELHFWLORU GH
GUHSW
± DFWLXQHD vQ WLPS D QRUPHL MXULGLFH VH UHIHUD OD
PRPHQWXO vQ FDUH GHYLQH DFWLYH ‫܈‬L DFWLRQHD]D SHQWUX
YLLWRU
± LHVLUHD GLQ YLJRDUH D QRUPHL MXULGLFH± GH UHJXOD
QRUPDMXULGLFăQXHVWHXOWUDDFWLYD
– imunitatea diplomatica ± UHSUH]LQWă DQVDPEOXO
GUHSWXULORU úL SULYLOHJLLORU DFHVWRUD LQYLRODELOLWDWHD
SHUVRDQHLLPXQLWă‫܊‬LGHMXULVGLFWLHVFXWLUHGHLPSR]LWH‫܈‬L
WD[HSHUVRQDOHGHWD[HYDPDOHVDXGHDOWHSUHVWDWLLFăWUH
VWDWXODFUHGLWDU

12‫܉‬,81(ù,75Ă6Ă785,

1RUPDMXULGLFăFRQVWLWXLHFHOXODGHED]DDGUHSWXOXLúL
HVWH UHJXOD GH FRQGXLWă LQVWLWXLWă GH SXWHUHD SXEOLFă VDX

147
UHFXQRVFXWă GH DFHDVWD D FăUHL DSOLFDUH HVWH DVLJXUDWD
SULQFRQVWLLQWDMXULGLFăLDUODQHYRLHSULQIRU‫܊‬DFRHUFLWLYD
DVWDWXOXL
$VWIHO VSHFLILFXO GUHSWXOXL FD IHQRPHQ VRFLDO vO
FRQVWLWXLH FDUDFWHUXO OXL QRUPDWLY VDX QRUPDWLYLWDWHD
MXULGLFă
6SUH GHRVHELUH GH DOWH QRUPH VRFLDOH QRUPHOH
MXULGLFH DX SRVLELOLWDWHD GH D IL SXVH vQ DSOLFDUH FX
DMXWRUXO IRU‫܊‬HL GH FRQVWUkQJHUH DSOLFDWH GH RUJDQHOH
VSHFLDO DELOLWDWH DOH VWDWXWXL DWXQFL FDQG FRQVWLLQWD
MXULGLFăQXHVWHVXILFLHQWDSHQWUXDOHDVLJXUDHILFLHQWD
ÌQ SULQFLSLX FXYkQWXO ÄQRUPă´ HVWH HFKLYDOHQW FD
VIHUă VHPDQWLFă FX FHO GH ÄUHJXOă GHRDUHFH PDUHD
PDMRULWDWH D QRUPHORU FRQWLQ UHJXOL GH FRPSRUWDPHQW
DWULEXLQGGUHSWXUL‫܈‬LVWDELOLQGREOLJD‫܊‬LLFRUHODWLYHIL[kQG
HWDORDQH GH FRPSRUWDPHQW úL VDQF‫܊‬LXQL SHQWUX FHL FH
DFĠLRQHD]ăQHVRFRWLQGSUHVFULSWLLOHVWDELOLWHSULQOHJH
1RUPHOH MXULGLFH PDL SRW FXSULQGH vQVă úL DOWH
SUHYHGHUL SRW FRQWLQH SULQFLSLL JHQHUDOH GH GUHSW
GHILQLWLL H[SOLFDUHD XQRU WHUPHQL OHJDOL GHVFULHUHD XQRU
LQVWLWX‫܊‬LLMXULGLFHHWF
ÌQ FRQFOX]LH SHQWUX D vQWHOHJH WUăVăWXULOH QRUPHL
MXULGLFH VWUXFWXUD HL HVWH QHFHVDU VăVH SRUQHDVFă GH OD
SUHPLVD FD ÄQRUPD GH GUHSW´ FRQWLQH FHHD FH WUHEXLH Vă
vQGHSOLQHDVFă XQ VXELHFW FHHD FH HO HVWH LQGUHSWăĠLW VD
IDFă VDX FHHD FH L VH UHFRPDQGD VDX HVWH VWLPXODW Vă
LQGHSOLQHDVFD
7UDVăWXULOHVSHFLILFHQRUPHORUMXULGLFHVXQW

148
D  1RUPD MXULGLFă DUH XQ FDUDFWHU JHQHUDO úL
LPSHUVRQDO
5HJXOD GH FRQGXLWă SUHVFULVă GH QRUPă HVWH R UHJXOă
WLSLFDPHQLWDVDVHDSOLFHXQXLQXPDUQHGHILQLWGHFD]XUL
úLSHUVRDQHFDUHVHDIODvQFLUFXPVWDQWHOHVDXFRQWH[WHOH
VLWXD‫܊‬LRQDOHYL]DWHvQLSRWH]DQRUPHLUHVSHFWLYH&RQGXLWD
WLSLFăSUHVFULVDGHQRUPDMXULGLFăVWDELOHVWHGUHSWXULOH‫܈‬L
REOLJD‫܊‬LLOHSDUWLFLSDQWLORUODYLDWDMXULGLFăvQPRGJHQHULF
DVWIHOQRUPDMXULGLFăGHYHQLQGXQHWDORQXQVWDQGDUGvQ
IXQF‫܊‬LH GH FDUH FRQGXLWD XQXL VXELHFW HVWH FRQVLGHUDWD
OLFLWDVDXLOLFLWD
1RUPHOH MXULGLFH ILLQG URGXO XQXL ULGLFDW JUDG GH
DEVWUDFWL]DUH úL JHQHUDOL]DUH DX FDUDFWHU LPSHUVRQDO HOH
QHDGUHVkQGXVH XQRU SHUVRDQH SUHVWDELOLWH úL LGHQWLILFDWH
FD DWDUH FL VXQW LQFLGHQWH WXWXURU SHUVRDQHORU FDUH
vQGHSOLQHVF FRQGL‫܊‬LLOH LQWUXQLWH vQ LSRWH]D ORU 3ULQ
DFHDVWă WUăVăWXUă QRUPHOH MXULGLFH VH GHRVHEHVF GH DFWXO
LQGLYLGXDOGHDSOLFDUHDGUHSWXOXLFDUHHVWHSULQQDWXUDVD
FRQFUHW‫܈‬LSHUVRQDO
&DUDFWHUXOJHQHUDODOQRUPHLQXLPSOLFăVLQHTXDQRQ
IDSWXOFDRULFHQRUPăVHDSOLFă RULFăUXL VXELHFW GH
GUHSW([LVWăJUDGHGLIHULWHGHJHQHUDOLWDWHDOHQRUPHLGH
GUHSW 1RUPHOH MXULGLFH FX FHO PDL ULGLFDW JUDG GH
JHQHUDOLWDWH VXQW FHOH FDUH VH DGUHVHD]ă WXWXURU
FHWă‫܊‬HQLORU VDX WXWXURU ORFXLWRULORU GH SH WHULWRULXO
VWDWXOXLFKLDUGDFăQXVXQWFHWă‫܊‬HQLDLVWDWXOXLUHVSHFWLY
$FHVWH QRUPH VXQW HGLFWDWH GH RUJDQHOH FHQWUDOH

149
OHJLVODWLYHVDXDOHDGPLQLVWUDWLHLGHVWDW‫܈‬LVXQWFXSULQVH
vQOHJLGHFUHWHKRWăUkUL
2 VHULH GH QRUPH MXULGLFH VH DGUHVHD]D XQRU DQXPLWH
FDWHJRULLGHSHUVRDQHLDUSHQWUXDILLQFLGHQWHVHFHUHFD
VXELHFWXOUDSRUWXOXLMXULGLFVDILHFDOLILFDWDGLFăVăDLEăR
DQXPLWăFDOLWDWHFHUXWăGHOHJH GHH[QRUPHOHFXSULQVH
vQ &RGXO IDPLOLHL LL SULYHVF QXPDL SH FHL FăVăWRULWL
LQWHU]LFHUHD ‫܈‬L LQFULPLQDUHD OXDULL GH PLWD SUHYD]XWD vQ
DUW&SHQVHUHIHUăGRDUODDFHOHSHUVRDQHFDUHDX
FDOLWDWHD GH IXQF‫܊‬LRQDU DFHDVWă FDOLWDWH ILLQG XQXO GLQ
HOHPHQWHOHFRQVWLWXWLYHDOHLQIUDFWLXQLL 
E  1RUPD MXULGLFă DUH XQ FDUDFWHU LPSHUDWLY
REOLJDWRULX 
,QGLIHUHQWGHQXDQWDSHFDUHDULPEUăFDRvQGRPHQLXO
GUHSWXOXL SXEOLF REOLJDWLYLWDWHD QRUPHORU DWLQJH
LPSHUDWLYXO SH FDQG vQ GUHSWXO SULYDW HD HVWH PDL
DWHQXDWă FRERUkQG SDQD OD SHUPLVLY 1RUPHOH MXULGLFH
VXQW vQ XOWLPă LQVWDQWă XQ FRPDQGDPHQW LPSXV GH
SXWHUHD SXEOLFă D FăUXL UHVSHFWDUH HVWH REWLJDWRULH
&HWăWHQLL QX VH SRW SUHYDOD GH GUHSWXO GH D RSWD vQWUH
FRQGXLWDSUHVFULVăGHGUHSW‫܈‬LXQDOWJHQGHFRQGXLWăFL
VXQWGDWRULVDRUHVSHFWHSHSULPD
ÌQWUR VRFLHWDWH GHPRFUDWLFă DXWRULWDWHD OHJLL HVWH GH
QHFRQWHVWDWREOLJDWLYLWDWHDUHVSHFWăULLQRUPHORUILLQGDWDW
GHSXWHUQLFăLQFkWQLPăQXLQXLHVWHSHUPLVDHOXGDOHJHD
LQYRFkQGSUHWH[WXOQHFXQRD‫܈‬WHULHLSHQWUXFăÄignorantia
jurisnocet” úL Änemo censetur ignorare legem”
QHFXQRD‫܈‬WHUHDGUHSWXOXLGăXQHD]ăúLQLPHQLQXDUHYRLH

150
Vă QX FXQRDVFD OHJHD  ± FHHD FH LQVHDPQă FD
QHFXQRD‫܈‬WHUHD OHJLL LQGLIHUHQW GH FDX]ă QX SRDWH
FRQVWLWXL XQ PRWLY GH H[RQHUDUH D UăVSXQGHULL vQ FD]XO
YLROăULLQRUPHORUGHGUHSW
2EOLJDWLYLWDWHDQRUPHLMXULGLFHHVWHGLFWDWăGH VFRSXO
DFHVWHLD±QHFHVLWDWHDDVLJXUăULLRUGLQLLVRFLDOH3HQWUX
D‫܈‬L vQGHSOLQL DFHVW VFRS QRUPD MXULGLFă WUHEXLH Vă
LQGHSOLQHDVFă DQXPLWH FRQGL‫܊‬LL Vă FRUHVSXQGă
VWUXFWXULORU‫܈‬LQHFHVLWăWLORUVXSHULRDUHDOHVRFLHWă‫܊‬LLVăILH
UHFXQRVFXWă FD HIHFWLY REOLJDWRULH GH FăWUH PDMRULWDWHD
GHVWLQDWDULORUHLvQWHPHLXOFDUDFWHUXOXLVDXQHFHVDU
3HQWUX D L VH DVLJXUD FDUDFWHUXO REOLJDWRULX QRUPD
EHQHILFLD]ă GH JDUDQWLL H[WHULRDUH VWDWDOH GH IRU‫܊‬D GH
FRQVWUDQJHUH HILFDFH úL OHJLWLPă FDUH LL DVLJXUă
H[LJLELOLWDWHD &DUDFWHUXO LPSHUDWLY GH VXERUGRQDUH DO
QRUPHORU MXULGLFH IDFH FD DFHVWHD Vă ILH LUHIUDJDELOH
QRUPHOH DSOLFkQGXVH FRQWLQXX úL QHFRQGLĠLRQDW GLQ
PRPHQWXOLQWUDULLORUvQYLJRDUH
F  1RUPD MXULGLFă DUH FDUDFWHU YROLWLY GHRDUHFH HD
SRDUWă QXPDL DVXSUD PDQLIHVWăULORU GH YRLQWă DOH
RDPHQLORU QX ‫܈‬L DVXSUD PDQLIHVWăULORU LQGHSHQGHQWH GH
YRLQWDORU
7RWXúLQRUPDSRDWHVăSUHYDGăúLQDVWHUHDXQRUHIHFWH
MXULGLFH FD R FRQVHFLQWă D IDSWHORU FDUH VDX SURGXV
LQGHSHQGHQW GH YRLQWD RDPHQLORU QDVWHUHD PRDUWHD
FDODPLWDWLOHQDWXUDOH GDUUHDOL]DUHDvQXOWLPăLQVWDQWăD
DFHVWRU HIHFWH SUHVXSXQH DFWLXQL YROLWLRQDOH  GLQ SDUWHD

151
RDPHQLORU LDU OHJHD WUHEXLH VD FRQIHUH H[SUHV UHOHYDQWă
MXULGLFăXQRUDVHPHQHDHYHQLPHQWH
G 1RUPDMXULGLFăLPSOLFăXQUDSRUWLQWHUVXELHFWLY
'HúL QRUPD MXULGLFă HVWH R SUHVFULSWLH JHQHUDO
DEVWUDFWă úLWLSLFă HD LPDJLQHD]D RPXO vQ UDSRUW FX
VHPHQLL VăL )ăUă DFHDVWă LPDJLQH D OHJăWXULORU VRFLDOH
PXOWLSOH HD QX ‫܈‬LDU SXWHD JăVL QR‫܊‬LXQHD VXILFLHQWD GH D
H[LVWD
'HRDUHFH QRUPD MXULGLFă YL]HD]D FUHDUHD XQRU UHODWLL
VDX OHJăWXUL HD DUH FDUDFWHU ELODWHUDO FDUDFWHU FDUH HVWH
SUH]HQW úL vQ QRUPHOH FH VWDX OD ED]D vQFKHLHULL DFWHORU
MXULGLFH XQLODWHUDOH GH H[ WHVWDPHQWXO  SHQWUX Fă ‫܈‬L
DFHVWHDDXvQYHGHUHUHODĠLLFKLDUGDFăQXLPHGLDWH,GHHD
GH ELODWHUDOLWDWH WUHEXLH Yă]XWă vQ OHJăWXUă FX LGHHD GH
DOWHULWDWHDQRUPHLúLGHUHFLSURFLWDWH
3DUWLFLSDUHDXQHLSHUVRDQHODYLDĠDMXULGLFăSUHVXSXQH
R SHUPDQHQWă UDSRUWDUH OD FHLODOWL R FRQGXLWă FRQFHVLYă
‫܈‬L WROHUDQWă FDUH IDFH SRVLELOă FRPXQLFDUHD XPDQă ‫܈‬L
FRQYLHWXLUHDvQFDGUXOXQXLJUXSVRFLDO
$YkQG vQ YHGHUH WUăVăWXULOH DQDOL]DWH DQWHULRU QRUPD
MXULGLFă SRDWH IL GHILQLWă FD UHJXOD JHQHUDOă ‫܈‬L
REOLJDWRULH GH FRQGXLWă DO FăUHL VFRS HVWH DFHOD GH D
DVLJXUD RUGLQHD VRFLDOă UHJXOă FH SRDWH IL DGXVă OD
vQGHSOLQLUHSHFDOHVWDWDOăvQFD]GHQHYRLHSULQIRU‫܊‬D
GHFRQVWUDQJHUH



152
6758&785$1250(,-85,',&(

$ ,327(=$
(VWH DFHD SDUWH D QRUPHL MXULGLFH FDUH VWDELOHúWH
FRQGL‫܊‬LLOHLPSUHMXUDULOHVDXIDSWHOHvQSUH]HQWDFDURUDVH
FHUHRDQXPLWăFRQGXLWăSUHFXP‫܈‬LFDWHJRULDVXELHFWLORU
ODFDUHVHUHIHUDSUHYHGHULOHQRUPHL
ÌQ LSRWH]ă SRDWH IL GHILQLWă FDOLWDWHD VXELHFWXOXL
FHWă‫܊‬HDQ VRW JHVWLRQDU HWF  VDX SRDWH IL FDUDFWHUL]DW
VXELHFWXO vQ PRG JHQHULF SHUVRDQD IL]LFă SHUVRDQă
MXULGLFăRULFLQHWRWL 
&ODVLILFDUHDLSRWH]HORU
ÌQIXQF‫܊‬LHGHSUHFL]LDGHWDOLLORUH[LVWHQWHvQLSRWH]D
QRUPHL MXULGLFH vQ OLWHUDWXUD MXULGLFă VH GLVWLQJ LSRWH]H
GHWHUPLQDWH‫܈‬LLSRWH]HUHODWLYGHWHUPLQDWH
± LSRWH]D GHWHUPLQDWD VWDELOHúWH FX H[DFWLWDWH
FRQGL‫܊‬LLOH GH DSOLFDUH D GLVSR]L‫܊‬LHL GH H[ vQ FD]XO
VWDELOLULL GUHSWXOXL GH SHQVLH SHQWUX OLPLWD GH YDUVWD
XUPDV VDX LQYDOLGLWDWH SULQ OHJH VH SUHYDG WRDWH
FRQGL‫܊‬LLOHSHFDUHWUHEXLHVăOHvQGHSOLQHDVFăRSHUVRDQă
SHQWUXDILvQFDGUDWăvQXQDGLQDFHVWHFDWHJRULLSUHFXP
úLFXDQWXPXOHL 
± LSRWH]D UHODWLY GHWHUPLQDWă QX IRUPXOHD]ă GHFkW OD
PRGXO JHQHUDO vPSUHMXUDULOH vQ FDUH GLVSR]L‫܊‬LD GHYLQH
LQFLGHQWă LDU FRQ‫܊‬LQXWXO FRQFUHW DO DFHVWRU LPSUHMXUăUL
SULQQDWXUDOXLQXSRDWHILGDWGHDFWXOQRUPDWLYFLHVWH
OăVDWSHVHDPDRUJDQXOXLHVWDW

153
ÌQ XQHOH DFWH QRUPDWLYH LSRWH]D HVWH VXEvQWHOHDVă vQ
VHQVXO FD GHúL QX HVWH H[SUHV IRUPXODWă HD UH]XOWă GLQ
FRQWH[WXO UHJOHPHQWăULL GH H[ vQ DUW  & SHQ VH
VWLSXOHD]ă Fă XFLGHUHD XQHL SHUVRDQH VH SHGHSVHúWH FX
vQFKLVRDUH GH OD  OD  GH DQL úL LQWHU]LFHUHD XQRU
GUHSWXUL IăUă D VH LQGLFD vPSUHMXUăULOH UHIHULWRDUH OD
SHUVRDQD FDUH VăYDUúHúWH RPRUXO ORFXO VDX WLPSXO
DFWLXQLL VXEvQWHOHJkQGXVH Fă RULFLQH VăYkUúHúWH DFHDVWă
IDSWă LQGLIHUHQW GH LPSUHMXUăUL YD IL SHGHSVLW FRQIRUP
OHJLL 
 ÌQ IXQF‫܊‬LH GH FRPSOH[LWDWHD LPSUHMXUăULORU
SUHYă]XWH vQ LSRWH]D DFHVWHD VH PDL SRW FODVLILFD vQ
VLPSOHúLFRPSOH[H
±LSRWH]DVLPSOăSUHYHGHRVLQJXUăvPSUHMXUDUHvQFDUH
VH DSOLFă GLVSR]L‫܊‬LD GH H[ DUW  GLQ &3HQ SULYLQG
GH]HUWDUHDSUHYHGHFăÄ$EVHQĠDQHMXVWLILFDWăGHODXQLWDWH
FDUHGHSăúHúWH]LOHDRULFăUXLPLOLWDUVHSHGHSVHúWHFX
vQFKLVRDUHGHODXQXODDQL´ 
± LSRWH]D FRPSOH[ă SUHYHGH PDL PXOWH LPSUHMXUăUL
FDUH LQWUXQLWH FXPXODWLY VDX ILHFDUH vQ SDUWH GHWHUPLQă
LQFLGHQWDGLVSR]L‫܊‬LHL,SRWH]DFRPSOH[ăSRDWHIL
± FXPXODWLYă FDUH SUHYHGH GRXă VDX PDL PXOWH
vPSUHMXUăUL FDUH WUHEXLH Vă H[LVWH vPSUHXQă SHQWUX FD
QRUPDVăSRDWăILDSOLFDWă
± DOWHUQDWLYă FDUH SUHYHGH PDL PXOWH vPSUHMXUăUL LDU
SHQWUXDSOLFDUHDQRUPHLHVWHQHFHVDUăH[LVWHQĠDILHDXQHL
vPSUHMXUăULILHDFHOHLODOWH


154
% ',632=,‫܉‬,$
(VWH PLH]XO QRUPHL MXULGLFH FXSULQ]DQG LPSHUDWLYXO
FRPDQGDPHQWXOQRUPHLVDXHOHPHQWXOHLUDWLRQDO
'LVSR]LWLD SUHYHGH FRQGXLWD FH WUHEXLH XUPDWD vQ
FD]XOvQGHSOLQLULLFRQGL‫܊‬LLORUGLQLSRWH]DDGLFăGUHSWXULOH
‫܈‬L REOLJD‫܊‬LLOH FRUHODWLYH DOH SHUVRDQHORU YL]DWH GH QRUPD
MXULGLFăUHVSHFWLYă
&ODVLILFDUHDGLVSR]L‫܊‬LLORU
 ÌQ IXQF‫܊‬LH GH FRQGXLWD SUHVFULVă GLVSR]L‫܊‬LLWH
QRUPHORUMXULGLFHVHFODVLILFăDVWIHO
D  GLVSR]L‫܊‬LLOH RQHUDWLYH VXQW FHOH FDUH SUHYăG
REOLJDĠLDGHDVăYkUúLDQXPLWHDFWLXQL GHH[DUWGLQ
&)DP3UHYHGHFDWXWRUHOHHVWHGDWRUVăSUH]LQWHDQXDO
DXWRULWă‫܊‬LLWXWHODUHRGDUHGHVHDPă GHVSUHPRGXOFXPD
vQJULMLW GH SHUVRDQD PLQRUXOXL SUHFXP úL GH
DGPLQLVWUDUHDEXQXULORUDFHVWXLD 
E  GLVSR]L‫܊‬LLOH SURKLELWLYH VXQW FHOH FDUH LQWHU]LF
VăYkUúLUHD XQRU DFWLXQL GH H[ (VWH RSULW Vă VH
FDVăWRUHDVFă EăUEDWXO FDUH HVWH FăVăWRULW FX IHPHLD FDUH
HVWH FăVăWRULWă DUW  & )DP  vQ DFHVW FD] LQWHUGLFWLD
ILLQGIRUPXODWăH[SUHV
F GLVSR]L‫܊‬LLOHSHUPLVLYHVXQWFHOHFDUHQLFLQXLQWHU]LF
QLFL QX LPSXQ VăYăUúLUHD XQRU DFWLXQL ODVDQG OD
ODWLWXGLQHDSăUWLORURSWLXQHDFRQGXLWHLSHFDUHGRUHVFVR
XUPH]H GH H[ DUW  & FLY SUHYHGH Fă VXFFHVLXQHD
SRDWH IL DFFHSWDWă SXU ‫܈‬L VLPSOX VDX VXE EHQHILFLX GH
LQYHQWDU 

155
G  GLVSR]L‫܊‬LLOH VXSOHWLYH FDUH VXQW R YDULDQWă D
GLVSR]L‫܊‬LLORU SHUPLVLYH FRQVWDX vQ DFHHD Fă GDFă
SHUVRDQHOH LQWHUHVDWH QX VH KRWDUDVF vQ DGRSWDUHD XQHL
FRQGXLWH SH FDUH SXWHDX VR DOHDJă SULQ RSWLXQH DWXQFL
RUJDQXO GH VWDW FRPSHWHQW YD VXSOLQL YRLQWD ORU GH H[
DUW  GLQ & IDP SUHYHGH FD OD GHVIDFHUHD FăVăWRULHL
SULQ GLYRUW VRWLL VH SRW LQYRL FD VRWXO FDUH D SXUWDW vQ
WLPSXO FăVăWRULHL QXPHOH GH IDPLOLH DO FHOXLODO VRW Vă
SRDUWHDFHVWQXPH‫܈‬LGXSăGHVIDFHUHDFăVăWRULHL'DFăQX
D LQWHUYHQLW R LQYRLDOă VDX GDFă LQVWDQWD QX D GDW
vQFXYLLQWDUHD ILHFDUH GLQWUH IRúWLL VRWL YD SXUWD QXPHOH
DYXWvQDLQWHDFăVăWRULHL 
H GLVSR]L‫܊‬LLGHUHFRPDQGDUHFDUHGHUHJXOăSUHYăGR
DQXPLWD FRQGXLWă SH FDUH VWDWXO R UHFRPDQGD
RUJDQL]DWLLORU REVWHVWL &HOH PDL IUHFYHQWH GLVSR]L‫܊‬LL GH
UHFRPDQGDUHVHvQWkOQHVFvQGUHSWXOFRRSHUDWLVW
I  GLVSR]L‫܊‬LLOH GH VWLPXODUH VXQW FHOH FDUH SUHYăG
UHFRPSHUVDUHDXQHLFRQGXLWHGHH[FHSWLHVDXVWLPXODUHD
LQLWLDWLYHLFUHDWRDUH2DVHPHQHDGLVSR]LLLHHVWHFXSULQVD
vQ FRGXO PXQFLL OD DUW  FDUH SUHFL]HD]ă Fă SHQWUX
LQGHSOLQLUHD vQ FHOH PDL EXQH FRQGL‫܊‬LL D VDUFLQLORU úL
SHQWUXUHDOL]ăULGHRVHELWHvQPXQFăSHUVRDQHOHvQFDGUDWH
vQ PXQFă SRW SULPL XUPăWRDUHOH UHFRPSHQVH DFRUGDUHD
GH WUHSWH VDX JUDGDWLL OD UHWULEXWLD WDULIDUă JUDWLILFDWLL
SUHPLLúLDOWHUHFRPSHQVHPDWHULDOH
 ÌQ IXQF‫܊‬LH GH VIHUD DSOLFDULL ORU úL GH JUDGXO GH
JHQHUDOLWDWH GLVSR]L‫܊‬LLOH SRW IL LPSăUWLWH LQ GLVSR]L‫܊‬LL
JHQHUDOHVSHFLDOH‫܈‬LGHH[FHSWLH

156
D  'LVSR]LWLLOH JHQHUDOH DX GH RELFHL R VIHUă ODUJă GH
DSOLFDUHúLJXYHUQHD]ăRDQXPLWăUDPXUăDGUHSWXOXL
E  'LVSR]LWLLOH VSHFLDOH FXSULQG QXPDL R DQXPLWă
FDWHJRULH GH UHODWLL GLQ UDPXUD UHVSHFWLYă GH H[
GLVSR]L‫܊‬LL DOH SăUWLL JHQHUDOH úL GLVSR]L‫܊‬LL DOH SăUWLL
VSHFLDOHGLQ&RGXOSHQDO 
&ODVLILFDUHD GLVSR]L‫܊‬LLORU vQ JHQHUDOH úL VSHFLDOH
VXVFLWă LQWHUHV ILLQGFă GH DFHDVWD VH YD WLQH VHDPD OD
DSOLFDUHD SULQFLSLLORU Äspecialia generalibus derogant"
úL Ägeneralia specialibus non derogant" VSHFLDOXO
GHURJă GH OD JHQHUDO LDU JHQHUDOXO QX GHURJă GH OD
VSHFLDO 7RWXúLWHUPHQLLÄJHQHUDOúLÄVSHFLDOQXWUHEXLH
FRQFHSXWLvQWUXQVHQVDEVROXWFLWUHEXLHXWLOL]DWLQXPDL
SULQFRPSDUDUH
2 DQXPLWă GLVSR]L‫܊‬LH SRDWH IL FRQVLGHUDWă VSHFLDOă vQ
UDSRUWFXDOWăGLVSR]L‫܊‬LHFXDSOLFDUHPDLODUJăGDUSRDWH
ILJHQHUDOăIDWăGHRGLVSR]L‫܊‬LHFXRVIHUăGHDSOLFDUHPDL
UHVWUkQVăGHFkWDHL
F GLVSR]L‫܊‬LOHGHH[FHSWLHFRQVWLWXLHRFRPSOHWDUHILHD
GLVSR]L‫܊‬LLORU JHQHUDOH ILH D FHORU VSHFLDOH GH H[ DUW 
GLQ & IDP VWDELWHúWH YkUVWD FăVăWRULHL OD  DQL SHQWUX
EăUEDWL‫܈‬LODDQLSHQWUXIHPHLÌQDOLQHDWXOXUPăWRUVH
SUHYHGH R GLVSR]LLLH GH H[FHSWLH ± FX WRDWH DFHVWHD
SHQWUX PRWLYH WHPHLQLFH VH SRDWH LQFXYLLQWD FăVăWRULD
IHPHLLFDUHDvPSOLQLWDQL 
ÌQUDSRUWFXPRGXOvQFDUHHVWHSUHFL]DWăFRQGXLWD
GLVSR]L‫܊‬LLWHSRWILGHWHUPLQDWHúLUHODWLYGHWHUPLQDWH

157
D  GLVSR]L‫܊‬LD GHWHUPLQDWD VWDELOHVWH FDWHJRULF ‫܈‬L IăUă
SRVLELOLWDWH GH GHURJDUH GUHSWXULOH ‫܈‬L REOLJD‫܊‬LLOH
SHUVRDQHORU YL]DWH GH H[ GLVSR]L‫܊‬LD GLQ DUW  GLQ &
IDP FDUH VWDELWHúWH FD EXQXULOH GREkQGLWH GH RULFDUH
GLQWUH VRWL vQ WLPSXO FDVDWRULHL VXQW EXQXUL FRPXQH DOH
DFHVWRUD2ULFHFRQYHQWLHFRQWUDUăHVWHQXOă 
E  GLVSR]L‫܊‬LD UHODWLY GHWHUPLQDWă SUHYHGH PDL PXOWH
YDULDQWH SRVLELOH GH FRQGXLWă XUPkQG FD VXELHFWHOH VD
RSWH]H SHQWUX XQD GLQ HOH VDX FkQG IL[HD]ă DQXPLWH
OLPLWHGUHSWXULOHúLREOLJD‫܊‬LLOHVXELHFWHORUYRUWUHEXLVăVH
vQFDGUH]H vQWUH DFHVWH OLPLWH GH H[ DUW GLQ & IDP
PHQWLRQHD]D FD OD GHVIDFHUHD FăVăWRULHL EXQXULOH
FRPXQH VH LPSDUW vQWUH VRWL SRWULYLW vQYRLHOLL DFHVWRUD
'DFă VRWLL QX VH vQYRLHVF DVXSUD EXQXULORU FRPXQH YD
KRWăUvLQVWDQWDMXGHFăWRUHDVFă 
& 6$1&7,81($
5HSUH]LQWă FHO GHDO WUHLOHD HOHPHQW VWUXFWXUDO DO
QRUPHL MXULGLFH úL FRQWLQH XUPăULOH QHIDYRUDELOH FDUH
LQWHUYLQvQFRQGL‫܊‬LLOHQHUHVSHFWăULLGLVSR]L‫܊‬LHLVDXLSRWH]HL
VDQF‫܊‬LXQH QHJDWLYD  VDX PăVXULOH GH VWLPXODUH GH
FRLQWHUHVDUH D VXELHFWXOXL vQ YHGHUHD SURPRYăULL
FRQGXLWHLQHGRULWH VDQF‫܊‬LXQHDSR]LWLYă 
ÌQ WLPS FH LSRWH]D ‫܈‬L GLVSR]L‫܊‬LD SUHVFULX DFWLXQL
VDQF‫܊‬LXQHD UHSUH]LQWă PRGXO GH UHDFWLH UăVSXQVXO VRFLDO
VWDWDOIDWăGHFRQGXLWDQHFRQIRUPD
&ODVLILFDUHD VDQF‫܊‬LXQLORU VH SRDWH IDFH GXSă PDL
PXOWHFULWHULL

158
 ,Q IXQF‫܊‬LH GH QDWXUD UDSRUWXULORU MXULGLFH
UHJHPHQWDWH SULQ QRUPHOH FH FRQWLQ VDQF‫܊‬LXQHD GH
SHULFROXO VRFLDO DO DFWHORU GH vQFăOFDUH GH LPSRUWDQWD
LQWHUHVHWRU DSDUDWH VDQF‫܊‬LXQLOH GLIHUă GXSă QDWXUD ‫܈‬L
JUDYLWDWHD ORU $VWIHO VH GLVWLQJ VDQF‫܊‬LXQL SHQDOH
DGPLQLVWUDWLYHGLVFLSOLQDUHúLFLYLOH
'XSăVFRSXOXUPăULWGHVDQF‫܊‬LXQHDFHVWHDVHLPSDUW
vQ
D VDQF‫܊‬LXQLGHDQXODUHDDFWHORULOLFLWHFDUHXUPăUHVF
DQXODUHDVDXGHVILLQWDUHDDFWXOXLLOLFLW
E  VDQF‫܊‬LXQL UHSDUDWRULL FDUH XUPăUHVF UHVWDELOLUHD
VLWXD‫܊‬LHLOHJDWH‫܈‬LUHSDUDUHDSUHMXGLFLXOXLSURGXV
F VDQF‫܊‬LXQLH[SLUDWRULL GLVFLSOLQDUHFRQWUDYHQWLRQDOH
‫܈‬L SHQDOH  FDUH XUPăUHVF DSOLFDUHD XQRU PăVXUL GH
FRQVWUkQJHUHVDXSHGHSVHSHQWUXIDSWDDQWLVRFLDWăFRPLVă
FXYLQRYăWLHúLSHQWUXSUHYHQLUHDHYHQWXDWHORUvQFăOFăUL
'XSăJUDGXOORUGHGHWHUPLQDUHVDQF‫܊‬LXQLOHSRWIL
DEVRWXW GHWHUPLQDWH UHODWLY GHWHUPLQDWH DOWHUQDWLYH VDX
FXPXODWLYH
D  VDQF‫܊‬LXQLOH DEVROXW GHWHUPLQDWHVXQW DFHOHD vQ FDUH
VDQF‫܊‬LXQHDHVWHFODUVWDELOLWD‫܈‬LQXH[LVWDSRVLELOLWDWHDGHD
RLQWHUSUHWDVDXGHDGHYLDGHODHD
E  VDQF‫܊‬LXQLOH GHWHUPLQDWH VWDELOHVF OLPLWD PLQLPă úL
FHDPD[LPăDVDFWLXQLLLDURUJDQXOGHDSOLFDUHVWDELOHúWH
FXDQWXPXOvQWUHDFHVWHOLPLWH
F  VDQF‫܊‬LXQLOH DOWHUQDWLYH RIHUă RUJDQXOXL DELOLWDW
SRVLELOLWDWHD GH D RSWD vQWUH PDL PXOWH VDQF‫܊‬LXQL SHQWUX

159
FHD FDUH L VH SDUH RSWLPă GH H[ SRDWH RSWD vQWUH
vQFKLVRDUHúLDPHQGă 
G  VDQF‫܊‬LXQLOH FXPXODWLYH UH]HUYă RUJDQXOXL GH
DSOLFDUHDOHJLLREOLJDWLDGHDOHDSOLFDFXPXODWLY GHH[
SHGHDSVD LQFKLVRULL VH DSOLFă FXPXODWLY FX SHGHDSVD
DFFHVRULHGHLQWHU]LFHUHDXQRUGUHSWXUL 
1RUPHOH MXULGLFH QX VXQW HODERUDWH úL QX DSDU vQWUR
IRUPăGLVWLQFWăGHVLQHVWDWăWRDUHFLVXQWFXSULQVHvQWUXQ
DFW QRUPDWLYH FDUH SRDWH IL OHJH UHJXODPHQW VDX VWDWXW
$FWXOQRUPDWLYODUkQGXOVDXHVWHVWUXFWXUDWSHFDSLWROH
VHFĠLXQLWLWOXULFăUĠL
$UWLFROXO HVWH HOHPHQWXO VWUXFWXUDO GH ED]ă DO DFWXOXL
QRUPDWLYH FDUH FRQĠLQH GH UHJXOă R GLVSR]L‫܊‬LH GH VLQH
VWăWăWRDUH'HFHOHPDLPXOWHRULvQVăXQDUWLFROGHOHJH
QX FRLQFLGH FX FRQ‫܊‬LQXWXO LQWHJUDO DO XQHL QRUPHGXSă
FXPH[LVWă‫܈‬LSRVLELOLWDWHDFDLQWUXQVLQJXUDUWLFROVDILH
FXSULQVHPDLPXOWHQRUPHGHGUHSWVDXSRVLELOLWDWHDFDR
QRUPă GH GUHSW Vă ILH FXSULQVă vQ PDL PXOWH DUWLFROH
HOHPHQWHOHHLFRPSRQHQWHSXWkQGILVWDELOLWHQXPDLSULQ
FRURERUDUHDORU XQHRULDDUWLFROHORUDIODWHvQGLIHULWHDFWH
QRUPDWLYH 
$OLQHDWXOUHSUH]LQWăRSDUWHGLQWUXQDUWLFRO‫܈‬LSRDWHIL
IRUPDW GLQWUR SURSR]LĠLH R IUD]ă VDX PDL PXOWH IUD]H
DúH]DWH vQ WH[W vQWUR DQXPLWă IRUPD ,QFHSHUHD XQXL
DOLQHDW VH PDUFKHD]ă SULQWUR XúRDUă UHWUDJHUH GH OD
DOLQLDPHQWXOWH[WXOXLSHYHUWLFDOă

160
)ăFkQG SDUWH LQWHJUDQWă GLQ VWUXFWXUD DUWLFROXOXL
DOLQHDWXO QX SRDWH DYHD R SR]LĠLH LQGHSHQGHQWă GHFkW vQ
FRQWH[WXODFHVWXLD
ÌQ FDGUXO FRGXULORU VDX DOWRU OHJL GH PDUH vQWLQGHUH
DOLQHDWHOH SRW IL PDUFDWH vQ FDGUXO ILHFăUXL DUWLFRO vQ
RUGLQHD VXFFHVLXQLL FX FLIUH DUDEH SXVH vQWUH SDUDQWH]H
'HWHUPLQDUHD FX SUHFL]LH D DOLQHDWHORU GLQWUXQ DUWLFRO
SUH]LQWă LPSRUWDQĠă vQ VSHFLDO vQ FD]XO DEURJăULL VDX vQ
FD]XO H[LVWHQĠHL XQRU QRUPH GH WULPLWHUH ± QH DIOăP vQ
SUH]HQĠD XQHL DVHPHQHD QRUPH FkQG QRUPD QX DSDUH vQ
LQWUHJLPH vQ DFHODúL DFW QRUPDWLY FL IDFH WULPLWHUH OD
GLVSR]L‫܊‬LLOHFXSULQVHvQDOWHDFWHQRUPDWLYH

&/$6,),&$5($1250(/25-85,',&(

(VWH UHDOL]DWă FX DMXWRUXO WLSRORJLLORU FODVLILFDWRDUH
SUH]LQWă DWkW R LPSRUWDQWă WHRUHWLFă vQFDGUkQGXVH vQ
HIRUWXOGHH[SOLFDUHDSR]LĠLHLQRUPHLGHGUHSWvQVLVWHPXO
GH GUHSW FkW ‫܈‬L R LPSRUWDQĠă SUDFWLFă MXVWLILFDWă GH
QHFHVLWDWHDFODVLILFăULLUROXOXLGLYHUVHORUUHJXOLMXULGLFHvQ
UHJOHPHQWDUHDQRUPDWLYăDFRPSRUWDPHQWHORU
ÌQ OLWHUDWXUD MXULGLFă GH VSHFLDOLWDWH FODVLILFDUHD
QRUPHORUMXULGLFHVHIDFHGXSăPDLPXOWHFULWHULL
 'XSă FULWHULXO UDPXULL GH GUHSW GHFL vQ IXQF‫܊‬LH GH
RELHFWXO úL PHWRGD UHJOHPHQWăULL MXULGLFH GLVWLQJHP WRW
DWkWHD FDWHJRULL GH QRUPH MXULGLFH FkWH UDPXUL GH GUHSW
H[LVWă

161
&X FDUDFWHU HQXQWLDWLY HQXPHUăP QRUPH GH GUHSW
FRQVWLWXWLRQDO QRUPH GH GUHSW SHQDO QRUPH GH GUHSW
FLYLO QRUPH GH GUHSW DGPLQLVWUDWLY QRUPH GH GUHSWXO
PXQFLLHWF
 'XSă FULWHULXO L]YRUXOXL GH GUHSW vQ FDUH VXQW
vQFRUSRUDWH QRUPHOH GH GUHSW VH FODVLILFă ĠLQkQG VHDPD
GHIRUĠDMXULGLFăDDFWXOXLQRUPDWLYGHSR]LĠLDDFWXOXLvQ
LHUDUKLD DFWHORU QRUPDWLYH GLVWLQJkQGXVH QRUPH
FXSULQVH vQ OHJL KRWăUkUL vQ GHFUHWH vQ RUGRQDQWH úL vQ
DFWH QRUPDWLYH HODERUDWH GH RUJDQHOH DGPLQLVWUDWLHL GH
VWDWFHQWUDOHúLORFDOH
 'XSă FULWHULXO VIHUHL GH DSOLFDUH úL JUDGXOXL ORU GH
JHQHUDOL]DUHQRUPHOHMXULGLFHVHFODVLILFăvQ
± QRUPH JHQHUDOH ± FDUH VH DSOLFă vQ UHJOHPHQWDUHD
WXWXURUUHODWLLORUVRFLDOHDSDUĠLQkQGXQHLUDPXULGHGUHSW
±QRUPHVSHFLDOH±VXQWDSOLFDELOHXQHLVIHUHUHVWUkVH
GHUHODWLLGLQFDGUXOXQHLUDPXULGHGUHSW
± QRUPHOH GH H[FHSWLH ± FRPSOHWHD]ă QRUPHOH
JHQHUDOHVDXVSHFLDOHLQVWLWXLQGXQUHJLPGHURJDWRUGHOD
HOH
ÌQWUXFkW QRUPHOH VSHFLDOH ‫܈‬L QRUPHOH GH H[FHSWLH
GHURJăGHODJHQHUDOHOHQXSRWILDSOLFDWHODDOWHFD]XUL
LQYRFkQGXVH SULQFLSLXO DQDORJLHL GHRDUHFH ÄH[FHSWLRQH
HVW VWULFWLVVLPH LQWHUSUHWDWLRQLV ± H[FHSĠLLOH VXQW GH
VWULFWăLQWHUSUHWDUH
'XSăFULWHULXOPRGXOXLGHUHJOHPHQWDUHDFRQGXLWHL
QRUPHOHMXULGLFHVHLPSDUW

162
D QRUPHLPSHUDWLYH±VXQWFHOHDFăURUUHVSHFWDUHVH
LPSXQHvQPRGFDWHJRULFQHDGPLWkQGXVHQLFLRGHYLHUH
GHODHOH/DUkQGXOORUQRUPHOHLPSHUDWLYHSRWIL
±QRUPHRQHUDWLYH±VXQWDFHOHDFDUHSUHVFULXvQPRG
H[SUHV REOLJDWLD GH D VăYkUúL R DFĠLXQH ÌQ FDWHJRULD
DFHVWRUDPHQĠLRQăPúRIHUXOFDUHFRPLWHXQDFFLGHQWHVWH
REOLJDWVăWUDQVSRUWHYLFWLPDODVSLWDOVRĠLLVXQWREOLJDWL
Vă SRDUWH vQ WLPSXO FăVăWRULHL QXPHOH SH FDUH ODX
GHFODUDWFXRFD]LDFăVăWRULHLHWF
2 DOWă QRUPD RQHUDWLYă HVWH FXSULQVă vQ SUHYHGHULOH
DUW  GLQ 'HFUHWXOOHJH QU FDUH VWLSXOHD]ă Fă
ÄOrganul care a întocmit lista este obligat sa comunice
de îndată primăriei din unitatea administrativ-teritorială
unde domiciliază alegătorul înscrierea acestuia pe lista
electorală specială".
± QRUPH SURKLELWLYH ± VXQW DFHOHD FDUH REOLJă
VXELHFWXOVăVHDEĠLQăGHODVăYkUúLUHDXQRUDFĠLXQL$VWIHO
GHQRUPHVXQWPDMRULWDWHDQRUPHORUGHGUHSWSHQDO±VXQW
LQWHU]LVHIXUWXORPRUXOLQúHOăFLXQHD8QDOWH[HPSOXGH
QRUPă SURKLELWLYă vO RIHUă &RGXO IDPLOLHL FDUH DUDWă Fă
Äeste interzisă căsătoria între rude în linie dreaptă,
precum Юi în linie colaterală, până la al patrulea grad."
'LYL]LXQHD QRUPHORU MXULGLFH vQ SURKLELWLYH ‫܈‬L
RQHUDWLYH WUHEXLH FRQFHSXWă PHFDQLF QX WUHEXLH
DEVROXWL]DWă vQ PRG IRUPDO GHRDUHFH vQ IXQF‫܊‬LH GH
VXELHFWXOODFDUHRUDSRUWăPDFHHDúLQRUPăSRDWHILvQWU
XQFD]RQHUDWLYăLDUvQDOWFD]SURKLELWLYă6SUHH[HPSOX
LQWHU]LFkQG FăVăWRULD vQWUH DQXPLWH SHUVRDQH OHJHD

163
LPSXQHREOLJDWLDRUJDQHORUGHVWDWGHDDQXODFDVDWRULLOH
LQFKHLDWH vQ IUDXGD GLVSR]L‫܊‬LLORU OHJDOH E  QRUPHOH
SHUPLVLYH VDX GLVSR]L‫܊‬LYH VXQW DFHOHD FDUH IăUă D
LQWHU]LFH VDX D REOLJD vQ PRG H[SUHV OD R DFWLXQH RIHUD
SRVLELOLWDWHD FD VXELHFWXO Vă RSWH]H VLQJXU SHQWUX R
FRQGXLWăDFĠLRQkQGGXSăSURSULDDSUHFLHUH8QH[HPSOX
GH QRUPă SHUPLVLYă DU IL GUHSWXO SăUĠLORU GH D GHFODUD
UHFXUVvQWUXQSURFHVFLYLO
1RUPHOHSHUPLVLYHVXQWGHPDLPXOWHIHOXUL
ÌQ IXQF‫܊‬LH GH QXDQĠD SH FDUH R vPEUDFă UHJXOD GH
FRQGXLWă
±QRUPHOHVXSOHWLYH±RIHUăSăUĠLORUSRVLELOLWDWHDGHD
RSWD SHQWUX R FRQGXLWă úL QXPDL GDFă GUHSWXO OD RSWLXQH
QX D IRVW H[HUFLWDW vQ LQWHUYDOXO GH WLPS VWDELOLW QRUPD
VXSOHWLYă HVWH DFHHD FDUH VWDELOHúWH UHJOHPHQWDUHD FH
XUPHD]ăDVHDSOLFD'HH[HPSOX&RGXOFLYLOSUHYHGHFă
PRúWHQLWRULLVXQWGHVHPQDĠLSULQOHJHVDXSULQWHVWDPHQW
LDU vQ OLSVD PRVWHQLWRULORU OHJDOL VDX WHVWDPHQWDUL
PRVWHQLUHDYDFDQWDUHYLQHVWDWXOXL
3RWULYLW GLVSR]L‫܊‬LHL QRUPHORU VXSOHWLYH GHVWLQDWDULL
DFHVWRUDDXODWLWXGLQHDGHDDOOHJHXQDGLQYDULDQWHOHGH
FRQGXLWă1XPDLvQLSRWH]DvQFDUHSHUVRDQHOHYL]DWHQX
DX VWDELOLW FRQGXLWD GH XUPDW VDX DFHDVWă RSĠLXQH QX D
IRVW DFFHSWDWă GH DXWRULWDWHD SXEOLFă VH DSOLFă
GLVSR]LĠLLOHWLSDOHOHJLL
± QRUPH VWLPXODWLYH ± VXQW DFHOH QRUPH FDUH FUHHD]ă
SHQWUX VXELHFĠL YRFDĠLD REĠLQHULL XQRU GHFRUDWLXQL WLWOXUL
GHRQRDUHVDXDOWHDFWHUHFRPSHQVHvQQRUPHLQGLFkQGX

164
VH H[SUHV FRQGL‫܊‬LLOH vQ FDUH DFHVWHD SRW IL FRQIHUULWH GH
FăWUHRUJDQHOOHGHVWDWFRQSHWHQWH
± QRUPHOH GH UHFRPDQGDUH ± VXQW SUHYHGHUL
QHREOLJDWRULLDGUHVDWHXQRURUJDQL]DWLLVRFLDOHDXWRQRPH
FDUH VXQW vQGHPQDWH Vă XUPH]H R DQXPLWă FRQGXLWă 8Q
DVWIHO GH H[HPSOX v, FRQVWLWXLH DUW  DO +RWăUăULL
*XYHUQXOXL 5RPkQLHL QU  SULYLQG LQYHQWDULHUHD úL
UHHYDOXDUHD SDWULPRQLXOXL XQLWăWLORU HFRQRUQLFH GH VWDW
ÄSe recomandă ca prevederile prezentei hotărări să se
aplice în mod corespunzător de către enităаiile
cooperatiste Юi obúteúti”.
 'XSă FULWHULXO PRGXOXL vQ FDUH VXQW UHGDFWDWH
QRUPHOHGLVWLQJHP
± QRUPH MXULGLFH FRPSOHWH VXQW FHOH FXSULQVH vQ
DUWLFROXOGLQDFWXOQRUPDWLYHvQFDUHVXQWSXEOLFDWHWRDWH
SăUĠLOHFRQVWLWXWLYH
± QRUPH MXULGLFH LQFRPSOHWH FDUH VH FRPSOHWHD]ă FX
UHJOHPHQWăUL SUH]HQWH ILH vQ DFHODúL DFW QRUPDWLY ILH vQ
DOWXO1RUPHOHLQFRPSOHWHVHSRWFODVLILFDvQ
±QRUPHMXULGLFHGHWULPLWHUH
±QRUPHMXULGLFHvQDOE
 2 FDWHJRULH DSDUWH VXQW QRUPHOH SXQLWLYH
FODVLILFDWHGXSăXQFULWHULXLPSXVGHVRFLRORJLDMXULGLFă
VDQF‫܊‬LXQHD QHJDWLYă FH FRQIHUă FDUDFWHUXO SXQLWLY DO
QRUPHL ‫܈‬L VDQF‫܊‬LXQHD SR]LWLYă XQ VLVWHP DUWLFXODW GH
VWLPXOHQWH FDUH DVLJXUă SDUDOHO FX SHGHDSVD HILFLHQĠD
DSOLFăULLúLUHVSHFWăULLQRUPHLMXULGLFH

165
 7RW R FDWHJRULH VSHFLDOă GH H QRUPH MXULGLFH VXQW
QRUPHOH RUJDQL]DWRULFH FDUH PDL VXQW QXPLWH ‫܈‬L QRUPH
GH vPSXWHUQLFLUH VDX GH FRPSHWHQĠă $FHVWH QRUPH
IRUPXOHD]ă DQXPLWH GUHSWXUL úL REOLJD‫܊‬LL VDX FRPSHWHQWH
DWULEXWLL  DOH VXELHFWHORU GH GUHSW FDUH GHUHJXOă VXQW
LQVWLWX‫܊‬LLOH‫܈‬LRUJDQLVPHOHVRFLDOH
$VHPHQHD QRUPH XUPăUHVF Vă IXQGDPHQWH]H FDGUXO
OHJDO GH IXQF‫܊‬LRQDUH D LQVWLWX‫܊‬LLORU úL D FHORUODOWH
RUJDQLVPH VRFLDOH IăFkQGXVH vQ DFHVW VHQV ‫܈‬L R WHRULH D
LQVWLWXĠLLORU MXULGLFH úL QHMXULGLFH ([HPSOH GH DVHPHQHD
QRUPH vQWkOQLP vQ /HJHD QU GH RUJDQL]DUH D
LQVWDQWHORU MXGHFăWRUHúWL vQ /HJHD &XUWLL GH &RQWXUL ‫܈‬L
FKLDUvQ&RQVWLWXWLH

 $3/,&$5($ 1250(/25 -85,',&( Ì1
7,03ù,63$ğ,8

3ULQFLSLXO DFWLYLWă‫܊‬LL QRUPHORU MXULGLFH JXYHUQHD]ă
DSOLFDUHD QRUPHORU GH GUHSW vQ LQWUHDJD SHULRDGă FH VH
VFXUJH vQWUH PRPHQWXO LQWUăULL vQ YLJRDUH D QRUPHL
MXULGLFH ‫܈‬L PRPHQWXO LHúLULL GLQ YLJRDUH D DFHVWHLD HOH
SURGXFkQGXúL HIHFWHOH GRDU SH SHULRDGD FkW VXQW vQ
YLJRDUH $FHVW SULQFLSLX IDFH FD QRUPD MXULGLFă Vă ILH
LQFLGHQWă GRDU IDSWHORU FDUH VH SHWUHF vQ LQWHUYDOXO GH
WLPS FkW HVWH vQ YLJRDUH GHRDUHFH QRUPD MXULGLFă QX
UHWURDFWLYHD]ăQLFLQXXOWUDDFWLYHD]ă
ÌQJHQHUDOWUHFXWXOVFDSăDFWLXQLLXQHLOHJLúLGHDFHHD
HOHDFWLRQHD]ăQXPDLSHQWUXYLLWRU1RUPDGHGUHSWILLQG

166
XQ FRPDQGDPHQW GHVWLQDW PRGHOăULL FRQGXLWHL XPDQH
SHUPLWHVDXLQWHU]LFHDQXPLWHDFWLXQLDVWWHOvQFkWHDQX
VHSRDWHDSOLFDWUHFXWXOXLQXVHSRDWHLPSXQHQLPăQXLVă
VHVXSXQăXQHLOHJLFDUHQXH[LVWă‫܈‬LGHDFHHDQLPHQLQX
SRDWH IL LQYLQXLW FD D VăYăUúLW R IDSWă FDUH QX HUD
SURKLELWăFLDGPLVăODGDWDVăYkUúLULLHL
6XE DVSHFWXO DFWLXQLL vQ WLPS D QRUPHL MXULGLFH
RSHUHD]ă SULQFLSLXO QHUHWURDFWLYLWă‫܊‬LL OHJLL FHHDFH
FRQIHUă R LPSRUWDQWă GHRVHELWă VWDELOLULL PRPHQWXOXL
LQWUăULL vQ YLJRDUH D OHJLL úL LQFHWăULL úDX LHúLULL GLQ
YLJRDUH D DFHVWHLD LQWUXFăW vQ DFHVW LQWHUYDO GLQWUH FHOH
GRXăPRPHQWHQRUPDDUHHILFLHQWăMXULGLFă
”Uneori, data adoptării actului normative Юi data
intrării actului în vigoare sunt diferite. Data intrării în
vigoare a actului normativ este în principiu, momentul
aducerii lui la cunoútinta publicului, a tuturor celor
chemati să-l respecte.
Aceata se face, de regulă, prin publicarea actului în
Monitorul Oficial.”
3URIHVRULL ORDQ &HWHUFKL úL ,RQ &UDLRYDQ HQXPHUă FD
PRGDOLWăWLGHVWDELOLUHDGDWHLLQWUăULLvQYLJRDUHDOHJLL
/HJHD SUHYHGH HD vQVăúL GH UHJXOă vQ FDGUXO
GLVSR]L‫܊‬LLORUORUILQDOHPRPHQWXOLQWUăULLvQYLJRDUHFDUH
SRDWH IL GDWD SXEOLFăULL vQ 0RQLWRUXO 2ILFLDO VDX R GDWă
XOWHULRDUăDFHVWHLGDWH

167
$&‫܉‬,81($1250(/25-85,',&(Ì17,03
63$‫܉‬,8‫܇‬,$6835$3(562$1(/25

1. Acаiunea normelor juridice în timp
$F‫܊‬LXQHDQRUPHORUMXULGLFHvQWLPSGHILQH‫܈‬WHSHULRDGD
FRQFUHWă vQ FDUH DFHVWHD RSHUHD]ă vQ FkPSXO
QRUPDWLYLWă‫܊‬LL VRFLDOH GLQ FH PRPHQW ‫܈‬L SkQă FkQG
SURGXFHIHFWHMXULGLFH
'DFăvQSHULRDGDDQWLFKLWă‫܊‬LLOHJLOHDYHDXRSHULRDGă
GH H[LVWHQ‫܊‬ă vQGHOXQJDWă /HJHD FHORU ;,, 7DEOH D IRVW
ÄvQYLJRDUH³FXPLFLPRGLILFăULXQPLOHQLX vQSHULRDGD
FRQWHPSRUDQăSURJUHVXOVRFLDOGHWHUPLQDWGHGH]YROWDUHD
PLMORDFHORU WHKQLFH LPSXQH XQ GHPHUV MXULGLF IOH[LELO
GLQDPLF vQ PăVXUD Vă DVLJXUă R UHJOHPHQWDUH MXULGLFă
DGHFYDWă QHYRLORU VRFLDOH ÌQ DFHVWH FRQGL‫܊‬LL OD XQ
PRPHQW GDW R SDUWH GLQ OHJL QX PDL FRUHVSXQG XQHL
QRUPDWLYLWă‫܊‬L VRFLDOH RSWLPH GHYLQ X]DWH GHVXHWH ‫܈‬L
WUHEXLHvQORFXLWH
ÌQ DFHDVWă VXFFHVLXQH ILUHDVFă GH DFWH QRUPDWLYH VH
SXQH R SUREOHPă GH LQWHUHV WHRUHWLF ‫܈‬L SUDFWLF FkQG ‫܈‬L
FXPLQWUDvQYLJRDUH‫܈‬LHVWHDFWLYăRQRUPăMXULGLFăFXP
‫܈‬LFkQGLHVHGLQYLJRDUH

$,QWUDUHDvQYLJRDUHDQRUPHLMXULGLFH
,QWUDUHD vQ YLJRDUH D QRUPHL MXULGLFH HVWH OHJDWă vQ
PRG QHPLMORFLW GH IDSWXO Fă DGUHVkQGXVH RDPHQLORU
FăURUDWUHEXLHVăOHLPSXQăRUHJXOăGHFRQGXLWăDFHDVWD
WUHEXLHVăILHDGXVăODFXQR‫܈‬WLQ‫܊‬DSXEOLFXOXL6LWXD‫܊‬LDHVWH

168
ILUHDVFă vQWUXFkW vQ GUHSW RSHUHD]ă SULQFLSLXO Fă QLPHQL
QX SRDWH LQYRFD QHFXQRD‫܈‬WHUHD OHJLL (nemo censetur
ignorare legem).
3ULQ XUPDUH QRUPHOH MXULGLFH LQWUă vQ YLJRDUH OD XQ
PRPHQWFRQFRPLWHQWVDXLPHGLDWXOWHULRUDGXFHULLORUOD
FXQR‫܈‬WLQ‫܊‬D SXEOLFXOXL PRPHQW FDUH vQ SULQFLSLX
FRLQFLGHFXPRPHQWXOSXEOLFăULLORUvQ0RQLWRUXO2ILFLDO
'LQ DFHVW PRPHQW QRUPD MXULGLFă VH FRQVLGHUă vQ
YLJRDUH DFWLYăVDXvQDFWLYLWDWH ‫܈‬LJXYHUQHD]ăUHOD‫܊‬LLOH‫܈‬L
FRQGXLWHOH VRFLDOH 'LQ PRPHQWXO LQWUăULL vQ YLJRDUH
QLPHQL QX R PDL SRDWH LJQRUD IăUă Vă VXSRUWH
FRQVHFLQ‫܊‬HOHQLPHQLQXSRDWHLQYRFDQHFXQRD‫܈‬WHUHDHLFD
PRWLY DO QHUHVSHFWăULL 3ULQ XUPDUH VXE DFHVW DVSHFW
IXQF‫܊‬LRQHD]ăRSUH]XP‫܊‬LHFHQXSRDWHILUăVWXUQDWăSHQLFL
RFDOH
$FHDVWă SUH]XP‫܊‬LH DEVROXWă RSHUHD]ă FD R UHJXOă
JHQHUDOă vQ LQWHUHVXO DSăUăULL OHJLL SHQWUX Fă GDFă VDU
DFFHSWD VFX]D QHUHFXQRD‫܈‬WHULL FD PRWLYD‫܊‬LH D
QHUHVSHFWăULL VDU SUHMXGLFLD DXWRULWDWHD QRUPHL MXULGLFH
‫܈‬LvQXOWLPăLQVWDQ‫܊‬ăRUGLQHDSXEOLFă
5HJXOD SULYLQG LQWUDUHD vQ YLJRDUH D OHJLL HVWH
PHQ‫܊‬LRQDWă H[SUHV vQ &RQVWLWX‫܊‬LD 5RPkQHL $VWIHO vQ
DUW௖ VH SUHYHGH Fă „legea se publică în Monitorul
Oficial al României Юi intră în vigoare la data publicării
sau la data prevăzută în textul ei”. 
$‫܈‬DGDU vQ WH]D D ,,D D DUWLFROXOXL PHQ‫܊‬LRQDW VH
SUHYHGH ‫܈‬L SRVLELOLWDWHD H[LVWHQ‫܊‬HL XQXL DOW PRPHQW GH

169
LQWUDUH vQ YLJRDUH UHVSHFWLY GDWD SUHYă]XWă H[SUHV vQ
WH[WXOOHJLL
6LWXD‫܊‬LD HVWH R H[FHS‫܊‬LH GH OD UHJXOD JHQHUDOă SULYLQG
LQWUDUHDvQYLJRDUHDOHJLORU‫܈‬LHVWHPRWLYDWăGHIDSWXOFă
SHQWUX SXQHUHD vQ DSOLFDUH D OHJLORU UHVSHFWLYH VXQW
QHFHVDUH SUHSDUDWLYH GH RUGLQ RUJDQL]DWRULF 'H UHJXOă
DVWIHOGHDFWHQRUPDWLYHSULYHVFUHJLPXOYDPDOUHJLPXO
SUH‫܊‬XULORU SHQWUX XQHOH SURGXVH GH LQWHUHV JHQHUDO
‫܈‬DPG

%$FWLYLWDWHDvQWLPSDQRUPHLMXULGLFH
3ULQFLSLXOQHUHWURDFWLYLWă‫܊‬LLOHJLL
'LQPRPHQWXOLQWUăULLvQYLJRDUHQRUPDMXULGLFăHVWH
DFWLYă DGLFă SURGXFH HIHFWH vQ SODQXO QRUPDWLYLWă‫܊‬LL
VRFLDOH (D SURGXFH HIHFWH SHQWUX YLLWRU 2ULFH UHOD‫܊‬LH
VRFLDOă GH QDWXUă MXULGLFă SURGXVă GXSă LQWUDUHD vQ
YLJRDUHDQRUPHLMXULGLFHHVWHUHJOHPHQWDWăGHDFHDVWD
1RUPDMXULGLFăSURGXFHHIHFWHQXPDLSHQWUXYLLWRU(D
QX UHWURDFWLYHD]ă DGLFă QX SURGXFH HIHFWH GXSă FH D
IRVW DEURJDWă  $FHVWH FDUDFWHULVWLFL DOH QRUPHL MXULGLFH
DX LPSXV vQ WHRULD ‫܈‬L SUDFWLFD GUHSWXOXL GRXă SULQFLSLL
SULQFLSLXOQHUHWURDFWLYLWă‫܊‬LL‫܈‬LSULQFLSLXOQHXOWUDDFWLYLWă‫܊‬LL
OHJLL$FHDVWDvQVHDPQăFăQRUPDMXULGLFăSURGXFHHIHFWH
HVWH DFWLYă  QXPDL vQ LQWHUYDOXO GH WLPS vQ FDUH HVWH vQ
YLJRDUH
D 3ULQFLSLXOQHUHWURDFWLYLWă‫܊‬LL
,PSRUWDQ‫܊‬D SUDFWLFă D SULQFLSLXOXL QHUHWURDFWLYLWă‫܊‬LL
OHJLLUH]XOWă‫܈‬LGLQIDSWXOFăDFHVWSULQFLSLXHVWHFRQVDFUDW

170
vQPRGH[SUHVvQFkWHYDOHJLLPSRUWDQWHFDGHH[HPSOX
vQ&RQVWLWX‫܊‬LD5RPkQLHLvQ&RGXOFLYLO‫܈‬LvQ&RGXOSHQDO
$VWIHO DUW௖ GLQ &RQVWX‫܊‬LH SUHYHGH „Legea dispune
numai pentru viitor, cu excepаia legii penale mai
favorabile” DUW௖ GLQ &RGXO FLYLO „Legea dispune
numai pentru viitor, ea nu are putere retroactivă“
&RGXO SHQDO ± FDUH UHJOHPHQWHD]ă ‫܈‬L R H[FHS‫܊‬LH D
SULQFLSLXOXL QHUHWURDFWLYLWă‫܊‬LL ± UHJOHPHQWHD]ă DSOLFDUHD
OHJLL SHQDOH vQ WLPS vQWUR VHF‫܊‬LXQH vQWUHDJă VHF‫܊‬LXQH D
,,DGLQFDS,D7LWOXOXL,UHVSHFWLYvQDUWLFROHOH
OD FDUH YRP PDL UHYHQL  3ULQFLSDOHOH SUHYHGHUL GLQ
DFHDVWăVHF‫܊‬LXQHVXQWDFHOHDFă„Legea penală se aplică
infracаiunilor săvârЮite în timpul cât ea se afla în
vigoare“ DUW௖ ‫܈‬L„Legea penală nu se aplică faptelor
care, la data când au fost săvârЮite, nu erau prevăzute
ca infracаiuni” DUW௖ 
7HPHLXO SUDFWLF FH D LPSXV SULQFLSLXO
QHUHWURDFWLYLWă‫܊‬LL QRUPHL MXULGLFH UH]XOWă GLQ DSOLFDUHD
XQXLDOWSULQFLSLXGHGUHSWUHVSHFWLYSULQFLSLXOOHJDOLWă‫܊‬LL
&RQIRUP DFHVWXL SULQFLSLX QX VH SRDWH SXQH SUREOHPD
DSOLFăULLXQHLQRUPHMXULGLFHGDFăHDQXH[LVWăvQYLJRDUH
2U UHWURDFWLYLWDWHD VDX XOWUDDFWLYLWDWHD OHJLL GDFă DU
IXQF‫܊‬LRQD DU FRPSURPLWH HIHFWLY SULQFLSLXO OHJDOLWă‫܊‬LL
3ULQ XUPDUH SULQFLSLXO OHJDOLWă‫܊‬LL ‫܈‬L QHUHWURDFWLYLWă‫܊‬LL
QRUPHLMXULGLFHVHFRQVROLGHD]ăUHFLSURFHOHFRH[LVWkQG

0
9'REULQRLXFROHFWLY±„Drept penal“,SDJ

171
7RWRGDWă SULQFLSLXO QHUHWURDFWLYLWă‫܊‬LL QRUPHL MXULGLFH
DUH‫܈‬LRGHWHUPLQDUHSUDFWLFăFH‫܊‬LQHGHVWDELOLWDWHDRUGLQLL
SXEOLFHGHGUHSW/HJLXLWRUXOQXSRDWHREOLJDVXELHFWXOGH
GUHSWVăDGRSWHRFRQGXLWăFDUHQXHVWHSUHYă]XWăGHOHJH
5D‫܊‬LXQL GHRUGLQ XPDQLWDU ‫܈‬LXQHOHQHFHVLWă‫܊‬L SUDFWLFH
DX GXV OD DGPLWHUHD XQRU H[FHS‫܊‬LL GH OD SULQFLSLXO
QHUHWURDFWLYLWă‫܊‬LL QRUPHL MXULGLFH DFHVWHD ILLQG
XUPăWRDUHOH DSOLFDUHD OHJLL SHQDOH PDL IDYRUDELOH
IăSWXLWRUXOXL DFWHOH QRUPDWLYH LQWHUSUHWDWLYH ‫܈‬L
UHWURDFWLYLWDWHDH[SUHVă
$SOLFDUHDOHJLLSHQDOHPDLIDYRUDELOHIăSWXLWRUXOXL
H[SULPă R FRQFHS‫܊‬LH XPDQLWDUă FDUH SHUPLWH FD R
SHUVRDQăFDUHDFRPLVIDSWHSHQDOHLQFULPLQDWHGHROHJH
vQORFXLWă vQWUH WLPS FX R DOWă OHJH PDL IDYRUDELOă PDL
EOkQGă VăEHQHILFLH]HGHSUHYHGHULOHOHJLLQRLFKLDUGDFă
DFHDVWDQXHUDvQYLJRDUHODGDWDFkQGVDXFRPLVIDSWHOH
3ULQXUPDUHOHJLXLWRUXODSUHYă]XWDFHDVWăSRVLELOLWDWHGH
DSOLFDUH UHWURDFWLYă D OHJLL SHQDOH SUHYHGHUH FDUH VH
UHJăVH‫܈‬WH vQ WH[WXO DUW௖ GLQ &RGXO 3HQDO ÌQWUXFkW
GHWDOLHULOH VH YRU IDFH OD PRPHQWXO VWXGLHULL ‫܈‬WLLQ‫܊‬HL
GUHSWXOXL SHQDO DFXP SUHFL]ăP QXPDL FkWHYD SUHYHGHUL
VHPQLILFDWLYH vQ DFHVW VHQV „legea penală nu se aplică
faptelor săvârЮite sub legea veche, dacă nu mai sunt
prevăzute de legea nouă. În acest caz, executarea
pedepselor, a măsurilor de siguranаă Юi a măsurilor
educative, pronunаate în baza legii vechi, precum Юi toate
consecinаele penale ale hotărârilor judecătoreЮti

172
privitoare la aceste fapte, încetează prin intrarea în
vigoare a legii noi“ DUW 
„În cazul în care de la săvârЮirea infracаiunii până la
judecarea definitivă a cazului au intervenit una sau mai
multe legi penale, se aplică legea cea mai favorabilă“
DUWDOLQ 
5HWURDFWLYLWDWHD QRUPHORU LQWHUSUHWDWLYH HVWH R
VLWXD‫܊‬LHGHH[FHS‫܊‬LHGHODSULQFLSLXOQHUHWURDFWLYLWă‫܊‬LLOHJLL
‫܈‬L DUH vQ YHGHUH DSOLFDUHD DFHVWRU QRUPH FX R GDWă
DQWHULRDUă HPLWHULL ORU UHVSHFWLY GH OD GDWD HPLWHULL
DFWHORUQRUPDWLYHSHFDUHOHLQWHUSUHWHD]ă
3UHPLVD GH ED]ă vQ DVWIHO GH VLWXD‫܊‬LL HVWH Fă vQWUH
QRUPHOH GH LQWHUSUHWDUH ‫܈‬L QRUPHOH MXULGLFH LQWHUSUHWDWH
WUHEXLH Vă ILH R UHOD‫܊‬LH GH GHWHUPLQDUH GLUHFWă IDSW FH
MXVWLILFă DSOLFDUH QRUPHORU GH LQWHUSUHWDUH GH OD GDWD
HPLWHULLQRUPHORULQWHUSUHWDWH
ÌQWUXFkW QRUPHOH GH LQWHUSUHWDUH QX IDF WULPLWHUL
GLUHFWH vQ SODQXO QRUPDWLYLWă‫܊‬LL VRFLDOH UHVSHFWLY DO
UHJOHPHQWăULL HIHFWLYH D QRUPHORU GH FRQGXLWă DSOLFDUHD
ORU UHWURDFWLYă QX SUHMXGLFLD]ă SULQFLSLXO OHJDOLWă‫܊‬LL
'LPSRWULYă FRQIHULQG QRUPHORU MXULGLFH LQWHUSUHWDWH XQ
vQ‫܊‬HOHVMXULGLFPDLFRQFUHWQRUPHOHGHLQWHUSUHWDUHSULQ
DSOLFDUHD ORU UHWURDFWLYă FRQVROLGHD]ă SULQFLSLXO
OHJDOLWă‫܊‬LL
5HWURDFWLYLWDWHD H[SUHVă )LLQG R H[FHS‫܊‬LH GH OD
SULQFLSLXO IRDUWH LPSRUWDQW DO GUHSWXOXL ± UHVSHFWLY
QHUHWURDFWLYLWDWHDOHJLL±FD]XULOHGHDSOLFDUHUHWURDFWLYăD
OHJLL WUHEXLH SUHYă]XWH GLUHFW ‫܈‬L QHPLMORFLW GH FăWUH

173
OHJLXLWRU vQ WHPHLXO GUHSWXOXL VDX GH OHJLIHUDUH vQ RULFH
FD] VH YD UHFXUJH IRDUWH SUXGHQW OD DFHDVWă H[FHS‫܊‬LH
SHQWUX D QX VH WXOEXUD GHVIă‫܈‬XUDUHD QRUPDOă D UHOD‫܊‬LLORU
VRFLDOH
E  3ULQFLSLXO QHXOWUDDFWLYLWă‫܊‬LL QRUPHL MXULGLFH
VHPQLILFă IDSWXO Fă R OHJH QX v‫܈‬L SRDWH H[WLQGH HIHFWHOH
QXSRDWHVXSUDYLH‫܊‬XL ‫܈‬LGXSăLH‫܈‬LUHDVDGLQYLJRDUH
([FHS‫܊‬LD DFHVWHL UHJXOL VH SURGXFH vQ FD]XO XQRU
QRUPH MXULGLFH FX FDUDFWHU WHPSRUDU ‫܈‬L H[FHS‫܊‬LRQDO
$VHPHQHDQRUPHMXULGLFHVHHPLWvQVLWXD‫܊‬LLH[FHS‫܊‬LRQDOH
‫܈‬L DX vQ YHGHUH vQăVSULUHD XQRU SHGHSVH SHQDOH WRFPDL
SHQWUXDVHDVLJXUDFOLPDWXOGHRUGLQHVRFLDOăSHWLPSXO
FkWRDQXPLWăVLWXD‫܊‬LHSHULFOLWHD]ăDFHVWFOLPDW
7H[WXO OHJDO FDUH UHJOHPHQWHD]ă R DVWIHO GH VLWXD‫܊‬LH
HVWH DUW௖ GLQ &RGXO SHQDO „Legea penală temporară
se aplică infracаiunii săvârЮite în timpul cât era în
vigoare chiar dacă fapta nu a fost urmărită sau judecată
în acel interval de timp“
5D‫܊‬LXQHDSHQWUXFDUHVHDSOLFăDFHVWWUDWDPHQWIDSWHORU
FX FDUDFWHU SHQDO FRPLVH vQ WLPSXO DIOăULL vQ YLJRDUH D
OHJLL WHPSRUDUH FRQVWă vQ DVLJXUDUHD HIHFWXOXL GRULW GH
OHJLXLWRU XQ UHJLP MXULGLF DSDUWH SHQWUX LQIUDF‫܊‬LXQLOH
FRPLVHvQSHULRDGDUHVSHFWLYă2UDSOLFDUHDSULQFLSLXOXL
OHJLL PDL IDYRUDELOH FX FDUH DFHDVWă H[FHS‫܊‬LH HVWH vQ
FRQWUDGLF‫܊‬LHGHWHUPHQLDUvQOăWXUDHIHFWXOGHFRQVROLGDUH
DRUGLQLLGHGUHSWDYXWvQYHGHUHGHOHJLXLWRUvQYUHPHFH
YRLQ‫܊‬DOHJLXLWRUXOXLGHDPDQLIHVWDPDLPXOWăH[LJHQ‫܊‬ăvQ
FRPEDWHUHDFULPLQDOLWă‫܊‬LLvQVLWXD‫܊‬LLGHFUL]ăDUH‫܈‬XD

174

&,H‫܈‬LUHDGLQYLJRDUHDQRUPHLMXULGLFH
$YkQGVHPQLILFD‫܊‬LDvQFHWăULLDF‫܊‬LXQLLOHJLLLH‫܈‬LUHDGLQ
YLJRDUH UHSUH]LQWă XOWLPD OLPLWă GH WLPS SkQă OD FDUH
DFHDVWDSURGXFHHIHFWH
ÌQFHWDUHDDF‫܊‬LXQLLOHJLLHVWHXQSURFHVILUHVFHDDUHR
GHWHUPLQDUH RELHFWLYă /HJHD UHSUH]LQWă vQ XOWLPă
LQVWDQ‫܊‬ă XQ HOHPHQW DO YRLQ‫܊‬HL LGHRORJLFH ‫܈‬L MXULGLFH D
SXWHULLH[SUHVLHFDUHvQWRWGHDXQDDUăPDV‫܈‬LYDFRQWLQXD
VăUăPkQăvQXUPDUHDOLWă‫܊‬LLHFRQRPLFRVRFLDOH
3ULQ XUPDUH vQ PRG RELHFWLY OHJHD VH vQYHFKH‫܈‬WH
GHYLQHGHVXHWăGHFLWUHEXLHvQORFXLWă
ÌQWUXFkW OD HODERUDUHD OHJLL QX VD SXWXW DQWLFLSD XQ
WHUPHQ GH YDODELOLWDWH vQ FRQ‫܊‬LQXWXO OHJLL QX VH SUHYHGH
XQ DVWIHO GH WHUPHQ FX H[FHS‫܊‬LD OHJLORU WHPSRUDUH FDUH
VXQWvQVăIRDUWHSX‫܊‬LQH 
ÌQFHWDUHD DFWLYLWă‫܊‬LL OHJLL DUH ORF SULQ WUHL PRGDOLWă‫܊‬L
DEURJDUHDGHVXHWXGLQHD‫܈‬LDMXQJHUHDODWHUPHQ
D  $EURJDUHD UHSUH]LQWă VFRDWHUHD GLQ X] D XQHL
QRUPH MXULGLFH SULQ LQWUDUHD vQ YLJRDUH D XQXL DOW DFW
QRUPDWLY FDUH GHVLJXU YD FRQ‫܊‬LQH XQ DOW PRG GH
UHJOHPHQWDUH
$EURJDUHD HVWH GH GRXă IHOXUL H[SUHVă ‫܈‬L WDFLWă
$EURJDUHDHVWHH[SUHVăFkQGOHJLXLWRUXORSUHYHGHH[SUHV
vQWH[WXOOHJLLQRL$WXQFLFkQGDFWXOQRUPDWLYQRXDSăUXW
SUHYHGHFăRGDWăFXLQWUDUHDVDvQYLJRDUHXQDVDXPDL
PXOWHDFWHQRUPDWLYHSUHFLVLQGLFDWHVHDEURJăvQVHDPQă
Fă DEURJDUHD H[SUHVă HVWH GLUHFWă ÌQWUR EXQă WHKQLFă

175
OHJLVODWLYă DFHVW PRG GH DEURJDUH HVWH GH SUHIHUDW
vQWUXFkWVHvQOăWXUăHFKLYRFXO
6XQW vQVă ‫܈‬L VLWXD‫܊‬LL vQ FDUH vQ WH[WXO OHJLL QRX
HODERUDWH OHJLXLWRUXO SUHYHGH Fă RGDWă FX LQWUDUHD vQ
YLJRDUH D UHVSHFWLYXOXL DFW QRUPDWLY ÄRULFH GLVSR]L‫܊‬LL
FRQWUDUH VH DEURJă³ IăUă Vă LQGLFH DFHVWH GLVSR]L‫܊‬LL
FRQWUDUHÌQDFHVWFD]DEURJDUHDH[SUHVăHVWHLQGLUHFWă
6XQW VLWXD‫܊‬LL vQ FDUH vQ DFWXO QRUPDWLY QRX DSăUXW ‫܈‬L
FDUH LQWUD vQ YLJRDUH QX VH IDFH QLFL R UHIHULUH OD
GLVSR]L‫܊‬LLOH OHJDOH GLQ GRPHQLXO UHVSHFWLY DIODWH vQ
DFWLYLWDWHSkQăODDFHDGDWă
ÌQWUXFkW QX SRW FRH[LVWD GRXă OHJL FDUH Vă
UHJOHPHQWH]H DFHOD‫܈‬L GRPHQLX OHJHD DQWHULRDUă OHJHD
YHFKH  HVWH FRQVLGHUDWă DEURJDWă vQ PRG WDFLW VDX
LPSOLFLW5RPDQLLVSXQHDXSHQWUXDVWIHOGHVLWXD‫܊‬LL„lex
posteriori derogat priori“ OHJHD SRVWHULRDUă GHURJD GH
ODFHDDQWHULRDUă 
E  'HVXHWXGLQHD 2 QRUPă MXULGLFă HVWH FRQVLGHUDWă
Fă]XWăvQGHVXHWXGLQHDWXQFLFkQGGH‫܈‬LIRUPDOHDHVWHvQ
YLJRDUH QX VH PDL DSOLFă ‫܈‬L QX PDL SURGXFH HIHFWH
UHOD‫܊‬LLOH VRFLDOH SURIXQG PRGLILFDWH DEDQGRQkQGR 2
DVHPHQHD PRGDOLWDWHD GH LH‫܈‬LUH GLQ X] D QRUPHL VH PDL
QXPH‫܈‬WH SHULPDUH VDX vQYHFKLUH 1RUPD v‫܈‬L vQFHWHD]ă
DFWLYLWDWHDSHQWUXFăvQVX‫܈‬LWHPHLXOVăXDvQFHWDW$VWIHO
YHFKLOH UHJOHPHQWăUL VSHFLILFH UHIHULWRDUH OD LQVWLWX‫܊‬LD
ORJRGQHL FD ÄDFW SUHQXS‫܊‬LDO³ GH‫܈‬L QX DX IRVW DEURJDWH
GLQ FRGXULOH YHFKL URPkQH‫܈‬WL DX Fă]XW vQ GHVXHWXGLQH

176
SHQWUXFăvQVRFLHWDWHDPRGHUQăORJRGQDFDDWDUHQXPDL
HVWHRUHDOLWDWHFDUHVăSUH]LQWHLQWHUHVMXULGLF
3HQWUX DVHPHQHD VLWXD‫܊‬LL URPDQLL IRORVHDX GLFWRQXO
„ubi cessat ratio legis, ibi cessat lex“ XQGH vQFHWHD]ă
UD‫܊‬LXQHDOHJLLDFRORvQFHWHD]ăOHJHD 
F  $MXQJHUHD OD WHUPHQ VWLQJH DFWLYLWDWHD QRUPHL
MXULGLFH vQ DFHOH VLWXD‫܊‬LL ± GH H[FHS‫܊‬LH ± vQ FDUH
OHJLXLWRUXO D SUHYă]XW vQ PRG H[SUHV XQ WHUPHQ FRQFUHW
GHOLPLWDW GH DSOLFDUH D OHJLL $VHPHQHD OHJL VH UHJăVHVF
vQGRPHQLXOUHJOHPHQWăULLYDPDOHDOSHQVLLORUHWF
2 VLWXD‫܊‬LH WHRUHWLFă ‫܈‬L SUDFWLFă DSDUWH R vQWkOQLP vQ
FD]XO GH XOWUDDFWLYLWDWH SUHYă]XW GH DUW௖ GLQ &RGXO
SHQDO FLWDW DQWHULRU  VLWXD‫܊‬LH FDUH DUH R UHJOHPHQWDUH
GLIHULWă IDSWHOH SHQDOH FRPLVH vQ WLPSXO DFWLYLWă‫܊‬LL OHJLL
WHPSRUDUH VXQW XUPăULWH ‫܈‬L GXSă LH‫܈‬LUHD GLQ YLJRDUH D
OHJLL UHVSHFWLYH ÌQ IDSW GH‫܈‬L vQ OHJHD UHVSHFWLYă VH
SUHYHGHH[SUHVXQDQXPLWWHUPHQGHDEURJDUHvQVLWXD‫܊‬LD
GDWăHDSURGXFHWRWX‫܈‬LHIHFWH‫܈‬LGXSăLH‫܈‬LUHDGLQYLJRDUH
SHQWUXUD‫܊‬LXQLOHGHMDDUăWDWHPDLVXV

 $&‫܉‬,81($ 1250(/25 -85,',&( Ì1
63$‫܉‬,8‫܇‬,$6835$3(562$1(/25

0RGXO GH DF‫܊‬LXQH D DFWHORU QRUPDWLYH vQ VSD‫܊‬LX ‫܈‬L
DVXSUD SHUVRDQHORU HVWH RUJDQLF OHJDW GH SULQFLSLXO
VXYHUDQLWă‫܊‬LL SXWHULL GH VWDW VXYHUDQLWDWH PDQLIHVWDWă vQ
VSHFLDOVXEDVSHFWXOVXYHUDQLWă‫܊‬LLWHULWRULDOH‫܈‬LDOOHJăWXULL
GLQWUHVWDW‫܈‬LFHWă‫܊‬HQL

177
ÌQFRQIRUPLWDWHFXSULQFLSLXOVXYHUDQLWă‫܊‬LLWRDWHDFWHOH
QRUPDWLYHVXQWREOLJDWRULLSHQWUXFHWă‫܊‬HQL‫܈‬LSHQWUXWRDWH
RUJDQHOH VWDWXOXL FDUH VH DIOă SH WHULWRULXO QD‫܊‬LRQDO
&RQIRUP DFHVWXL SULQFLSLX SH WHULWRULXO XQXL VWDW
DF‫܊‬LRQHD]ă H[FOXVLY GUHSWXO DFHOXL VWDW GUHSW FDUH
GHWHUPLQăFRQGL‫܊‬LDWXWXURUSHUVRDQHORUDIODWHvQLQWHULRUXO
JUDQL‫܊‬HORUVDOH
$F‫܊‬LXQHD QRUPHORU MXULGLFH DVXSUD SHUVRDQHORU HVWH
VWUkQVvPSOHWLWăFXUHJOHPHQWDUHDDF‫܊‬LXQLLQRUPHLMXULGLFH
vQVSD‫܊‬LXOWHULWRULDODOVWDWXOXL
$F‫܊‬LXQHD DFWHORU QRUPDWLYH vQ VSD‫܊‬LX HVWH
FRQGL‫܊‬LRQDWăGHFRPSHWHQ‫܊‬DWHULWRULDOăDVWDWXOXLHPLWHQW
7HULWRULXO QD‫܊‬LRQDO HVWH XQ FRQFHSW GHILQLW vQ OHJHD
URPkQHDVFă $VWIHO SHQWUX D HOLPLQD FRQIX]LL VDX
HYHQWXDOHDPELJXLWă‫܊‬LvQLQWHUSUHWDUHD‫܈‬LDSOLFDUHDOHJLLFX
SULYLUHODvQWLQGHUHDWHULWRULDOăDDFHVWHLDvQ&RGXO3HQDO
VH SUHYăG XUPăWRDUHOH „Legea penală se aplică
infracаiunilor săvârЮite pe teritoriul României“ DUW௖ 
„Prin termenul de «teritoriu» (…) se înаelege întinderea
de pământ Юi apele cuprinse între frontiere cu subsolul Юi
spaаiul aerian Юi marea teritorială cu solul, subsolul Юi
spaаiul aerian al acesteia“ DUW LDUDUW௖H[WLQGH
WHULWRULDOLWDWHD OHJLL SHQDOH ‫܈‬L DVXSUD QDYHL ‫܈‬L DHURQDYHL
URPkQH(VWHSRVLELOFDSHQWUXUD‫܊‬LXQLVRFLDOHFRQRPLFH
GH LQWHUHV VWULFW ORFDO OHJLXLWRUXO Vă HPLWă XQ DFW
QRUPDWLY FDUH Vă DLEă R UHIHULUH UHJLRQDOă WHULWRULDOă 
PDL UHVWUkQVă GHFkW VXSUDID‫܊‬D WHULWRULXOXL IăUă FD DFHVW
OXFUX Vă ILH vQ‫܊‬HOHV FD R OLPLWDUH D SULQFLSLXOXL

178
WHULWRULDOLWă‫܊‬LLvQDVWIHOGHVLWXD‫܊‬LLQXVHDGXFHRDWLQJHUH
DGUHSWXOXLVXYHUDQDOVWDWXOXLGHDHPLWHFXYDODELOLWDWH
JHQHUDOă GHRDUHFH QXPDL UD‫܊‬LXQL FRQFUHWH DX GHOLPLWDW
VIHUD GH UHJOHPHQWDUH $VWIHO GH VLWXD‫܊‬LL VH vQWkOQHVF vQ
FD]XO UHJOHPHQWăULORU IURQWLHUHL DO ]RQHORU HFRQRPLFH
SRUWXDUH‫܈‬DPG
3ULQFLSLXOWHULWRULXOXLQXHVWHDEVROXW'LQUD‫܊‬LXQLFDUH
YL]HD]ă GH]YROWDUHD XQRU UHOD‫܊‬LL HFRQRPLFH SROLWLFH ‫܈‬L
VRFLDOFXOWXUDOH FX DOWH ‫܊‬ăUL VWDWXO D OHJLIHUDW ‫܈‬L XQHOH
H[FHS‫܊‬LL GH OD SULQFLSLXO WHULWRULDOLWă‫܊‬LL $VWIHO SULQ
OHJH VD SUHYă]XW FD vQ OHJăWXUD FX XQHOH SHUVRDQH
VWUăLQH DIODWH GH UHJXOă vQ PLVLXQH GLSORPDWLFă SH
WHULWRULXO‫܊‬ăULLFD‫܈‬LID‫܊‬ăGHLPRELOHOHvQFDUHIXQF‫܊‬LRQHD]ă
DPEDVDGHOH ‫܈‬L VHGLLOH XQRU PLVLXQL GLSORPDWLFH
FRPSHWHQ‫܊‬DOHJLLVăILHH[WUHPGHOLPLWDWă
&RQVLGHUDWH ÄHQFODYH WHULWRULDOH³ DOH VWDWHORU SH FDUH
OH UHSUH]LQWă LQFLQWHOH DPEDVDGHORU VXQW vQ DIDUD
FRPSHWHQ‫܊‬HLMXULVGLF‫܊‬LRQDOHDVWDWXOXLSHWHULWRULXOFăUXLD
VH DIOă 7RW DVWIHO SH ED]ă GH UHFLSURFLWDWH ‫܈‬L GH
FRQIRUPLWDWH FX SUHYHGHULOH GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD‫܊‬LRQDO
WHULWRULXO DPEDVDGHORU URPkQH‫܈‬WL GLQ VWUăLQăWDWH HVWH
FRQVLGHUDW WHULWRULX QD‫܊‬LRQDO LDU ID‫܊‬ă GH SHUVRQDOXO ‫܈‬L
SDWULPRQLXODFHVWRUDVHDSOLFăOHJHDURPkQă
3ULQ XUPDUH H[FHS‫܊‬LLOH GH OD SULQFLSLXO WHULWRULDOLWă‫܊‬LL
ODFDUHDPIăFXWUHIHULUHQXDIHFWHD]ăFXQLPLFSULQFLSLXO
VXYHUDQLWă‫܊‬LLGHVWDWvQFRQGL‫܊‬LLOHvQFDUHDFHVWHDVHDSOLFă
vQED]DQRUPHORU‫܈‬LSULQFLSLLORUGUHSWXOXLLQWHUQD‫܊‬LRQDO

179
&XSULYLUHODDF‫܊‬LXQHDXQRUQRUPHMXULGLFHID‫܊‬ăGH
SHUVRDQHHVWHGHUH‫܊‬LQXWIDSWXOFăDFHVWHDSURGXFHIHFWH
ID‫܊‬ă GH WRDWH DFHOH SHUVRDQH FDUH VH DIOă SH WHULWRULXO
VWDWXOXL'HVLJXUUHOD‫܊‬LDVWDWXOXLFXDFHVWHSHUVRDQHHVWH
GLIHULWă vQ IXQF‫܊‬LH GH VLWXD‫܊‬LD SHUVRDQHORU UHVSHFWLYH
$VWIHOXQXOHVWHUHJLPXOMXULGLFDOFHWă‫܊‬HQLORUDOHFăURU
GUHSWXUL ‫܈‬L REOLJD‫܊‬LL VXQW PHQ‫܊‬LRQDWH SULQFLSLDO vQ
&RQVWLWX‫܊‬LH DOWXO HVWH UHJLPXO VWUăLQLORU ‫܈‬L DOWXO DO
DSDWUL]LORU'HDVHPHQHDPDLH[LVWăXQSDFKHWQRUPDWLY
SHQWUX FHWă‫܊‬HQLL URPkQL DIOD‫܊‬L vQ VWUăLQăWDWH SUHFXP ‫܈‬L
UHJOHPHQWăUL VSHFLDOH SHQWUX FHWă‫܊‬HQLL VWUăLQL DIOD‫܊‬L SH
WHULWRULXO 5RPkQLHL ‫܈‬L FDUH VH EXFXUă GH LPXQLWDWH
GLSORPDWLFă
,PXQLWDWHD GLSORPDWLFă FRQVWă vQ H[FHSWDUHD
SHUVRDQHORU FDUH H[HUFLWă DFWLYLWă‫܊‬L GLSORPDWLFH ‫܈‬L D
EXQXULORU ORU GH OD MXULVGLF‫܊‬LD SHQDOă FLYLOă ‫܈‬L
DGPLQLVWUDWLYăDVWDWXOXLVWUăLQSHWHULWRULXOFăUXLDVHDIOă
$FHDVWă LPXQLWDWHD FRQ‫܊‬LQH LQYLRODELOLWDWHD SHUVRDQHORU
UHVSHFWLYH D FOăGLULORU UHSUH]HQWD‫܊‬LORU GLSORPDWLFH ‫܈‬L D
PLMORDFHORUGHWUDQVSRUWFDUHOHGHVHUYHVF
ÌQ FD]XO vQ FDUH R SHUVRDQă FDUH VH EXFXUă GH
LPXQLWDWH GLSORPDWLFă VăYkU‫܈‬H‫܈‬WH R IDSWă GH QDWXUă
SHQDOăDFHDVWDSRDWHILGHFODUDWăSHUVRQDQRQJUDWDIDSW
FH DUH VHPQLILFD‫܊‬LD vQFHWăULL UHFXQRD‫܈‬WHULL VDOH FD
UHSUH]HQWDQWRILFLDODOVWDWXOXLFDUHODWULPLV‫܈‬LVHLPSXQH
UHFKHPDUHDVDvQVWDWXOGHFDUHDSDU‫܊‬LQH

0
'XPLWUX3RSHVFX)ORULDQ&RPDQ±„Drept internaаional public”
(GLWXUD0௖,SDJ

180
'H DVHPHQHD vQ DIDUD LPXQLWă‫܊‬LL GLSORPDWLFH XQ
UHJLP MXULGLF DSDUWH IDYRUDELO vO DUH ‫܈‬L SHUVRQDOXO
FRQVXODU &RQVXODWHOH VXQW PLVLXQL DOH XQRU VWDWH FDUH
IXQF‫܊‬LRQHD]ă SH WHULWRULXO DOWRUD vQ ED]D DFUHGLWăULL
RUJDQHORU GH VWDW DGPLQLVWUDWLY WHULWRULDOH ‫܈‬L FDUH DX R
FRPSHWHQ‫܊‬ă WHULWRULDOă UHVWUkQVă vQ SULQFLSLX vQ OLPLWD
XQLWă‫܊‬LL DGPLQLVWUDWLYH FDUH OHD DFUHGLWDW &D ‫܈‬L vQ
PLVLXQLOH GLSORPDWLFH ‫܈‬L FHOH FRQVXODUH EHQHILFLD]ă GH
LPXQLWDWH ‫܈‬L SULYLOHJLL LQYLRODELOLWDWHD LPRELOHORU
FRQVXODUH D EXQXULORU ‫܈‬L GRFXPHQWHORU VFXWLUL GH WD[H
SHQWUX FDWHJRULL GH EXQXUL vQOHVQLUL ‫܈‬L OLEHUWă‫܊‬L GLYHUVH 
%HQHILFLD]ă GH DVHPHQHD GH LPXQLWDWH GH MXULVGLF‫܊‬LH
SHQDOă FLYLOă ‫܈‬L DGPLQLVWUDWLYă LQYLRODELOLWDWH SHUVRQDOă
HWF
$FHVW UHJLP SULYLOHJLDW DO SHUVRQDOXOXL GLSORPDWLF ‫܈‬L
FRQVXODU HVWH VWDELOLW vQ ED]D GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD‫܊‬LRQDO DO
WUDWDWHORU ELODWHUDOH GLQWUH SăU‫܊‬L FHO FDUH WULPLWH ‫܈‬L FHO
FDUHDFUHGLWHD]ă ‫܈‬LDUHFDUDFWHUGHUHFLSURFLWDWH
&HWă‫܊‬HQLLVWUăLQL‫܈‬LDSDWUL]LL SHUVRDQHOHFDUHQXDXQLFL
R FHWă‫܊‬HQLH  DX XQ UHJLP MXULGLF VWDELOLW GH OHJLVOD‫܊‬LD
VWDWXOXL SH WHULWRULXO FăUXLD VH DIOă ÌQ DFHVW GRPHQLX
UHJOHPHQWăULOH VXQW GLIHULWH GH OD VWDW OD VWDW 'H UHJXOă
UHJLPXO DFHVWRUD VH VWDELOH‫܈‬WH SULQ OHJL VSHFLDOH ‫܈‬L VH
FDUDFWHUL]HD]ă SULQ RFURWLUHD GUHSWXULORU ORU FLYLOH ‫܈‬L
SHUVRQDOH VLQJXUD OLPLWDUH UHIHULQGXVH OD GUHSWXULOH
SROLWLFH

0
,RDQ&HWHUFKL,RQ&UDLRYDQRSFLWSDJ

181
ÌQ 5RPkQLD UHJLPXO MXULGLF DO VWUăLQLORU HVWH
UHJOHPHQWDWGH&RQVWLWX‫܊‬LH‫܈‬LGHOHJLVSHFLDOH&RQIRUP
&RQVWLWX‫܊‬LHL „cetăаenii Юi apatrizii care locuiesc în
România se bucură de protecаia generală a persoanelor
Юi a averilor, garantată de Constituаie Юi de alte legi“
>DUW௖  @
&HWă‫܊‬HQLL URPkQL DIOD‫܊‬L WHPSRUDU vQ DIDUD WHULWRULXOXL
QD‫܊‬LRQDO VH EXFXUă GH SURWHF‫܊‬LD VWDWXOXL URPkQ ‫܈‬L DX
REOLJD‫܊‬LD Vă VH FRQIRUPH]H REOLJD‫܊‬LLORU FH OH UHYLQ vQ
DFHDVWăFDOLWDWHÌQPăVXUDvQFDUHDXFRPLVIDSWHSHQDOH
SH WHULWRULXO 5RPkQLHL SULQ RUJDQLVPH DELOLWDWH VH
H[HUFLWăDFWLYLWDWHDGHLGHQWLILFDUHDORFXOXLXQGHVHDIOă
SHQWUXDVHGHFODQ‫܈‬DSURFHGXULOHGHH[WUăGDUH
'HVLJXU Fă DIODW vQ VWUăLQăWDWH FHWă‫܊‬HDQXO URPkQ
WUHEXLHVăUHVSHFWH‫܈‬LOHJLVOD‫܊‬LD‫܊‬ăULLUHVSHFWLYH
ÌQ OHJăWXUă FX FHWă‫܊‬HQLL URPkQL DIOD‫܊‬L SH WHULWRULXO
QD‫܊‬LRQDO QRUPHOH MXULGLFH SUHYăG XQ UHJLP MXULGLF
QHGLIHUHQ‫܊‬LDWIăUăGLVFULPLQDUH‫܈‬LIăUăSULYLOHJLL'HVLJXU
vQVă Fă QX WRDWH OHJLOH SULYHVF SH WR‫܊‬LL FHWă‫܊‬HQLL 6XQW
UHJOHPHQWăUL FDUH YL]HD]ă DQXPLWH FDWHJRULL VRFLR
SURIHVLRQDOH‫܈‬LFDUHSHQWUXREOLJD‫܊‬LLGLVWLQFWH‫܈‬LVSHFLDOH
DOH FDWHJRULLORU UHVSHFWLYH VXQW SUHYă]XWH vQ QRUPH
MXULGLFH GUHSWXUL FRPSHQVDWRULL GH H[HPSOX SHQWUX
SHUVRQDOXO QDYLJDQW SHQWUX FDGUHOH PLOLWDUH SHQWUX
SHUVRQDOXOGHODFDOHDIHUDWăHWF 


182
5(=80$78/81,7Ă‫܉‬,,'(Ì19Ă‫܉‬$5(
ÌQ VLVWHPXO QRVWUX GH GUHSW LGHQWLILFăP FX XúXULQWă
QRUPH MXULGLFH FDUH VWDELOHVF SULQFLSLL FX FDUDFWHU
JHQHUDO FDUH YL]HD]ă vQWUHJXO VLVWHP GH GUHSW VDX R
DQXPLWă UDPXUă D GUHSWXOXL GDU FDUH QX IL[HD]ă XQ
FRPSRUWDPHQWSXQFWXDOFRQFUHW([LVWăWRWRGDWăQRUPH
MXULGLFH FDUH GHIXOHVF FRQFHSWH LQVWLWX;LL MXULGLFH VDX
FDUHUHJOHPHQWHD]ăDWULEXWLLSHQWUXXQDQXPLWVXELHFWGH
GUHSWGHWHUPLQDWQRPLQDOL]DW RUJDQDOVWDWXOXLLQVWDQWD
GHMXGHFDWăRUJDQDGPLQLVWUDWLYHWF 
&RQVWLWXWLD 5RPkQLHL DFWXO QRUPDWLY IXQGDPHQWDO DO
GUHSWXOXL QRVWUX FRQWLQH QRUPH GH SULQFLSLX SULQ FDUH
VXQW UHJOHPHQWDWH UHDOLWăWL FRQFUHWH DOH YLHWLL VRFLDO
SROLWLFH VDX SULQ FDUH VXQW VWDELOLWH XQFOH IPDOLWăWL DOH
DFWLYLWă‫܊‬LLVWDWDOH
'HH[HPSOXWLWOXO,DO&RQVWLWXWLHL5RPkQLHLLQWLWXODW
Ä3ULQFLSLL JHQHUDOH GHILQHúWH FDUDFWHULVWLFLOH úL
SULQFLSLLOH IXQGDPHQWDOH DOH VWDWXOXL URPDQ 5RPDQLD
HVWH VWDW QDWLRQDO VXYHUDQ ‫܈‬L LQGHSHQGHQW XQLWDU úL
LQGLYL]LELO VWDW GH GUHSW VRFLDO úL GHPRFUDWLF  $FHVWH
SUHYHGHULVXQWPDLPXOWGHFkWQRUPHREOLJDWRULLHOHVXQW
QRUPHSULQFLSLL SHQWUX FDUH IL[HD]ă vQ FRQ‫܊‬LQXWXO ORU
SULQFLSLLFHFăOăX]HVFvQWUHJXOQRVWUXVLVWHPGHGUHSW
ùL DOWH GRPHQLL VXQW UHJOHPHQWDWH GH DFWH QRUPDWLYH
FH FRQWLQ DVHPHQHD QRUPHSULQFLSLL FRGXO SHQDO FRGXO
FLYLO FRGXO GH SURFHGXUă 3HQDOă FXSULQGH FDSLWROH
LQWURGXFWLYH LQWLWXODWH Ä'LVSR]LWLL JHQHUDOH VDX
Ä3ULQFLSLL *HQHUDOH vQ FDUH VXP GHILQLWH SULQFLSLLOH FH

183
JXYHPHD]ă GRPHQLXO UHJOHPHQWDW WRDWH FHOHODOWH QRUPH
MXULGLFH FXSULQVH vQ DFHVWH FRGXUL XUPkQG Vă ILH
LQWHUSUHWDWH ‫܈‬L SXVH vQ DSOLFDUH SRWULYLW SULQFLSLLORU
HQXQWDWH
ÌQ DOWH DFWH QRUPDWLYH VXQW GHILQLWH SULQ LQWHUPHGLXO
QRUPHORU-XULGLFHDQXPLWHFRQFHSWH'HH[HPSOX&RGXO
)DPLOLHLGHILQHúWHUXGHQLDvQWUR PDQLHUăFODUăFHQXGă
SRVLELOLWDWHDODYUHRLQWHUSUHWDUH


ÎNTREBĂRI RECAPITULATIVE
±'HILQL‫܊‬LQRUPDMXULGLFă
±(QXPHUD‫܊‬LúLFRPHQWDWLWUDVDWXULOHFDUDFWHULVWLFHDOH
QRUPHLMXULGLFH
±&DUHHVWHVWUXFWXUDORJLFDDQRUPHLMXULGLFH"
± 'HILQL‫܊‬L LSRWH]D QRUPHL MXULGLFH úL SUH]HQWDWL R
FODVLILFDUHDDFHVWHLD
± 'HILQL‫܊‬L GLVSR]L‫܊‬LD QRUPHL MXULGLFH úL SUH]HQWDWL
FODVLILFDUHDDFHVWHLD
±&RPHQWDWLFULWHULLOHGHFODVLILFDUHDQRUPHLMXULGLFH
± &DUH HVWH PRPHQWXO LQWUDULL vQ YLJRDUH D QRUPHL
MXULGLFH
±'HILQL‫܊‬LSULQFLSLXOQHUHWURDFWLYLWă‫܊‬LLQRUPHLMXULGLFH
±'HILQL‫܊‬LSULQFLSLXOQHXOWUDDFWLYLWă‫܊‬LLQRUPHLMXULGLFH
±&HVHLQWHOHJHSULQLPXQLWDWHGLSORPDWLFD


184
7(0(3(1758'(=%$7(5,
± 1RUPHOH MXULGLFH GH GUHSW FRQVWLWXWLRQDO SULYLQG
LPXQLWDWHDGLSORPDWLFD
±([WUDGDUHD
±5HJLPXOMXULGLFDOVWUDLQLORU
±$EURJDUHDDMXQJHUHDODWHUPHQGHVXHWXGLQHD


BIBLIOGRAFIE
 1LFRODH 3RSD ± 7HRULD JHQHUDOă D GUHSWXOXL
%XFXUHúWLS
 ,RQ &UDLRYDQ ± 7HRULD JHQHUDOă D GUHSWXOXL
%XFXUHúWLS
 *K & 0LKDL ± )XQGDPHQWHOH GUHSWXOXL 7HRULD úL
ILOR]RILDGUHSWXOXL
 5, 0RWLFD ± 7HRULD JHQHUDOă D GUHSWXOXL
%XFXUH‫܈‬WLS
&%XODL±'UHSWSHQDOURPDQ±3DUWHDJHQHUDOăYRO
,%XFXUHúWLS
,RQ'RJDUX±7HRULDJHQHUDOăDGUHSWXOXL&UDLRYD
S

185

8QLWDWHDGHvQYă‫܊‬DUH
,17(535(7$5($1250(/25-85,',&(


CONЯINUTUL UNITĂЯII DE ÎNVĂЯARE


2ELHFWLYHXUPăULWH
7LPSDORFDWXQLWă‫܊‬LL
&XYLQWHFKHLH
 1RĠLXQHD úL UDĠLXQHD LQWHUSUHWăULL QRUPHORU
MXULGLFH
)RUPHOHGHLQWHUSUHWDUHDQRUPHORUMXULGLFH
0HWRGHOHGHLQWHUSUHWDUHDQRUPHORUMXULGLFH
/LPLWHOHLQWHUSUHWăULL
5H]XPDWXOXQLWă‫܊‬LLGHvQYă‫܊‬DUH
ÌQWUHEăULUHFDSLWXODWLYH
7HPHSHQWUXGH]EDWHUH
%LEOLRJUDILH


OBIECTIVE URMĂRITE
± vQVX‫܈‬LUHD FRUHFWD D PRGXOXL GH LQWHUSUHWDUH D
QRUPHORU MXULGLFH SHQWUX D OH SXWHD UHVSHFWD úL SXQH vQ
SUDFWLFD
± FXQRD‫܈‬WHUHD DSURIXQGDWD D PRGDOLWDWLORU GH
LQWHUSUHWDUHDQRUPHORUMXULGLFHVSHFLILFHXQRUUDPXULGH
GUHSW


186
7,03$/2&$781,7Ă‫܉‬,,25(


CUVINTE CHEIE
Interpretarea normelor juridice – GHVHPQHD]D
SURFHVXO LQWHOHFWXDO GH VWDELOLUH D VHQVXOXL H[DFW DO
QRUPHORUMXULGLFHvQYHGHUHDDSOLFDULLDFHVWRUDODVLWXD‫܊‬LL
úL FD]XUL FRQFUHWH FDUH VH LPSXQ D IL UH]ROYDWH GH FăWUH
RUJDQHOHGHDSOLFDUHDGUHSWXOXL
Formele interpretarii normelor juridice VXQW
interpretarea oficiala sau obligatorie – HVWH FHD
UHDOL]DWDGHFăWUHRUJDQHOHGHVWDWFDUHDXDWULEXWLLILHvQ
SURFHVXO HODERUDULL QRUPHORU MXULGLFH ILH vQ SURFHVXO
DSOLFDULLDFHVWRUD
Interpretarea neoficiala (doctrinara) –HVWHDFWLYLWDWHD
GH LQWHUSUHWDUH D QRUPHORU MXULGLFH HIHFWXDWD GH DQDOLVWLL
GLQ GRPHQLXO GUHSWXOXL SUDFWLFLHQL úL WHRUHWLFLHQL DL OXL
FXSULQVH GH UHJXOD vQ RSHUH VWLLQWLILFH VDX vQ UHYLVWH GH
VSHFLDOLWDWH
Metodele interpretarii normelor juridiceVXQW
PHWRGDJUDPDWLFDOD
PHWRGDVLVWHPDWLFD
PHWRGDLVWRULFD
PHWRGDORJLFD
DQDORJLD
În funcаie de rezultate, interpretarile normelor
juridice pot fi:

187
interpretarea literala
interpretarea extensiva
interpretarea restrictiva.

 12ğ,81($ ù, 5$ğ,81($ ,17(535(7Ă5,,
1250(/25-85,',&(

,QWHUSUHWDUHDQRUPHORUMXULGLFHHVWHRSHUDWLXQHDORJLFă
± UDWLRQDOă FDUH VH GHVIăúRDUă FRQIRUP XQRU DQXPLWH
UHJXOL úL FX PHWRGH VSHFLILFH GUHSWXOXL úL FDUH FRQVWă vQ
FODULILFDUHD FRQ‫܊‬LQXWXOXL QRUPHORU MXULGLFH vQ YHGHUHD
UHDOL]ăULL VDX DSOLFăULL OHJLL SULQ LQFDGUDUHD DGHFYDWă D
VLWXD‫܊‬LLORUGHIDSWvQUHJOHPHQWăULOHOHJDWH
3HQWUX UHVSHFWDUHD VDX DSOLFDUHD QRUPHORU MXULGLFH
SULPD FRQGL‫܊‬LH HVWH FD VHQVXO DFHVWRUD Vă ILH FRUHFW
UHFHSWDW GH FăWUH GHVWLQDWDULL ORU vQ FD]XO vQ FDUH FX
RFD]LDDSOLFăULLQRUPHORUMXULGLFHVHDMXQJHODFRQFOX]LD
FăVHQVXOFXSULQVvQQRUPăDUHSHQWUXSUDFWLFăDQXPLWH
FRQVHFLQWHFDUHQXFRQFRUGăFXYRLQWDOHJLXLWRUXWXLHVWH
QHFHVDUăLQWHUSUHWDUHDQRUPHLUHVSHFWLYH
'HQXPLUHD DFHVWHL LQVWLWX‫܊‬LL GH GUHSW FX vQGHOXQJDWă
WUDGLWLH D RFD]LRQDW R VHULH GH FRQWURYHUVH vQ OLWHUDWXUD
MXULGLFă 6D YRUELW OD XQ PRPHQW GDW DWkW GHVSUH
Äinterpretarea legii cât úi despre interpretarea
dreptului". /D ED]D IRUPXOăULL H[SUHVLHL ÄLQWHUSUHWDUHD
OHJLLDVWDWRDQXPLWăLHUDUKL]DUHDL]YRDUHORUGUHSWXOXL
vQWHOHJkQGSULQDFHDVWDLQWHUSUHWDUHDOHJLORUúLDFHORUWDOWH
DFWHQRUPDWLYHVFULVH

188
1RĠLXQHD GH ÄLQWHUSUHWDUH D GUHSWXOXL D IRVW XWLOL]DWă
LQLWLDOSHQWUXDGHVHPQDLQWHUSUHWDUHDGUHSWXOXLFXWXPLDU
úL D SUDFWLFLL MXGLFLDUH IRQGDWH SH HO 8OWHULRU DFHDVWă
QR‫܊‬LXQHDIRVWIRORVLWăFXUHIHULUH‫܈‬LODGUHSWXOVFULVúLOD
GUHSWXOQHVFULV
ùWLLQWDMXULGLFăDFWXDOăIRORVHVWHIUHFYHQWQR‫܊‬LXQHDGH
LQWHUSUHWDUH D QRUPHORU MXULGLFH FDUH YL]HD]ă DWkW
LQWHUSUHWDUHDOHJLLFkWúLDGUHSWXOXLvQJHQHUDO5HIHULWRU
OD RELHFWXO LQWHUSUHWăULL VD ULGLFDW SUREOHPD GDFă HO
SULYHúWH GRDU WH[WXO QRUPDWLY VXSXV DQDOL]HL VDX DUH vQ
YHGHUH‫܈‬LGH]YăOXLUHDYRLQWHLUHDOHDOHJLXLWRUXOXLDWXQFL
FkQGHDQXWUDQVSDUHH[SOLFLWGLQWH[W
$X H[LVWDW SăUHUL FDUH DX VXVWLQXW Fă WH[WXO vQ VLQH ‫܈‬L
QRUPD MXULGLFă REWLQ GXSă FH DX IRVW VDQFWLRQDWH GH
SXWHUHD GH VWDW R DXWRQRPLH WRWDOă vQ UDSRUW FX YRLQWD
OHJLXLWRUXOXL SH FkQG LQWUR DOWă RSLQLH VH VXWLQH Fă
DFWXO QRUPDWLY QX HVWH GHFkW SUHOXQJLUHD YRLQWHL
OHJLXLWRUXOXL
'UHSWXO RUJDQXOXL GH DSOLFDUH GH D IDFH LQWHUSUHWDUHD
QRUPHL DSOLFDELOH D IRVW MXVWLILFDW vQ PRG GLIHULW GHD
OXQJXOWLPSXWXLLDULQWLQGHUHDDFHVWXLGUHSWDIOXFWXDWvQ
UDSRUWFXvQWHOHVXOFRQIHULWQR‫܊‬LXQLLGHLQWHUSUHWDUH
ÌQ OLWHUDWXUD MXULGLFă PDL YHFKH LQWHUSUHWDUHD QRUPHL
MXULGLFHPDLSXUWDúLGHQXPLUHDGHÄtâlcuire", LDUVFRSXO
VăX HUD DFHOD GH D OăPXUL ‫܈‬L GH D GHVOXúL LGHHD GH GUHSW
FXSULQVăvQUHJXOă
2GDWD FX GH]YROWDUHD IDUă SUHFHGHQW D WXWXURU
VHFWRDUHORU YLHWLL VRFLDOH QHFHVLWDWHD LQWHUSUHWăULL

189
QRUPHORU MXULGLFH DSDUH ‫܈‬L PDL DFXW MXVWLILFDWă LQWUXFkW
IXQF‫܊‬LLORU GUHSWXOXL úL ILQDOLWăWLORU VDOH OL VH DPSOLILFă
FRPSOH[LWDWHD
5DWLXQHDLQWHUSUHWăULLQRUPHWRUMXULGLFHHVWHVXVWLQXWă
vQGRFWULQăGHXUPăWRDUHOHDUJXPHQWH
±ÌQSULPXOUkQGOHJLXLWRUXOQXSRDWHDYHDvQYHGHUH
DWXQFL FkQG HODERUHD]ă QRUPHOH MXULGLFH WRDWH VLWXD‫܊‬LLOH
LUHGXFWLELOH vQ VSHFLILFXO ORQ FDUH VH SRW LYL vQ DSOLFDUHD
GUHSWXOXL IDSW VHVL]DW GH 3RUWDOLV FDUH DILUPD Äa
prevedea totul este imposibil de atins. Nevoile societăаii
sunt atât de extinse, încât este imposibil pentru legislator
să prevadă totul".
'HDVHPHQHDHVWHFXQRVFXWIDSWXOFăXQHRULSHQWUXD
HYLWD Äexcesul de comprimare a sistemului legislativ,
legiuitorul lasă intentionat zone albe, susceptibile de
interpretare în reglementarea relatiilor sociale”, IDSW
VHVL]DW GH *HRUJLR GHO 9HFFKLR FDUH DILUPD Fă Äorice
legislaаie abundă în acele conceptii, care sunt denumite
în mod ingenios „conceptii – supape” úi anume în aúa
fel încât să permită dilatatia úi comunicarea cu lumea
din afară" 'HH[vQVLVWHPXOGHGUHSWURPkQHVFH[LVWD
DFHOH QRUPH vQ FDUH VH YRUEHúWH GHVSUH Äbunele
moravuri" VDX GHVSUH Äordinea publică", DFHVWH QR‫܊‬LXQL
ILLQG OăVDWH QHGHILQLWH GH FăWUH OHJLXLWRU HOH SXWkQG IL
DSOLFDWHúLLQWHUSUHWDWHvQUDSRUWGHGLYHUVLWDWHDFRQGL‫܊‬LLORU
SHFDUHOHvQIăWLúHD]ăHYROXWLDYLHWLL 
± ÌQ DO GRLOHD UkQG QHFHVLWDWHD LQWHUSUHWăULL QRUPHORU
MXULGLFH HVWH PRWLYDWă GH IDSWXO Fă vQ UHGDFWDUHD ORU

190
OHJLXLWRUXO SHQWUX D VH PHQWLQH OD XQ LQDOW QLYHO GH
JHQHUDOLWDWHXWLOL]HD]ăXQOLPEDMVLQWHWLFFRQFHQWUkQGOD
PD[LPXP LGHLOH SH FDUH YUHD Vă OH H[SULPH FHOXL FDUH
DSOLFă OHJHD UHYHQLQGXL VDUFLQD GH D LGHQWLILFD WRDWH
DFHOH VLWXD‫܊‬LL FDUH VH LQVFULX vQ LSRWH]D QRUPHL SH FDUH
OHJLXLWRUXOGHúLQXOHDHQXPHUDWH[SUHVOHDDYXWWRWXúL
vQYHGHUH
±ÌQDOWUHLOHDUkQGvQWH[WHOHGHOHJHVXQWXWLOL]DWLGH
PXOWH RUL WHUPHQL DO FăURU VHQV HVWH GLIHULW GH FHO
RELúQXLW OHJLXLWRUXO IRORVLQGXL vQ VHQV FRQRWDWLY FX R
VHPQLILFDWLHVSHFLILFăDOWDGHFkWFHDGHQRWDWLYăFăUHLDL
VHFLUFXPVFULHVHQVXOGHED]ă
3HQWUXDHYLWDLQWHUSUHWăULOHVXELHFWLYHHVWHLQGLFDWFD
OHJLXLWRUXO Vă H[SULPH vQ FKLDU WH[WXO QRUPHL VHQVXO SH
FDUHODDYXWvQYHGHUHúWLXWILLQGFăHODERUDUHDQRUPHORU
MXULGLFHWUHEXLHVăĠLQăVHDPDGHSULQFLSLXODFFHVLELOLWă‫܊‬LL
'LQ DFHVW PRWLY OHJLXLWRUXO FRQVLGHUă QHFHVDU Vă IDFă
FKLDU vQ FXSULQVXO XQRU OHJL SUHFL]ăUL DVXSUD vQWHOHVXOXL
VSHFLDO DO WHUPHQLORU IRORVLWL vQ UHGDFWDUHD DFWXOXL
QRUPDWLYH FXP DU IL GH SLOGă FD]XO XQRU WHUPHQL
XWLOL]DWLvQ&RGXOSHQDODFăURUVHPQLILFDWLHOHJLXLWRUXOR
H[SOLFăvQ7LWOXO9,,GLQ&RG
8QWHUPHQSRDWHDYHDLQWHOHVXULGLIHULWHSHQWUXUDPXUL
GH GUHSW GLIHULWH VSUH H[HPSOX FXYkQWXO OH]LXQH
GHQXPHúWH vQ GUHSWXO FLYLO XQ YLFLX GH FRQVLPWăPkQW
LQFLGHQW vQ FD]XO PLQRULORU FDUH DX GLVFHUQăPkQW
SUHFDU  SULQ YLFLHUHD FRQVLPĠăPkQWXOXL SULQ OH]LXQH
XUPăULQGXVHÄdisproportia vădită între contraprestatii",

191
SHFkQGvQGUHSWXOSHQDOQR‫܊‬LXQHDGHOH]LXQHGHQXPHúWH
YăWăPDUHDFRUSRUDOăJUDYăDGXVăFXLYD‫܈‬LHVWHVLQRQLPFX
UDQăKHPDWRPSODJăVkQJHUkQGă
'HDVHPHQHDQR‫܊‬LXQHDGHÄIXQF‫܊‬LRQDUDUHvQGUHSWXO
SHQDORVIHUăPDLUHVWUkQVăGHFkWvQGUHSWXODGPLQLVWUDWLY
±ÌQDOSDWUXOHDUkQGQHFHVLWDWHDLQWHUSUHWăULLGHULYă‫܈‬L
GLQ SUREOHPHOH FDUH VH SRW LYL vQ OHJăWXUă FX UHGDFWDUHD
JUDPDWLFDOă D WH[WXOXL GH OHJH FX R DQXPLWă SR]LWLH D
FXYLQWHORUvQWH[WFXIRORVLUHDVHPQHORUGHSXQFWXDWLH
± ÌQ DO FLQFLOHD UkQG LQWHUSUHWDUHD QRUPHORU MXULGLFH
HVWH QHFHVDUă GHRDUHFH WUHEXLH VWDELOLWă FRUHODWLD GLQWUH
HOHPDLDOHVDFRORXQGHSULQWURQRUPăMXULGLFăQRXăQX
VHDEURJăH[SUHVFHOHDQWHULRDUHFLLPSOLFLW
ÌQOHJăWXUăFXRELHFWXOLQWHUSUHWăULLQRUPHORUMXULGLFH
vQ GRFWULQă VH SUHFL]HD]ă Fă VXQW VXSXVH LQWHUSUHWăULL
WRDWH FHOH WUHL HOHPHQWH DOH QRUPHL MXULGLFH LSRWH]D
GLVSR]L‫܊‬LD‫܈‬LVDQF‫܊‬LXQHD
6D SXV vQWUHEDUHD GDFă LQWHUSUHWDUHD QRUPHORU
MXULGLFHHVWHUHJOHPHQWDWăMXULGLF5ăVSXQVXODIRVWFăQX
H[LVWă QRUPH H[SUHVH vQ DFHVW VHQV ‫܈‬L Fă OD ED]D
LQWHUSUHWăULL WUHEXLH Vă VWHD DQXPLWH SULQFLSLL JHQHUDOH
FDUHUH]XOWăGLQHVHQWDGUHSWXOXLSUHFXPúLSULQFLSLLOH‫܈‬L
UHJXOLOHORJLFLL
3ULQFLSLLOH ‫܈‬L UHJXOLOH JHQHUDOH DOH LQWHUSUHWăULL DX R
DSOLFDELOLWDWH FRPXQă vQ WRDWH UDPXULOH GH GUHSW &RGXO
QRVWUXFLYLOQXFXSULQGHSUHYHGHULH[SUHVHvQOHJăWXUăFX
LQWHUSUHWDUHD QRUPHORU MXULGLFH GDU VH FRQVLGHUă Fă
SUHYHGHULOH UHIHULWRDUH OD LQWHUSUHWDUHD FRQYHQWLLORU

192
FXSULQVH vQ DUW  ±  DU DYHD DSOLFDELOLWDWH úL vQ
SULYLQWDLQWHUSUHWăULLQRUPHORUMXULGLFH
'HúL LQWHUSUHWDUHD QRUPHORU MXULGLFH DUH XQ FDUDFWHU
XQLWDU DFHVW IDSW QX H[FOXGH XQHOH GHRVHELUL vQWUH R
UDPXUăGHGUHSWúLDOWDvQFHHDFHSULYHúWHLQWHUSUHWDUHD
QRUPHORU

 )250(/( '( ,17(535(7$5( $
1250(/25-85,',&(

 ÌQ IXQF‫܊‬LH GH FULWHULXO VXELHFWXOXL FDUH IDFH
LQWHUSUHWDUHDúLGHIRUĠDREOLJDWRULHDDFHVWHLDGLVWLQJHP
LQWHUSUHWDUHDRILFLDOăúLLQWHUSUHWDUHDQHRILFLDOă
$ ,17(535(7$5($ 2),&,$/Ă 6$8
2%/,*$725,( HVWH DFHD LQWHUSUHWDUH IăFXWă GH XQ
RUJDQ GH VWDW VDX GH FăWUH R RUJDQL]DĠLH REúWHDVFă
LPSXWHUQLFLWăVăIDFăDFWHGHDSOLFDUHDQRUPHORUMXULGLFH
‫܈‬LFDUHDUHvQWRWGHDXQDFDUDFWHUREOLJDWRULX
ÌQ IXQF‫܊‬LH GH VIHUD REOLJDWLYLWăĠLL HL LQWHUSUHWDUHD
RILFLDOă VH GLYLGH vQ LQWHUSUHWDUH JHQHUDOă úL LQWHUSUHWDUH
FD]XDOă
D ,QWHUSUHWDUHDJHQHUDOăHVWHLQWHUSUHWDUHDUHDOL]DWăGH
FăWUH XQ RUJDQ GH VWDW VDX GH FăWUH R RUJDQL]DĠLH
REúWHDVFă vPSXWHUQLFLWă Vă HODERUH]H QRUPH MXULGLFH
$XWRUXO HL SRDWH IL RUJDQXO HPLWHQW DO DFWXOXL VXSXV
LQWHUSUHWăULL LQWHUSUHWDUHD DXWHQWLFă  VDX XQ RUJDQ
LHUDUKLFVXSHULRU

193
$FHVWWLSGHUHJOHPHQWDUHHVWHUHFODPDWGHVLWXD‫܊‬LDvQ
FDUHRGLVSR]L‫܊‬LHGLQWUXQDFWQRUPDWLYHVWHLQVXILFLHQWGH
FODUăVDXGHGHWDOLDWă
,QWHUSUHWDUHD OHJLL HVWH H[FOXVLY GH FRPSHWHQĠD
3DUODPHQWXOXLFHORUODOWHRUJDQHDOHVWDWXOXLUHYHQLQGXOH
SRVLELOLWDWHDVăHPLWăDFWHQRUPDWLYHvQWHPHLXO‫܈‬LSHQWUX
DSOLFDUHDOHJLLÌQVLWXD‫܊‬LDvQFDUHDFHVWHRUJDQHFRQVWDWă
FăXQHOHSUHYHGHULDOHOHJLLFRQĠLQLQDGYHUGHQĠHVDXVXQW
VXVFHSWLELOH GH vQĠHOHJHUH QHXQLWDUă YRU VHVL]D SH FDĠH
LHUDUKLFăIRUXOFRPSHWHQWvQPDWHULHGHLQWHUSUHWDUH
5HIHULWRUODHIHFWHOHWHPSRUDOHDOHLQWHUSUHWăULLWUHEXLH
UHĠLQXW Fă DFWXO GH LQWHUSUHWDUH IăFkQG FRUS FRPXQ FX
DFWXO LQWHUSUHWDW DUH DFHHDúL IRUĠă MXULGLFă FX DFWXO
LQWHUSUHWDW úL vQ DFHODúL WLPS DUH FDUDFWHU UHWURDFWLY
LQWUkQGvQYLJRDUHGHODRGDWDFHSUHFHGHDGRSWDUHDVD úL
FDUHPDUFKHD]ăSHULRDGDGHWLPSSkQăODGDWDLQWUăULLvQ
YLJRDUHDDFWXOXLLQWHUSUHWDW 
E ,QWHUSUHWDUHDFD]XDOăHVWHDFHDLQWHUSUHWDUHFDUHVH
SURGXFH vQ SURFHVXO GH DSOLFDUH D QRUPHORU OD FD]XUL
FRQFUHWH
$FHDVWă LQWHUSUHWDUH R SRW IDFH RUJDQHOH VWDWXOXL
OHJLVODWLYHH[HFXWLYHVDXMXGHFăWRUHúWLFKHPDWHVăDSOLFH
QRUPHOH vQ FD]XUL LQGLYLGXDOH GHRDUHFH DFHDVWă
DFWLYLWDWH SUHVXSXQH LQWRWGHDXQD OăPXULUHD VHQVXOXL
QRUPHL MXULGLFH FH XUPHD]ă D IL DSOLFDWă LDU UH]XOWDWXO
LQWHUSUHWăULLHVWHFXSULQVvQFRQ‫܊‬LQXWXODFWXOXLGHDSOLFDUH
ÌQFDGUXOLQWHUSUHWăULLFD]XDOHXQUROLPSRUWDQWUHYLQH
LQWHUSUHWăULL MXGLFLDUH VDX MXULVGLFĠLRQDOH OHJDWH GH

194
VROXĠLRQDUHD vPSUHMXUăULORU GH vQFăOFDUH D OHJLL XQGH
KRWăUkUHDHPLVăDUHDXWRULWDWHGHOXFUXMXGHFDW
8QHRULLQWHUSUHWDUHDFD]XDOăHVWHSUHPLVDLQWHUSUHWăULL
JHQHUDOH vQ VHQVXO Fă DSDULĠLD IUHFYHQWă D DFHOHLDúL
SUREOHPH vQWUXQ QXPăU PDUH GH VLWXD‫܊‬LL FRQGXFH OD
SURGXFHUHDLQWHUSUHWăULLQRUPDWLYH
'RFWULQD D IRUPXODW XUPăWRDUHOH WUăVăWXUL
FDUDFWHULVWLFHLQWHUSUHWăULLFD]XDOH
± DSOLFDELOLWDWH OLPLWDWă GRDU OD XQ UDSRUW MXULGLF
GHWHUPLQDW
±REOLJDWLYLWDWHDHLQXPDLSHQWUXVLWXD‫܊‬LDVROXWLRQDWă
±QHREOLJDWLYLWDWHDHLSHQWUXDOWHRUJDQH‫܈‬LvPSUHMXUăUL
VLPLODUH‫܈‬LQLFLSHQWUXDFHDVLDXWRULWDWHLQWURLPSUHMXUDUH
LGHQWLFD
% ,17(535(7$5($ 1(2),&,$/Ă HVWHQXPLWD úL
LQWHUSUHWDUH GRFWULQDUă vQWUXFkW HD HVWH FXSULQVă GH
RELFHL vQ RSHUHWH úWLLQĠLILFH vQ GRFWULQă ILLQG R
LQWHUSUHWDUHIDFXOWDWLYăQHDYkQGIRUĠDREOLJDWRULH
9DORDUHDDFHVWHLLQWHUSUHWăULHVWHvQIXQF‫܊‬LHGHSXWHUHD
DUJXPHQWHORU úWLLQĠLILFH SH FDUH VH VSULMLQă HD
EXFXUkQGXVHGRDUGHDXWRULWDWHúWLLQĠLILFăQX‫܈‬LMXULGLFă
ÌQ GUHSWXO URPDQ LQWHUSUHWDUHD GRFWULQDUă D FRQVWLWXLW
XQ LPSRUWDQW L]YRU GH GUHSW IDSW FH VD PHQĠLQXW ‫܈‬L vQ
IHXGDOLVP FkQG SăUHUHD XQRU MXULúWL D SULPLW IRUĠD
REOLJDWRULHDOHJLL
ÌQ ĠDUD QRDVWUă LQWHUSUHWDUHD GRFWULQDUă QX DUH
FKDUDFWHU REOLJDWRULX vQVă LQGHSOLQHúWH XQ URO LPSRUWDQW
vQ DSOLFDUHD úL GH]YROWDUHD GUHSWXOXL GHRDUHFH FODULILFă

195
LQWHOHVXOXQRUSULQFLSLLGHGUHSWJHQHUDOL]kQGH[SHULHQĠD
IRUPDWăvQOHJăWXUăFXGLIHULWHLQVWLWX‫܊‬LLMXULGLFH

0(72'(/('(,17(535(7$5($
1250(/25-85,',&(

$FWXOQRUPDWLYvQFDUHHVWHLQVHUDWăQRUPDMXULGLFăFH
XUPHD]ăDVHDSOLFDDUHFDUDFWHUFRPSOH[IDSWFHLPSXQH
XWLOL]DUHD XQRU PHWRGH DGHFYDWH SULQ LQWHUPHGLXO FăURUD
RUJDQXO GH DSOLFDUH UHXúHúWH Vă VWDELOHDVFă vQ LQWHUHVXO
VROXĠLRQăULL FDX]HL VHQVXO H[DFW DO QRUPHL FkPSXO VăX
GHDSOLFDELOLWDWHHIHFWHOH‫܈‬LVFRSXOUHJXOHLILQDOLWăWLOHSH
FDUHOHXUPăUHúWHúLYDORULOHSHFDUHOHRFURWHúWH
3ULQ PHWRGH GH LQWHUSUHWDUH LQĠHOHJHP WRWDOLWDWHD
SURFHGHHORU IRORVLWH SHQWUX GHVFRSHULUHD FRQ‫܊‬LQXWXOXL
SUHYHGHULORU QRUPHORU MXULGLFH vQ VFRSXO DSOLFăULL ORU OD
FD]XULFRQFUHWH
3ULQ IRORVLUHD PHWRGHORU GH LQWHUSUHWDUHD D QRUPHORU
MXULGLFHVHDMXQJHvQILQDOODYL]LXQHDGHVLQWH]ăDEVROXW
QHFHVDUă UH]XOWDWXOXL LQWHUSUHWăULL ± FDUH WUHEXLH Vă ILH
FRQYLQJHUHD IHUPă D MXGHFăWRUXOXL VDX RUJDQXOXL
DGPLQLVWUDWLYvQOHJăWXUăFXJUDGXOGHDGDSWDUHDQRUPHL
ODVLWXD‫܊‬LDGHIDSW
7HRULDJHQHUDOăDGUHSWXOXLHVWHSHUPDQHQWSUHRFXSDWă
GHVWDELOLUHD‫܈‬LFODVLILFDUHDPHWRGHORUGHLQWHUSUHWDUH
ÌQ JHQHUDO VH DGPLWH H[LVWHQĠD XUPăWRDUHORU PHWRGH
JUDPDWLFDOă ORJLFă LVWRULFă ‫܈‬L VLVWHPDWLFă FăURUD XQLL

196
DXWRUL OH PDL DGDXJă ‫܈‬L PHWRGD WHOHRORJLFă FDUH
XUPăUHúWHVăSXQăvQOXPLQăVFRSXOOHJLL
2UJDQXOGHDSOLFDUHSRDWHIRORVLRPHWRGăVDXDOWDvQ
UDSRUWGHDVSHFWHOHSHFDUHOHSUH]LQWăFD]XOWUHEXLHLQVă
Vă DLEă vQ YHGHUH Fă H[LVWHQĠD XQHL YDULHWăĠL GH PHWRGH
QXWUHEXLHVăFRQGXFăODIUDJPHQWDUHDDSOLFăULL
$ 0(72'$ *5$0$7,&$/Ă ± SUHVXSXQH
FHUFHWDUHD WH[WXOXL QRUPHL MXULGLFH DQDOL]kQG VHQVXO
FXYLQWHORU ‫܈‬L SURFHGkQG OD DQDOL]D PRUIRORJLFD ‫܈‬L
VLQWDFWLFDĠLQkQGVHDPDGHSR]LWLD‫܈‬LDFRUGXOFXYLQWHORU
FkW úL GH GLIHULWHOH SăUĠL DOH WH[WXOXL QRUPHL ‫܈‬L GH
OHJăWXULOHFHH[LVWăvQWUHFXYLQWH
6WDELOLUHDVHQVXOXLFXYLQWHORUHVWHXQHRULXúXUDWăFKLDU
GH FăWUH OHJLXLWRU FDUH GHILQHúWH vQ FRQ‫܊‬LQXWXO DFWXOXL
QRUPDWLYvQĠHOHVXOXQRUH[SUHVLLDOXQRULQVWLWX‫܊‬LL&HOFH
LQWHUSUHWHD]ă WH[WXO YD WUHEXL Vă DLEă vQ YHGHUH vQĠHOHVXO
VSHFLILF SH FDUH vO DX WHUPHQLL UHVSHFWLYL vQ UDPXUD GH
GUHSW OD FDUH VH UDSRUWHD]ă vQ PRPHQWXO vQ FDUH VH
UH]ROYăFDX]DLQWUXFkWvQPDLPXOWHUDPXULDOHGUHSWXOXL
FLUFXOăDFHLDúLWHUPHQLVDXH[SUHVLLFXVHQVXULGLIHULWH
ÌQ LQWHUSUHWDUHD JUDPDWLFDOă RUJDQXO GH DSOLFDUH
XUPăUHúWHPRGXOGHLPELQDUHDFXYLQWHORUvQSURSR]LĠLLúL
IUD]H SUHFXP úL VHQVXO XQRU FRQMXQFĠLL 'H H[HPSOX
XWLOL]DUHD FRQMXQFĠLHL ÄúL QX LPSOLFă DFHOHDúL HIHFWH vQ
SODQXOvQĠHOHJHULLFD‫܈‬LXWLOL]DUHDFRQMXQFĠLHLÄVDXGDFă
WH[WXOVSXQHFăRIDSWăVHSHGHSVHúWHFXvQFKLVRDUHGHOD
ODDQLúLFRQILVFDUHDDYHULLFHOHGRXăVDQF‫܊‬LXQLVHYRU
DSOLFD vQ PRG FXPXODWLY SH FkQG GDFă vQ WH[W VH

197
VSHFLILFă VDQF‫܊‬LXQLOH GH vQFKLVRDUH VDX SHGHDSVă
VDQF‫܊‬LXQLOHVHYRUDSOLFDDOWHUQDWLY
%0(72'$,6725,&ĂFRQVWăvQVWDELOLUHDVHQVXOXL
DGHYăUDW úL GHSOLQ DO QRUPHORU MXULGLFH UHFXUJkQGXVH OD
FHUFHWDUHD FRQGL‫܊‬LLORU LVWRULFH VRFLDOSROLWLFH FDUH DX
GHWHUPLQDW DGRSWDUHDXQXL DFW QRUPDWLY L DFFHVLR OHJLV 
úL vQ IXQF‫܊‬LH GH DFHVWH FRQGLĠLL HYLGHQĠLHUHD VFRSXULORU
XUPăULWHGHDFHVWDFW UDWLROHJLV 
,QWHUSUHWDUHD LVWRULFă UHFODPă FHUFHWDUHD PDWHULDOHORU
FDUH DX VHUYLW OD HODERUDUHD QRUPHL MXULGLFH D H[SXQHULL
GH PRWLYH ‫܈‬L D GLVFXĠLLORU FH DX DYXW ORF DVXSUD DFWXOXL
FDUH IDFH RELHFWXO LQWHUSUHWăULL XQHRUL LQFOX]kQG úL
FHUFHWDUHD PDWHULDOXOXL SUHOLPLQDU OHJDW GH SUHJăWLUHD
SURLHFWXOXL vQFHUFkQGXVH GHVFRSHULUHD PRWLYDWLHL
VRFLDOHFDUHDVWDWODWHPHOLDDFWXOXL
0HWRGD LVWRULFă DUH vQ YHGHUH GH DVHPHQHD ‫܈‬L QRLOH
FRQGLĠLLvQFDUHVHDSOLFăOHJHDFRQGL‫܊‬LLFDUHGHFHOHPDL
PXOWHRULGLIHUăGHFHOHLQLWLDOH
&0(72'$6,67(0$7O&ĂUH]LGăvQGHWHUPLQDUHD
FRQ‫܊‬LQXWXOXL QRUPHL MXULGLFH SULQ VWDELOLUHD ORFXOXL SH
FDUHLORFXSăvQVLVWHPXOGHGUHSWúLFRURERUDUHDWH[WXOXL
DFHVWHL QRUPH FX DOWH GLVSR]LĠLL QRUPDWLYH DSDUĠLQkQG
DFHOHLDúL LQVWLWX‫܊‬LL MXULGLFH VDX UDPXUL GH GUHSW VDX
XQHRUL FKLDU UDPXUL GH GUHSW GLIHULWH ,QWHUSUHWDUHD
VLVWHPDWLFă SUHVXSXQH FHUFHWDUHD OHJăWXULL GLQWUH GLIHULWH
QRUPH SH ED]D LHUDUKLHL DFWHORU QRUPDWLYH vQ FDUH VXQW
SUHYă]XWHOXkQGvQFRQVLGHUDUHGHFLIRUĠDORUMXULGLFă

198
1HFHVLWDWHD DSOLFăULL PHWRGHL VLVWHPDWLFH VH ED]HD]ă
SH OHJăWXUD LQGLVROXELOă GLQWUH HOHPHQWHOH FRPSRQHQWH
DOHVLVWHPXOXLGHGUHSWvQWUXFkWGUHSWXOQXHVWHRVLPSOă
vQVXPDUH GH QRUPH FL R XQLWDWH DOFăWXLWă GLQ SăUĠL
LQGHSHQGHQWH ILHFDUH QRUPă FRPSOHWkQGXVH SULQ
FHOHODOWH ‫܈‬L UHJăVLQGXVH SULQ FHOHODOWH GH H[ DUW 
GLQ &RGXO 3HQDO FDUH VH UHIHUă OD WkOKăULD VăYkUúLWă vQ
SDJXED DYXWXOXL REúWHVF VH FRURERUHD]ă FX SUHYHGHULOH
DUWFDUHGHILQHVFWkOKăULD 
' 0(72'$ 7(/(2/2*,&Ă XUPăUHúWH
LGHQWLILFDUHD VHQVXOXL DFWXOXL QRUPDWLY SULQ DQDOL]D
ILQDOLWăĠLORUDFHOXLDFW
( 0(72'$ /2*,&Ă HVWH FHD PDL GHV IRORVLWă
VFRSXO HL ILLQG DFHOD GH D JăVL ÄUDWLR OHJLV´ VDX ÄPHQV
OHJLV´
$FHDVWă PHWRGă LPSOLFă DSUHFLHUL UDĠLRQDOH UHDOL]DWH
SULQ RSHUDĠLXQL GH JHQHUDOL]DUH GH DQDOL]ă ORJLFă D
WH[WXOXL QRUPHL MXULGLFH GH DQDORJLH HWF SULQ DSOLFDUHD
ORJLFLLIRUPDOH
ÌQ UHDOL]DUHD DFHVWHL PHWRGH RUJDQXO GH DSOLFDUH GH
IRORVHúWH GH R VHULH GH DUJXPHQWH DOH ORJLFLL IRUPDOH
FXP DU IL DG DEVXUGXP SHU D FRQWUDULR D PDMRUL DG
PLQXVDIRU‫܊‬LRULHWF
± $UJXPHQWXO ÄDG DEVXUGXP´ HVWH DFHOD SRWULYLW
FăUXLD DGHYăUXO WH]HL GH GHPRQVWUDWH VH VWDELOHúWH SULQ
LQILUPDUHD WH]HL SH FDUH DFHVWD R FRQWUD]LFH DúD QXPLWD
UHGXFHUHODDEVXUGSULQFDUHLQWHUSUHWXOGHPRQVWUHD]ăFă

199
RULFHDOWăLQWHUSUHWDUHDWH[WXOXLQRUPHLMXULGLFHvQDIDUă
GHFHDRIHULWăGHHOFRQGXFHODFRQFOX]LLFRQWUDUHOHJLL
± $UJXPHQWXO Äper a contrario" VH ED]HD]ă SH OHJHD
ORJLFăDWHUWXOXLH[FOXV±Ätertium non datur"±DUJXPHQW
FDUH SOHDFă GH OD SUHPLVD Fă vQ FD]XO QR‫܊‬LXQLORU
FRQWUDGLFWRULLFDUHVHQHDJăXQDSHDOWDGRDUXQDSRDWH
ILDGHYăUDWăFHDODOWăHVWHIDOVăLDUDWUHLDSRVLELOLWDWHHVWH
H[FOXVă
ÌQ GUHSWXO URPDQ DSOLFDUHD DFHVWXL DUJXPHQW D GDW
QDVWHUHSULQFLSLXOXLÄqui dicit de uno, negat de altero"±
FLQHDILUPăGHXQDQHDJăGHFHDODOWă/LWHUDWXUDMXULGLFă
UHFRPDQGă IRORVLUHD FX SUXGHQĠă D DFHVWXL DUJXPHQW
LQGLFkQG XWLOL]DUHD OXL QXPDL vQ FD]XO XQRU QRUPH FX
FDUDFWHU GH H[FHSWLH RUL QXPDL GDFă OHJHD XWLOL]HD]ă R
HQXPHUDUH OLPLWDWLYă DILUPkQGXVH Fă QXPDL GLQ
DVHPHQHDFD]XULVHSRDWHGHGXFHFăOHJLXLWRUXODH[FOXV
GLUHFW WH]D FRQWUDULH QRUPHL UHVSHFWLYH 6SUH H[HPSOX
QXPDLGDFăOHJHDDUDWăSUHFLVFLQHSRDWHSRUQLDFWLXQHvQ
VWDELOLUHD SDWHUQLWă‫܊‬LL DWXQFL VH SRDWH VWDELOL SHU D
FRQWUDULRFăDOWFLQHYDQXHVWHvQGUHSWăWLWVăSRUQHDVFăR
DVHPHQHDDFWLXQH
±$UJXPHQWXOÄa forаiori rationae"HVWHIRORVLWSHQWUX
D GHPRQVWUD Fă UDWLXQHD DSOLFăULL XQHL QRUPH HVWH PDL
SXWHUQLFă LQWUR DOWă LSRVWD]ă GHFkW DFHHD SUHFL]DWă vQ
QRUPDUHVSHFWLYă
6SUHH[HPSOXvQGUHSWXOSURFHVXDOSHQDOQLFLRQRUPă
QX SUHFL]HD]ă H[SUHV GDFă SURFXURUXO SRDWH VDX QX
GLVSXQH OXDUHD PăVXULL SUHYHQWLYH D UHĠLQHULL 2

200
DVHPHQHD GLVSR]L‫܊‬LH QLFL QX H QHFHVDUă SHQWUX Fă
LQWHUSUHWDUHD UDĠLRQDOă vQ YDULDQWD HL D IRU‫܊‬LRUL Gă XQ
UăVSXQVDILUPDWLYHYLGHQWFRQFOXGHQWODLQWUHEDUH
5DWLRQDPHQWXO FRQVWă vQ D DGPLWH Fă GDFă FHYD HVWH
SRVLELO VDX LQWHU]LV vQWUXQ FD] YD IL FX DWkW PDL PXWW
vQWUR DOWă vPSUHMXUDUH GH DFHODúL JHQ $VWIHO GDFă VH
DGPLWH Fă SURFXURUXO vQ FRQGL‫܊‬LLOH OHJLL SRDWH SULYD GH
OLEHUWDWH SH FLQHYD R OXQă SULQ PăVXUD DUHVWăULL
SUHYHQWLYH FX DWkW PDL PXOW DUH GUHSWXO Vă IRORVHDVFă R
PăVXUă vQ FDUH UHVWUkQJHUHD OLEHUWă‫܊‬LL VH OLPLWHD]ă OD FHO
PXOW  GH RUH (Qui potest plus, potest minus – cine
poate mai mult, poate úi mai puĠin).
$FHODúL PHFDQLVP DO UDWLRQDPHQWXOXL IDFH Vă
FRQVLGHUăPFăGDFăUDWLXQHDSRDWHILGLVSXVăGXSăOHJH
GH RUJDQHOH GH FHUFHWDUH QX VH YHGH GH FH DFHDVWă
PăVXUăDUILLQWHU]LVăSURFXURUXOXLFDUHHVWHXQRUJDQGH
VXSUDYHJKHUHDXUPăULULLSHQDOHúLGHFLVXSHULRUvQSODQ
MXULGLFLDURUJDQXOXLGHFHUFHWDUH
± $UJXPHQWXO Äa minori ad majus", FDUH LQVRWHúWH
DUJXPHQWXO Äa majori ad minus", VHPQLILFă IDSWXO FD
GDFă OHJHD LQWHU]LFH PDL SXWLQ HD LQWHU]LFH LPSOLFLW úL
PDL PXOW $FHVW DUJXPHQW SUHVXSXQH SRUQLUHD GH OD
QRUPăUHIHULWRDUHODXQFD]VSHFLDO RSURKLELWLHGHH[ 
ODXQFD]JHQHUDO
±$UJXPHQWXOÄa pari"VHLQWHPHLD]ăSHUDWLRQDPHQWXO
Fă SHQWUX VLWXDĠLL LGHQWLFH WUHEXLH Vă VH SURQXQWH VROXĠLL
LGHQWLFH ± Äubi eadem est ratio, eadem solutia esset
debet".

201
8WLOL]DUHD DFHVWXL DUJXPHQW SHUPLWH GHGXFHUHD XQHL
UHJXOLSHED]ăGHDQDORJLHGHGXFHUHFDUHQXHVWHDGPLVă
GHFăWDWXQFLFkQGWH[WXOFDUHHVWHH[WLQVDVWIHOFRQĠLQHR
UHJXOă GH SULQFLSLX ‫܈‬L GH GUHSW FRPXQ GLVSR]L‫܊‬LH FX
FDUDFWHU JHQHUDO vQWUXFkW QRUPHOH H[FHSWLRQDOH VXQW GH
VWULFWăLQWHUSUHWDUH
$úD FXP VD UHPDUFDW vQ GRFWULQă vQ SURFHVXO
LQWHUSUHWăULLQXVHSRWGDUHJXOLVWULFWHFDUHVăJDUDQWH]H
LQWHUSUHWDUHD FRUHFWă ([LVWă vQVă R VHULH GH SULQFLSLL FX
JUDG GH JHQHUDOLWDWH GLIHULW FDUH VXQW URGXO OLWHUDWXULL
MXULGLFH úL DO SUDFWLFLL MXGHFăWRUHúWL FDUH DX XQ URO
VHPQLILFDWLYvQLQWHUSUHWDUHDQRUPHORUMXULGLFHIăUăvQVă
DILLQIDLOLELOH
ÌQ FRQFHSWLD DXWRULWRU ,RDQ &HWHUFKL úL ,RQ &UDLRYDQ
DFHVWHSULQFLSLLVXQW
 3URFHVXO LQWHUSUHWăULL QRUPHORU MXULGLFH WUHEXLH Vă
UHVSHFWH vQ SULPXO UkQG QDWXUD DFHVWHL DFWLYLWăWL
VXEVXPDWă DSOLFăULL QRUPHORU MXULGLFH XQLWDWHD GLQWUH
OLWHUD ‫܈‬L VSLULWXO OHJLL IăUă H[DJHUăUL VDX FăGHUL LQWUR
H[WUHPă VDX DOWD FDUH VD ILH GH QDWXUă Vă FRQGXFă OD
VROXĠLLQHMXVWHVDXDEX]LYH
 7UHEXLH DYXWă vQ YHGHUH YRLQĠD OHJLXLWRUXOXL
vQWUXFkW GDFă OHJHD H OLPSHGH MXGHFăWRUXO QX DUH GHFkW
VDUFLQD Vă R DSOLFH Äoptima lex, quae minimum judice,
optimus judex qui minimum sibi" ± OHJHD FHD PDL EXQă
HVWH DFHHD FDUH ODVă FkW PDL SXĠLQ OD DSUHFLHUHD
MXGHFăWRUXOXLúLFHOPDLEXQMXGHFăWRUHVWHDFHODFDUHvQ

202
KRWăUkUHDSHFDUHRGăVHLQWHPHLD]ăvQDúDIHOSHOHJH
vQFkWDSUHFLHUHDVDVăILHFkWPDLUHGXVă
 6SUH D FRQVWDWD LQWHQĠLD OHJLXLWRUXOXL DWXQFL FkQG
WH[WXO HVWH QHFODU DFHVWD WUHEXLH FRURERUDW FX LQWUHDJD
HFRQRPLH D OHJLL SHQWUX FD DFHDVWD VD OXPLQH]H
LQWHUSUHWDUHD FHHD FH vQVHDPQă Fă RULFH LQWHUSUHWDUH
WUHEXLH VD VH IDFă Äsubiectum materiam", DGLFă vQ
FRQIRUPLWDWH FX FDGUXO vQ FDUH HVWH SXVă GLVSR]L‫܊‬LD
UHVSHFWLYăFXLQVWLWX‫܊‬LDMXULGLFă‫܈‬LUDPXUDGHGUHSWXQGH
DFHDVWDVHJăVHúWH
 8QGH OHJHD QX GLVWLQJH QLFL LQWHUSUHWXO QX WUHEXLH
Vă IDFă GHRVHELUH ÄUbi lex non distinguant, nec nos
distinguere debemus".
 ([FHSĠLLOH VXQW GH VWULFWă LQWHUSUHWDUH ‫܈‬L DSOLFDUH
Äexceptiae est strictisimae interpretationis”.&DH[HPSOX
vQ OLWHUDWXUD úL SUDFWLFD QRDVWUă MXULGLFă SXWHP YRUEL
GHVSUH VWDELOLUHD H[DFWă D DUW  GLQ &RGXO )DPLOLHL
FDUH VWDWXHD]ă SXQHUHD VXE LQWHUGLFĠLH MXGHFăWRUHDVFă
$úDGDU vQWUH UHJXOă úL H[FHSĠLH WUHEXLH Vă H[LVWH
XUPăWRUXOUDSRUWQRUPDJHQHUDOăQXGHURJăGHODQRUPD
VSHFLDOă ‫܈‬L UHVSHFWLYH QRUPD VSHFLDOă GHURJă GH OD FHD
JHQHUDOă
 &RPSOH[LWDWHD DFWXOXL GH LQWHUSUHWDUH D QRUPHORU
MXULGLFHSUHVXSXQHDVHDYHDvQYHGHUHDWkWVSHFLILFLWDWHD
LQWHUSUHWăULL GDWă GH ÄVXELHFWXUQ PDWHULDP FkW úL GH
VLVWHPLFLWDWHDQRUPHORUMXULGLFHDFHVWHVLWXD‫܊‬LLJHQHUkQG
DOWHUHJXOLOXFUXVHPQLILFDWLYSULQFRQVHFLQWHOHSHFDUHOH
DQWUHQHD]ă

203
ÌQPDWHULDFRQWUDFWHWRUVHSRWGLVWLQJHUHJXOLJHQHUDWH
GHLQWHUSUHWDUHDFRQWUDFWHORU
±SULRULWDWHDYRLQWHLUHDOHDSăUĠLORU
± FRQWUDFWXO SURGXFH SH OkQJă HIHFWHOH H[SUHV DUăWDWH
‫܈‬LDOWHHIHFWHFHĠLQGHvQVăúLQDWXUDFRQWUDFWXOXL
6H SRW GLVWLQJH GH DVHPHQHD UHJXOL VSHFLDOH GH
LQWHUSUHWDUHDFODX]HORUFRQWUDFWXOXL
±LQWHUSUHWDUHDFRRUGRQDWăDFODX]HORUFRQWUDFWXOXLvQ
FRQIRUPLWDWH FX DUW  & &LYLO ÄWRDWH FODX]HOH
FRQYHQĠLLORU VH LQWHUSUHWHD]ă XQHOH SULQ DOWHOH GkQGXVH
ILHFăUHLDLQWHOHVXOFHUH]XOWăGLQDFWXOLQWUHJ´
± UHJXOL UHIHULWRDUH OD FODX]HOH LQGRLHOQLFH FDUH VH
LQWHUSUHWHD]ă vQ VHQVXO FDUH UHLHVH GLQ QDWXUD
FRQWUDFWXOXL vQ vQWHOHVXO vQ FDUH SRW SURGXFH XQ HIHFW
GXSăRELFHLXOORFXOXLXQGHVDLQFKHLDWHWF
± DOWH UHJXOL UHIHULWRDUH OD RULFkW GH JHQHUDOL DU IL
WHUPHQLL LQWUHEXLQWDWL GH SăUWL RELHFWXO FRQWUDFWXOXL VH
UHGXFHQXPDLODOXFUXULOHvQFDUHVHSDUHFăSăUWLOH‫܈‬LDX
SURSXV D FRQWUDFWD FkQG SăUĠLOH SHQWUX D H[SOLFLWD
vQWHOHVXOXQRUFODX]HDSHOHD]ăODXQH[HPSOXQXWUHEXLH
Vă VH UHGXFă LQWLQGHUHD REOLJDWLHL OD FXSULQVXO
H[HPSOXOXL
'LQ SHUVSHFWLYD UH]XOWDWXOXL VăX GHPHUVXO GH
LQWHUSUHWDUH D QRUPHORU MXULGLFH VH SRDWH LQFKHLD vQ
XUPăWRDUHOHFRQVWDWăUL
7H[WXOQRUPHLMXULGLFHGHVFULHH[DFWVIHUDFD]XULORUGH
LQFLGHQWă QHH[LVWkQG PRWLYH GH D H[WLQGH VDX GH D
UHVWUkQJH DSOLFDUHD GLVSR]L‫܊‬LHL vQ FDX]ă vQ DFHVW FD]

204
DIOkQGXQH vQ VLWXD‫܊‬LD XQHL LQWHUSUHWăUL OLWHUDUH DG
OLWHUDP 8QHLDVWIHOGHLQWHUSUHWăULvLVXQWVXSXVHWH[WHOH
FODUHFDUHFRQWLQHQXPHUăULH[SUHV±OLPLWDWLYH
7H[WXOQRUPHLXUPHD]ăVăILHDSOLFDWvQPRGH[WHQVLY
GHRDUHFH vQ SURFHVXO LQWHUSUHWăULL VH DMXQJH OD FRQFOX]LD
FD VIHUD FD]XULORU OD FDUH VH UHIHUă QRUPD FRQIRUP
YRLQWHL OHJLXLWRUXOXL HVWH vQ UHDOLWDWH PDL DPSOă GHFăW
UH]XWWăGLQPRGXOGHUHGDFODUHDDFWXOXLUHVSHFWLY
7H[WXO QRUPHL MXULGLFH XUPHD]ă D IL DSOLFDW vQ PRG
UHVWULFWLYGHRDUHFHRDQDOL]ăDWHQWăSHUPLWHREVHUYDWLDFă
VIHUD FD]XULORU OD FDUH VH UHIHUă HVWH PDL UHVWUkQVă GHFkW
UH]XOWă vQ PRG DSDUHQW GLQ IRUPXODUHD QRUPHL MXULGLFH
'H H[HPSOX vQ QRUPD LQWHUSUHWăULL UHVWULFWLYH D WH[WXOXL
GH OHJH FDUH VWDWXHD]ă Fă Äcopiii sunt obligati să
ingrijească părinĠii aflati la nevoie", VH DMXQJH OD
FRQĠLQXWXOUHDODOWH[WXOXLPDLUHVWUkQVvQVHQVXOFDQX
WRWLFRSLLLDXDFHDVWăREOLJDWLHvQWUXFkWRSDUWHGLQWUHHL
ILLQGPLQRULILHLQFDSDELOLHWFvQJHQHUDOVHDMXQJHODR
LQWHUSUHWDUHUHVWULFWLYăvQFD]XWWH[WHORUOHJDOHFDUHFRQWLQ
HQXPHUăULOLPLWDWLYHLQVWLWXLHSUH]XPWLLOHJDOHVDXFRQWLQ
H[FHSĠLL
8QDOWH[HPSOXGHLQWHUSUHWDUHUHVWULFWLYăHVWHRIHULWvQ
FRQ‫܊‬LQXWXW DUWLFROXOXL  &RG SHQDO FDUH SUHYHGH
LQIUDFĠLXQHD GH XOWUDM FRQWUD DXWRULWă‫܊‬LL LQIUDFWLXQH FDUH
VH SRDWH FRPLWH LPSRWULYD XQXL IXQF‫܊‬LRQDU SXEOLF GRDU
FkQG DFHVWD VH DIWă vQ H[HUFLĠLXO IXQF‫܊‬LXQLL úL QX‫܈‬L
GHSăúHúWHDWULEXWLLOHOHJDOH


205
)352&('(('(&203/(7$5($'5(378/8,
D $QDORJLD
ÌQWUXFkW OD PRPHQWXO HGLFWăULL OHJLL OHJLXLWRUXO QX SRDWH
DYHD R YL]LXQH H[KDXVWLYă DVXSUD HYROXĠLHL vQ WLPS D
UDSRUWXULORU VRFLDOH XQHRUL vQ FDGUXO DFWXOXL QRUPDWLY VXQW
VHVL]DWH ODFXQH OHJLVODWLYH SHQWUX D FăURU VXUPRQWDUH VD
FUHDW LQVWLWX‫܊‬LD DQDORJLHL vQ ED]D FăUHLD VLWXD‫܊‬LLOH LYLWH vQ
DFWLYLWDWHD MXULGLFă D RUJDQHORU GH VWDW VH UH]ROYă vQ ED]D
DFHORU QRUPH vQ YLJRDUH FDUH UHJOHPHQWHD]ă FDX]H VLPLODUH
FXDFHHDGHGXVăMXGHFăWLL
-XULVWLL5RPHLDQWLFHFRQVLGHUDXFăVHSRDWHÄWUHFHOD
FHYD DVHPăQăWRU DG VLPLOLD SURFHGHUH  GDFă H[LVWă
LGHQWLWDWHGHUDWLXQH UDWLR GHXQGHVDIRUPXODWUHJXOD
Ä8ELDHGHPHVWUDWLRHDGHPVROXWLRHVVHWGHEHW
ÌQGUHSWXOURPDQFkQGMXGHFăWRUXOQXJăVHDVROXĠLDvQ
QRUPă SURQXQĠă VXE MXUăPkQW R DOWă IRUPXOă ÄUHP VLEL
QRQOLTXHUH±DIDFHUHDQXHVWHOăPXULWă±úLVHUHWUăJHD
ÌQ GUHSWXO PRGHUQ MXGHFăWRUXO QX PDL SRDWH SURFHGD
DVWIHOvQWUXFkWDUWGLQ&FLYvOREOLJăSHMXGHFăWRUVă
VHSURQXQWHúLFkQGOHJHDQXHVWHFODUăVDXWDFHDFHDVWă
UDĠLXQH ILLQG GLFWDWă GH LQWHUHVHOH RUGLQHL SXEOLFH ‫܈‬L GH
DXWRULWDWHDMXVWLĠLHL
$QDORJLDMXULGLFăVHSUH]LQWăvQIRUPDDQDORJLHLOHJLL
VDXDDQDORJLHLGUHSWXOXL
 $QDORJLD OHJLL DQDORJLD OHJLV  FRQVWă vQ DSOLFDUHD
ODXQUDSRUWVRFLDOQHUHJOHPHQWDWGHOHJHDXQHLQRUPH
MXULGLFHFHUHJOHPHQWHD]ăXQFD]DVHPăQăWRU

206
$SOLFDĠLDIUHFYHQWăDDQDORJLHLOHJLLVHIDFHvQGUHSWXO
FRPHUFLDOvQFD]XOFRQWUDFWHORUVSHFLDOHXQGHOLSVDXQRU
SUHYHGHUL vQ PDWHULH HVWH FRPSOHWDWă FX SUHYHGHULOH
&RGXOXL FLYLO DSOLFkQGXVH VSUH H[HPSOX OD FRQWUDFWXO
GH IXUQL]DUH GLVSR]L‫܊‬LLOH SULYLWRDUH OD FRQWUDFWXO GH
YkQ]DUH±FXPSăUDUH &RGFLYLODUW± 
ÌQ SULQFLSLX DQDORJLD QX VH SRDWH DSOLFD vQ GUHSWXO
SHQDO XQGH IXQF‫܊‬LRQHD]ă SULQFLSLXO OHJDOLWăĠLL
LQFULPLQăULL QXOOXP FLPHQ VLQH OHJH  úL SULQFLSLXO
OHJDOLWăĠLLSHGHSVHL QXOODSRHQDVLQHOHJH SULQFLSLLFDUH
QXSHUPLWOHJLXLWRUXOXLVăGHFODUHQRLIDSWHFDLQIUDFĠLXQL
‫܈‬L QLFL Vă VWDELOHDVFă DOWH SHGHSVH GHFkW FHOH SUHYă]XWH
H[SUHVGHOHJH
([LVWă RSLQLL vQ GRFWULQă FDUH VXVWLQ Fă GH OHJH
IHUHQGD úL vQ FDGUXO GUHSWXOXL SHQDO HVWH SHUPLVă
DQDORJLD vQVă QX vQ FHHD FH SULYHúWH LQFULPLQDUHD VDX
SHGHSVHOH&XWLWOXGHH[HPSOXVXQWFLWDWHDUWLFROHOH
‫܈‬L  GLQ &RGXO SHQDO $UWLFROXO  DOLQ & SHQ
SUHYHGH Fă ÄVXQW DVLPLODWH FX IXQF‫܊‬LRQDULL SHUVRDQHOH
FDUH vQGHSOLQHVF R vQVăUFLQDUH vQ VHUYLFLXO XQHL
RUJDQL]DĠLL SUHYă]XWH vQ DOLQLDWXO  LQGLIHUHQW GDFă
SULPHVFVDXQXRUHWULEXĠLHLDUDUWLFROXODOLQLDWXO
SUHFL]HD]ă Fă ÄVXQW DVLPLODWH DUPHORU RULFH DOWH RELHFWH
GH QDWXUă D SXWHD IL IRORVLWH FD DUPH ‫܈‬L FDUH DX IRVW
vQWUHEXLQĠDWHSHQWUXDWDF
 $QDORJLD GUHSWXOXL VH SUH]LQWă FD XQ SURFHGHX GH
VROXĠLRQDUHDXQHLVLWXD‫܊‬LLSHQWUXFDUHQHGLVSXQkQGXVHGH
XQ WH[W QRUPDWLY VH DSHOHD]ă OD SULQFLSLLOH JHQHUDOH DOH

207
GUHSWXOXL FDUH UHSUH]LQWă VLQWHWLF ÄDFHO LGHDO GH UDWLXQH ‫܈‬L
MXVWLĠLHFDUHVWăODED]DGUHSWXOXLSR]LWLY
$QDORJLD MXULV HVWH UHJOHPHQWDWă H[SUHV vQ XQHOH
FRGXUL $VWIHO &RGXO FLYLO HOYHWLDQ VWDWXHD]ă vQ DUW Fă
MXGHFăWRUXOvQDVHPHQHDFD]XULHVWHREOLJDWDKRWăUvÄFD
úL FXP DU IL OHJLXLWRU &RGXO FLYLO JHUPDQ IUDQFH] úL
URPkQREOLJăGRDUSHMXGHFăWRUVăVHSURQXQĠH vQVSHĠD
GHGXVăVROXĠLRQăULL‫܈‬LQXvQJHQHUDO vQFD]XOFkQGOHJHD
HVWH ÄLQWXQHFDWă VDX QHLQGHVWXOăWRDUH ùL vQ GUHSWXO
LQWHUQDWLRQDOSXEOLF&XUWHD,QWHUQDĠLRQDOăGH-XVWLĠLHSULQ
DUWLFROXO  DO 6WDWXWXOXL HVWH DELOLWDWă Vă DSOLFH
SULQFLSLLOH JHQHUDOH DOH GUHSWXOXL UHFXQRVFXWH GH
QDĠLXQLOHFLYLOL]DWH
ÌQOHJăWXUăFXXWLOL]DUHDLQVWLWX‫܊‬LHLDQDORJLHLVHFXYLQH
UHOHYDUHD XQHL REVHUYDĠLL IRDUWH LPSRUWDQWH ‫܈‬L DQXPH Fă
DWkW DQDORJLD OHJLL FkW ‫܈‬L DQDORJLD GUHSWXOXL WUHEXLHVF
DVWIHOIRORVLWHvQFkWVăHYLWHvQFăOFDUHDOHJLLúLFăGHUHDvQ
DUELWUDULX UHFXUJkQGXVH OD HOH GRDU VXE WLWOX GH
QHFHVLWDWHúLvQVLWXD‫܊‬LLH[FHSĠLRQDOH
E  )LFĠLXQLOH ± VXQW R DOWă FDOH GH GH]YROWDUH D
GUHSWXOXLúLDUWLILFLLDOHWHKQLFLLMXULGLFH
)LFĠLXQHD HVWH XQ SURFHGHX FRPSOH[ GH WHKQLFă
MXULGLFă SULQ FDUH XQ IDSW HVWH FRQVLGHUDW UHDOLWDWH
MXULGLFăGHúLDFHVWDQXH[LVWă
ÌQ GUHSWXO URPDQ H[LVWă QHQXPăUDWH H[HPSOH GH
ILFĠLXQL FRQVLGHUDUHD FRSLOXOXL FRQFHSXW FD ILLQG QăVFXW
HWF DúD FXP HOH RSHUHD]ă úL vQ VLVWHPXO QRVWUXP GH
GUHSW $VWIHO vQ GRPHQLXO VXFFHVRUDO VH FRQVLGHUă

208
FRQIRUPDUWDOGLQ&&LYÄcopilul conceput este
considerat că există Юi tot astfel, copilul născut mort se
consideră că nu există”.
ÌQ GRPHQLXO GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQDWLRQDO FOăGLULOH
DPEDVDGHORU VWUăLQH VXQW FRQVLGHUDWH Fă H[LVWă SH
WHULWRULXOVWDWXWXLSHFDUHvOUHSUH]LQWă
5HIHULQGXVH OD UROXO ILFWLXQLL MXULGLFH 0LUFHD
'MXYDUDUHPDUFDÄDreptul lucrează mereu cu fictiuni úi
este de observat în evolutia dreptului că fictiunea a fost
una din pârghiile cele mai importante de progres ale
dreptului. Fictiunea este o minciună Юi totuúi dreptul o
consacră. Cum? Prin ce minune"'HEXQăVHDPăSHQWUX
FăILFWLXQHDHVWHFRQVLGHUDWăQXPDLFDXQPLMORFDMXWăWRU
DO VROXWLHL SHQWUX GHVăYkUúLUHD LGHDOXOXL GH MXVWLWLH LDU
UHIHULQGXVHODQDWXUDMXULGLFăDILFWLXQLLDFHODúLHPLQHQW
MXULVWDILUPDÄDacă ne gândim însă, că întregul drept nu
este decât o operatiune a spiritului úi nu este o oglindă
pură a realităаii, că el porneúte de la realităti, dar le
preface în conformitate cu firea sa proprie, atunci
intelegem, cum e posibil acest scandal specific dreptului,
care se numeúte fictiune. Fictiunea este úi ea o creaĠie a
spiritului, o incercare logică de explicatie. Fictiunea s-a
infiltrate în felul acesta în mod normal în lumea juridică
úi nu e străină de firea insăúi a dreptului, întrucât
întregul drept este un produs al spiritului nostru".
F  3UH]XPĠLLOH MXULGLFH VXQW SURFHGHH WHKQLFH SULQ
FDUHOHJLXLWRUXODFFHSWăVDXFKLDULPSXQHFăFHYDH[LVWă
IăUă Vă ILH QHYRLH GH D SURED R DWDUH VLWXD‫܊‬LH 6SUH

209
H[HPSOX SUH]XPWLD FXQRDúWHULL OHJLL SUH]XPĠLD GH
QHYLQRYăWLH SUH]XPWLD Fă XQ FRSLO QăVFXW vQ WLPSXO
FăVăWRULHLDUHFDWDWăSHVRWXOPDPHLVDOHHWF
6LWXDWLDSUH]XPDWăSRDWHILUHDOăVDXQXLDUSUREDDWXQFL
FkQG HD HVWH DGPLVă WUHEXLH IăFXWă GH FăWUH FHO FDUH QHDJă
UHDOLWDWHD SUH]XPWLHL 3UH]XPWLLOH SRW IL OHJDWH ‫܈‬L MXGLFLDUH
3UH]XPWLLOH OHJDOH OD UkQGXO ORU SRW IL UHODWLYH FDUH SRW IL
UăVWXUQDWHSHED]DSUREHLFRQWUDUH±MXULVWDQWXP úLDEVROXWH
LXULV HW GH MXUH  FDUH QX SRW IL FRQWHVWDWH VSUH H[HPSOX
SUH]XPWLD DXWRULWă‫܊‬LL OXFUXOXL MXGHFDW UHV MXGLFDWD SUR
YHULWDWDHKDWHFWDU 
$OăWXUL GH ILFĠLXQL FD SURFHGHH GH WHKQLFă MXULGLFă
SUH]XPWLLOH FRQWULEXLH OD UHDOL]DUHD IXQF‫܊‬LLORU GUHSWXOXL
SULQFRPSOHWDUHD‫܈‬LGH]YROWDUHDVD

/,0,7(/(,17(535(7Ă5,,

$XWRULL ORDQ &HWHUFKL úL ,RQ &UDLRYDQ FRQVLGHUă
MXVWLILFDWVăWUDWH]HODSUREOHPDWLFDLQWHUSUHWăULLQRUPHORU
MXULGLFH úL GRXă SUREOHPH VWUkQV FRQHFWDWH OD UHODĠLD
GLQWUHOLWHUDúLVSLULWXOOHJLLDEX]XOGHGUHSWúLIUDXGDOD
OHJH
1H DIOăP vQ VLWXD‫܊‬LD DEX]XOXL GH GUHSW DWXQFL FkQG
SUHURJDWLYHOH GUHSWXULOH FRPSHWHQĠHOH FRQIHULWH GH OHJH
GHVWLQDWDULORUQRUPHORUMXULGLFHQXVXQWH[HUFLWDWHFXEXQă
FUHGLQĠăÄvQFăOFkQGXVHVSLULWXOOHJLLLQWHQĠLDOHJLXLWRUXOXL
ILQDOLWăWLOH QRUPHORU MXULGLFH /LWHUD OHJLL HVWH IRORVLWă vQ
PRG LOHJLWLP LQWHQĠLRQDW SUHPHGLDW FD SDYă]ă úL

210
LQVWUXPHQW SHQWUX D SURGXFH FRQVHFLQĠH QHGUHSWH
YăWăPăWRDUHSHQWUXFLQHYD
6SUH H[HPSOX FRQGXLWD XQXL IXQF‫܊‬LRQDU FDUH vQ
H[HUFLĠLXO DWULEXĠLLORU VDOH GH VHUYLFLX FX úWLLQĠă QX
vQGHSOLQHúWH XQ DFW RUL vO LQGHSOLQHúWH vQ PRG GHIHFWXRV
úL SULQ DFHDVWD FDX]HD]ă R YăWăPDUH D LQWHUHVHORU OHJDOH
DOH XQHL SHUVRDQH FRQVWLWXLH SRWULYLW DUW  & SHQ
LQIUDFĠLXQHDGHDEX]vQH[HUFLWDUHDFRPSHWHQWHORUOHJDOH
8Q DOW H[HPSOX HVWH H[HUFLWDUHD GUHSWXOXL GH
SURSULHWDWH GUHSW VXELHFWLY DEVROXWH FDUH GHúL SRDUWă
DWULEXWXO ÄDEVROXW FDUH DU LQVHPQD RSR]DELO WXWXURU
QHOLPLWDW QHvQGUăGLW vQ FRQ‫܊‬LQXWXO VăX WUHEXLH H[HUFLWDW
WRWXúLÄLQOLPLWHOHGHWHUPLQDWHGHOHJH DUW&FLY 
6SUH H[HPSWX SURSULHWDUXO XQXL LPRELO QXO SRDWH
GLVWUXJH SULQ LQFHQGLHUH vQWUXFkW ÄGUHSWXO GH SURSULHWDWH
REOLJăUHVSHFWDUHDVDUFLQLORUSULYLQGSURWHFWLDPHGLXOXLúL
DVLJXUDUHD EXQHL YHFLQăWăĠL SUHFXP ‫܈‬L OD UHVSHFWDUHD
FHORUODOWH VDUFLQL FDUH SRWULYLW OHJLL VDX RELFHLXOXL UHYLQ
SURSULHWDUXOXL
)UDXGD OD OHJH HVWH GHILQLWă FD ILLQG ÄR PDQHYUă
LOHJLWLPăIăFXWăFXVFRSXOGHDHOXGDDSOLFDUHDQRUPHORU
MXULGLFH FDUH VXQW vQ PRG QRUPDO DSOLFDELOH SHQWUX D
SURPRYD vQ PRG LOHJDO XQHOH LQWHUHVH D RFROL DQXPLWH
FRQVHFLQWH FDUH QX FRQYLQ D SURILWD GH UHJOHPHQWăUL
MXULGLFH PDL IDYRUDELOH SULQ GLYHUVH DUWLILFLL QHSHUPLVH
GH OHJH &X WLWOX GH H[HPSOX GRFWULQD DPLQWHúWH vQ
PDWHULH FRQWUDFWXDOă VLPXODWLD SUHWXOXL FX VFRSXO GH D

211
HYLWD DSOLFDUHD LQWHJUDOă D WD[HORU ILVFDOH FHHD FH
FRQVWLWXLHRIUDXGăODOHJH

5(=80$78/81,7Ă‫܉‬,,'(Ì19Ă‫܉‬$5(
1HYRLD GH LQWHUSUHWDUH D QRUPHL MXULGLFH HVWH
MXVWLILFDWD GH IDSWXO FD vQ SURFHVXO DSOLFDULL GUHSWXOXL
RUJDQXO GH DSOLFDUH MXGHFDWRUXO SURFXURUXO SROLWLVWXO
RUJDQXODGPLQLVWUDWLYHWF WUHEXLHVăFODULILFHFXPD[LPă
SUHFL]LH WH[WXO QRUPHL MXULGLFH ‫܈‬L Vă GHWHUPLQH GDFă
DFHDVWD VH DSOLFă HVWH FRPSDWLELOă  VLWXD‫܊‬LHL GH IDSW
FRQFUHWH VSHWHL 
ÌQDFWLYLWDWHDGHHODERUDUHDGUHSWXOXLOHJLXLWRUXOHVWH
SUHRFXSDW Vă DVLJXUH FODULWDWH úL DFFHVLELOLWDWH QRUPHORU
MXULGLFH &X WRDWH DFHVWHD vQ RSHUD GH DSOLFDUH D
GUHSWXOXL RUJDQXO GH DSOLFDUH WUHEXLH Vă UHFXUJă DGHVHD
OD XQHOH SURFHGHH GH DQDOL]ă ORJLFRUDWLRQDOă
JUDPDWLFDOăVDXVRFLDOLVWRULFăSHQWUXDLGH]YăOXLVHQVXO
úLvQWHOHVXOFRUHFW
&DUH VXQW FRQVLGHUHQWHOH SHQWUX FDUH HVWH QHFHVDUă
LQWHUSUHWDUHDQRUPHORUMXULGLFH"
±vQSULPXO UkQGQRUPDMXULGLFăFDUHDUHXQFDUDFWHU
JHQHUDO úL LPSHUVRQDO QX SRDWH RULFkW GH SHUIHFWă DU IL
H[SULPDUHD HL Vă FXSULQGă WRDWH VLWXD‫܊‬LLOH SRVLELOH FDUH
DSDU vQ YLDWă GDU HD WUHEXLH DSOLFDWă XQRU VLWXD‫܊‬LL
FRQFUHWH
± vQ DO GRLOHD UkQG QRUPD MXULGLFă SHQWUX D IL
FXQRVFXWăúLFRUHFWDSOLFDWăWUHEXLHVăILHFRURERUDWăFX
FHOHODOWHQRUPHVăILHvQWHOHDVăFDRSDUWHFRPSRQHQWăD

212
XQXL VLVWHP GH UHJOHPHQWăUL $VWIHO R QRUPă MXULGLFă
FXSULQVă vQ SDUWHD VSHFLDOă D FRGXOXL SHQDO VDX FLYLO QX
SRDWHILvQWHOHDVăFRUHVSXQ]ăWRUGHFkWGDFăHVWHDQDOL]DWă
vQ VWUkQVă OHJăWXUă FX QRUPHOH MXULGLFH GLQ SDUWHD
JHQHUDOăDFRGXULORU
±vQDOWUHLOHDUkQGLQWHUSUHWDUHDHVWHLPSXVăGHPRGXO
GH UHGDFWDUH WH[WHORU QRUPDWLYH /LPEDMXO ‫܈‬L VWLOXO
WHUPLQRORJLD XWLOL]DWă GH OHJLXLWRU úL PRGXO FRQFUHW GH
IRUPXODUH D SURSR]LWLLORU MXULGLFH UHFODPă OăPXULUL úL
H[SOLFDWLLFDUHQHFHVLWăFXQRúWLQWHGHVSHFLDOLWDWHFDUHVă
SHUPLWă JDVLUHD VHQVXOXL UHDO DO XQRU FRQFHSWH H[SUHVLL
IRUPXOăULHWF
±vQDOSDWUXOHDUkQGLQWHUSUHWDUHDHVWHGHWHUPLQDWăúL
GH H[LVWHQWD XQRU WH[WH QRUPDWLYH FRQIX] UHGDFWDWH DO
FăURU OLPEDM ‫܈‬L VWLO VXQW vQ QHFRQFRUGDQWă FX H[LJHQWHOH
GUHSWXOXLPRGHUQ
1HFHVLWDWHD LQWHUSUHWăULL WUHEXLH SULYLWă vQ IXQF‫܊‬LH GH
QDWXUD QR MXULGLFH &DUDFWHUXO GH JHQHUDOLWDWH ‫܈‬L
LPSHUVRQDOLWDWH D QRUPHL MXULGLFH LPSXQH FX QHFHVLWDWH
LQWHUSUHWDUHDDFHVWHLD
,QWHUSUHWDUHD QX HVWH R RSHUDWLXQH RFD]LRQDOă FL
FRQVWDQWă DEVROXW QHFHVDUă vQ SURFHVXO FRPSOH[ GH
DSOLFDUHDGUHSWXOXLQXHVWHQLFLH[HUFLWLXPHFDQLFFLXQ
H[HUFLWLXDOPLQWLL
,QWHUSUHWDUHD QRUPHORU MXULGLFH GHVHPQHD]ă SURFHVXO
LQWHOHFWXDO GH VWDELOLUH D VHQVXOXL H[DFW DO QRUPHORU
MXULGLFH vQ YHGHUHD DSOLFăULL DFHVWRUD OD VLWXD‫܊‬LL úL FD]XUL

213
FRQFUHWHFHVHLPSXQDILUH]ROYDWH VROXWLRQDWH GHFăWUH
RUJDQHOHGHDSOLFDUHDGUHSWXOXL


ÎNTREBĂRI RECAPITULATIVE
±&XPHVWHGHILQLWDLQWHUSUHWDUHDQRUPHORUMXULGLFH"
± (QXPHUD‫܊‬L úL FRPHQWDWL IRUPHOH LQWHUSUHWDULL
QRUPHORUMXULGLFH
±&DUHVXQWPHWRGHOHLQWHUSUHWDULLQRUPHORUMXULGLFH"

7(0(3(1758'(=%$7(5(
 ,QWHUSUHWDUHD JUDPDWLFDOD D QRUPHORU MXULGLFH GH
GUHSWSHQDO
 ,QWHUSUHWDUHD VLVWHPDWLFD D QRUPHORU MXULGLFH
SURFHVXDOSHQDOH
 $UJXPHQWHOH ORJLFH IRORVLWH vQ DFWLYLWDWHD GH
LQWHUSUHWDUH
 5DWLRQDPHQWHOH ORJLFH XWLOL]DWH vQ SURFHVXO
LQWHUSUHWDULLQRUPHORUMXULGLFH


BIBLIOGRAFIE
 1LFRODH 3RSD ± 7HRULD JHQHUDOă D GUHSWXOXL
%XFXUHúWLS
 ,RQ &UDLRYDQ ± 7HRULD JHQHUDOă D GUHSWXOXL
%XFXUHúWLS

214
8QLWDWHDGHvQYă‫܊‬DUH
,=92$5(/('5(378/8,



CONЯINUTUL UNITĂЯII DE ÎNVĂЯARE


2ELHFWLYHXUPăULWH
7LPSDORFDWXQLWă‫܊‬LL
&XYLQWHFKHLH
1R‫܊‬LXQH
&ODVLILFDUHDL]YRDUHORUIRUPDOHDOHGUHSWXOXL
5H]XPDWXOXQLWă‫܊‬LLGHvQYă‫܊‬DUH
ÌQWUHEăULUHFDSLWXODWLYH
7HPHSHQWUXGH]EDWHUH
%LEOLRJUDILH


OBIECTIVE URMĂRITE
± vQVX‫܈‬LUHD GH FăWUH FXUVDQWL D PRGXOXL vQ FDUH D
HYROXDWGUHSWXODL]YRDUHORUIRUPDOHDOHDFHVWXLD
± FXQRD‫܈‬WHUHD L]YRDUHORU SULQFLSDOHORU UDPXUL GH
GUHSW


7,03$/2&$781,7Ă‫܉‬,,25(



215
CUVINTE CHEIE
Izvoarele dreptului±IRUPHOHFRQFUHWHGHH[SULPDUHD
QRUPHORU MXULGLFH FDUH DFWLRQHD]D vQ FDGUXO XQXL VLVWHP
GH GUHSW vQ GLIHULWH HWDSH DOH HYROXWLHL VDOH ‫܈‬L vQ GLIHULWH
WDUL
Obiceiul juridic ± QRUPD JHQHUDOă GH FRQGXLWD
H[SULPDWD vQ IRUPD RUDOD IXQGDPHQWD7D SH REVHUYDUHD
XQLIRUPLWDWLORU DVXSUD FD]XULORU SHWUHFXWH vQ UHDOLWDWHD
VRFLDODYUHPHLQGHOXQJDWD‫܈‬LFRQVLGHUDWHGUHDSWă
Practica judiciara ± GHVHPQHD]D WRWDOLWDWHD
KRWDUDULORU MXGHFDWRUHVWL SURQXQWDWD GH FăWUH WRDWH
LQVWDQWHOH GH MXGHFDWD LQGLIHUHQW GH JUDGXO DFHVWRUD
FRPSRQHQWHDOHVLVWHPXOXLGHRUJDQL]DUHMXGHFDWRUHDVFD
GLQWUXQVWDW
Precedentul judiciar ± GHVHPQHD]D WRWDOLWDWHD
KRWDUDULORU MXGHFDWRUHVWL FX FDUDFWHU GH LQGUXPDUH
SURQXQWDWH GH ÌQDOWD &XUWH GH &DVDWLH ‫܈‬L FDUH DX IRU‫܊‬D
REOLJDWRULH SHQWUX FD]XULOH VLPLODUH FH VH YRU MXGHFD vQ
YLLWRU
Doctrina juridică ± HVWH WRWDOLWDWHD DQDOL]HORU
VWXGLLORU LQYHVWLJDWLLORU ‫܈‬L LQWHUSUHWDULORU SULQ FDUH
VSHFLDOLVWLL LVL H[SULPD RSLQLL úL FRQFOX]LL SULYLWRDUH OD
IHQRPHQXOMXULGLFGLQWUXQVLVWHPGHGUHSW
Contractul normativ ± VSHFLH DSDUWH GH FRQWUDFW FDUH
DUH vQ YHGHUH UHJOHPHQWDUL FX FDUDFWHU JHQHUDO
LPSHUVRQDOúLUHSHWDELO

216
Actul normativ ± UHSUH]LQWă L]YRUXO GH GUHSW FUHDW GH
DXWRULWDWLOHSXEOLFHLQYHVWLWHFXSXWHUHGHOHJLIHUDUHFDUH
FXSULQGH QRUPH JHQHUDOH ± REOLJDWRULL D FDURU DSOLFDUH
SRDWHILUHDOL]DWDúLSULQIRU‫܊‬DFRHUFLWLYăDVWDWXOXL

12‫܉‬,81(

ÌQ úWLLQĠD MXULGLFă HWLPRORJLD FXYkQWXOXL ÄL]YRU´
VXEVXPHD]DDFHVWXLFRQFHSWVXUVHOHRULJLQHDIDFWRULLGH
GHWHUPLQDUH‫܈‬LGHFUHDUHDGUHSWXOXL
$QDOL]D L]YRDUHORU GUHSWXOXL D SXV vQ HYLGHQĠă GRXă
DFFHSĠLXQL DOH DFHVWHL QR‫܊‬LXQL L]YRDUH GH GUHSW vQ VHQV
PDWHULDOúLL]YRDUHGHGUHSWvQVHQVIRUPDO
1XPLWH GH FăWUH *HRUJHV 5LSHUW ÄforĠe creatoare ale
dreptului”, L]YRDUHOH PDWHULDOH DOH GUHSWXOXL VXQW
FRQFHSXWH FD DGHYăUDWH Ädat”-XUL DOH GUHSWXOXL UHDOLWăĠL
H[WHULRDUHDFHWXLD±YLDĠDVRFLDĠăHFRQRPLFăúLFXOWXUDOă
IDFWRULL GH FRQILJXUDUH D GUHSWXOXL GUHSWXO QDWXUDO
FRQúWLLQĠD MXULGLFă UDĠLXQHD XPDQă ± IDSWXO VRFLDO FDUH
GHWHUPLQă DFĠLXQHD OHJLXLWRUXOXL VDX JHQH]D XQRU UHJXOL
L]YRUkWHGLQQHFHVLWăĠLSUDFWLFH
,]YRDUHOH PDWHULDOH UHSUH]LQWă IDFWRULL FH GDX
FRQĠLQXW FRQFUHW GUHSWXOXL SR]LWLY FRQFHQWUkQG QHYRLOH
UHDOH DOH YLHĠLL úL DVLJXUkQG FRUHODUHD UHJOHPHQWăULORU
MXULGLFHFXFHOHULWDWHDWUDQVIRUPăULORUGLQVRFLHWDWH
'LQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH MXULGLF XQ LQWHUHV GHRVHELW vO
SUH]LQWă L]YRDUHOH IRUPDWH DOH GUHSWXOXL FDUH DX vQ
YHGHUH R PXOWLWXGLQH GH DVSHFWH ‫܈‬L PRGDOLWăĠL SULQ FDUH

217
FRQ‫܊‬LQXWXO QRUPHL GH GUHSW GHYLQH UHJXOă GH FRQGXLWă úL
VHLPSXQHFDPRGHOGHXUPDWvQUHODWLLOHLQWHUXPDQH
3ULQ XUPDUH SULQ L]YRU IRUPDO MXULGLF vQWHOHJHP
H[WHULRUL]DUHD XQHL UHJXOL GH FRQGXLWă SULQWUR DQXPLWă
IRUPXODUH MXULGLFă FRUHVSXQăWRDUH DVLJXUăULL XQHL
UHFHSWăULRSWLPHGHFăWUHGHVWLQDWDULLVăLÌQOLWHUDWXUDGH
VSHFLDOLWDWH HVWH vQFă vQ FHQWUXO DWHQWLHL FHUFHWDUHD
QR‫܊‬LXQLL GH L]YRU DO GUHSWXOXL $VWIHO VH IDFH GLVWLQFWLH
vQWUH VHQVXO MXULGLF DO QR‫܊‬LXQLL GH L]YRU GH GUHSW úL
VHPQLILFDWLD FRQIHULWă GH úWLLQWHOH LVWRULFH vQ FRQFHSWLD
FăURUDDFHVWFRQFHSWVHPQLILFăXQDQXPLWGRFXPHQWFDUH
DWHVWăRIRUPăVXSUDSXVăGHGUHSW L]YRDUH±UHOLFYHVDX
YHVWLJLLGHFLYLOL]DWLHLVWRULFR±MXULGLFă 
1RĠLXQHD GH L]YRU DO GUHSWXOXL DUH úL VHQVXO GH VXUVă
LGHRORJLFă vQ VHQVXO GH ED]LQ GH FLYLOL]DWLH MXULGLFă OD
FDUHHVWHFRQHFWDWXQDQXUQLWVLVWHPMXULGLFQDWLRQDO'H
H[HPSOX VLVWHPXO GH GUHSW URPkQHVF HVWH FRQHFWDW OD
ED]LQXOGHFLYLOL]DWLHMXULGLFăGHWLSURPDQRJHUPDQLF
7HRULD MXULGLFă FODVLFă GH]YăOXLH FDUDFWHUXO HWHURJHQ
DO VXUVHORU GUHSWXOXL FRQVDFUkQG PDL PXOWH WLSXUL GH
FODVLILFăUL
± $VWIHO VH IDFH GLVWLQFWLH vQWUH L]YRDUH VFULVH DFWXO
QRUPDWLYH ‫܈‬LL]YRDUHQHVFULVH RELFHLXO 
± 'RFWULQD GHRVHEHúWH L]YRDUHOH RILFLDOH OHJHD ‫܈‬L
MXULVSUXGHQĠD GHFHOHQHRILFLDOH RELFHLXO‫܈‬LGRFWULQD 
± &HUFHWDUHD MXULGLFă DWHVWă GH DVHPHQHD H[LVWHQĠD
L]YRDUHORU GLUHFWH DFWXO QRUPDWLY  ‫܈‬L LQGLUHFWH RELFHLXO
VDX QRUPHOH HODERUDWH GH RUJDQL]DWLLOH QHVWDWDOH FDUH

218
SHQWUXDGHYHQLL]YRDUHGLUHFWHGHGUHSWDXQHYRLH‫܈‬LGH
UHFXQRDúWHUHD VDX VDQFWLRQDUHD ORU GH FăWUH DXWRULWDWHD
SXEOLFă 
± ÌQ WHRULD MXULGLFă XQ VXELHFW FRQWURYHUVDW vO
UHSUH]LQWă FODVLILFDUHD L]YRDUHORU vQ FUHDWRDUH OHJHD úL
FXWXPD ‫܈‬LLQWHUSUHWDWLYH MXULVSUXGHQĠDúLGRFWULQD 
± 3URIHVRUXO & 6WHJăURLX SURSXQH FODVLILFDUHD
L]YRDUHORU GH GUHSW vQ L]YRDUH SRWHQĠLDOH ‫܈‬L L]YRDUH
DFWXDOH ,]YRDUHOH SRWHQWLDOH H[SULPă SRVLELOLWDWHD GH D
HODERUDPRGLILFD VDX DEURJD QRUPH MXULGLFH
IDFWRUXO SRWHQĠLDO FRQVWLWXLQGXO YRLQWD VRFLDOă
H[WHULRUL]DWă SULQ SXWHUHD VWDWDOă ,]YRDUHOH DFWXDOH VXQW
FRQVLGHUDWH GH FăWUH DXWRU L]YRDUHOH HILFLHQWH
GHWHUPLQDWHVSHUkQGSHUHODĠLLVRFLDOHFRQFUHWHFRQVWkQG
vQWRDWHDFWHOHQRUPDWLYHvQYLJRDUH

&/$6,),&$5($,=92$5(/25)250$/(
$/('5(378/8,

$2%,&(,8/-85,',&
$OFăWXLW GLQ UHJXOL GH FRQGXLWă DSOLFDWH WLPS
vQGHOXQJDW (plures actus uniformes continui) DSOLFDWH úL
SHUSHWXDWH vQ ED]D FRQYLQJHULL úL QHFHVWDĠLL ORU RSLQLR
MXULV HW QHFHVLWDWLV  DGXVH OD LQGHSOLQLUH SULQ SXWHUHD GH
FRQVWUkQJHUH QHIRUPDOL]DWă D LQWUHJLL FRPXQLWăĠL ±
RELFHLXOMXULGLF±HVWHFHOPDLYHFKLL]YRUGHGUHSW
&RQFUHWL]DW FD UHJXOă VRFLDOă RELFHLXO HVWH PRGXO
XQHL H[SHULHQWH GH YLDWD D XQHL FRPXQLWăĠL DO UHSHWăULL

219
XQHL SUDFWLFL 6RFLHWDWHD ‫܈‬LD FRQVWUXLW vQ SURFHVXO
LQWHUDFWLXQLL LQWHUXPDQH FRWLGLHQH XQ YDVW WDEORX
FDUDFWHUL]DW SULQWUR ODUJă YDULHWDWH GH X]XUL RELúQXLQWH
GDWLQL RELFHLXUL LQVă QX WRDWH RELFHLXULOH FUHDWH GH
VRFLHWDWH GHYLQ L]YRDUH GH GUHSW 0HFDQLVPXO WUHFHULL
RELFHLXOXL GLQ VLVWHPXO JHQHUDO DO QRUPHORU VRFLDOH vQ
VLVWHPXO L]YRDUHORU GUHSWXOXL HVWH PDUFDW GH GRXD
PRPHQWHLPSRUWDQWH
± ILH Fă VWDWXO SULQ RUJDQHOH VDOH OHJLVODWLYH
VDQFWLRQHD]ăUHFXQRD‫܈‬WHXQRELFHLúLvOvQFRUSRUHD]ăvQWU
RQRUPăRILFLDOă
± ILH Fă RELFHLXO HVWH LQYRFDW GH SăUWL FD QRUPă GH
FRQGXLWă vQ ID‫܊‬ă XQHL LQVWDQĠH GH MXGHFDWă FDUH vO
YDOLGHD]ăFDUHJXOăMXULGLFă
ÌQSODQGLDFURQLFGUHSWXOFRQVXHWXGLQDU FXWXPLDUVDX
RELVQXLHOQLF  D DOFăWXLW SULPD IRUPă D GUHSWXOXL SR]LWLY
XQIHOGHGUHSWUXGLPHQWDU
3ULQ UHFXQRD‫܈‬WHUHD ORU GH FăWUH SXWHUHD GH VWDW
RELFHLXULOHVXQWGRWDWHFXIRU‫܊‬ă MXULGLFă GHYHQLQG
RELFHLXUL MXULGLFH ILLQG LQFRUSRUDWH GUHSWXOXL SR]LWLY úL
GHYHQLQGSHDFHDVWăFDOHL]YRDUHGHGUHSW
6LPSOD UHSHWDUH D XQRU SUDFWLFL QX HVWH VXILFLHQWă
SHQWUXDVHFUHDRFXWXPăFLHVWHQHFHVDUFDSDUWLFLSDQWLL
OD UHODWLLOH VRFLDOH Vă XUPH]H SUDFWLFL JHQHUDWRDUH GH
FXWXPH ‫܈‬L Vă UHVSHFWH DFHVWH SUDFWLFL vQ FUHGLQWD FD VH
FRQIRUPHD]D XQRU QRUPH GH GUHSW 3UDFWLFD JHQHUDWRDUH
GHFXWXPHWUHEXLHVăDLEăFDUDFWHUXQLIRUPVăVHDSOLFH
vQPRGUHSHWDW‫܈‬LVăDLEăRDQXPLWăGXUDWăvQWLPS3HQWUX

220
D VH LQFHWă‫܊‬HQL vQ PLQWHD úL DFWLYLWDWHD FRWLGLDQă D
LQGLYL]LORU
2 DQXPLWă FXWXPă SRDWH LQVă Vă ILH FRQVWDWDWă ‫܈‬L
FRQVILQWLWă GH XQ RUJDQ GH GUHSW SXEOLF vQ FDGUXO XQRU
X]DQWH 'H H[HPSOX vQ GUHSWXO LQWHUQDWLRQDO GLSORPDWLF
HVWHQXPLWGHFDQDOFRUSXOXLGLSORPDWLFDPEDVDGRUXOFX
FHD PDL LQGHOXQJDWă YHFKLPH GH DFUHGLWDUH vQ FDSLWDOD
UHVSHFWLYă8QDOWH[HPSOXLORIHUăGUHSWXOFRQVWLWXWLRQDO
XQGH VD FRQVDFUDW FD X]DQWă IDSWXO Fă SULPD $GXQDUH
&RQVWLWXDQWăHVWHFRQGXVăGHFăWUH GHFDQXOGHYkUVWăDO
DFHVWHLD
ÌQ GUHSWXO LQWHUQDWLRQDO SXEOLF FXWXPD LúL PHQWLQH
VWDWXWXO GH L]YRU SULQFLSDO GH GUHSW DOăWXUL GH WUDWDW ÌQ
GRFWULQă FXWXPD LQWHUQDWLRQDOă HVWH GHILQLWă FD ÄR
H[SULPDUHWDFLWăDFRQVLPĠăPkQWXOXLVWDWHORUFXSULYLUHOD
UHFXQRD‫܈‬WHUHD XQHL UHJXOL GHWHUPLQDWH FD QRUPă GH
FRQGXLWă REOLJDWRULH vQ UHODĠLLOH GLQWUH HOH´ ,PSRUWDQĠD
ORFXOXL SH FDUHO RFXSă FXWXPD vQ LHUDUKLD L]YLDUHORU
GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQDWLRQDO SXEOLF HVWH UHIOHFWDWă ‫܈‬L GH
PHQWLRQDUHD HL H[SUHVă vQ 6WDWXWXO &XUWLL ,QWHUQDWLRQDOH
GH -XVWLWLH FD Äo dovadă a unei practici generale
acceptate de drept".
'HúL FXWXPHOH UHSUH]LQWă R SUDFWLFD DWDW GH
LQUăGăFLQDWă vQFkW RDPHQLL VRFRWHVF Fă SULQ HOH LúL
H[HUFLWă R SUHURJDWLYă FRQVILQĠLWă vQ GUHSWXO SR]LWLY
WRWXúL WUHEXLH UHPDUFDW IDSWXO Fă LQVHUDUHD RELFHLXOXL vQ
GUHSWXFRQWHPSRUDQULGLFăRVHULHGHSUREOHPH

221
± RELFHLXO FRQWUDYLQH FDUDFWHUXOXL RUJDQL]DW DO
DFWLYLWă‫܊‬LLOHJLVODWLYH‫܈‬LULJXUR]LWă‫܊‬LLDFWXOXLQRUPDWLYH
± SULQ DPELJXLWDWHD LQWHUSUHWăULL RELFHLXO SRDWH
GHVFKLGHWHUHQDFWLXQLLDUELWUDULXOXL
±RELFHLXOQXHVWHVLQFURQULWPXOXLGHYHQLULLVRFLDOH‫܈‬L
LPSOLFLW LQDPLFLL DFWLYLWă‫܊‬LL QRUPDWLYH vQ UDSRUW FX FDUH
JHQHUDUHDVSRQWDQăDRELFHLXOXLHVWHSUHDOHQWă
±FXWXPDFDL]YRUGHGUHSWDUHDQXPLWHQHDMXQVXULvQ
UDSRUW FX GUHSWXO VFULV ILLQG OLSVLWă GH FHUWLWXGLQHD
DFHVWXLD DYkQG IRUPXOăUL LPSUHFLVH PDL JUHX GH
FRQVWDWDWúLUHFXQRVFXW
± FXWXPD DUH SULQ QDWXUD VD XQ FDUDFWHU FRQVHUYDWRU
GHRDUHFH FRQVILQWHVWH XQHOH FRPSRUWDPHQWH UH]XOWDWH
GLQWURSUDFWLFăLQGHOXQJDWă
'LQ PRWLYHOH HQXPHUDWH PDL VXV FXWXPD UHSUH]LQWă
DLFL GRDU FX WLWOX H[FHSWLRQDO XQ L]YRU GH GUHSW vQ
VLVWHPXOGHGUHSWURPkQHVFLDUFDIRU‫܊‬ăMXULGLFăFXWXPD
DUHvQUDSRUWFXOHJHDXQFDUDFWHUVXEVLGLDUVXERUGRQDW
LQWHUYHQLQGGRDUÄVHFXQGXPOHJHP
&X FDUDFWHU GH H[FHSWLH IDWă GH FHOHODOWH UDPXUL GH
GUHSWXQGHFXWXPDvúLUHYHQGLFăRSR]LWLHPDLPXOWVDX
PDL SXWLQ LPSRUWDQWUă vQWUH L]YRDUHOH GH GUHSW
FRQWHPSRUDQH vQ FDGUXO GUHSWXOXL SHQDO UROXO RELFHLXOXL
HVWHH[FOXVIXQF‫܊‬LRQkQGSULQFLSLXOOHJDOLWă‫܊‬LLSHGHSVHLúL
LQFULPLQăULL Änulla poena sine lege, nulla crimen sine
lege” FHHD FH MXVWLILFă UHFHSWDUHD FD L]YRU GH GUHSW vQ
H[FOXVLYLWDWHDOHJLLVFULVH


222
%'2&75,1$
'RFWULQD FXSULQGH DQVDPEOXO DQDOL]HORU
LQYHVWLJDĠLLORULQWHUSUHWăULORUSHFDUHVSHFLDOLúWLLvQGUHSW
OH GDX IHQRPHQXOXL MXULGLF ‫܈‬L FDUH DOFăWXLHVF úWLLQĠD
MXULGLFă DO FăUXL URO HVWH LQGLVFXWDELO DWkW vQ SULYLQĠD
H[SOLFăULL úL LQWHUSUHWăULL úWLLQĠLILFH D DFWXOXL QRUPDWLYH
FkW ‫܈‬L vQ RSHUD GH OHJLIHUDUH vQ SURFHVXO GH FUHDUH D
GUHSWXOXL FkW ‫܈‬L vQ DFWLYLWDWHD SUDFWLFă GH DSOLFDUH D
GUHSWXOXL
ÌQGUHSWXOFRQWHPSRUDQGRFWULQHLQXLHVWHUHFXQRVFXW
VWDWXWXOGHL]YRUGHGUHSWFHHDFHQXvPSLHWHD]ăvQVăFX
QLPLF DVXSUD UHFXQRD‫܈‬WHULL UROXOXL VăX LQGLVSHQVDELO SH
FDUH HD vO DUH vQ SURFHVXO OHJLVODWLYH ‫܈‬L vQ SURFHVXO
SUDFWLFLLMXGLFLDUH
6ROXĠLLOH ‫܈‬L LQWHUSUHWăULOH GRFWULQDLUH VXQW vQWRWGHDXQD
IRQGDWH SH FD]XUL SUDFWLFH SRUQLQG GH OD IDSWH UHDOH SH
FDUHDSRLOHJHQHUDOL]HD]ăúLOHLQWHUSUHWHD]ăúLOHH[SOLFă
WKHRUHWLF
'RFWULQD FRQVWLWXLH R IRUPă ULJXURDVă úL VLVWHPDWLFă
GH FXQRD‫܈‬WHUH D IHQRPHQXOXL MXULGLF DYkQG XQ URO
WHRUHWLFúLFULWLFFRQVWUXFWLYHFDUHVHPDQLIHVWăvQVSHFLDO
SULQ SURPRYDUHD LGHLORU QRL vQ PDWHULH GH GUHSW SULQ
UHFHSWDUHD VFKLPEăULORU VRFLDOH ‫܈‬L FDUH WUHEKXLH Vă‫܈‬L
JăVHDVFă HFRXO vQ GUHSW 'H OHJH IHUHQGD RULHQWăULOH
GRFWULQDLUH VXQW IRORVLWH vQ OXFUăULOH &RQVLOLLORU
OHJLVODWLYHFDUHSUHFHGHODERUDUHDOHJLORUQRL


223
& 35$&7,&$ -8',&,$5Ă ù, 35(&('(178/
-8',&,$5
3UDFWLFD MXULGLFă ± GHQXPLWă vQ GUHSWXO FODVLF úL
MXULVSUXGHQWă ± HVWH DOFăWXLWă GLQ WRWDOLWDWHD KRWăUkULORU
MXGHFăWRUHúWL SURQXQWDWH GH LQVWDQWHOH MXGHFăWRUHúWL GH
WRDWHJUDGHOH
+RWăUkULOH MXGHFăWRUHúWL FX FDUDFWHU GH vQGUXPDUH
GDWH GH &XUWHD 6XSUHPă GH -XVWLWLH úL FDUH DX IRU‫܊‬ă
REOLJDWRULH SHQWUX FD]XULOH VLPLODUH FH YRU XUPD SRDUWă
QXPHOHGHSUHFHGHQWHMXGLFLDUH
ÌQWUXFkWQLFLROHJHQXSRDWHSUHYHGHDvQGHWDOLXWRDWH
VLWXD‫܊‬LLOH FDURUD GLVSR]L‫܊‬LLOH HL OH YRU IL LQFLGHQWH LDU
PRGXOGHH[SULPDUHDOOHJLXLWRUXOXLILLQGODFRQLFSRDWH
ILWULEXWDULPSUHFL]LXQLLúLHFKLYRFXOXL±MXGHFăWRUXOXLLL
UHYLQH UROXO GH D LQWHUSUHWD ‫܈‬L DSOLFD OHJHD ,GHHD Fă
MXGHFăWRUXO SRDWH LQWHUSUHWD OHJHD HVWH UHODWLY UHFHQWă
SULQFLSLXO YHFKL ILLQG Fă ÄHMXV LQWHUSUHWDUL OHJHP FXMXV
HVW FRQGHUH ± FHOXLFDUH D HGLFWDW OHJHD vL UHYLQH
SULYLOHJLXOLQWHUSUHWăULL
-XGHFăWRUXO QX SRDWH UHIX]D VROXWLRQDUHD XQHL SULFLQL
FLYLOH VDX FRPHUFLDOH SH PRWLY Fă QDU H[LVWD QRUPD
MXULGLFăvQED]DFăUHLDVăVROXWLRQH]HOLWLJLXOVDXFăOHJHD
DU IL vQWXQHFDWă VDX QHLQGHVWXOăWRDUH GHRDUHFH FRQIRUP
DUW GLQ &RGXO FLYLO VDU IDFH YLQRYDW GH ÄGHQHJDUH GH
GUHSWDWH'DFăSUHYHGHULOHOHJLLVXQWLQVXILFLHQWHVDXQX
VXQW vQGHDMXQV GH FODUH MXGHFăWRUXO YD WUHEXL Vă VH
FRQIRUPH]H SULQFLSLLORU IXQGDPHQWDOH DOH GUHSWXOXL RUL
FHORUJHQHUDOHDOHUDPXULLVDXLQVWLWX‫܊‬LHLMXULGLFHvQFDX]ă

224
SUHFXP ‫܈‬L FRQúWLLQWHL VDOH MXULGLFH 'DU KRWăUăUHD
MXGHFăWRUHDVFăDUHIRU‫܊‬ăQRUPDWLYăQXPDLSHQWUXFDX]DvQ
FDUHVDGDWQX‫܈‬LSHQWUXDOWHFDX]HVLPLODUH
$FWLYLWDWHD MXGHFăWRUHDVFă DUH vQ YHGHUH UHVSHFWDUHD
PDLPXOWRUSULQFLSLLGLQWUHFDUHPHQWLRQăPGRDUGRXă
± FX RFD]LD VROXWLRQăULL XQHL FDX]H FRQFUHWH
MXGHFăWRUXO QX DUH GUHSWXO Vă VWDELOHDVFă GLVSR]L‫܊‬LL
JHQHUDOH vQ DIDUD VSHWHL SDUWLFXODUH FH VH GHGXFH vQ ID‫܊‬ă
OXL DUW&FLY 
± MXGHFăWRUXO vQ VROXWLRQDUHD OLWLJLXOXL QX HVWH OHJDW
vQKRWăUkUHDSHFDUHRGăGHRFDX]ăVLPLODUăVDXGHXQ
SURFHVVLPLODUMXGHFDWDQWHULRUGHHOvQVX‫܈‬LVDXGHRDOWă
LQVWDQWă GHRDUHFH DFWLYLWDWHD GH MXGHFDWă HVWH RSHUD GH
FRQYLQJHUHLQWLPăDMXGHFăWRULWRUÄAceasta nu înseamnă
insă, ca instantele să nu-Юi respecte propriul lor mod de
a gândi în spete identice, fluctuatia solutiilor dăunând
încrederii justitiabilitor în ideea de drept".
'HúL VLVWHPXO QRVWUX GH GUHSW QX FRQFHGH QLFL
MXULVSUXGHQWHL QLFL SUHFHGHQWXWXL MXGLFLDU VWDWXWXO GH
L]YRUGHGUHSWvQSUDFWLFăGHFHOHPDLPXOWHRULVHDMXQJH
OD VROXWLL XQLWDUH vQ DSOLFDUHD úL LQWHUSUHWDUHD WH[WXOXL GH
OHJH LDU vQ DFHDVWă SULYLQWă XQ URO LPSRUWDQW UHYLQH
ÌQDOWHL&XUĠLGH&DVDWLHFDUHÄare dreptul să tranúeze în
mod suveran conflictele dintre instantele inferioare úi să
impună acestora o anumită interpretare".ÌQDOWD&XUWHGH
&DVDWLH DWXQFL FkQG FRQVWDWă FD R OHJH HVWH DSOLFDWă úL
LQWHUSUHWDWă vQ PRG GLIHULW SH FXSULQVXO ĠăULL GH FăWUH
LQVWDQWHOH GH MXGHFDWă SRDWH Vă GHD vQ SOHQXO VăX

225
'HFL]LL GH LQGUXPDUH SHQWUX DSOLFDUHD XQLWDUă D OHJLL
&DUDFWHUXO GH L]YRU GH GUHSW DO 'HFL]LLORU GH LQGUXPDUH
HVWH FRQWURYHUVDW vQ DFFHSWLXQHD WHRUHWLFLHQLORU ÌQ DFHVW
VHQVVHSUHFL]HD]ăÄNefiind date în cauze concrete, dar
deducându-se din ele, deciziile asigură, prin indrumarea
instantelor, aplicarea uniformă Юi unitară a legii”
'HFL]LLOH QX FUHHD]ă QRUPH QRL GH GUHSW HOH QX
FRPSOHWHD]ă úL QLFL QX GH]YROWă OHJHD VFRSXO ORU HVWH
H[SOLFDUHD VHQVXOXL UHDO DO QRUPHL vQ YLJRDUH 1HILLQG
L]YRU GH GUHSW úL QHDYkQG FDUDFWHU REOLJDWRULX SHQWUX
MXGHFăWRUL FDUHVHFRQGXFQXPDLGXSăOHJH GHFL]LLOHGH
LQGUXPDUH SRW IL WRWXúL DYXWH vQ YHGHUH GH LQVWDQWHOH GH
MXGHFDWă (OH DX DFRSHULUH vQ SUHVWLJLXO úL SR]LWLD
RUJDQXOXLFDUHOHHPLWH
“Deúi sistemul de drept românesc contemporan nu
recunoaЮte nici practicii judecătoreúti, nici
precedentului judiciar statutul de izvoare de drept, aúa
cum am afirmat anterior, acestea contribuie la
eficientizarea creării úi aplicării dreptului, intrucât
legile imbătrânesc odată cu generatiile (...) Mai mull,
chiar în timpul în care legile sunt în vigoare, ele sunt
supuse cerintelor de adaptare la condiаiile mereu
schimbătoare ale existentei – operă de adaptare ce se
realizează în retorta tribunalelor, al căror rol nu se
rezumă la o schematică aplicare a textelor la procesele
pe care sunt chemate să le judece, ci se extinde Юi la
misiunea de a găsi o modalitate suplă, de adecvare a
legilor cu imprejurările noi, create de mersul societăаii

226
(...) Este rolul practicii judiciare Юi al teoreticienilor de a
adapta textele rigide la împrejurările care au putut fi
avute în vedere la data cand legea a fost edictată.”

'&2175$&78/1250$7,9
ÌQ FRQFHSWLD &RGXOXL &LYLO FRQWUDFWXO HVWH GHILQLW FD
ILLQG DFRUGXO vQWUH GRXă VDX PDL PXOWH SHUVRDQH VSUH D
FRQVWLWXL VDX VWLQJH vQWUH GkQúLL XQ UDSRUW MXULGLF FD] vQ
FDUH HO HVWH XQ DFW MXULGLF LQGLYLGXDO vQ VHQVXO FD HO
VWDELOHúWH GUHSWXUL úL REOLJD‫܊‬LL SHQWUX VXELHFWH
GHWHUPLQDWHÌQFRQVHFLQĠăvQFD]XOvQFDUHFRQWUDFWXOGă
QDúWHUH PRGLILFă VDX VWLQJH UDSRUWXUL MXULGLFH FRQFUHWH
HOQXFRQVWLWXLHL]YRUGHGUHSW
([LVWăWRWXúLRFDWHJRULHGHFRQWUDFWHFDUHQXSULYHVF
QHPLMORFLWGUHSWXULOHúLREOLJD‫܊‬LLOHXQRUVXELHFWHGHGUHSW
GHWHUPLQDWH GHFL QX UHJOHPHQWHD]ă UDSRUWXUL MXULGLFH
FRQFUHWH FL DX vQ YHGHUH UHJOHPHQWDUL FX FDUDFWHU
JHQHUDO(OHSRDUWăGHQXPLUHDGHFRQWUDFWHQRUPDWLYH‫܈‬L
vQDFHDVWăFDOLWDWHHOHDXUROXOGHL]YRDUHGHGUHSW
&RQWUDFWXO QRUPDWLY FRQVWLWXLH L]YRUXO GH GUHSW FX
GHRVHELUH vQ UDPXULOH GH GUHSW FRQVWLWXWLRQDO GUHSW
LQWHUQDWLRQDOúLGUHSWXOPXQFLL

($&78/1250$7,9
$FWXO QRUPDWLY MXULGLF RFXSă vQ GUHSWXO FRQWHPSRUDQ
ORFXO FHQWUDO vQ VLVWHPXO L]YRDUHORU GUHSWXWX/ DFHDVWă
SUHHPLQHQWăDVDJăVLQG8‫܈‬LH[SOLFDWLDDWkWSHQWUXFDX]H
LVWRULFH FkW ‫܈‬L SULQ UDWLXQL FDUH WLQ GH WUăVDWXULWH GH

227
FRQ‫܊‬LQXW‫܈‬LGHIRUPăDOHDFHVWXLL]YRUMXULGLFvQUDSRUWFX
FHOHODOWHL]YRDUHGHGUHSW
&RQFHSWXOGHDFWQRUPDWLYFXSULQGHWRDWHIRUPHOHVXE
FDUHDSDUQRUPHOHMXULGLFHHGLFWDWHGHRUJDQHOHVWDWXOXL±
OHJH GHFUHW KRWăUăUH RUGRQDQWă JXYHUQDPHQWDOD
'HQXPLUHDFHDPDLSUHFLVăúLFRPSOHWDHVWHDFHHDGHDFW
MXULGLF QRUPDWLY VSUH D HYLWD FRQIX]LD FX DFWHOH
QRUPDWLYH DOH XQRU RUJDQL]DWLL QHVWDWDOH ± VWDWXWHOH XQXL
FOXE VSRUWLY VSUH H[HPSOX FDUH QX DX FDUDFWHU MXULGLF
LQVă GLQ UDWLXQL GH EUHYLORFYHQWD /LPEDMXO MXULGLF PDL
IRORVHúWHúLH[SUHVLDSUHVFXUWDWăGHÄact normativ" pentru
sensul de „act juridic normativ”.
ÌQ FHHD FH SULYHúWH QR‫܊‬LXQHD GH /(*( XQHRUL vQ
OLPEDMXO MXULGLFRSROLWLF HD HVWH XWLOL]DWD LQWUXQ VHQV
IRDUWHODUJDFHODGHGUHSWVFULVFXSULQ]kQGRULFHIRUPăD
DFWHORU QRUPDWLYH ÌQ SULQFLSLX LQVă SULQ ÄOHJH VH
GHVHPQHD]ă DFWXO QRUUQDWLY FX IRU‫܊‬ă MXULGLFă VXSHULRDUă
DGRSWDW GH RUJDQXO VXSUHP DO SXWHULL GH VWDW ILH HO
FROHJLDO VDX XQLSHUVRQDO vQ IXQF‫܊‬LH GH IRUPD GH
JXYHUQăUPkQWúLUHJLPXOSROLWLFDOVWDWXOXL

5(=80$78/81,7Ă‫܉‬,,'(Ì19Ă‫܉‬$5(
&HVXQWL]YRDUHOHGUHSWXOXL"6WLLQWDMXULGLFăGHILQHVWH
L]YRDUHOH GUHSWXOXL FD IRUPHOH FRQFUHWH GH H[SULPDUH D
QRUPHORU MXULGLFH FDUH DFWLRQHD]D vQ FDGUXO XQXL VLVWHP
GH GUHSW vQ GLIHULWH HWDSH DOH HYROXWLHL VDOH ‫܈‬L vQ GLIHULWH
WDUL 0DL VLPSOX VSXV L]YRUXO GH GUHSW UHSUH]LQWă

228
PRGDOLWDWHDSULQFLSDODSULQFDUHGUHSWXOGHYLQHFXQRVFXW
GHFHLDOFDURUFRPSRUWDPHQWvOUHJOHD]D
ÌQ VHQV PDWHULDO VXQW FRQVLGHUDWH L]YRDUH DOH
GUHSWXOXL IDFWRULL GH FRQILJXUDUH D GUHSWXOXL GUHSWXO
QDWXUDO‫܈‬LFRQVWLLQWDMXULGLFă UDWLXQHDXPDQD 
,]YRDUHOH PDWHULDOH GHQXPLWH úL ÄL]YRDUH
VXEVWDQWLDOHDOHGUHSWXOXLVXQWH[SUHVLDFRQGL‫܊‬LLORUYLHWLL
HFRQRPLFHVRFLDOHSROLWLFHFXOWXUDOHúLLGHRORJLFH
)DFWRULLHFRQRPLFLVRFLDOSROLWLFLLGHRORJLFLHWFVXQW
FHLFDUHGDXFRQ‫܊‬LQXWGUHSWXOXLSR]LWLYQRUPHORUMXULGLFH
FRQFUHWHvQFDUHVHH[SULPDvQFKLSFRQFHQWUDWQHYRLOH‫܈‬L
H[LJHQWHOH UHDOH DOH YLHWLL VXE IRUPD FRPHQ]LORU VRFLDOH
SH FDUH GUHSWXO OH UHFHSWLRQHD]D 'XSă FH D UHFHSWLRQDW
DFHVWH FRPHQ]L VRFLDOH GUHSWXO DQDOL]HD]D UHDOLWDWHD
VRFLDOD ‫܈‬L IRUPXOHD]D UăVSXQV OD QHYRLOH VRFLHWDWLL SULQ
HODERUDUHDDFWHORUQRUPDWLYHúLDUHJOHPHQWDULORUFDUHVD
VDWLVIDFDFHULQWHOHIRUPXODWHFRPHQ]LORUWUDQVPLVH
'LQ DFHVW SXQFW GH YHGHUH FRQFHSWXO GH L]YRU DO
GUHSWXOXLGHOHJDWGHDFWLYLWDWHDGHFUHDUH‫܈‬LGHHODERUDUH
D GUHSWXOXL &D XUPDUH SXWHUHD GH VWDW UHDFWLRQHD]D vQ
GRXDPRGXUL
± ILH HODERUHD]D GLUHFW SULQ RUJDQH VSHFLDOL]DWH
OHJLVODWLYHH[HFXWLYHDOHDGPLQLVWUDWLHLSXEOLFH QRUPHOH
MXULGLFH SH FDUH OH LQFOXGH vQ DFWH QRUPDWLYH OHJL
GHFUHWHKRWDUDULRUGRQDQWHGHFL]LLHWF 
± ILH UHFXQRD‫܈‬WH YDORDUHD MXULGLFă D XQRU UHJXOL
IRUPXODWH SULQ DOWH SURFHGHH H[LVWHQWH GHMD RELFHLXUL
SUHFHGHQWXOMXGLFLDUDFWHHPLVHGHRUJDQLVPHQHVWDWDOH

229
&HOHH[SXVHPDLVXVQHFRQGXFSHWHULWRULXOL]YRDUHORU
GH GUHSW IRUPDOH FDUH VH UHIHUD OD PRGDOLWDWHD FRQFUHWD
GH H[SULPDUH D GUHSWXOXL IRUPD H[WHULRDUD SH FDUH R
LPEUDFDDFHVWD
&D RULFH VWLLQWD GUHSWXO DUH SURSULD VD LVWRULH úL
DUKHRORJLH GHQXPLWH LVWRULH úL DUKHRORJLH MXULGLFă vQ
FDUH LGHQWLILFăP L]YRDUHOH IRUPDOH DOH VDOH UHVSHFWLY
GRFXPHQWHFDUHDWHVWDHOHPHQWHHVHQWLDOHDOHXQXLVLVWHP
GH GUHSW 'LQ DFHVW SXQFW GH YHGHUH FRQVWLWXWLH L]YRU GH
GUHSW WDEOLWHOH FHUDWH GHVFRSHULWH OD 5RVLD 0RQWDQD
7HVWDPHQWHOHGHOD0DUHD0RDUWDSHEXFDWLGHWDEOLWHSH
EXFDWLGHSLHOHSHJUDQLW
7HRULD JHQHUDOă D 'UHSWXOXL RSHUHD]D FX XUPDWRDUHOH
FDWHJRULLGHL]YRDUHDOHGUHSWXOXL
±L]YRDUHVFULVH‫܈‬LL]YRDUHQHVFULVH
±L]YRDUHRILFLDOHúLL]YRDUHQHRILFLDOH
±L]YRDUHGLUHFWH‫܈‬LL]YRDUHQHGLUHFWH


ÎNTREBĂRI RECAPITULATIVE
'HILQL‫܊‬LL]YRDUHOHGUHSWXOXL
&HUHSUH]LQWăRELFHLXOMXULGLF"
&HGHVHPQHD]DFRQFHSWXOGHSUDFWLFDMXGLFLDUD"
 &DUH HVWH VHPQLILFDWLD FRQFHSWXOXL GH SUHFHGHQW
MXGLFLDU"
'HILQL‫܊‬LGRFWULQDMXULGLFă
&DUHHVWHVHPQLILFDWLDFRQWUDFWXOXLQRUPDWLY"
&HUHSUH]LQWăDFWXOQRUPDWLYH"

230
7(0(3(1758'(=%$7(5(
±3UHFHGHQWXOMXGLFLDU
±)RUWDMXULGLFăDOHJLORU


BIBLIOGRAFIE
 1LFRODH 3RSD ± 7HRULD JHQHUDOă D GUHSWXOXL
%XFXUH‫܈‬WL
 ,RQ &UDLRYDQ ± 7HRULD JHQHUDOă D GUHSWXOXL
%XFXUH‫܈‬WL
 *K & 0LKDL 5DGX , 0RWLFD ± )XQGDPHQWHOH
GUHSWXOXL%XFXUH‫܈‬WL
,RQ'RJDUX±7HRULDJHQHUDOăDGUHSWXOXL&UDLRYD


231

8QLWDWHDGHvQYă‫܊‬DUH
(/$%25$5($ ù, 6,67(0$7,=$5($
'5(378/8,


CONЯINUTUL UNITĂЯII DE ÎNVĂЯARE


2ELHFWLYHXUPăULWH
7LPSDORFDWXQLWă‫܊‬LL
&XYLQWHFKHLH
1R‫܊‬LXQH
(ODERUDUHDDFWHORUQRUPDWLYH
6WUXFWXUDDFWHORUQRUPDWLYH
7HKQLFDVLVWHPDWL]ăULLDFWHORUQRUPDWLYH
ÌQWUHEăULUHFDSLWXODWLYH
7HPHSHQWUXGH]EDWHUH
%LEOLRJUDILH


OBIECTIVE URMĂRITE
±vQVX‫܈‬LUHDWHUPHQLORUVSHFLILFLFXFDUHVHRSHUHD]DvQ
WHKQLFDMXULGLFă
±FXQRD‫܈‬WHUHDWHPHLQLFDDSULQFLSLLORUOHJLIHUDULL
± UHOHYDUHD HWDSHORU HODERUDULL DFWHORU QRUPDWLYH
FXQRD‫܈‬WHUHDSDUWLORUFRQVWLWXWLYHDOHDFWHORUQRUPDWLYH‫܈‬L
WHKQLFLLGHVLVWHPDWL]DUHDDFHVWRUD


7,03$/2&$781,7Ă‫܉‬,,25(

232
CUVINTE CHEIE
±politica legislativă – FXSULQGHWRWDOLWDWHDVWUDWHJLLORU
‫܈‬L VFRSXULORU XQXL OHJLXLWRU SUHFXP ‫܈‬L LQVWUXPHQWHOH
FRQFHSWXDOHGHUHDOL]DUHDDFHVWRUD
± tehnica jurdtica ± GHVHPQHD]D WRWDOLWDWHD
PLMORDFHORUPHWRGHORUSURFHGHHORU‫܈‬LWHKQLFLORUXWLOL]DWH
GH RUJDQHOH SXWHULL GH VWDW vQ SURFHVXO GH LQL‫܊‬LHUH
HODERUDUHDGDSWDUHúLDPSOLILFDUHDDFWHORUQRUPDWLYH
± tehnica legislativă ± FXSULQGH LQL‫܊‬LHUHD DFWXOXL
QRUPDWLY HODERUDUHD DFWXOXL QRUPDWLY úL DGRSWDUHD
DFHVWXLD
± tehnica realizarii dreptului – GHVHPQHD]D
WUDQVSXQHUHDvQYLDWDDQRUPHORUMXULGLFH
±principiile legiferariiVXQW
± 3ULQFLSLXO IXQGDPHQWDULL VWLLQWLILFH D DFWLYLWă‫܊‬LL GH
HODERUDUHDQRUPHORUVWLLQWLILFH
± 3ULQFLSLXO DVLJXUDULL XQXL UDSRUW ILUHVF vQWUH
GLQDPLFD‫܈‬LVWDWLFDGUHSWXOXL SULQFLSLXOHFKLOLEUXOXL 
± 3ULQFLSLXO FRUHODULL VLVWHPXOXL DFWHORU QRUPDWLYH
SULQFLSLXODUWLFXODULLVDXDODUPRQLHL 
± 3ULQFLSLXO DFFFHVLELOLWDWLL úL HFRQRPLHL GH PLMORDFH
vQHODERUDUHDDFWHORUQRUPDWLYH
 ±Etapele elaborarii actelor normativeVXQW
±,QLWLHUHDSURLHFWXOXLGHOHJH
±'H]EDWHUHDSURLHFWXOXLGHOHJH
±$GRSWDUHDSURLHFWXOXLGHOHJH
±3URPXOJDUHDOHJLL

233
±3XEOLFDUHDOHJLL
 ±Partile constitutive ale actului normativVXQW
±7LWOXO
±)RUPXODLQWURGXFWLYD
±3UHDPEXOXO
±3DUWHDGLVSR]L‫܊‬LYD
±)RUPXODGHDWHVWDUHDDXWHQWLFLWDWLLDFWXOXLQRUPDWLY
 ±Structura actului normativHVWHFRQVWLWXLWDGLQ
±$UWLFROH
±$OLQHDWH
 ± Tehnica sistematizarii actelor normative
SUHVXSXQH
±,QFRUSRUDUHD
±&RGLILFDUHD
12‫܉‬,81(

3HQWUXDWUDQVSXQHvQSODQQRUPDWLYDFWLYLWDWHDVRFLDOă
HVWHQHFHVDUăIRORVLUHDDQXPLWRUPLMORDFHFDUHVăDVLJXUH
FRQYHUWLUHDUHDOLWăĠLORUIDSWLFHvQQRUPHGHGUHSW
2UJDQHOH OHJLXLWRDUH VXQW RUJDQHOH VSHFLDO DELOLWDWH
Vă UHJOHPHQWH]H UHODĠLLOH VRFLDOH IXQGDPHQWDOH GLQWUR
VRFLHWDWH Vă RUJDQL]H]H RUGLQHD MXULGLFă D XQHL QDWLXQL
VDXDXQHLFRPXQLWăWLGHQDĠLXQL
1RUPDWLYLWDWHD MXULGLFă HVWH DVLJXUDWă GH  L]YRDUHOH
PDWHULDOHDOHGUHSWXOXLYLDWDVRFLDOăUHODĠLLOHHFRQRPLFH
SROLWLFH GH IDPLOLH LDU LQVHUDUHD FRQ‫܊‬LQXWXULORU VSHFLDOH
vQRUGLQHDGHGUHSWDUHORFFXDMXWRUXOWHKQLFLLMXULGLFH
GHILQLWă FD ILLQG DOFăWXLWă GLQ Ätotalitatea artificiilor úi

234
procedeelor prin care cerinĠele sociale, tendintele de
organizare Юi schimbare dezirabilă îúi primesc, într-un,
sistem de drept consacrarea sub forma normei juridice."
$FWLYLWDWHD GH H[SULPDUH D UHJXOLORU GH GUHSW vQWUR
IRUPă MXULGLFă VSHFLILFă HVWH GHQXPLWă vQ OLWHUDWXUD GH
VSHFLDOLWDWHSULQGRLWHUPHQLFHOGHÄWHKQLFăMXULGLFăúL
FHOGHÄWHKQLFDOHJLVODWLYă
3XWHUHD GH VWDW vQ SURFHVXO SURPRYăULL DQXPLWRU
UHODĠLL VRFLDOH ‫܈‬L WUDQVSXQHULL DFHVWRUD vQ SODQXO
QRUPDWLYLWă‫܊‬LLMXULGLFHIRORVHúWHWHKQLFDMXULGLFăSHQWUXD
IL[DGUHSWXULOH‫܈‬LREOLJD‫܊‬LLOHVXELHFWHORUGHGUHSWDIODWHvQ
UDSRUWXUL MXULGLFH 5HODĠLLOH UHVSHFWLYH VXQW FRQVLGHUDWH
REOLJDWRULLQXQXPDLSHQWUXSUH]HQW SHQWUXFHHDFHHVWH 
FLVHDGUHVHD]ăúLXQRUVLWXD‫܊‬LLYLLWRDUHLQGLFkQGFHHDFH
WUHEXLH VH ILH WUHFkQGXOH GH OD LQGLFDWLYXO ÄVHLQ´ OD
LPSHUDWLYXOÄVROOHQ
5HIHULQGXVH OD DFWLYLWDWHD GH OHJLIHUDUH 0LUFHD
'MXYDUDVXEOLQLDGRXăPRPHQWHLPSRUWDQWHconstatarea
existenĠei situaаiilor sociale, care reclamă reglementarea
juridică Юi apoi, stabilirea de către legiuitor a idealului
juridic de comportament care trebuie se se aplice
acestor situaĠii fapt, caz în care, legiuitorul se lasă
inspirat de conútiinta juridică a societăĠii respective.
7UDQVSXQHUHD UHODWLLORU LQWHUXPDQH GLQ SODQXO VRFLDO
vQ SODQXO QRUPDWLY HVWH FRQGLĠLRQDWă GH FXQRD‫܈‬WHUHD
ODERULRDVă VLVWHPDWLFă ‫܈‬L SURIXQGă D IHQRPHQHORU
VRFLDOH GHRDUHFH QXPDL SULQ UHIOHFWDUHD FX DMXWRUXO
QR‫܊‬LXQLORU‫܈‬LFRQFHSWHORU±FRQVWUXFĠLLORJLFR±VLQWHWLFH

235
SULQ PHWRGH FRQVDFUDWH DOH úWLLQĠHORU IDSWXOXL VRFLDO
GUHSWXO UHXúHúWH VH ILH R H[SUHVLH VSHFLILFă D UHDOLWă‫܊‬LL
VRFLDOH
'XSă HWDSD FRJQLWLYă SURGXVXO VRFLDO UHFHSWDW HVWH
VXSXV Ämodelării normative cu caracter juridic,"care
este, deopotrivă, o activitate de cunoaútere (útiintifică)
cât úi una de apreciere, optiune úi decizie".
'HúL DOHJHUHD SURFHGHHORU WHKQLFH DOH OHJLIHUăULL
DSDUĠLQHOHJLXLWRUXOXLHDQXSRDWHILDUELWUDUăFLWUHEXLH
VH VH JKLGH]H GXSă DQXPLWH SULQFLSLL GHGXVH GLQ
UHJOHPHQWăUL FRQVWLWXWLRQDOH VDX LQVFULVH FD DWDUH vQ
PHWRGRORJLL GH WHKQLFă OHJLVODWLYă DGRSWDWH GH
SDUODPHQWHSULQFLSLLXUPăULWHDWkWvQSUDFWLFDQRUPDWLYă
SDUODPHQWDUă FkW ‫܈‬L vQ DFWLYLWDWHD GHVIăúXUDWă GH DOWH
RUJDQHGHVWDWFXFRPSHWHQĠHQRUPDWLYH
D  3ULQFLSLXO IXQGDPHQWăULL úWLLQĠLILFH D DFWLYLWă‫܊‬LL
GHHODERUDUHDQRUPHORUMXULGLFH
± GHVFULHUHD VLWXD‫܊‬LLORU GH IDSW FH XUPHD]ă D IL
WUDQVIRUPDWHvQVLWXD‫܊‬LLGHGUHSW
± DQDOL]D MXGHFăWLORU GH YDORDUH FX SULYLUH OD
GHWHUPLQDUHDVLWXDĠLLORUGHIDSWFDUHWUHEXLHWUDQVIRUPDWH
‫܈‬L FDUH VH UHJăVHVF vQ FRQWUDVW FX MXGHFăĠLOH GH YDORDUH
GLQFDUHVHLQVSLUăvQVăúLVFKLPEDUHD
± DQWLFLSDUHD HIHFWHORU SRVLELOH DOH YLLWRDUHL
UHJOHPHQWăUL
± HVWLPDUHD FRVWXOXL VRFLDO DO SURLHFWDWHL UHIRUPH
OHJLVODWLYH

236
E  3ULQFLSLXO DVLJXUăULL XQXL UDSRUW ILUHVF vQWUH
GLQDPLFD‫܈‬LVWDWLFDUHSWXOXL
6LVWHPXO GH GUHSW WUHEXLH Vă ILH XQ VLVWHP GHVFKLV
FDUH Vă UHDOL]H]H XQ HFKLOLEUX GLQDPLF vQWUH WHQGLQWHOH
GHRSRWULYă LQGUHSWăWLWH ‫܈‬L FRUHODWH FRPSOHPHQWDU GH
FRQVHPQDUH‫܈‬LVFKLPE
9DORULOH SHUPDQHQWH DOH GUHSWXOXL WUHEXLH Vă QX ILH
VDFULILFDWH SULQWUR OHJLVOD‫܊‬LH SUHFLSLWDWă FDUH
DEVROXWL]HD]ă QHJDWLD GLVFRQWLQXLWDWHD GXSă FXP
GHVFKLGHUHD OD QRYDWLD QRUPDWLYH HD LQVăúL UHYHQGLFDWă
FHULQWHORU YLHWLL WUHEXLH Vă QX ILH EORFDWă GH
FRQVHUYDWRULVPXOMXULGLF
F 3ULQFLSLXODFFHVLELOLWă‫܊‬LLúLHFRQRPLHLGHPLMORDFH
‫܈‬LHWDERUDUHQRUPDWLYă
$FHVW SULQFLSLX VXEOLQLD]ă IDSWXO FD QRUPHOH MXULGLFH
SHQWUX D IL UHVSHFWDWH WUHEXLH vQ SULPXO UkQG UHFHSWDWH
FHHD FH LPSOLFLW VROLFLWă IRORVLUHD XQXL DQXPLW VWLO ‫܈‬L
OLPEDM VSHFLILF DFWHORU QRUPDWLYH FDUDFWHUL]DW SULQ
FRQFL]LXQHFODULWDWHDFFHVLELOLWDWHúLULJXUR]LWDWH
G  3ULQFLSLXO XQLWă‫܊‬LL UHJOHPHQWăULORU MXULGLFH úL
FRUHOăULLVLVWHPXOXLDFWHORUQRUPDWLYH
$FHVW SULQFLSLX YL]HD]ă IDSWXO Fă DFWXO QRUPDWLY FDUH
XUPHD]ă Vă ILH HODERUDW QX VH YD DGăXJD SXU úL VLPSOX
XQHL FROHFWLL GH QRUPH MXULGLFH GHRDUHFH QR‫܊‬LXQHD GH
VLVWHPGHGUHSWLPSOLFăIDSWXOFăQRUPHOHMXULGLFHGLQWU
XQVWDWIRUPHD]ăXQFRPSOH[XQLWDUvQFDGUXOFăUXLDVXQW
LQVWLWXLWH UHODWLL GH LHUDUKLH FRPSDWLELOLWDWH FRUHODUH úL
LQWHUGHSHQGHQWă

237
5HVSHFWDUHD DFHVWXL SULQFLSLX HVWH VWUkQV OHJDWă GH
UHVSHFWDUHD XQXL DOW SULQFLSLX LPSRUWDQW SULQFLSLXO
VXSUHPDWLHL OHJLL FRQIRUP FăUXLD OHJHD VH EXFXUă GH
IRUĠDMXULGLFăVXSUHPăvQLHUDUKLDL]YRDUHORUGHGUHSWLDU
FD OHJH VXSUHPă &RQVWLWXWLD RFXSă FHO PDL vQDOW ORF vQ
FDGUXODFHVWHLLHUDUKLL

(/$%25$5($$&7(/251250$7,9(

D ,QLĠLHUHDSURLHFWXOXLGHDFWQRUPDWLY
&RQIRUP SUHYHGHULORU &RQVWLWXWLHL LQLWLDWLYD
OHJLVODWLYă DSDUWLQH *XYHUQXOXL GHSXWDWLORU VHQDWRULORU
SUHFXP‫܈‬LXQXLQXPăUGHFHOSXWLQGHFHWă‫܊‬HQLFX
GUHSW GH YRW &HWăWHQLL FDUH LúL PDQLIHVWă GUHSWXO OD
LQLWLDWLYă OHJLVODWLYă WUHEXLH Vă SURYLQă GLQ FHO SXWLQ XQ
VIHUWGLQMXGHWHOHWăULLLDUvQILHFDUHGLQDFHVWHMXGHWHVDX
vQ PXQLFLSLXO %XFXUH‫܈‬WL WUHEXLH Vă ILH LQUHJLVWUDWH FHO
SXWLQGHVHPQăWXULvQVSULMLQXODFHVWHLLQLWLDWLYH
,QLWLDWLYD OHJLVODWLYă UHSUH]LQWă GUHSWXO GH D VHVL]D
3DUODPHQWXO FX XQ SURLHFW GH OHJH VDX R SURSXQHUH
OHJLVODWLYă DFHúWXL GUHSW FRUHVSXQ]kQGXL REOLJDWLD
FRUHODWLYă D 3DUODPHQWXOXL GH D GHFODQúD PHFDQLVPXO
SURFHGXULLOHJLVODWLYHVXSXQkQGSURLHFWXOVDXSURSXQHUHD
GH]EDWHULLvQFRPLVLLúLvQSOHQXW&DPHUHLVHVL]DWH
3URFHGXUD HVWH YDODELOă QXPDL SHQWUX OHJLOH RUGLQDUH
‫܈‬L RUJDQLFH SHQWUX OHJLOH FRQVWLWXWLRQDOH ILLQG SUHYă]XWă
RSURFHGXUăVSHFLDOă

238
&RQIRUPSUHYHGHULORU&RQVWLWXWLHLGHSXWDĠLLVHQDWRULL
úL FHWă‫܊‬HQLL FDUH H[HUFLWă GUHSWXO OD  LQLWLDWLYă OHJLVODWLYă
SRWSUH]HQWDSURSXQHULOHJLVODWLYHQXPDLvQIRUPDFHUXWă
SHQWUX SURLHFWHOH GH OHJL FHHD FH REOLJă SH DXWRUXO
UHVSHFWLYHL SURSXQHUL OHJLVODWLYH Vă R UHGDFWH]H FX
UHVSHFWDUHD QRUPHORU GH WHKQLFă OHJLVODWLYă SURSXQHUHD
XUPkQG D IL LQVRĠLWă GH R H[SXQHUH GH PRWLYH ‫܈‬L Vă ILH
UHGDFWDWă FRHUHQW vQ DUWLFROH úL DOLQLDWH VLVWHPDWL]DWH SH
VHFWLXQL úL FDSLWROH VDX vQ DOWH IRUPH GH H[SULPDUH D
PDWHULDOXOXLOHJLVODWLY
6XQW H[FOXVH GLQ RELHFWXO LQLWLDWLYHL OHJLVODWLYH D
FHWă‫܊‬HQLORU SUREOHPHOH ILVFDOH úL FHOH FX FDUDFWHU
LQWHUQDWLRQDO DPQLVWLD ‫܈‬L JUDWLHUHD vQ WRDWH FD]XULOH
3URLHFWHOH GH OHJL úL SURSXQHULOH OHJLVODWLYH VH VXSXQ
vQDLQWH GH D IL LQUHJLVWUDWH vQ 3DUODPHQW &RQVLOLXOXL
/HJLVODWLWLY VSUH DYL]DUH vQ YHGHUHD VLVWHPDWL]ăULL
XQLILFăULLúLFRRUGRQăULLLQWUHJLLOHJLVODWLLDWăULL

E 'H]EDWHUHDSURLHFWXOXLGHDFWQRUPDWLY
'H]EDWHUHD SURLHFWHORU DFWHWRU QRUPDWLYH DX ORF vQ
IRUPHOH VWDELOLWH GH &RQVWLWXWLH ‫܈‬L GH 5HJXODPHQWXO GH
RUJDQL]DUHúLIXQF‫܊‬LRQDUHD3DUODPHQWXOXL'H]EDWHUHDSH
DUWLFROH vQ FD]XO SURLHFWXOXL GH OHJH vQFHSH SULQ
SUH]HQWDUHD H[SXQHULL GH PRWLYH ‫܈‬L FX DSRUWXO FRPLVLHL
SHUPDQHQWHFDUHDDQDOL]DWSURLHFWXO




239
F $GRSWDUHDSURLHFWXOXLGHDFWQRUPDWLY
&RQIRUP SUHYHGHULORU GLQ &RQVWLWXWLH DGRSWDUHD
OHJLORU ‫܈‬L KRWăUkULORU XUPHD]ă R DQXPLWă SURFHGXUă
OHJLVODWLYă ÄLegile organice Юi hotărările privind
regulamentele Camerelor se adoptă cu votul majorităаii
membrilor fiecărei Camere. Legile ordinare Юi
hotărârile, se adoptă cu votul majorităаii membrilor
prezenti din fiecare Cameră.
La cererea Guvernului sau din proprie initiativă,
Parlamentul poate adopta proiecte de legi sau propuneri
legislative cu procedură de urgentă stabilită potrivit
regutamentului fiecărei Camere".
3URLHFWHOHGHOHJLVDXSURSXQHULOHOHJLVODWLYHDGRSWDWH
GH XQD GLQ &DPHUH VH WULPLW FHOHLODOWH &DPHUH D
3DUODPHQWXOXL'DFăDFHDVWDGLQXUPăUHVSLQJHSURLHFWXO
GHOHJHVDXSURSXQHUHDOHJLVODWLYăHOHVHWULPLWSHQWUXR
QRXă GH]EDWHUH &DPHUHL FDUH OHD DGRSWDW 2 QRXă
UHVSLQJHUHHVWHGHILQLWLYă
'DFăXQDGLQ&DPHUHDGRSWăXQSURLHFWGHOHJHVDXR
SURSXQHUH OHJLVODWLYă LQWUR UHGDFWDUH GLIHULWă GH FHD
DSUREDWă GH FHDODOWă &DPHUă SUHúHGLQWLL &DPHUHORU YRU
LQLWLD SULQ LQWHUPHGLXO XQHL FRPLVLL SDULWDUH SURFHGXUD
GHPHGLHUH
ÌQ FD]XO vQ FDUH FRPLVLD QX DMXQJH OD XQ DFRUG VDX
GDFă XQD GLQ &DPHUH QX DSUREă UDSRUWXO FRPLVLHL GH
PHGLHUHWH[WHOHDIODWHvQGLYHUJHQWăVHVXSXQGH]EDWHULL
&DPHUHL 'HSXWDWLORU úL 6HQDWXOXL vQ úHGLQWă FRPXQă
FDUHYRUDGRSWDWH[WXOGHILQLWLYFXYRWXOPDMRULWă‫܊‬LL

240

G 3URPXOJDUHDOHJLL
'DFăOHJHDHVWHYRWDWăHDHVWHDGRSWDWă3URPXOJDUHD
RIDFH3UHúHGLQWHOH5RPkQLHLúLQXHVWHXQYRWQRXFLHVWH
XQDFWFDUHYL]HD]ăGRXăDVSHFWH
± SULQ SURPXOJDUH VH UHFXQRD‫܈‬WH Fă DFHVWD HVWH
FRQ‫܊‬LQXWXO DXWHQWLF DW WH[WXOXL FDUH D IRVW YRWDW GH FHOH
GRXă&DPHUH
±SULQSURPXOJDUHVHGăGLVSR]L‫܊‬LHVăILHSXEOLFDWăvQ
SXEOLFDWLDRILFLDOă
3URPXOJDUHDVHIDFHvQWHUPHQGHFHOPXOWGH]LOH
GHODSULPLUHDOHJLLÌQDLQWHGHSURPXOJDUH3UHúHGLQWHOH
SRDWH FHUH R VLQJXUă GDWă UHH[DPLQDUHD OHJLL 'DFă
3UHúHGLQWHOHDFHUXWUHH[DPLQDUHDOHJLLRULGDFăVDFHUXW
YHULILFDUHD FRQVWLWXWLRQDOLWă‫܊‬LL HL SURPXOJDUHD OHJLL VH
IDFHvQFHOPXOW]LOHGHODSULPLUHDOHJLLDGRSWDWHGXSă
UHH[DPLQDUH VDX GH OD SULPLUHD GHFL]LHL &RQVWLWXWLRQDOH
SULQFDUHLVDFRQILUPDWFRQVWLWXWLRQDOLWăWHD

H 3XEOLFDUHDOHJLL
&RQIRUP &RQVWLWXWLHL OHJHD VH SXEOLFă vQ 0RQLWRUXO
2ILFLDO DW 5RPkQLHL ‫܈‬L LQWUă vQ YLJRDUH OD GDWD SXEOLFăULL
VDXODGDWDSUHYă]XWăvQWH[WXOHL
3ULQXUPDUHGDFăOHJHDQXFXSULQGHXQWHUPHQSHQWUX
LQWUDUHD HL vQ YLJRDUH GDWD SXEOLFăULL DFHVWHLD vQ
0RQLWRUXO2ILFLDODO5RPkQLHLUHSUH]LQWăGDWDGHODFDUH
HD GHYLQH H[HFXWRULH SHQWUX WRWL FHL FăURUD OL VH
DGUHVHD]ă

241
6758&785$$&7(/251250$7,9(

ÌQ JHQHUDO DFWXO QRUPDWLY HVWH LQVRWLW GH R H[SXQHUH
GH PRWLYH FDUH H[SULPD VXFFLQW FRQVLGHUHQWHOH GH
QHFHVLWDWH DOH LQWHUYHQ‫܊‬LHL QRUPDWLYH UHIHULQGXVH OD
UHJOHPHQWDULOH H[LVWHQWH úL OD QHDMXQVXULOH DFHVWRUD OD
ILQDOLWDWHD QRLORU SUHYHGHUL OD FRQWULEXWLD DGXVD vQ
PDWHULH úL OD HIHFWHOH FH XUPHD]D DVH PDQLIHVWD vQ SODQ
VRFLDO SUHFXP úL vQ SODQXO YHFKLORU UHJOHPHQWDUL úL DO
VLVWHPXOXLGHGUHSW
D  7,7/8/ $&78/8, 1250$7,9 HVWH HOHPHQWXO
GHLGHQWLILFDUHDDFHVWXLD
7LWOXOWUHEXLHVDILHVXJHVWLYVFXUWúLVDH[SULPHFODU
‫܈‬L FRQFUHW RELHFWXO UHJOHPHQWDULL GH H[ OHJHD IRQGXOXL
IXQFLDUOHJHDFHWDWHQLHL 
E  35($0%8/8/ $&78/8, 1250$7,9
UHSUH]LQWăRLQWURGXFHUHvQFDUHVHSUH]LQWDFRQVLGHUDWLLOH
H[WUDMXGLFLDUHGHQDWXUDVRFLDODHFRQRPLFDSROLWLFDDOH
HODERUDULLDFWXOXL
3UHDPEXOXO QX FRQWLQH LQVD QRUPH MXULGLFH ‫܈‬L QX DUH
GHFLIRU‫܊‬DMXULGLFă
(O H[SOLFD VDX IXQGDPHQWHD]D DFWXO QRUPDWLY LDU
DEVHQWD OXL QX HVWH GH QDWXUD VD LPSLHWH]H DVXSUD
YDOLGLWDWLLDFWXOXL
F )2508/$,1752'8&7,9$SUHFL]HD]DWHPHLXO
MXULGLF FRQVWLWXWLRQDO VDX OHJDO  FDUH VWD OD ED]D
UHJOHPHQWDULLUHVSHFWLYH

242
G  ',632=,7,,/( 6$8 35,1&,3,,/( *(1(5$/(
UHSUH]LQWă R SULPD SDUWH D UHJOHPHQWDULORU GLQ DFWXO
QRUPDWLY XQGH VXQW VWDELOLWH GLVSR]L‫܊‬LL FX FDUDFWHU
JHQHUDOFDUHSULYHVFDFWXOQRUPDWLYvQWRWDOLWDWHDVD
(OHFXSULQGSUHYHGHULSULQFDUHVHGHWHUPLQDRELHFWXO
VFRSXO VIHUD UHODWLLORU GH UHJOHPHQWDUH ‫܈‬L SULQFLSLLOH
DIODWHODED]DUHJOHPHQWDULLGHILQLUHDXQRUQR‫܊‬LXQLHWF
H  ',632=,7,,/( '( &21‫܉‬,187 IRUPHD]D
FRQ‫܊‬LQXWXOSURSULX]LVDDFWXOXLQRUPDWLY
$LFL VXQW FXSULQVH UHJXOLOH FDUH VWDELOHVF GUHSWXUL úL
REOLJD‫܊‬LLVWLSXODUHDXQXLDQXPLWFRPSRUWDPHQWXUPDULOH
QHIDYRUDELOHLYLWHvQXUPDYLRODULLSUHFHSWXOXLQRUPHL
ÌQ IXQF‫܊‬LH GH SUREOHPDWLFD DFWXOXL QRUPDWLY
GLVSR]L‫܊‬LLOH GH FRQ‫܊‬LQXW SRW IL PDL PXOW VDX PDL SXWLQ
QXPHURDVHúLVHSRWLPSDUWLvQGLYL]LXQL
GLVSR]LWLLILQDOHFDUHSULYHVFGDWDLQWUDULLvQYLJRDUHD
DFWXOXL UHVSHFWLY DWXQFL FDQG VH GRUHVWH FD WH[WXO VD
VWDELOHDVFDRDQXPLWDGDWD
±GLVSR]L‫܊‬LLWUDQ]LWRULLFDUHILJXUHD]DDWXQFLFDQGQRXD
UHJOHPHQWDUH DQWUHQHD]D FRQVHFLQWH DVXSUD YHFKLORU
UHJOHPHQWDULGHWHUPLQDQGRVLWXD‫܊‬LHWUDQ]LWRULH

 7(+1,&$ 6,67(0$7,=Ă5,, $&7(/25
1250$7,9(

'DFDVLVWHPXOGUHSWXOXLUHSUH]LQWăVWUXFWXUDUHDLQWHUQD
D GUHSWXOXL vQ SDUWL LQWHUGHSHQGHQWH QRUPD MXULGLFă
LQVWLWX‫܊‬LD MXULGLFă UDPXUD GH GUHSW VLVWHPXO DFWHORU

243
QRUPDWLYH YL]HD]D R DQXPLWD RUJDQL]DUH D DFWHORU
QRUPDWLYHvQYLJRDUHFRQIRUPXQRUFULWHULLVXELHFWLYHVDX
RELHFWLYH
3ULQ XUPDUH vQ VLVWHPXO GUHSWXOXL XQLWDWHD GH ED]D
HVWH QRUPD SH FDQG vQ VLVWHPXO DFWHORU QRUPDWLYH
XQLWDWHDGHED]DHVWHDFWXOQRUPDWLYvQIRUPHOHOXLYDULDWH
GHOHJHRUGRQDQĠăGHFUHWKRWDUDUHHWF
3ULQFLSDOHOH IRUPH GH VLVWHPDWL]DUH D DFWHORU
QRUPDWLYHVXQWLQFRUSRUDUHDúLFRGLILFDUHD
D Ì1&25325$5($
,QFRUSRUDUHD HVWH FRQVLGHUDWă FHD PDL VLPSOă IRUPă
GH VLVWHPDWL]DUH úL FHD PDL YHFKH FRQVWkQG vQ JUXSDUHD
DFWHORU QRUPDWLYH vQ IXQF‫܊‬LH GH FULWHULL H[WHULRDUH
FURQRORJLF GXSă VXFFHVLXQHD WHPSRUDOă D DSDUL‫܊‬LHL
DFWHORU  DOIDEHWLF SRUQLQG GH OD GHQXPLUHD PDWHULHL
UHJOHPHQWDWH 
&HHDFHHVWHGHHVHQĠDDFHVWHLIRUPHGHVLVWHPDWL]DUH
HVWH XWLOL]DUHD PDWHULDOXOXL QRUPDWLY DúD FXP HVWH HO
DOFăWXLW IăUă D SURYRFD PRGLILFăUL GH FRQ‫܊‬LQXW IăUă DO
SUHOXFUD FRUHFWkQGXVH HYHQWXDO GRDU DQXPLWH HURUL GH
RUGLQWHUPLQRORJLFVDXJUHúHOLJUDPDWLFDOH 
,QFRUSRUDUHDSRDWHDYHDFDUDFWHURILFLDOVDXQHRILFLDO
,QFRUSRUDUHD HVWH RILFLDOă DWXQFL FkQG HVWH LQIăSWXLWă
GH XQ RUJDQ GH VWDW 0LQLVWHUXO -XVWLWLHL 3URFXUDWXUD
*HQHUDOă FDUHLQWRFPHúWHFXOHJHULGHDFWHVDXUHSHUWRULL
OHJLVODWLYHLQGH[GHDFWHOHJLVOD‫܊‬LHX]XDOă 
ÌQFRUSRUDUHDHVWHQHRILFLDOăDWXQFLFkQGHVWHUHDOL]DWă
GH SHUVRDQH SDUWLFXODUH GH GLIHULWH RUJDQLVPH ‫܈‬L

244
RUJDQL]DWLLQHVWDWDOHVDXGHHGLWXULLQVWLWX‫܊‬LLGHFHUFHWDUH
úLLQYăĠăPkQW
ÌQFRUSRUDUHD DFWHORU QRUPDWLYH HVWH FXQRVFXWă GLQ
FHOH PDL YHFKL WLPSXUL ILLQG IRORVLWă vQ WRDWH WLSXULOH
LVWRULFH GH GUHSW 'H H[HPSOX GRFWULQD DPLQWHúWH
VLVWHPDWL]DUHD GHFUHWHORU LPSHULDOH GLQ WLPSXO GRPQLHL
LPSăUDWXOXLURPDQ-XVWLQLDQ ±HQ ±Ä&RUSXV
MXULVFLYLOLVÄ
E &2',),&$5($
&D IRUPă VXSHULRDUă úL GH GDWă PDL UHFHQWă D
VLVWHPDWL]ăULL OHJLVOD‫܊‬LHL FRGLILFDUHD VH GHRVHEHúWH GH
vQFRUSRUDUH DWkW SULQ RELHFWXO HL SULQ VXELHFWHOH FH R
UHDOL]H]ăFkW‫܈‬LSULQIRU‫܊‬DVDMXULGLFă
(D SUHVXSXQH FXSULQGHUHD LQWUXQ FRG DFW QRUPDWLY
FXIRU‫܊‬ăMXULGLFăGHOHJH DQRUPHORUMXULGLFHDSDUWLQkQG
DFHOHLDúLUDPXULGHGUHSW
$FĠLXQHD GH FRGLILFDUH SUHVXSXQH R DFWLYLWDWH
FRPSOH[ă D OHJLXLWRUXOXL GH SUHOXFUDUH D LQWUHJXOXL
PDWHULDO QRUPDWLY GH LQGHSăUWDUH D QRUPHORU GHSăúLWH
GHVXHWH GH FRPSOHWDUH D ODFXQHORU H[LVWHQWH SULQ
HOHPHQWH GH QRYDWLH OHJLVODWLYă GH LQWURGXFHUHD QRLL
QRUPH FHUXWH GH HYROXWLD UHODWLLORU VRFLDOH GH RUGRQDUH
ORJLFă D PDWHULDOXOXL QRUPDWLY úL FKLDU LQWURGXFHUHD
XWLOL]ăULL XQRU PLMORDFH PRGHUQH GH WHKQLFă OHJLVODWLYă
QRLIRUPHH[WHULRDUHGHUHJOHPHQWDUHPLMORDFHDGHFYDWH
GHFRQFHSWXDOL]DUH 
6XSHULRULWDWHD FRGLILFăULL FD IRUPD GH VLVWHPDWL]DUH
VH ED]HD]ă SH FRQVLGHUHQWXO Fă HD SRUQHúWH LQWRWGHDXQD

245
GHODSULQFLSLLOHJHQHUDOHDOHVLVWHPXOXLGUHSWXOXLVDXDOH
QRUPHL GH GUHSW úL FDXWă Vă UHGHD LQWUXQ FRQ‫܊‬LQXW ‫܈‬L R
IRUPă XQLWDUă FkW PDL FRPSOHW WRDWH QRUPHOH MXULGLFH
GLQWURUDPXUă
'HúL DUH IRU‫܊‬D MXULGLFă D XQHL OHJL &RGXO QX HVWH R
OHJH RELúQXLWă FL XQ DFW OHJLVODWLY XQLF FX R RUJDQL]DUH
LQWHUQăDSDUWHvQFDUHQRUPHOHMXULGLFHVXQWDúH]DWHLQWU
R FRQVHFYHQWă ORJLFă GXSă XQ VLVWHP ULJXURV FRQFHSXW
FDUHUHIOHFWăVWUXFWXUDLQWHUQăDUDPXULLGHGUHSW


ÎNTREBĂRI RECAPITULATIVE
±'HILQL‫܊‬LSROLWLFDOHJLVODWLYD
±&HGHVHPQHD]DWHKQLFDMXULGLFă"
±&DUHVXQWHWDSHOHWHKQLFLLOHJLVODWLYH"
±(QXPHUD‫܊‬LúLFRPHQWDWLSULQFLSLLOHOHJLIHUDULL
±&DUHVXQWHWDSHOHHODERUDULLDFWHORUQRUPDWLYH"
±(QXPHUD‫܊‬LSDUWLOHFRQVWLWXWLYHDOHDFWXOXLQRUPDWLY
±&HSUHVXSXQHVLVWHPDWL]DUHDDFWHORUQRUPDWLYH"

7(0(3(1758'(=%$7(5(
(YHQLPHQWHOHOHJLVODWLYH
)RUPXODLQWURGXFWLYDDDFWXOXLQRUPDWLY
3DUWHDGLVSR]L‫܊‬LYDDDFWXOXLQRUPDWLY
,QLWLDWLYDOHJLVODWLYH



246
BIBLIOGRAFIE
 1LFRODH 3RSD ± 7HRULD JHQHUDOă D GUHSWXOXL
%XFXUH‫܈‬WLS
 ,RQ &UDLRYDQ ± 7HRULD JHQHUDOă D GUHSWXOXL
%XFXUH‫܈‬WLS
 *K & 0LKDL 5DGX , 0RWLFD ± )XQGDPHQWHOH
GUHSWXOXL%XFXUH‫܈‬WLS
/HJHDSULYLQGQRUPHOHGHWHKQLFăOHJLVODWLYăSHQWUX
HODERUDUHD DFWHORU QRUPDWLYH QU  GLQ  PDUWLH 
021UGLQPDUWLH3DUWHD, 
 +* QU  SHQWUX DSUREDUHD
5HJXODPHQWXOXL SULYLQG SURFHGXULOH SHQWUX VXSXQHUHD
SURLHFWHORUGHDFWHQRUPDWLYHVSUHDSUREDUHDJXYHUQXOXL

247

8QLWDWHDGHvQYă‫܊‬DUH
6,67(08/'5(378/8,


CONЯINUTUL UNITĂЯII DE ÎNVĂЯARE


2ELHFWLYHXUPăULWH
7LPSDORFDWXQLWă‫܊‬LL
&XYLQWHFKHLH
1R‫܊‬LXQH
&ULWHULLOHGHVWUXFWXUDUHDVLVWHPXOXLGHGUHSW
5DPXULOHGUHSWXOXLFRQWHPSRUDQ
ÌQWUHEăULUHFDSLWXODWLYH
7HPHSHQWUXGH]EDWHUH
%LEOLRJUDILH


OBIECTIVE URMĂRITE
± &XQRDVWHUHD FULWHULLORU GH VWUXFWXUDUH D VLVWHPXOXL
GUHSWXOXLURPDQHVF
±ÌQVX‫܈‬LUHDFRQFHSWHORUVSHFLILFHFRQFHSWHORUGHGUHSW
GLQĠDUDQRDVWUă

7,03$/2&$781,7Ă‫܉‬,,25(




248
CUVINTE CHEIE
±Ramura de drept±DQVDPEOXOQRUPHORUMXULWLFHFDUH
UHJOHPHQWHD]D UHODWLLOH VRFLDOH GLQWUXQ DQXPLW GRPHQLX
DO YLHWLL VRFLDOH vQ ED]D XQHL PHWRGH VSHFLILFH GH
UHJOHPHQWDUHúLDXQRUSULQFLSLLFRPXQH
± Institutia juridică ± WRWDOLWDWHD QRUPHORU MXULWLFH
RUJDQLFOHJDWHDSDUWLQDWRDUHXQRUUDPXULGHGUHSW

12‫܉‬,81(

6LVWHPXOGUHSWXOXLHVWHUH]XOWDWXOXQLWă‫܊‬LLUDPXULORU‫܈‬L
LQVWLWX‫܊‬LLORU GUHSWXOXL úL DSDUH FD R XQLWDWH RELHFWLY
GHWHUPLQDWD SH FDQG VLVWHPXO OHJLVODWLY UHSUH]LQWă R
RUJDQL]DUH D OHJLVOD‫܊‬LHL SH ED]D XQRU FULWHULL DOHVH GH
OHJLXLWRU
1RUPHOH MXULGLFH QX VWDX L]RODWH HOH VH JUXSHD]D vQ
LQVWLWX‫܊‬LL úL UDPXUL vQ IHOXO DFHVWD HOH UHSUH]LQWă
HOHPHQWXO GH ED]D DO VLVWHPXOXL GUHDSWXOXL úL IRUPHD]D
VLVWHPXOMXULGLFHOHPHQWDU
1RUPD MXULGLFă HVWH OHJDWă GH VLVWHP GHULYD GLQ
VFKHPDVDúLLPSOLFDIXQF‫܊‬LDSHFDUHRYDMXFDVLVWHPXOFD
DWDUH6LVWHPXOGUHSWXOXLFRQVWLWXLHJHQHUDOXOvQUDSRUWFX
QRUPD GH GUHSW FDUH UHSUH]LQWă SDUWLFXODUXO ,QWUH
HOHPHQWHOHVLVWHPXOXLGHGUHSW QRUPHLQVWLWX‫܊‬LLUDPXUL 
H[LVWDIX]LXQLRUJDQLFHHOHQHILLQGLQGLIHUHQWHXQHOHIDĠă
GHDOWHOH

249
6SUH GHRVHELUH GH DOWH VLVWHPH QRUPDWLYH VLVWHPXO
GUHSWXOXL HVWH FDUDFWHUL]DW SULQWUR PDL DFFHQWXDOD
FRQYHUJHQWD D ODWXULORU VDOH HO HVWH LQWUR PDL PLFD
PDVXUD XQ ÄMRF IRUPDO GH GLIHUHQWH´ FXP HVWH VLVWHPXO
HVWHWLF
([SOLFDWLDVHJDVHVWHvQVSHFLILFXOVLVWHPXOXLMXULWLFvQ
WUDVDWXULOHGUHSWXOXLFDIDFWRUGHSURJUDPDUHDOLEHUWDWLORU
GHDFWLXQHvQFDGUXOUHODWLLORUVRFLDOH
3H ODQJD PRGHOXO GH FRPSRUWDPHQW SH FDUH LO
FXSULQGH QRUPD GH GUHSW DFHDVWD FRQWLQH ‫܈‬L FULWHULL GH
HYDOXDUH D FRPSRUWDPHQWXOXL WUDQVSXQDQG vQ DFWLXQL
FRQFUHWHLGHDOXOMXULWLFDOVRFLHWDWLL

&5,7(5,,/('(6758&785$5(
$6,67(08/8,'('5(37

6LVWHPXO GUHSWXOXL HYRFD XQLWDWHD ‫܈‬L GLIHUHQWLHUHD VD
DGLFă LPSDUWLUHD SH UDPXUL ‫܈‬L LQVWLWX‫܊‬LL MXULWLFH&HD PDL
ODUJD JUXSDUH GH QRUPH MXULWLFH R FRQVWLWXLH UDPXUD GH
GUHSW
5DPXUDGHGUHSWHVWHDQVDPEOXOQRUPHORUMXULWLFHFDUH
UHJOHPHQWHD]D UHODWLLOH VRVLDOH GLQWUXQ DQXPLW GRPHQLX
DO YLHWLL VRFLDOH vQ ED]D XQHL PHWRGH VSHFLILFH GH
UHJOHPHQWDUH úL D XQRU SULQFLSLL FRPXQH &ULWHULLOH vQ
ED]D FăURUD VH VWUXFWXUHD]D UDPXULOH VLVWHPXOXL GH GUHSW
VXQW
±2ELHFWXOUHJOHPHQWDULLMXULWLFH

250
± 5HODWLLOH VRFLDOH FH FDG VXE LQFLGHQWD QRUPHORU
MXULWLFH
± 0HWRGD UHJOHPHQWDULL PRGDOLWDWHD SUHFWLFD GH
LPSOHPHQWDUHDFRQGXLWHLvQFDGUXOUHODWLLORUVRFLDOH
±3ULQFLSLLOHFRPXQHUDPXULLGHGUHSWUHVSHFWLYH
$VWIHO UDPXUD GH GUHSW VWDELOHVWH IRUPH VSHFLILFH GH
OHJăWXUDvQWUHQRUPHOHMXULWLFHFDUHRFRPSXQOHJăWXULFH
GHWHUPLQD WUDVDWXULOH GH WUDLQLFLH úL XQLWDWH D UDPXULL
DVLJXUDQGXLGXUDELOLWDWHvQWLPS
2ELHFWXO UHJOHPHQWDULL MXULWLFH FD WHPHL SULRULWDU vQ
VWUXFWXUDUHDXQHLUDPXULGHGUHSWFRQVWLWXLHLPSUHXQDFX
SULQFLSLLOH FRPXQH UHJOHPHQWDULL GLQ UDPXUD UHVSHFWLYD
FULWHULLRELHFWLYHDOHFRQVWUXFWLHLXQHLUDPXUL
0HWRGHOHGHUHJOHPHQWDUHFDDQVDPEOXGHPRGDOLWDWL
GHGLULMDUHDFRQGXLWHLXPDQHSHRFDOHVRFLDOPHQWHXWLOD
IRUPHD]DXQFULWHULXVXELHFWLY
$VWIHO vQ UDPXUD GUHSWXOXL FLYLO RELHFW GH
UHJOHPHQWDUH VXQW UHODWLLOH VRFLDOH FX FRQ‫܊‬LQXW
SDWULPRQLDO‫܈‬LUHODWLLOHVRFLDOHSHUVRQDOHQHSDWULPRQLDOH
&ULWHULXO RELHFWXOXL UHJOHPHQWDULL MXULWLFH VH
FRPSOHWHD]DXQHRULFXFHODODPHWRGHLGHUHJOHPHQWDUH
MXULGLFă
'UHSWXOXL FLYLO vL HVWH VSHFLILFă PHWRGD HFKLYDOHQWHL
SDUWLORU ID‫܊‬ă GH GUHSWXO DGPLQLVWUDWLY vQ FDUH PHWRGD GH
UHJOHPHQWDUHHVWHDFHHDDVXERUGRQDULLSDUWLORU
ÌQFDGUXOILHFDUHLUDPXULGHGUHSWQRUPHOHMXULWLFHVH
JUXSHD]D vQ DQVDPEOXUL QRUPDWLYH PDL UHGXVHLQVWLWX‫܊‬LL
MXULWLFH

251
2 QRUPD GH GUHSW L]RODWD QX DU UHJOHPHQWD LQWUXQ
PRGFRPSOHWRDQXPLWDUHODWLHVRFLDOD
$QVDPEOXO QRUPHORU MXULWLFH FDUH UHJOHPHQWHD]D
UHODWLLOH VRFLDOH DSURSLDWH DOFDWXLHVF R LQVWLWX‫܊‬LH MXULWLFD
GHH[HPSOXLQVWLWX‫܊‬LDSUHVFULSWLHWHQWDWLYHLHWF
,QVWLWXWLD MXULWLFD HVWH WRWDOLWDWHD QRUPHORU MXULWLFH
RUJDQLF OHJDWH FDUH DSDUWLQ XQHL UDPXUL GH GUHSW úL FDUH
UHJOHPHQWHD]DXQJUXSGHUHDODWLLVRFLDOHLQUXGLWH
([LVWHQWDUDPXULLGHGUHSWúLDLQVWLWX‫܊‬LLORUMXULWLFHHVWH
GHWHUPLQDWD GH FRPSOH[LWDWHD UHODWLLORU VRFLDOH FDUH
SULPHVF UHJOHPHQWDUH MXULWLFD 5HODWLLOH VRFLDOH H[LVWD vQ
VWUDQVD FRUHODWLH IDSW FH GHWHUPLQD OHJăWXULOH QHFHVDUH
vQWUH GLIHULWHOH UDPXUL GH GUHSW SUHFXP ‫܈‬L DQXPLWH
LQVWLWX‫܊‬LLMXULWLFHPL[WH

5$085,/('5(378/8,&217(0325$1

'UHSWXO SR]LWLY VH LPSDUWH vQ GUHSW SEOLF ‫܈‬L GUHSW
SULYDW DFHDVWD GLYL]LXQH JDVLQGX‫܈‬L RULJLQHD LQFD GLQ
GUHSWXOURPDQ MXVSXEOLFXPHWMXVSULYDWXP 
3RWLYLWXQXLWH[WGLQ8OSLDQGUHSWXOSXEOLFVHUHIHUDOD
RUJDQL]DUHD VWDWXOXL LDU GUHSWXO SULYDW VH UHIHUD OD
LQWHUHVXOILHFDUXLD
$FHDVWD GLYL]LXQH D GUHSWXOXL SULYHVWH DWDW GUHSWXO
LQWHUQ FkW ‫܈‬L GUHSWXO LQWHUQDWLRQDO úL DUH GUHSW FULWHULX
HVHQWLDOXWLOLWDWHDGUHSWXOXL
$FHOH UHJOHPHQWăUL FDUH VH UHIHUă OD RUJDQL]DUHD
VWDWDOă D SXWHULORU ‫܈‬L LQVWLWX‫܊‬LLORU SXEOLFH  VDX FDUH

252
VDWLVIDF vQ SULQFLSDO QHYRLOH VWDWXOXL SROLWLFD ILVFDOă
DSăUDUHD VRFLDOă LPSRWULYD IDSWHORU LQIUDFWLRQDOH
RUJDQL]DUHD LQIDSWXLULL MXVWLWLHL HWF  VXQW FXSULQVH vQ
GUHSWXO SXEOLF 3RWULYLW DFHVWHL GLYL]LXQL GLQ GUHSWXO
SXEOLFIDFSDUWHXUPăWRDUHOHUDPXULDOHGUHSWXOXL
± GUHSWXO FRQVWLWXWLRQDO FDUH UHJOHPHQWHD]ă vQ
SULQFLSLX RUJDQL]DUHD VWDWDOă UDSRUWXULOH GLQWUH
LQVWLWX‫܊‬LLOH SXEOLFH SUHFXP ‫܈‬L UDSRUWXULOH GLQWUH VWDW úL
FHWă‫܊‬HQL
± GUHSWXO DGPLQLVWUDWLY FDUH UHJOHPHQWHD]ă UHODWLLOH
VRFLDOHGLQVIHUDDGPLQLVWUDWLHLSXEOLFHUDSRUWXULOHGLQWUH
RUJDQHOHDGPLQLVWUDWLHLSXEOLFH‫܈‬LFHWă‫܊‬HQL
± GUHSWXO SHQDO FDUH UHJOHPHQWHD]ă UHODWLLOH GH
DSăUDUH VRFLDOă RUJDQL]DWH GH FăWUH VWDW IDWă GH FHL FDUH
FRPLWLQIUDFWLXQL
± GUHSWXO SURFHVXDO SHQDO FDUH UHJOHPHQWHD]ă
DFWLYLWDWHDRUJDQHORUMXGLFLDUHDSăUWLORUúLDSHUVRDQHORU
SUHFXP ‫܈‬L UDSRUWXULOH MXULGLFH FDUH VH VWDELOHVF vQWUH HOH
vQ YHGHUHD FRQVWDWăULL WXWXURU IDSWHORU FDUH FRQVWLWXLH
LQIUDFWLXQL úL D DSOLFăULL SHGHSVHORU ‫܈‬L PăVXULORU
SUHYă]XWHGHOHJHDSHQDOăFHORUFDUHOHDXVăYkUúLW
± GUHSWXO SURFHVXDO FLYLO FDUH UHJOHPHQWHD]ă
DFWLYLWDWHDRUJDQHORUMXGLFLDUHDSăUWLORUúLDSHUVRDQHORU
vQ FDGUXO DFWLYLWă‫܊‬LL GH MXGHFDUH D FDX]HORU GH QDWXUă
FLYLOă
± GUHSWXO LQWHUQDWLRQDO SXEOLF FDUH UHJOHPHQWHD]ă
UHODWLLOHGLQWUHVWDWHvQFDGUXOFăURUDDFHVWHDVHPDQLIHVWă
FDWLWXODUHDOHGUHSWXULORUORUVXYHUDQHSUHFXP‫܈‬LUHODWLLOH

253
GLQWUH VWDWH úL DOWH VXELHFWH GH GUHSW LQWHUQDWLRQDO
RUJDQL]DWLL LQWHUQDWLRQDOH SUHFXP 218 1$72
HWF 
'HVLJXUFăDFHVWRUUDPXULÄWUDGLWLRQDOH´DOHGUHSWXOXL
SXEOLF OL VH SRW DGăXJD ‫܈‬L DOWHOH GHVSULQVH XOWHULRU GLQ
UkQGXOORUúLFRQVWLWXLWHvQUDPXULGHVLQHVWăWăWRDUHFDGH
H[HPSOX
± GUHSWXO ILQDQFLDU GHVSULQV GLQ UDPXUD GUHSWXOXL
DGPLQLVWUDWLY ‫܈‬L FDUH UHJOHPHQWHD]ă UHODWLLOH RUJDQHORU
DGPLQLVWUDWLHL  ILQDQFLDUH FX FHWă‫܊‬HQLL VDX FX DOWH
VXELHFWH GH GUHSW RUJDQH DOH VWDWXOXL VDX DOWH SHUVRDQH
MXULGLFHFXREOLJD‫܊‬LLILVFDOH 
± GUHSWXO PDULWLP GHVSULQV GLQ GUHSWXO LQWHUQDWLRQDO
SXEOLF FDUH UHJOHPHQWHD]ă UHJLPXO QDYLJDWLHL úL DO
H[SORDWăULLUHVXUVHORUVXEPDULQHDOSHVFXLWXOXLvQPDUHD
OLEHUăHWF
ÌQ GUHSWXO SULYDW VH FLUFXPVFULX DFHOH UDPXUL DOH
GUHSWXOXL FDUH UHJOHPHQWHD]ă vQ SULQFLSLX UHODWLLOH
VRFLDOHSDWULPRQLDOHúLSHUVRDQHOHQHSDWULPRQLDOHODFDUH
SDUWLFLSă FD VXELHFWH GH GUHSW SHUVRDQHOH SDUWLFXODUH
ÄFLYLOH´XUPăULQGXVHLQWHUHVHLQGLYLGXDOHvQFDGUXOXQRU
UDSRUWXUL GH QDWXUă FRPHUFLDOă IDPLOLDOă FRQWUDFWXDOă
HWF
6H FRQVLGHUă FD GUHSWXO FLYLO DU IL GUHSWXO SULYDW
JHQHUDO GLQ HO GHULYkQG FHOHODOWH UDPXUL DOH GUHSWXOXL
SULYDW $VWIHO GUHSWXO FRPHUFLDO GH H[HPSOX XWLOL]HD]ă
SH ODUJ SULQFLSLL MXULGLFH úL LQVWLWX‫܊‬LL DOH GUHSWXOXL FLYLO

254
FHHDFHFUHHD]ăDSDUHQWDFăDFHVWDQDUILGHFkWRUDPXUă
DGUHSWXOXLFLYLO
5DPXULOH WUDGLWLRQDOH DOH GUHSWXOXL SULYDW VXQW
XUPăWRDUHOH
± GUHSWXO FLYLO FDUH UHJOHPHQWHD]ă XQHOH UDSRUWXUL
SDWULPRQLDOHvQFDUHSăUWLOHILJXUHD]ăFDVXELHFWHHJDOHvQ
GUHSWXUL SUHFXP úL XQHOH UDSRUWXUL SHUVRQDOH
QHSDWULPRQLDOH OHJDWH GH LQGLYLGXDOLWDWHD SHUVRDQHL
FRQGL‫܊‬LD MXULGLFă D SHUVRDQHORU IL]LFH úL D DOWRU VXELHFWH
FROHFWLYH GH GUHSW vQ FDOLWDWHD ORU GH SDUWLFLSDQWL OD
UDSRUWXULOHMXULGLFHFLYLOH
± GUHSWXO FRPHUFLDO FDUH UHJOHPHQWHD]ă UHODWLLOH
VRFLDOHFHVHVWDELOHVFvQWUHVXELHFWHHJDOHvQGUHSWXULvQ
FRQWH[WXO HIHFWXăULL XQRU DFWH GH FRPHUW vQILLQWDUHD ‫܈‬L
IXQF‫܊‬LRQDUHD VRFLHWăWLORU FRPHUFLDOH FRQWUDFWH
FRPHUFLDOH GHFODUDUHD IDOLPHQWXOXL HWF  „Spre
deosebire de dreptul civil, care se ocupă de bogătia
formată úi de conservarea sa, dreptul comercial se
ocupă de bogătia în formare” PHQWLRQHD]ă
SURIXQLYGU1LFRODH3RSD
± GUHSWXO IDPLOLHL FDUH UHJOHPHQWHD]ă UDSRUWXULWH
MXULGLFH SHUVRQDOH úL SDWULPRQLDOH FH L]YRUăVF GLQ
FăVăWRULH UXGHQLH DGRSĠLH ‫܈‬L UDSRUWXULOH DVLPLODWH GH
OHJHVXEDQXPLWHDVSHFWHFXUDSRUWXULOHGHIDPLOLH
±GUHSWXOPXQFLLFXSULQGHQRUPHOHMXULGLFHDSOLFDELOH
UHODWLLORU LQGLYLGXDOH ‫܈‬L FROHFWLYH FDUH VH QDVF vQWUH
DQJDMD‫܊‬L ‫܈‬L DQJDMDWRUL FH PXQFHVF VXE DXWRULWDWHD ORU FX
RFD]LDSUHVWăULLPXQFLL

255
6H FRQVLGHUă Fă GUHSWXO PXQFLL IDFH SDUWH LQWHJUDQWă
GLQVIHUDGUHSWXOXLSULYDWGHRDUHFHLQWHUHVXOSăUWLORUHVWH
XQXO SDUWLFXODU DWkW DQJDMDWXO FkW ‫܈‬L DQJDMDWRUXO DX
LQWHUHVHOHORUSDUWLFXODUHVWDWXOQHILLQGLPSOLFDW úLSHGH
DOWăSDUWHSăUWLOHVHVLWXHD]ăSHSR]LWLLGHHJDOLWDWHFHHD
FHHVWHGHHVHQWDGUHSWXOXLSULYDW


ÎNTREBĂRI RECAPITULATIVE
±'HILQL‫܊‬LDúLFRQ‫܊‬LQXWXOGUHSWXOXLSXEOLF
±'HILQL‫܊‬LD‫܈‬LFRQ‫܊‬LQXWXOGUHSWXOXLSULYDW

7(0(3(1758'(=%$7(5(
 1HFHVLWDWHD RUJDQL]DULL QRUPHORU MXULWLFH vQ UDPXUL
GHGUHSW


BIBLIOGRAFIE
 ,RQ 'DVFDOX 'LWD %RQGULFL ± 'UHSW GPLQLVWUDWLY
%XFXUH‫܈‬WL(GLWXUD%LRWHUUD
 ,RDQ 2DQFHD &RQVWDQWLQ %XODL 9'REULQRLX
FROHFWLY±'UHSWSHQDO3DUWHDJHQHUDOă%XFXUH‫܈‬WL
*K1LVWRUHDUQXFROHFWLY±'UHSWSURFHVXDOSHQDO
3DUWHDJHQHUDOă(GLWXUD&RQWLQHQW;;,
6WDQFLX&ăUSHQDUX3DXO&RVPRYLFLVD±7UDWDWGH
GUHSW YRO O 3DUWHD JHQHUDOă HGLWXUD $FDGHPLHL
%XFXUH‫܈‬WL

256
 ORQ )LOLSHVFX ± 7UDWDW GH GUHSWXO IDPLOLHL (GLWXUD
$FDGHPLHL%XFXUH‫܈‬WL
 6DQGD *KLPSX $OH[DQGUX 0LFOHD ± 'UHSWXO
PXQFLL(GLWXUD6DQVD%XFXUH‫܈‬WL
 1LFRODH 3RSD ± 7HRULD JHQHUDOă D GUHSWXOXL
%XFXUH‫܈‬WL
 $OH[DQGUX 0LUFHD ± 7HRULD JHQHUDOă D GUHSWXOXL
(GLWXUD8QLYHUVLWDV%XFXUH‫܈‬WL

257

8QLWDWHDGHvQYă‫܊‬DUH
5($/,=$5($'5(378/8,


CONЯINUTUL UNITĂЯII DE ÎNVĂЯARE


2ELHFWLYHXUPăULWH
7LPSDORFDWXQLWă‫܊‬LL
&XYLQWHFKHLH
&RQFHSWXOUHDOL]ăULLGUHSWXOXL
)RUPHOHUHDOL]ăULLGUHSWXOXL
5H]XPDWXOXQLWă‫܊‬LLGHvQYă‫܊‬DUH
ÌQWUHEăULUHFDSLWXODWLYH
7HPHSHQWUXGH]EDWHUH
%LEOLRJUDILH


OBIECTIVE URMĂRITE
± UHOHYDUHD PRGXOXL vQ FDUH UHDOL]DUHD GUHSWXOXL
LQIOXHQWHD]ăFRQGL‫܊‬LLOHHFRQRPLFRVRFLDOH
± vQVXúLUHD QHFHVLWăĠLL UHDOL]ăULL GUHSWXOXL SULQ
DFWLYLWDWHD GH UHVSHFWDUH H[HFXWDUH D OHJLORU ‫܈‬L SULQ
DSOLFDUHDQRUPHORUMXULGLFHGHFăWUHRUJDQHOHVWDWXOXL


7,03$/2&$781,7Ă‫܉‬,,25(


CUVINTE CHEIE

258
±Realizarea dreptului±UHSUH]LQWăSURFHVXOFRPSOH[
GHWUDQVSXQHUHvQYLDWDDFRQ‫܊‬LQXWXOXLQRUPHORUMXULGLFH
±Formele realizarii dreptuluiVXQW
±5HDOL]DUHDGUHSWXOXLSULQDFWLYLWDWHDGHUHVSHFWDUH‫܈‬L
H[HFXWDUHDOHJLORU
±5HDOL]DUHDGUHSWXOXLSULQDSOLFDUHDQRUPHORUMXULGLFH
GHFăWUHRUJDQHOOHVWDWXOXL DSOLFDUHDGUHSWXOXL 
±Fazele procesului de aplicareVXQW
±6WDELOLUHDVWăULLGHIDSW
±$OHJHUHDQRUPHLMXULGLFH
±LQWHUSUHWDUHDQRUPHLMXULGLFH
±HODERUDUHDDFWXOXLGHDSOLFDUH

&21&(378/5($/,=Ă5,,'5(378/8,

$VLJXUDUHD RUGLQLL GH GUHSW UHSUH]LQWă VFRSXO
IXQGDPHQWDO DO GUHSWXOXL úL vQVHDPQă GHVIăúXUDUHD YLHĠLL
VRFLDOHvQFRQIRUPLWDWHFXSUHYHGHULOHOHJLL
3HQWUXUHDOL]DUHDRUGLQLLGHGUHSW vQĠHOHDVăFDQXFOHX
DORUGLQLLVRFLDOH WUHEXLHVăVHvQIăSWXLDVFăWUDGXFHUHDvQ
IDSW D FRQ‫܊‬LQXWXOXL QRUPHORU MXULGLFH DGLFă Vă VH
UHDOL]H]HGUHSWXO
5HDOL]DUHD GUHSWXOXL UHSUH]LQWă SURFHVXO FRPSOH[ GH
WUDQVSXQHUH vQ YLDĠă D FRQ‫܊‬LQXWXOXL QRUPHORU MXULGLFH ÌQ
FDGUXO DFHVWXL SURFHV RDPHQLL RUJDQHOH GH VWDW
RUJDQL]DĠLLOH QHVWDWDOH ‫܈‬L FHOHODOWH LQVWLWX‫܊‬LL FRQVLGHUDWH
VXELHFWH GH GUHSW UHVSHFWă úL DGXF OD vQGHSOLQLUH
GLVSR]L‫܊‬LLOH DFWHORU QRUPDWLYH LDU vQ VLWXD‫܊‬LD vQFăOFăULL

259
DFHVWRUD RUJDQHOH GH VWDW DELOLWDWH LQWHUYLQ SRWULYLW
FRPSHWHQĠHORUSHQWUXDSOLFDUHDGUHSWXOXL
'LQFRQ‫܊‬LQXWXOGHILQL‫܊‬LHLUHĠLQHPXUPăWRDUHOHDVSHFWH
± UHDOL]DUHD GUHSWXOXL HVWH XQ SURFHV FRPSOH[ úL
FRQWLQXX GH WUDGXFHUH vQ YLDĠă D FRQ‫܊‬LQXWXOXL QRUPHORU
MXULGLFH
± WUDGXFHUHD vQ YLDĠă D QRUPHORU MXULGLFH UHFODPă
DVLJXUDUHD FDGUXOXL RUJDQL]DWRULF QHFHVDU vQ PăVXUă Vă
SHUPLWăDSOLFDUHDFRQFUHWăDGUHSWXOXL
±FRRUGRQDUHDIXQGDPHQWDOăDSURFHVXOXLGHUHDOL]DUH
D GUHSWXOXL R FRQVWLWXLH UHVSHFWDUHD GLVSR]L‫܊‬LLORU
QRUPDWLYHGHFăWUHVXELHFWHOHGHGUHSW
7UHEXLH UHĠLQXW UROXO H[WUHP GH LPSRUWDQW DO
FRQGL‫܊‬LLORU HFRQRPLFH SROLWLFH LGHRORJLFH ‫܈‬L VSLULWXDOH
vQHILFLHQWDUHDOL]DUHDGUHSWXOXL$VWIHOvQWUXQFOLPDWGH
LQVWDELOLWDWHHFRQRPLFă‫܈‬LSROLWLFăWHQVLRQDWúLEXOYHUVDW
RSHUD GH UHDOL]DUH D GUHSWXOXL FXQRD‫܈‬WH LQFRQVHFYHQĠH
FHGăULvQSODQXOIHUPLWăĠLLFXFDUHWUHEXLHDSOLFDWăOHJHD
VOăELFLXQL DOH RUJDQHORU GH VWDW VSHFLDOL]DWH vQ DFHVW
GRPHQLX
$VWIHO vQ 5RPkQLD UHDOL]DUHD FRQFUHWă D GUHSWXOXL vQ
GRPHQLXO HFRQRPLF DO SULYDWL]ăULL úL SURWHFWLHL VRFLDOH D
VDODULDWLORU‫܈‬LFHORUODOWHFDWHJRULLVRFLDOHVHGHUXOHD]ăFX
LPHQVHGLILFXOWăĠLJHQHUDWHGHFUL]DHFRQRPLFăSHFDUHR
SDUFXUJHVRFLHWDWHDPDWHULDOL]DWăvQVFăGHUHDGUDPDWLFăD
SURGXFĠLHLDYDORULLH[SRUWXULORUFUHúWHUHDLQIODĠLHLHWF
'XEODWăGHRFUL]ăILQDQFLDUăFUL]DHFRQRPLFăDGXFH
RUJDQHOH VWDWXOXL DELOLWDWH Vă UHDOL]H]H GUHSWXO vQ

260
LPSRVLELOLWDWHD UHVSHFWăULL QRUPHORU MXULGLFH FH
UHJOHPHQWHD]ă GUHSWXO OD PXQFă GUHSWXO OD RFURWLUHD
VăQăWă‫܊‬LL GUHSWXO OD vQYăĠăWXUă ÌQ &RQVWLWXĠLD 5RPkQLHL
VH VWLSXOHD]ă Ästatul este obligat să ia măsuri de
dezvoltare economică Юi protecĠie socială, de natură se
asigure cetăаenilor un nivel de trai decent''.
ÌQ FRQFOX]LH VWXGLLOH GH VRFLRORJLH MXULGLFă úL GH
FULPLQRORJLH HYLGHQĠLD]ă FX FODULWDWH GHSHQGHQĠD
UHDOL]ăULL GUHSWXOXL GH FRQGL‫܊‬LLOH JHQHUDOH HFRQRPLFR
VRFLDOHSROLWLFHúLFXOWXUDOH
&XP LQIOXHQĠHD]ă FRQGLĠLLOH HFRQRPLFRVRFLDOH
UHDOL]DUHD GUHSWXOXL" ÌQ SULPXO UkQG LQVWDELOLWDWHD
HFRQRPLFă FRQGXFH GLUHFW OD LQVWDELOLWDWH OHJLVODWLYă OD
HODERUDUHD SULSLWă D XQRU DFWH QRUPDWLYH FDUH OD VFXUWă
YUHPH GH OD LQWUDUHD ORU vQ YLJRDUH VH GRYHGHVF
QHSRWULYLWHSHQWUXUHDOLWăĠLOHFRQFUHWH&DXUPDUHDFHVWHD
VXQWDEURJDWHSHQWUXFăHIHFWLYQXSRWILSXVHvQDSOLFDUH
DGLFă QX VH SRW UHDOL]H LDU GRPHQLL LPSRUWDQWH GLQ
FDWHJRULDFHORUDUăWDWHDMXQJvQVLWXD‫܊‬LDGHDEHQHILFLDGH
R OHJLVODĠLH VWXIRDVă LQFRHUHQWă UXSWă GH UHDOLWDWH GH
PXOWH RUL vQ IODJUDQWă FRQWUDGLFĠLH FX GLVSR]L‫܊‬LLOH
FRQVWLWXWLRQDOH
,QVWDELOLWDWHD SROLWLFă H[SULPDWă SULQ UHSHWDWH
UHPDQLHUL JXYHUQDPHQWDOH SULQ IULFWLXQL úL RSLQLL
GLYHUJHQWH vQWUH SDUWLGHOH SROLWLFH DIODWH OD JXYHPDUH
FRQGXFH OD LQVWDELOLWDWH OHJLVWDWLYă ‫܈‬L LQFRHUHQĠă vQ
UHDOL]DUHDGUHSWXOXL

261
6H VSXQH SH EXQă GUHSWDWH Fă UHDOL]DUHD GUHSWXOXL
HVWHRJOLQGDVRFLHWă‫܊‬LLH[SULPkQGVWDUHDUHDOăDDFHVWHLD
JUDGXOHLGHVWDELOLWDWH

)250(/(5($/,=Ă5,,'5(378/8,

$ 5HDOL]DUHD GUHSWXOXL SULQ DFWLYLWDWHD GH
UHVSHFWDUH‫܈‬LH[HFXWDUHDOHJLORU
2UJDQL]DUHD úL GH]YROWDUHD VRFLHWă‫܊‬LL QX SRW IL
FRQFHSXWH vQ DIDUD GUHSWXOXL DFHVWD ILQG VLQJXUXO vQ
PăVXUă Vă GLVFLSOLQH]H FRQGXLWHOH ‫܈‬L FRPSRUWDPHQWHOH
XPDQH vQ FDGUXO XQRU UHODWLL VRFLDOH GHWHUPLQDWH HO
FRQVWUXLHúWH WLSRORJLL SH FDUH OH VXERUGRQHD]ă XQRU
VFRSXULFRQFUHWHSUDFWLFH'UHSWXOSULQQRUPHOHMXULGLFH
SHFDUHOHHODERUHD]ăWUDQVPLWHRDPHQLORUFHDúWHDSWăúL
FHSUHWLQGHVRFLHWDWHDGHODILHFDUHLQGLYLG‫܈‬LGHODILHFDUH
FRPXQLWDWHVDXFROHFWLYLWDWHXPDQă
'UHSWXOVSXQHRDPHQLORUFăFHDPDLGHSOLQăOLEHUWDWH
QX SRDWH SURYHQL GHFkW GLQ FHD PDL PDUH ULJRDUH úL FHD
PDL vQWHOHDVă GLVFLSOLQă ‫܈‬L RUGLQH 1RUPHOH MXULGLFH
WUDQVPLW LQGLYL]LORU ‫܈‬L FROHFWLYLWăWLORU XPDQH PHVDMH
FODUHULJXURVIRUPXODWH
± OLEHUWDWHD RPXOXL GH D DFWLRQD QX LQVHDPQă
GH]RUGLQH‫܈‬LKDRV
± UH]XOWDWHOH DFWLXQLORU RDPHQLORU VXQW HYDOXDWH vQ
IXQF‫܊‬LH QX QXPDL GH UH]RQDQĠD LQWLPă SHUVRQDOă D
DFHVWRUD FL ‫܈‬L GH UH]RQDQĠD VRFLDOă GH PDQLHUD vQ FDUH
VRFLHWDWHDUHFHSWLRQHD]ăIDSWHOH‫܈‬LDWLWXGLQLOHRDPHQLORU

262
± GUHSWXO HVWH FHO FDUH SURJUDPHD]ă OLEHUWDWHD GH
DFWLXQHDRPXOXL
± ILHFDUH LQGLYLG WUHEXLH Vă‫܈‬L VXERUGRQH]H SURSULD
FRQGXLWăFRQGXLWHLWLSFXSULQVăvQQRUPHOHMXULGLFH
±PRGLILFăULOHFHVHSURGXFvQSODQXOYLHWLLVRFLDOHvQ
H[LVWHQWDúLHYROXĠLDVRFLHWă‫܊‬LLVXQWUHFHSWLRQDWHDQDOL]DWH
úL SUHOXFUDWH GH GUHSW FDUH VWDELOHúWH SULQ QRUPH
MXULGLFH FRQGXLWD RDPHQLORU vQ QRLOH FRQGL‫܊‬LL VRFLDO
HFRQRPLFHDSăUXWH
± GUHSWXO vL GLFWHD]ă RPXOXL FRPSRUWDPHQWXO SH FDUH
WUHEXLHVăOXUPH]HvQRULFHVLWXD‫܊‬LHQRXDSăUXWă
3HQWUX FD GUHSWXO Vă ILH UHVSHFWDW GH FHWă‫܊‬HQL LDU
PHVDMHOH VDOH Vă DLEă LPSDFW DVXSUD FRQúWLLQWHL úL
FRPSRUWDPHQWXOXLORUDFHúWLDWUHEXLHVăOFXQRDVFă‫܈‬LVă
O UHFHSWLRQH]H 6WDWXO SULQ VWUXFWXULOH VDOH
RUJDQL]DWLRQDOH ‫܈‬L IXQF‫܊‬LRQDOH WUHEXLH VD DGXFă OD
FXQRúWLQĠD RDPHQLORU QRUPHOH MXULGLFH úL Vă OH
SRSXODUL]H]H
&HDPDLPDUHLQMXVWLWLHSHFDUHRSRDWHSURGXFHVWDWXO
úL GUHSWXO HVWH DFHHD GH D QX IDFH SRVLELOă FXQRD‫܈‬WHUHD
OHJLLGHFăWUHFHWă‫܊‬HQL0XOWLJXYHUQDQWLGHLHULúLGHD]L
‫܈‬LDX UHSURúDW WkU]LX OD DSXVXO JXYHPăULL ORU Fă QX DX
FRPXQLFDW VXILFLHQW FX SRSRUXO DGLFă QX DX DGXVOD
FXQRúWLQWDRDPHQLORUvQWHUPHQXOXWLOOHJLOHúLFHOHODOWH
DFWHQRUPDWLYHSHFDUHOHDXHGLFWDW0XOWLGLQWUHDFHúWLD
XLWăFăJXYHUQDUHDLQVHDPQDOHJHFDUHWUHEXLHFXQRVFXWă
GH JXYHUQDQWL úL QX GHFODUDĠLL SROLWLFH DQJDMDPHQWH ‫܈‬L

263
UăVWăOPăFLUL DOH YRLQWHL JHQHUDOH FDUH VXQW SUH]HQWDWH vQ
SDJLQLOH]LDUHORU
7LQWDIXQGDPHQWDOăDVWDWXOXLHVWHDFHHDGHDFUHHD‫܈‬L
FRQVROLGD FXOWXUD MXULGLFă D SRSRUXOXL 3H FkW GH
FRPSOH[D‫܈‬LGLILFLOăSHDWkWGHQRELOăDFHDVWăPLVLXQHD
VWDWXOXL‫܈‬LGUHSWXOXLvQFDUHFUHDWLDúWLLQWLILFăvQGRPHQLXO
GUHSWXOXL QRUPHOH MXULGLFH HODERUDWH úL FOLPDWXO JHQHUDO
GH OHJDOLWDWH DOFăWXLHVF UHSHUHOH IXQGDPHQWDOH DOWH
GUHSWXOXLPRGHUQ
'UHSWXO VH UHDOL]HD]ă SULQ H[HFXWDUHD ‫܈‬L
UHVSHFWDUHDQRUPHORUMXULGLFHDVWIHO
±vQSULPXOUkQGSULQvQGHSOLQLUHDGHFăWUHVXELHFWHOH
GH GUHSW D FHULQWHORU FXSULQVH vQ QRUPHOH MXULGLFH DGLFă
SULQ FRQIRUPDUHD LQGLYL]LORU OD GLVSR]L‫܊‬LD QRUPHL GH
GUHSW
± vQ DO GRLOHD UkQG SULQ H[HFXWDUHD úL UHVSHFWDUHD
GLVSR]L‫܊‬LLORU MXULGLFH GH FăWUH RUJDQHOH GH VWDW FDUH DX
DWULEXĠLL GH DSOLFDUH D OHJLL $WXQFL FkQG DFHVWH RUJDQH
UHVSHFWă VWULFW QRUPHOH MXULGLFH FkQG VH LQWHJUHD]ă vQ
DFWLYLWDWHD JHQHUDOă GH OHJDOLWDWH DVLVWăP OD UHDOL]DUHD
GUHSWXOXL
±vQDOWUHLOHDUkQGFkQGvQWUHJXOVLVWHPGHRUJDQHFX
DWULEXĠLXQL QRUPDWLYH HODERUHD]ă úL DGXFH OD LQGHSOLQLUH
VWUDWHJLD GH DGXFHUH OD FXQRúWLQWD SXEOLFXOXL D DFWHORU
HGLFWDWH GH H[SOLFDUH D UDĠLXQLL DGRSWăULL ORU úL D
FRQ‫܊‬LQXWXOXLORUQHPLMORFLW

264
± vQ DO SDWUXOHD UkQG SULQ LQH[LVWHQWD vQ JHQHUDO D
UDSRUWXULORU MXULGLFH SHQWUX Fă D UHVSHFWD OHJHD HVWH GH
FHOHPDLPXOWHRULOXFUXOFHOPDLVLPSOX
±vQDOFLQFLOHDUkQGSULQYDORULILFDUHDGHFăWUHLQGLYLG
DGUHSWXULORUSHFDUHOHJHDLOHFRQIHUă‫܈‬LvQHJDOăPăVXUă
SULQDVXPDUHDúLH[HFXWDUHDREOLJD‫܊‬LLORUFHLUHYLQ

% 5HDOL]DUHD GUHSWXOXL SULQ DSOLFDUHD QRUPHORU
MXULGLFHGHFăWUHRUJDQHOHVWDWXOXL
1RĠLXQHDDSOLFăULLGUHSWXOXL
$SOLFDUHD GUHSWXOXL FRQVWă vQ HODERUDUHD úL UHDOL]DUHD
XQXLVLVWHPGHDFWLXQLVWDWDOHvQVFRSXODSOLFăULLFRQFUHWH
D GLVSR]L‫܊‬LLORU úL VDQF‫܊‬LXQLORU FXSULQVH vQ QRUPHOH
MXULGLFH
(VWH YRUED GHVSUH UHDOL]DUHD GUHSWXOXL SULQ
LQWHUPHGLXO XQRU DFWH VSHFLILFH GH DXWRULWDWH HPLVH GH
RUJDQHOHVWDWXOXLvQFRQIRUPLWDWHFXFRPSHWHQĠDVWDELOLWă
DFHVWRUDSULQOHJH
ÌQDFHVWVHQVVXQWQHFHVDUHXUPăWRDUHOHSUHFL]ăUL
DSOLFDUHD GUHSWXOXL SUHVXSXQH QDúWHUHD ‫܈‬L GH]YRWDUHD
UDSRUWXULORU MXULGLFH vQ FDUH XQ VXELHFW HVWH REOLJDWRULX
XQ RUJDQ DO VWU HDUH vúL H[HUFLWă SUHURJDWLYHOH SRWULYLW
FRPSHWHQĠHORUDWULEXLWHGHOHJH
± UDSRUWXO MXULGLF HVWH FHO PDL UăVSkQGLW PLMORF GH
UHDOL]DUHDQRUPHORUMXULWLFH
±RUJDQHOHGHVWDWHPLWDFWHLQGLYLGXDOHGHDSOLFDUHD
GUHSWXOXLvQED]DDWULEXWHORUGHRUJDQHDOHSXWHULLGHVWDW
DFWH SULQ FDUH VWDELOHúWH PăVXUL GH VDQFĠLRQDUH D

265
SHUVRDQHORU FDUH QHVRFRWHVF REOLJD‫܊‬LLOH FH OH DX SULQ
QRUPDMXULGLFă
± SULQ DFWXO GH DSOLFDUH D GUHSWXOXL RUJDQXO GH VWDW
FRQVWDWDWUHFXQRD‫܈‬WHGUHSWXULOHVXELHFWHORUSDUWLFLSDQWHOD
YLDĠDVRFLDOă
± DSOLFDUHD GUHSWXOXL QX vQVHDPQă H[FOXVLY HPLWHUHD
DFWHORU GH VDQFĠLRQDUH D FHORU FDUH DX vQFăOFDW
SUHVFULSĠLLOHQRUPHORUMXULGLFH
$FWXOGHDSOLFDUHDGUHSWXOXL±QR‫܊‬LXQH‫܈‬LWUăVăWXUL
$FWXO GH DSOLFDUH D GUHSWXOXL UHSUH]LQWă DFWLYLWDWHD
SULQ FDUH VH ILQDOL]HD]ă LQWHUYHQĠLD RUJDQXOXL GH VWDW
UHDOL]DWăSHED]DFRPSHWHQWHLFRQIHULWHGHOHJH
$FWXO GH DSOLFDUH D GUHSWXOXL VH GHRVHEHúWH GH DFWXO
QRUPDWLYSULQXUPăWRDUHOHWUăVăWXUL
±DFWXOQRUPDWLYHHVWHHODERUDWHGHFDWHJRULLVSHFLDOH
GHRUJDQHDOHVWDWXWXO$FWXOGHDSOLFDUHSRDWHILUHDOL]DW
GH RULFH RUJDQ DO VWDWXOXL VDX FKLDU GH RUJDQL]DĠLL
QHVWDWDOHvQOLPLWHOHGHFRPSHWHQĠăGHWHUPLQDWH
± XQ RUJDQ FDUH HODERUHD]ă XQ DFW QRUPDWLY SRDWH Vă
HODERUH úL DFWH GH DSOLFDUH D GUHSWXOXL FLQH SRDWH PDL
PXOW SRDWH ‫܈‬L PDL SXĠLQ  'H H[HPSOX *XYHUQXO
HODERUHD]ă DWkW KRWăUkUL úL RUGRQDQĠH FDUH VXQW DFWH
QRUPDWLYHFkW‫܈‬LGHFL]LLLQGLYLGXDOH FRQVLGHUDWHDFWHGH
DSOLFDUHDGUHSWXOXL 
± DFWHOH GH DSOLFDUH D GUHSWXOXO VXQW DFWH LQGLYLGXDOH
FRQFUHWH ‫܈‬L VWULFW GHWHUPLQDWH SH FkQG DFWHOH QRUPDWLYH
DX XQ FDUDFWHU JHQHUDO LPSHUVRQDO úL WLSLF $FWHOH GH
DSOLFDUHVHHPLWvQED]DXQRUDFWHQRUPDWLYHVFRSXOORU

266
ILLQGDFHODGHDWUDGXFHvQYLDWăSUHYHGHULOHFRQFUHWHDOH
QRUPHLMXULGLFH$FWXOGHDSOLFDUHHVWHOHJDOQHPLMORFLWGH
DFWLYLWDWHD XQXL RUJDQ GH VWDW QRPLQDOL]DW úL D DOWRU
VXELHFWH SHUVRDQHIL]LFH FRQFUHWGHWHUPLQDWH
± DFWHOH QRUPDWLYH VH HODERUHD]ă SRWULYLW XQRU
SULQFLSLL úL UHJXOL PHWRGRORJLFH GH WHKQLFă OHJLVODWLYă
6SUH GHRVHELUH DFWHOH GH DSOLFDUH D GUHSWXOXL VXQW
HODERUDWHvQPDQLHUHGLIHULWHGHODRUDPXUăGHGUHSWOD
DOWD úL FKLDU vQ FDGUXO DFHOHDúL UDPXUL GH GUHSW GH OD R
LQVWLWX‫܊‬LHODDOWD
±DFWHOHQRUPDWLYHSRWILFRGLILFDWHSHFkQGDFWHOHGH
DSOLFDUHDGUHSWXOXLGDWRULWăPDULLYDULHWăĠLúLYROXPXOXL
LPSUHVLRQDQWQXSRWILFRGLILFDWH)LHFDUHDFWGHDSOLFDUH
D GUHSWXOXL XUPHD]ă UHJXOL VSHFLILFH GH DGRSWDUH GH
VWUXFWXUăúLGHIRUPă
± DFWXO QRUPDWLY úL DFWXO GH DSOLFDUH D GUHSWXOXL DX
FRQ‫܊‬LQXWGLIHULWVFRSXULúLILQDOLWăWLGLVWLQFWH
± DFWXO QRUPDWLY DFWLRQHD]ă FRQWLQXX SkQă OD LHúLUHD
VDGLQYLJRDUHDFWXOGHDSOLFDUHDGUHSWXOXLLúLHSXL]HD]ă
HIHFWHOH vQ PRPHQWXO DGRSWăULL VDOH GH FăWUH RUJDQXO
DELOLWDW'HH[HPSOXGLQPRPHQWXOvQFDUHRLQVWDQWăGH
MXGHFDWă VROXWLRQHD]ă R FDX]ă ‫܈‬L SURQXQWă KRWăUkUHD HD
VH GH]LQYHVWHúWH GH FDX]D UHVSHFWLYă vQWUXFkW
VROXWLRQDUHDFDX]HLSULYHúWHGRDUSăUWLOHSDUWLFLSDQWH
± DFWHOH GH DSOLFDUH DSDU WRWGHDXQD SULQ YRLQWD
XQLODWHUDOăDXQXLRUJDQDOVWDWXOXLDFWHOHQRUPDWLYHVXQW
HODERUDWH SH ED]D YRLQWHL  OHJLXLWRUXOXL FDUH H[SULPă
YRLQWDJHQHUDOă

267
± DFWHOH GH DSOLFDUH D GUHSWXOXL GHYLQ REOLJDWRULL vQ
SULQFLSLX GLQ PRPHQWXO FRPXQLFăULL ORU SăUWLORU
LQWHUHVDWH DFWHOH QRUPDWLYH GHYLQ REOLJDWRULL GLQ
PRPHQWXO LQWUăULL ORU vQ YLJRDUH SRWULYLW SUHFL]ăULORU
H[SOLFDWHvQFDSLWROXODQWHULRU 
± FRQWUROXO DVXSUD OHJDOLWă‫܊‬LL DFWHORU GH DSOLFDUH D
GUHSWXOXLVHH[HUFLWăSHFDOHLHUDUKLFă FRQWUROLHUDUKULF 
VDX SH FDOH MXGHFăWRUHDVFă FRQWUROXO MXGHFăWRUHVF 
$FWHOHQRUPDWLYHVXQWVXSXVHFRQWUROXOXLSDUODPHQWDUúL
MXGHFăWRUHVF
6XQW DFWH GH DSOLFDUH D GUHSWXOXL GH H[ SURFHVXO
YHUEDO GH FRQVWDWDUH D FRQWUDYHQĠLHL KRWăUkUHD
MXGHFăWRUHDVFă DFWXO GH LPSXQHUH SH YHQLW GHFL]LD GH
SHQVLRQDUH GHFL]LD GH LPSXWDUH D XQHL VXPH GH EDQL
UHSUH]HQWkQG SDJXED PDWHULDOă SURGXVă LQWUR JHVWLXQH
HWF
6XQW FRQVLGHUDWH DFWH QRUPDWLYH GH DSOLFDUH D
GUHSWXOXL RUGLQHOH PHWRGRORJLLOH QRUPHOH
LQVWUXFĠLXQLOHUHJXODPHQWHOHSHFDUHRUJDQHOHDELOLWDWHOH
HODERUHD]ă SHQWUX SXQHUHD vQ H[HFXWDUH D GLVSR]L‫܊‬LLORU
FXSULQVH vQ OHJL 'H H[HPSOX %DQFD 1DWLRQDWă D
5RPkQLHL HODERUHD]ă UHJOHPHQWăUL ‫܈‬L RUGLQH SHQWUX
DSOLFDUHD /HJLL %DQFDUH &RPLVLD 1DWLRQDOă D 9DORULORU
0RELOLDUH HPLWH vQ ED]D /HJLL QU  RUGLQH
LQVWUXFWLXQLUHJXODPHQWHúLPHWRGRORJLL
6XQW FRQVLGHUDWH DFWH LQGLYLGXDOH GH DSOLFDUH D
GUHSWXOXL GHFL]LLORU SH FDUH OH HODERUHD]ă XQ RUJDQ
DELOLWDW IDĠă GH R SHUVRDQă IL]LFă VDX MXULGLFă VWULFW

268
GHWHUPLQDWă 'H H[HPSOX GHFL]LD VDX RUGLQXO
*XYHUQDWRUXOXL%ăQFLL1DWLRQDOHD5RPkQLHLGHUHWUDJHUH
D DXWRUL]DĠLHL GH IXQF‫܊‬LRQDUH D XQHL EăQFL RUGLQXO
3UHúHGLQWHOXL &RPLVLHL 1DWLRQDOH D 9DORULORU 0RELOLDUH
GHUHWUDJHUHDDXWRUL]DWLHLGHIXQF‫܊‬LRQDUHDXQHLVRFLHWăWL
GHYDORULPRELOLDUHHWF
)D]HOHSURFHVXOXOGHDSOLFDUHDGUHSWXOXL
$FWXO GH DSOLFDUH D GUHSWXOXL SUH]LQWă R GHRVHELWă
LPSRUWDQWă GHRDUHFH HO QDúWH VWLQJH VDX PRGLILFă
UDSRUWXUL MXULGLFH GUHSWXULOH úL REOLJD‫܊‬LLOH IDWă GH
SHUVRDQHOHODFDUHVHUHIHUă
$FWLYLWDWHDFRQFUHWăGHDSOLFDUHDGUHSWXOXLFRQVWLWXLH
XQ SURFHV FRPSOH[ FDUH VH GHVIăúRDUă FX UHVSHFWDUHD
XQRUFHULQĠHOHJDWHDWkWGHQHFHVLWDWHDVWDELOLULLFRQFUHWH
DLPSUHMXUăULORUGHIDSWFkWúLGHQHYRLDFRUHFWHLDSOLFăUL
D QRUPHL MXULGLFH FH UHJOHPHQWHD]ă VLWXD‫܊‬LD FRQFUHWă
VWDELOLWă
)D]HOH SURFHVXOXL GH DSOLFDUH D GUHSWXOXL UHSUH]LQWă
HWDSHHVHQĠLDOH‫܈‬LREOLJDWRULLUHVSHFWLY
±VWDELOLUHDVWăULLGHIDSW
±DOHJHUHDQRUPHLMXULGLFH
±LQWHUSUHWDUHDQRUPHLMXULGLFH
±HODERUDUHDDFWXOXLGHDSOLFDUH
([LVWHQĠDDFHVWRUID]H HWDSH vQSURFHVXOGHDSOLFDUHD
GUHSWXOXLQXLQVHDPQăvQQLFLXQFD]VHJPHQWDUHDULJLGă
VDX IăUkPLĠDUHD SURFHVXOXL GH DSOLFDUH FDUH HVWH SULQ
vQVXúL QDWXUD OXL XQ SURFHV XQLWDU $FHVWH HWDSH VH
LQWHUSăWUXQGúLVHFRQGL‫܊‬LRQHD]ăUHFLSURF

269
Stabilirea stării de faptUHSUH]LQWăHWDSDLQDXJXUDOă
D SURFHVXOXL GH DSOLFDUH D GUHSWXOXL FDUH LPSOLFă
FXQRD‫܈‬WHUHD vQ SURIXQ]LPH D vPSUHMXUăULORU úL
HOHPHQWHORUFRQFUHWHFDX]HLUHVSHFWLYH
2UJDQXO GH DSOLFDUH D GUHSWXOXL WUHEXLH Vă FHUFHWH]H
DVSHFWHOH FRQFUHWH FH FDUDFWHUL]HD]ă ‫܈‬L GHILQHVF FDGUXO
QDWXUDO HFRQRPLFRVRFLDO SROLWLF úL LGHRORJLF vQ FDUH
DFĠLRQHD]ă‫܈‬LVXQWSUH]HQWHQRUPHOHMXULGLFH‫܈‬LVXELHFWHOH
GHGUHSWSDUWLFLSDQWHODFLUFXLWXOMXULGLF
$FWLYLWDWHDGHYHULILFDUHúLOăPXULUHDFLUFXPVWDQĠHORU
FDX]HL VH GHVIăúRDUă QXPDL vQ OXPLQD LSRWH]HL FXSULQVH
vQ VWUXFWXUD QRUPHL MXULGLFH $FHDVWD vQVHDPQă Fă
RUJDQXOGHDSOLFDUHYDDYHDvQYHGHUHúLYDUHĠLQHQXPDL
DFHOH MPSUHMXUăUL FH DX UHOHYDQĠă vQ FDX]D SH FDUH D
FRQVWDWDWR ‫܈‬L vQ OHJăWXUă FX FDUH YD HPLWH DFWXO GH
DSOLFDUH $FHVWH vPSUHMXUăUL VXQW GHQXPLWH vQ JHQHUDO
IDSWHMXULGLFH
ÌQ DFHDVWă ID]ă D SURFHVXOXL GH DSOLFDUH D GUHSWXOXL
RUJDQHOH DELOLWDWH YRU OăPXUL DWkW vPSUHMXUăULOH FRQFUHWH
GDWRUDWH DFĠLXQLL RDPHQLORU FkW ‫܈‬L FRQVHFLQĠHOH UH]XOWDWH
FDHIHFWDOSURGXFHULLXQRUHYHQLPHQWH
3HQWUX FD DFWXO GH DSOLFDUH Vă ILH IXQGDPHQWDW vQ
GHSOLQDFRUGFXUHDOLWDWHDRUJDQXOGHDSOLFDUHWUHEXLHVă
UHDOL]H]H R LQIRUPDUH FRPSOHWă FX GRFXPHQWDUH
PLQXWLRDVăFDUHVăVFRDWăODLYHDOăDVSHFWHOHHVHQĠLDOHDOH
FDX]HL ÌQ DFHVW VFRS RUJDQXO GH DSOLFDUH GHVIăúRDUă vQ
FRQFUHWXUPăWRDUHOHDFWLYLWăĠL
±FRQVXOWDUHDúLYHULILFDUHDGRFXPHQWHORURILFLDOH

270
± LGHQWLILFDUHD úL DVFXOWDUHD PDUWRULORU D VXELHFWXOXL
DFWLYDSăUWLYăWăPDWHHWF
±HIHFWXDUHDGHUHVWLWXLULúLVDXH[SHULPHQWHMXGLFLDUH
± VROLFLWDUHD HIHFWXăULL GH FăWUH RUJDQHOH VSHFLDOL]DWH
GH H[SHUWL]H WHKQLFH FRQWDELOH HWF  VDX FRQVWDWăUL
WHKQLFRúWLLQLLILFH DQDOL]D XQRU SUREH ELRORJLFH
H[SHUWL]DUHDXQRUSURGXVHHWF 
± FHUFHWDUHD DPăQXQĠLWă D ORFXOXL XQGH VD SURGXV R
DQXPLWăIDSWă DFFLGHQWUXWLHUDFFLGHQWGHPXQFăRPRU
IXUWHWF 
± FXOHJHUHD GH GDWH úL LQIRUPDĠLL QHFHVDUH FODULILFăULL
vPSUHMXUăULORU FRQFUHWH vQ FDUH VD SURGXV IDSWD VDX
HYHQLPHQWXOUHVSHFWLY
±XWLOL]DUHDFRQFOX]LLORUIRUPXODWHvQGRFXPHQWHOHGH
H[SHUWL]ăPHGLFROHJDOă
6WDELOLUHDVWăULLGHIDSWGLIHUăGHODXQDFWGHDSOLFDUH
ODDOWXOGHODFHOHPDLVLPSOHODFHOHPDLFRPSOH[H
'H H[HPSOX XQ RUJDQ DGPLQLVWUDWLY GH VSHFLDOLWDWH
GLVSXQHUHSDUWL]DUHDXQHLVXSUDIHĠHORFDWLYHúLHPLWHDFWXO
vQVSHĠăGXSăFHYHULILFăDVSHFWHOHHVHQĠLDOHDOHVWăULLGH
IDSW UHVSHFWLY QXPăUXO GH SHUVRDQH YHQLWXO DQXDO DO
ILHFăUHL SHUVRDQH SHQWUX GHWHUPLQDUHD FKLULHL IDSWXO Fă
VROLFLWDQWXOQXGLVSXQHGHRDOWăVXSUDIDWăORFDWLYăHWF
ÌQ FD]XO LQFăOFăULL QRUPHORU MXULGLFH SHQDOH ID]D GH
VWDELOLUH D VWăULL GH IDSW SUHVXSXQH GLQ SDUWHD RUJDQHORU
DELOLWDWH SROLĠLH SDUFKHW LQVWDQĠD GH MXGHFDWă 
GHVIăúXUDUHDXQXLLPSUHVLRQDQWYROXPGHDFWLYLWăĠLPHQLW

271
Vă JDUDQWH]H DIODUHD DGHYăUXOXL úL DSOLFDUHD FRUHFWă D
GLVSR]LĠLLORUOHJDOH
0DUHD GLYHUVLWDWH D FD]XULORU vQ FDUH VH LPSXQH
DSOLFDUHD QRUPHORU MXULGLFH úL VSHFLDOLWDWHD DFWLYLWăĠLORU
SHFDUHOHUHFODPăVWDELOLUHDVWăULLGHIDSWDXGHWHUPLQDW
OHJLXLWRUXO Vă HODERUH]H QRUPH OHJDWH GH SURFHGXUă FDUH
VHDSOLFăREOLJDWRULXvQPDWHULHFRQWUDYHQĠLRQDOăPDWHULH
SHQDOăPDWHULHFLYLOăPDWHULHILVFDOăYDPDOăHWF
3H ED]D QRUPHORU GH SURFHGXUă RUJDQHOH DELOLWDWH Vă
DSOLFH GUHSWXO DX HODERUDW QRUPH PHWRGRORJLFH GH
LQYHVWLJDUH ‫܈‬L FHUFHWDUH VSHFLILFH UHJXOL GH WHKQLFă ‫܈‬L
WDFWLFă FULPLQDOLVWLFă SURFHGXUL vQ GRPHQLXO ILVFDO
FRQWDELOúLYDPDOHWF 
,QWUHJ PDWHULDOXO GRFXPHQWDU ‫܈‬L SUREDWRU DGXQDW vQ
DFHDVWă SULPă ID]ă D SURFHVXOXL GH DSOLFDUH D GUHSWXOXL
WUHEXLH Vă FRQGXFă OD FODULILFDUHD WXWXURU DVSHFWHORU ‫܈‬L
ODWXULORUSUREOHPHLFHUFHWDWHSHQWUXFăQXPDLSHDFHDVWă
ED]ă RUJDQXO GH DSOLFDUH SRDWH WUHFH OD FHD GHD GRXD
ID]ăUHVSHFWLYDOHJHUHDQRUPHLGHGUHSW
Alegerea normei de dreptHVWHID]DvQFDUHRUJDQXO
GH DSOLFDUH VHOHFWLRQHD]ă DOHJH QRUPD MXULGLFă FDUH D
IRVW LQFăOFDWă VDX QRUPD MXULGLFă DSOLFDELOă FD]XOXL
FRQFUHW R QRUPă FDUH UHFXQRD‫܈‬WH GUHSWXULOH XQHL
SHUVRDQH IL]LFH VDX MXULGLFH  vQ VFRSXO FODULILFăULL
MXULGLFHH[DFWHDVWăULLGHIDSWFRQVWDWDWH
3ULQ FRUHFWD vQFDGUDUH MXULGLFă DFWXO GH DSOLFDUH FDUH
YDILHODERUDWYDGREkQGLFDUDFWHUXOGHOHJDOLWDWH

272
'LQFHOHH[SXVHPDLVXVUH]XOWăOHJăWXUDLQGLVROXELOă
vQWUH SULPD ID]ă D SURFHVXWXL GH DSOLFDUH D GUHSWXOXL úL
ID]D GH DOHJHUH D QRUPHL MXULGLFH 'DFă VWDUHD GH IDSW D
IRVW ULJXURV VWDELOLWă ILLQG FODULILFDWH WRDWH DVSHFWHOH
HOHPHQWHORU GH GHWDOLX QHFHVDUH DWXQFL DOHJHUHD QRUPHL
MXULGLFH ‫܈‬L LQFDGUDUHD MXULGLFă QX FRPSRUWă GLILFXOWăĠL
PDMRUHSHQWUXRUJDQXOGHDSOLFDUHDGUHSWXOXL
ÌQ DFHDVWă HWDSă GH UHDOL]DUH D LQFDGUăULL MXULGLFH
RUJDQXO GH DSOLFDUH DO GUHSWXOXL GHVIăúRDUă XUPăWRDUHOH
DFWLYLWăĠL
±QRPLQDOL]DUHDQRUPHLMXULGLFH GHH[DUWDOLQ
 GLQ &RGXO 3HQDO SULYLWRU OD LQIUDFĠLXQHD GH YLRODUH GH
GRPLFLOLX 
± YHULILFDUHD DXWHQWLFLWăĠLL QRUPHL MXULGLFH UHVSHFWLY
GDFă QRUPD HVWH FXSULQVă LQWUXQ DFW QRUPDWLY HODERUDW
OHJDOGHFăWUHRUJDQXOFXFRPSHWHQWWăQRUPDWLYă
± YHULILFDUHD IRUĠHL MXULGLFH ‫܈‬L D DFWLXQLL QRUPHL GH
GUHSW UHVSHFWLY GDFă QRUPD MXULGLFă HVWH vQ YLJRDUH OD
GDWDSURGXFHULLIDSWHORUúLGDFăDUHIRUĠDMXULGLFăSHFDUH
LR FRQIHUă DFWXO QRUPDWLY vQ FDUH HVWH FXSULQVă OHJHD
RUGLQDUă+RWăUkUHGH*XYHUQHWF 
± VWDELOLUHD UDSRUWXULORU QRUPHL MXULGLFH DOHVH FX DOWH
QRUPH MXULGLFH FXSULQVH vQ DFHODúL DFW QRUPDWLY VDX vQ
DOWHDFWHQRUPDWLYH
± GHWHUPLQDUHD FRQ‫܊‬LQXWXOXL H[DFW DO QRUPHL SULQ
FRQVXOWDUHD DFWXOXL QRUPDWLY FDUH FXSULQGH QRUPD
UHVSHFWLYă

273
$OHJHUHD QRUPHL MXULGLFH VDX ÄFULWLFD´ QRUPHL
MXULGLFHFXPPDLHVWHGHILQLWăDFHDVWăID]ăDSURFHVXOXL
GHDSOLFDUHDGUHSWXOXLHVWHHWDSDFDUHSUHVXSXQHRIRU‫܊‬H
EXQă SUHJăWLUH GH VSHFLDOLWDWH D RUJDQXOXL GH DSOLFDUH
FXQRúWLQĠH MXULGLFH IXQGDPHQWDOH úL R EXQă VWăSkQLUH D
GRPHQLXOXLMXULGLFUHVSHFWLY
 Interpretarea normelor juridice UHSUH]LQWă D WUHLD
ID]ăDSURFHVXOXLGHDSOLFDUHDGUHSWXOXLúLFRQVWăvQWUR
VXPă GH RSHUDĠLXQL FDUH DX FD VFRS OăPXULUHD úL
FRQFUHWL]DUHD FRQ‫܊‬LQXWXOXL UHJXOLL GH GUHSW FXSULQVă vQ
QRUPDMXULGLFăDOHDVăVSUHDILDSOLFDWăvQVLWXD‫܊‬LDGDWă
 Elaborarea Юi emiterea actului de aplicare
FRQVWLWXWH XOWLPD ID]ă HWDSă  D SURFHVXOXL GH DSOLFDUH D
GUHSWXOXL2SHUDĠLXQHDGHHODERUDUHúLUHGDFWDUHDDFWHORU
GHDSOLFDUHSUHVXSXQHLQGHSOLQLUHDXQRUFHULQĠHGHIRUPă
úLFRQ‫܊‬LQXWFHYDULD]ăGHODRUDPXUăGHGUHSWODDOWDGH
ODRFDWHJRULHGHQRUPHMXULGLFHODDOWD
'UHSWXO SURFHVXDO SHQDO úL FLYLO UHJOHPHQWHD]ă vQ
GHWDOLX FRQGL‫܊‬LLOH GH IRQG úL GH IRUPă DOH KRWăUkULORU
MXGHFăWRUHúWL SUHFXP úL D FHORUODOWH DFWH GH DSOLFDUH
PDQGDW GH DUHVWDUH PDQGDW GH DGXFHUH RUGRQDQĠă GH
UHĠLQHUHHWF 
'XSă HODERUDUHD DFWXOXL GH DSOLFDUH DFHVWD HVWH DGXV
ODFXQRúWLQĠDSăUĠLORULQWHUHVDWH 
ÌQ FH SULYHúWH WHPHLQLFLD úL OHJDOLWDWHD DFWHORU GH
DSOLFDUH vQ SUDFWLFD GUHSWXOXL VH IDFH GLVWLQFĠLH vQWUH
GLIHULWHOHFDWHJRULLGHDFWHGHDSOLFDUH

274
$VWIHO DFWXO MXULVGLFWLRQDO VH GHRVHEHúWH GH DFWXO
DGPLQLVWUDWLYILLQGFRQFUHWL]DWSULQIRUPDVD GHSURFHV
GHGH]EDWHUHMXGLFLDUă SULQFRQ‫܊‬LQXWXOVDXSULQPRGXOGH
GHFODQúDUH D DFWLYLWă‫܊‬LL MXULVGLFWLRQDOH GH DSOLFDUH SULQ
FăLOHVSHFLILFHGHDWDF
$FWXO DGPLQLVWUDWLY HVWH FDUDFWHUL]DW SULQ DFHHD Fă VH
HODERUHD]ă vQ XUPD XQRU SURFHGXUL PDL VLPSOH
OHJDOLWDWHD DFHVWXLD SXWkQG IL FRQWHVWDWă OD RUJDQHOH
LHUDUKLFVXSHULRDUHDJHQWXOXLVDXRUJDQXOXLFRQVWDWDWRU
3ULQ DFW DGPLQLVWUDWLY vQWHOHJHP DFHD IRUPă MXULGLFă
SULQFLSDOă D DFWLYLWă‫܊‬LL RUJDQHORU DGPLQLVWUDWLHL SXEOLFH
FDUH FRQVWă vQ PDQLIHVWDUHD XQLODWHUDOă úL H[SUHVă GH
YRLQWăGHDGDQDúWHUHDPRGLILFDVDXVWLQJHGUHSWXULúL
REOLJD‫܊‬LL vQ UHDOL]DUHD SXWHULL SXEOLFH VXE FRQWUROXO GH
OHJDOLWDWHDOLQVWDQWHORUMXGHFăWRUHúWL

5(=80$78/81,7Ă‫܉‬,,'(Ì19Ă‫܉‬$5(
'UHSWXOvúLFRQVROLGHD]ăSR]LĠLDvQDQVDPEOXOUHDOLWăĠLL
VRFLDOHSULQIDSWXOFăHVWHLPSOLFDWHIHFWLYvQFRQGXFHUHD
VRFLHWăĠLL
3ULQIXQF‫܊‬LLOHPDMRUHSHFDUHOHLQIăSWXLHúWHGUHSWXOQL
VH LQIăĠLúHD]ă FX GHRVHELUH vQ GLPHQVLXQHD IDSWLFă
FRQFUHWăPDWHULDOăHOUHJOHPHQWkQGFXULJRDUHFRQGXLWD
RDPHQLORUvQVRFLHWDWHGUHSWXULOHORUIXQGDPHQWDOH
'UHSWXO VWDWXHD]D úL SXQH vQ DFWLXQH PHFDQLVPHOH
LQVWLWX‫܊‬LRQDOHDSWHVăDVLJXUHDSOLFDUHDQRUPHORUMXULGLFH

275
6FRSXO IXQGDPHQWDO DO GUHSWXOXL HVWH DFHOD GH D
DVLJXUD RUGLQHD GH GUHSW FDUH LQVHDPQD GHVIă‫܈‬XUDUHD
YLHWLLVRFLDOHvQFRQIRUPLWDWHFXSUHYHGHULOHOHJLL
3HQWUXUHDOL]DUHDRUGLQLLGHGUHSW vQĠHOHDVDFDQXFOHX
DORUGLQLLVRFLDOH WUHEXLHVăVHLQIDSWXLDVFDWUDGXFHUHDvQ
IDSW D FRQ‫܊‬LQXWXOXL QRUPHORU MXULGLFH DGLFă Vă VH
UHDOL]H]HGUHSWXO
5HDOL]DUHD GUHSWXOXL UHSUH]LQWă SURFHVXO FRPSOH[ GH
WUDQVSXQHUH vQ YLDĠă D FRQ‫܊‬LQXWXOXL QRUPHORU MXULGLFH ÌQ
FDGUXO DFHVWXL SURFHV RDPHQLL RUJDQHOH GH VWDW
RUJDQL]DĠLLOH QHVWDWDOH ‫܈‬L FHOHODOWH LQVWLWX‫܊‬LL FRQVLGHUDWH
VXELHFWH GH GUHSW UHVSHFWă úL DGXF OD vQGHSOLQLUH
GLVSR]L‫܊‬LLOH DFWHORU QRUPDWLYHLDU vQ VLWXD‫܊‬LD LQFDOFDULL
DFHVWRUD RUJDQHOH GH VWDW DELOLWDWH LQWHUYLQ SRWULYLW
FRPSHWHQWHORUSHQWUXDSOLFDUHDGUHSWXOXL


ÎNTREBĂRI RECAPITULATIVE
±'HILQL‫܊‬LDFWLYLWDWHDGHUHDOL]DUHDGUHSWXOXL
±&DUHVXQWIRUPHOHGHUHDOL]DUHDGUHSWXOXL"
±&RPHQWD‫܊‬LID]HOHSURFHVXOXLGHDSOLFDUHDGUHSWXOXL

7(0(3(1758'(=%$7(5(
± $SOLFDUHD GUHSWXOXL GH FăWUH &XUWHD (XURSHDQă D
'UHSWXULORU2PXOXL &('2 
± $SOLFDUHD GUHSWXOXL GH &XUWHD GH -XVWLWLH D 8QLXQLL
(XURSHQH

276
± $SOLFDUHD GUHSWXOXL vQ FDGUXO &XUWLL 3HQDOH
,QWHUQDWLRQDOHGHOD+DJD


BIBLIOGRAFIE
 1LFRODH 3RSD ± 7HRULD JHQHUDOă D GUHSWXOXL
%XFXUH‫܈‬WLS
 ,RQ &UDLRYDQ ± 7HRULD JHQHUDOă D GUHSWXOXL
%XFXUH‫܈‬WLS
 0DULQ 9RLFX ± &XUWHD (XURSHDQD D 'UHSWXULORU
2PXOXL(GLWXUD-XULGLFă

277

8QLWDWHDGHvQYă‫܊‬DUH
5$32578/-85,',&



CONЯINUTUL UNITĂЯII DE ÎNVĂЯARE


2ELHFWLYHXUPăULWH
7LPSDORFDWXQLWă‫܊‬LL
&XYLQWHFKHLH
'HILQLĠLDUDSRUWXOXLMXULGLF
3UHPLVHOHUDSRUWXOXLMXULGLF
7UăVăWXULOHFDUDFWHULVWLFHDOHUDSRUWXOXLMXULGLF
6XELHFWHOHUDSRUWXOXLMXULGLF
&RQ‫܊‬LQXWXOUDSRUWXOXLMXULGLF
2ELHFWXOUDSRUWXOMXULGLF
)DSWXOMXULGLF
3DUWLFXODULWă‫܊‬LDOHUDSRUWXULORUMXULGLFHGHUDPXUă
5H]XPDWXOXQLWă‫܊‬LLGHvQYă‫܊‬DUH
ÌQWUHEăULUHFDSLWXODWLYH
7HPHSHQWUXGH]EDWHUH
%LEOLRJUDILH


OBIECTIVE URMĂRITE
± FXQRD‫܈‬WHUHD OHJăWXULORU FDUH VH QDVF FD XUPDUH D
GHVIăúXUăULL DFWLYLWăĠLORU vQWUR FRPXQLWDWH OHJăWXUL
UHJOHPHQWDWHSULQQRUPHOHMXULGLFH

278
± vQVXúLUHD FRQFHSWXOXL GH VXELHFW GH GUHSW úL
FDSDFLWDWHMXULGLFă
± FXQRD‫܈‬WHUHD PRGXOXL GH WUDQVSXQHUH vQ GUHSW D
IDSWXOXLMXULGLF


7,03$/2&$781,7Ă‫܉‬,,25(


CUVINTE CHEIE
– Raportul juridic – UHSUH]LQWăROHJăWXUăVRFLDOăvQWUH
SDUWLFLSDQĠLGHWHUPLQDĠLUHJOHPHQWDWăGHQRUPDMXULGLFă
VXVFHSWLELOăGHDILDSăUDWăSHFDOHDFRHUFLĠLXQLLVWDWDOH‫܈‬L
FDUDFWHUL]DWă SULQ H[LVWHQĠD GUHSWXULORU ‫܈‬L REOLJD‫܊‬LLORU
MXULGLFH
– Trăsăturile caracteristice ale raportului juridic
VXQW
±HVWHXQUDSRUWVRFLDO
±HVWHXQUDSRUWGHVXSUDVWUXFWXUă
±HVWHXQUDSRUWYROLĠLRQDO
±HVWHXQUDSRUWYDORULF
±UHSUH]LQWăRFDWHJRULHLVWRULFă
– Capacitatea juridică – GHVHPQHD]ă DSWLWXGLQHD
UHFXQRVFXWă GH OHJH D RPXOXL GH D DYHD GUHSWXUL úL
REOLJDĠLLMXULGLFH&DSDFLWDWHDMXULGLFăSRDWHIL
±JHQHUDOă
±VSHFLDOă
– Subiectele raporturilor juridice pot fi:
±SHUVRDQHIL]LFH

279
±SHUVRDQHMXULGLFH
±RUJDQHOHVWDWXOXL
– ConĠinutul raportului juridic – GHVHPQHD]ă
WRWDOLWDWHD GUHSWXULORU ‫܈‬L REOLJD‫܊‬LLORU VXELHFWHORU LQWUXQ
UDSRUWMXULGLFFRQFUHWGHWHUPLQDWFDUHVXQWSUHYă]XWHvQ
QRUPDMXULGLFă
– Obiectul raportului juridic– HVWH UHSUH]HQWDW GH
FRQGXLWD XPDQă FH VH UHDOL]HD]ă GH FăWUH VXELHFĠLL
UDSRUWXOXL MXULGLF FD XUPDUH D H[HUFLWăULL GUHSWXULORU úL
vQGHSOLQLULL REOLJD‫܊‬LLORU SH FDUH OH LGHQWLILFăP vQ
FRQWH[WXDOUDSRUWXOXLMXULGLF
– Clasificarea faptelor juridice este:
± HYHQLPHQWHOH VXQW DFHOH vPSUHMXUăUL FDUH VH SURGXF
LQGHSHQGHQW GH YRLQĠD RPXOXL DYkQG GUHSW HIHFWH
QDúWHUHD PRGLILFDUHD VDX VWLQJHUHD XQRU UDSRUWXUL
MXULGLFH
±DFĠLXQLOHVXQWDFWHOHRDPHQLORUFRQúWLHQWVăYkUúLWH

'(),1,ğ,$5$32578/8,-85,',&

Raportul juridic reprezintă legătura socială stabilită
între participanĠii determinaĠi, reglementată de norma
juridică, susceptibilă de a fi apărată pe calea
coerciĠiunii statale Юi caracterizată prin existenĠa
drepturilor Юi obligaаiilor juridice.
ÌQDFHVWVHQVVHLPSXQXUPăWRDUHOHSUHFL]ăUL

280
± UDSRUWXO MXULGLF VH GHRVHEHúWH GH DOWH FDWHJRULL GH
UDSRUWXUL VRFLDOH SULQ IDSWXO FD OHJăWXUD VRFLDOă GLQWUH
SDUWLFLSDQWLHVWHUHJOHPHQWDWăGHRQRUPăMXULGLFă
± UDSRUWXO MXULGLF UHSUH]LQWă SULQFLSDOD IRUPă GH
UHDOL]DUH D GUHSWXOXL SHQWUX Fă SULQ LQWHUPHGLXO VăX
SUHVFULSĠLLOHFXSULQVHvQQRUPHOHMXULGLFHVXQWWUDGXVHvQ
YLDWă
±UDSRUWXOMXULGLFVHQDúWHvQPRPHQWXOvQFDUHLQWUăvQ
DFWLXQHQRUPDMXULGLFă
± UDSRUWXO MXULGLF UHSUH]LQWă D[XO GH OHJăWXUă GLQWUH
QRUPD MXULGLFă UHJXOă JHQHUDOă WLSLFă LPSHUVRQDOă ‫܈‬L
REOLJDWRULH úLYLDWDVRFLDOăUHDOLWDWHDFRQFUHWă
±UDSRUWXOMXULGLFREOLJăRDPHQLL SDUWLFLSDQWLGLUHFWL 
Vă VH FRPSRUWH vQ PDQLHUD SH FDUH R SUHYHGH QRUPD
MXULGLFă
±UDSRUWXULOHMXULGLFHFXQRVFRPDUHYDULHWDWHGDWRULWă
GLYHUVLWăĠLLUHODWLLORUVRFLDOHFHVXQWVXSXVHUHJOHPHQWăULL
MXULGLFH
± UDSRUWXO MXULGLF HVWHFHOFDUH FRQIHUăSDUWLFLSDQWLORU
GUHSWXULúLREOLJD‫܊‬LLFRUHODWLYH
±H[HUFLWDUHDGUHSWXULORU‫܈‬LH[HFXWDUHDREOLJD‫܊‬LLORUVXQW
JDUDQWDWH SULQ LQWHUYHQ‫܊‬LD IRU‫܊‬HL GH FRQVWUkQJHUH D
VWDWXOXL

281
35(0,6(/(5$32578/8,-85,',&

3HQWUX FD XQ UDSRUW MXULGLF Vă VH QDVFă ‫܈‬L Vă VH
GHVIDVRDUHHVWHQHYRLHVăH[LVWHXQHOHFRQGL‫܊‬LL SUHPLVH 
REOLJDWRULL$FHVWHFRQGL‫܊‬LLVXQW
±QRUPDMXULGLFă
±VXELHFWHGHGUHSW
±IDSWHOHMXULGLFH
1RUPD MXULGLFă UHSUH]LQWă FRQGL‫܊‬LD IXQGDPHQWDOă
SHQWUX QDúWHUHD XQXL UDSRUW MXULGLF )ăUă QRUPă MXULGLFă
QX VH SRDWH YRUEL GH XQ UDSRUW MXULGLF vQWUXFkW QRUPD
MXULGLFă HVWH FHD FDUH GHILQHúWH SUHFL]HD]ă FDSDFLWDWHD
VXELHFWHORU FDUH LQWUă LQWUXQ UDSRUW MXULGLF FD XUPDUH
H[LVWHQWHLXQRUIDSWHMXULGLFH
1RUPDMXULGLFăQXSRDWHILYLDELOăDSOLFDELOăGHFkWvQ
FDGUXO XQXL UDSRUW MXULGLF $FHVWD HVWH PRWLYXO SHQWUX
FDUH GH FHOH PDL PXOWH RUL UDSRUWXO MXULGLF HVWH
FDUDFWHUL]DW FD R QRUPă MXULGLFă vQ DFWLXQH GDU QX úL FD
VLQJXUXOPLMLRFGHUHDOL]DUHDGUHSWXOXL
'HH[HPSOXQRUPHOHMXULGLFHSURKLELWLYHFDUHLPSXQ
VXELHFWHORU Vă DEĠLQă GH OD VăYkUúLUHD XQRU IDSWH
SHULFXORDVH GLQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH VRFLDO DX FD PHQLUH
IXQGDPHQWDOăQXDFHHDGHDFUHDUDSRUWXULMXULGLFHFLGH
DREOLJDSDUWLFLSDQWLLODFLUFXLWXOMXULGLFVăVHDEWLQăGHOD
VăYkUúLUHD XQRU DVHPHQHD IDSWH ÌQ DVHPHQHD FD]XUL
UDSRUWXO MXULGLF DSDUH FD UH]XOWDW H QHUHVSHFWăULL QRUPHL
MXULGLFH

282
6XELHFWHOH GH GUHSW VXQW FRQVLGHUDWH D IL VXELHFWHOH
LQGLYLGXDOH SHUVRDQHOH IL]LFH  ‫܈‬L VXELHFWHOH FROHFWLYH
VWDWXO RUJDQHOH GH VWDW úL SHUVRDQHOH MXULGLFH  FDUH
SDUWLFLSăODUDSRUWXULMXULGLFH

 75Ă6Ă785,/( &$5$&7(5,67,&( $/(
5$32578/8,-85,',&

D  5DSRUWXO MXULGLF HVWH XQ UDSRUW VRFLDO SHQWUX
IDSWXOFăVHVWDELOHúWHvQWRWGHDXQDvQWUHRDPHQLILHvQWUH
SDUWHQHUL SHUVRDQH IL]LFH ILH vQWUH DFHVWHD úL RUJDQHOH
VWDWXOXLVDXvQWUHRUJDQHOHúLLQVWLWX‫܊‬LLOHVWDWXOXL
$ILUPăP Fă UDSRUWXO MXULGLF HVWH XQ UDSRUW VRFLDO
SHQWUXDQHGHOLPLWDGHRSLQLDH[SULPDWăvQXQHOHOXFUăUL
GH VSHFLDOLWDWH FDUH VXVĠLQ Fă UDSRUWXO MXULGLF HVWH XQ
UDSRUWvQWUHRDPHQL‫܈‬LEXQXUL
&KLDU GDFă UDSRUWXULOH vQWUH RDPHQL SRW Vă DSDUă FD
UHODWLLIDWăGHDQXPLWHEXQXUL RELHFWH FRQ‫܊‬LQXWXOUHDODO
DFHVWRUDHVWHWRFPDLUDSRUWXOVRFLDO
2PXO H[LVWă ‫܈‬L DFWLRQHD]ă vQWUXQ VLVWHP GH UHODWLL
vQWUR DPELDQĠă VRFLDOă GDWă HO ILLQG VXSXV XQXL SURFHV
GHVRFLDOL]DUHSURJUHVLYă
E  5DSRUWXO MXULGLF HVWH XQ UDSRUW GH
VXSUDVWUXFWXUă SHQWUX Fă HVWH LQIOXHQĠDW ‫܈‬L LQIOXHQWHD]ă
OD UkQGXO VăX FHOHODOWH FDWHJRULL GH UDSRUWXUL VRFLDOH
UDSRUWXULPDWHULDOH‫܈‬LUDSRUWXULLGHRORJLFH 

283
(VWHXQDQLPDFFHSWDWăWH]DSRWULYLWFăUHLDUHODWLLOHGH
SURSULHWDWHDOFăWXLHVFD[XOvQMXUXOFăUXLDJUDYLWHD]ăWRDWH
UHJOHPHQWăULOHMXULGLFH
5DSRUWXO MXULGLF HVWH SUH]HQW SUDFWLF vQ WRDWH
GRPHQLLOH YLHWLL SROLWLF HFRQRPLFH GH FRQGXFHUH D
VRFLHWă‫܊‬LL GH DSăUDUH VRFLDOă DGPLQLVWUDWLY DOH YLHWLL GH
IDPLOLHDOHFRQYLHWXLULLVRFLDOHDOHGUHSWXOXLLQWHUQDWLRQDO
HWF
F 5DSRUWXOMXULGLFHVWHXQUDSRUWYROLWLRQDODGLFă
XQ UDSRUW GH YRLQWă H[SULPDWă vQ FD]XO OHJăWXULORU FH VH
FUHHD]ă ‫܈‬L VH GH]YROWă vQWUH RDPHQL 3HQWUX D‫܈‬L UH]ROYD
SURSULLOH SUREOHPH GLQ FH vQ FH PDL FRPSOH[H RPXO
LQWUă vQWUR PXOWLWXGLQH GH UDSRUWXUL FX VHPHQLL VăL FX
RUJDQHOHúLLQVWLWX‫܊‬LLOHVWDWDOH‫܈‬LQHVWDWDOH
'LQPRPHQWXOQDúWHULLRPXOvPEUDFăGLIHULWHÄKDLQH
MXULGLFH ILX PLQRU VRW WDWă FXPSăUăWRU YkQ]ăWRU
GRQDWRU DOHJăWRU DOHV HWF FDOLWăWL FDUH LL GDX
SRVLELOLWDWHD GH D LQWUD vQ GLYHUVH UDSRUWXUL MXULGLFH FD
SXUWăWRUGHGUHSWXULúLREOLJD‫܊‬LL
)LLQG XQ UDSRUW GH YRLQWă UDSRUWXO MXULGLF UHSUH]LQWă
]RQD GH vQWkOQLUH D GRXă YRLQWH YRLQWD VWDWXOXL
H[SULPDWăvQQRUPDMXULGLFăúLFDUHFRQVDFUăGUHSWXULOH‫܈‬L
REOLJD‫܊‬LLOH SDUWLFLSDQWLORU OD UDSRUWXO MXULGLF ‫܈‬L YRLQĠD
VXELHFWLORU ÌQ PDUHD PDMRULWDWH D FD]XULORU LQWkOQLUHD
FHORU GRXă FDWHJRULL GH YRLQWH VH± PDWHULDOL]HD]ă vQ
FRODERUDUHD GLQWUH SDUWLFLSDQWL vQ IDSWXO FRQFUHW Fă
DFHúWLD vúL FRQIRUPHD]ă FRQGXLWHOH UHDFWLLOH ‫܈‬L
FRPSRUWDPHQWHOHSRWULYLWGLVSR]L‫܊‬LHLQRUPHLMXULGLFHÌQ

284
DOWHFD]XULvQVăvQWkOQLUHDFHORUGRXăYRLQWHFDSăWăIRUPD
XQHLFRQIUXQWăULGHWHUPLQDWăGHIDSWXOFăSDUWLFLSDQĠLLQX
vQWHOHJ Vă‫܈‬L VXERUGRQH]H YRLQWD úL FRQGXLWD LQGLYLGXDOă
SRWULYLWGLVSR]L‫܊‬LHLGLQQRUPDMXULGLFă
'LQDFHVWSXQFWGHYHGHUHOLWHUDWXUDMXULGLFăFODVLILFă
UDSRUWXULOHMXULGLFHvQ
± UDSRUWXUL MXULGLFH SULQ FDUH VH UHDOL]HD]ă GLVSR]L‫܊‬LD
QRUPHLMXULGLFH
±UDSRUWXULMXULGLFHSULQFDUHVHUHDOL]HD]ăVDQF‫܊‬LXQHD
QRUPHLMXULGLFH
([LVWHQWDFHORUGRXăYRLQWH DVWDWXOXL‫܈‬LDVXELHFWLORU 
SXQH vQ HYLGHQĠă GXEOXO FDUDFWHU YROLWLRQDO DO UDSRUWXOXL
MXULGLFFDUHVHH[SULPăSUDFWLFvQOHJăWXUDGLQWUHGUHSWXUL
úLREOLJD‫܊‬LLFD‫܈‬LvQWUHWLWXODULLDFHVWXLD
$WXQFL FkQG DQDOL]ăP GXEOXO FDUDFWHU YROLWLRQDO DO
UDSRUWXOXL MXULGLF WUHEXLH Vă QH UDSRUWăP OD UDPXUD GH
GUHSWvQFDUHSDUWLFLSăVXELHFWHOHUDSRUWXOXLMXULGLF
$VWIHO vQ PDWHULD GUHSWXOXL PXQFLL GUHSWXO FLYLO DO
IDPLOLHLPDMRULWDWHDUDSRUWXULORUMXULGLFHVHQDVFSHED]D
DFWXOXL GH YRLQĠă LQGLYLGXDO 'H H[HPSOX vQ FD]XO
UDSRUWXOXL MXULGLF GH FăVăWRULH GHWHUPLQDQWă HVWH YRLQWD
FHORU GRXă SăUĠL SHUVRDQH IL]LFH  GH D vQFKHLD DFHVW
UDSRUW MXULGLF $FHDVWă YRLQWă QX SRDWH IL YDODELO
H[SULPDWă FăVăWRULD QX VH SRDWH vQFKHLD OHJDO  GHFkW vQ
FRQGL‫܊‬LLOHSHFDUHOHJHDOHSUHYHGHvQPRGH[SUHV
ÌQGRPHQLXOGUHSWXOXLSHQDODGPLQLVWUDWLY‫܈‬LILQDQFLDU
HVHQWLDOă HVWH YRLQWD GH VWDW H[SULPDWă vQ FXSULQVXO
QRUPHLMXULGLFH

285
G 5DSRUWXOMXULGLFHVWHXQUDSRUWYDORULFSHQWUXFă
vQ ILHFDUH OHJăWXUă FH VH FUHHD]ă vQWUH SDUWLFLSDQWLL OD
FLUFXLWXOMXULGLFJăVLPFRQFUHWL]DWHYDORULOHHVHQWLDOHDOH
VRFLHWă‫܊‬LL
ÌQ VXEVWDQWD UDSRUWXOXL MXULGLF LGHQWLILFăP FHOH PDL
LPSRUWDQWH YDORUL SURWHMDWH GH OHJH YLDWD úL VăQăWDWHD
RPXOXL SURVSHULWDWHD DFHVWXLD VLJXUDQWD QDWLRQDOă
SURSULHWDWHD SXEOLFă GUHSWXULOH ‫܈‬L OLEHUWăWLOH
IXQGDPHQWDOHDOHRPXOXLHWF
H  5DSRUWXO MXULGLF UHSUH]LQWă R FDWHJRULH LVWRULFă
SHQWUX Fă HO UHIOHFWă WLSXO GH RUJDQL]DUH VRFLDOă FDUH vO
JHQHUHD]ă
ÌQ GUHSWXO SULYDW URPDQ VFODYXO HUD FRQVLGHUDW GLQ
SXQFW GH YHGHUH MXULGLF FD XQ OXFUX VWăSkQXO DFHVWXLD
DYkQGDVXSUDOXLGUHSWXOGHYLDWăúLPRDUWH6FODYXOSXWHD
ILYkQGXW‫܈‬LXFLVHOQXDYHDDYHUHQXDYHDIDPLOLHúLQX
SXWHDVăDSHOH]HODMXVWLĠLH
0DL WkU]LX vQ HSRFD IHXGDOă FODVD VWăSkQLWRDUH
QRELOLPHD  QX PDL DYHD GUHSW GH YLDWă ‫܈‬L GH PRDUWH
DVXSUDĠăUDQXOXLLREDJGDUvúLSăVWUDXVXILFLHQWHGUHSWXUL
DVXSUD DFHVWXLD OHJDUHD GH SăPkQW REOLJDĠLD SOăĠLORU vQ
PXQFăVDXEXQXULSHQWUXQRELO 
ÌQ GUHSWXO EXUJKH] HVWH OHJLIHUDWă HJDOLWDWHD WXWXURU
RDPHQLORUvQID‫܊‬ăOHJLLúLvQFRQFOX]LHSXWHPDILUPDFă
ILHFDUHWLSGHVRFLHWDWHHVWHFDUDFWHUL]DWăGHXQDQXPHWLS
GHUDSRUWXULMXULGLFH


286
68%,(&7(/(5$32578/8,-85,',&

$&RQFHSWXOGHVXELHFWGHGUHSW
$WXQFLFkQGDPVSXVFăUDSRUWXOMXULGLFHVWHXQUDSRUW
VRFLDO DP VXEOLQLDW IDSWXO Fă IDSWHOH MXULGLFH QX SRW IL
L]RODWH GH WRWDOLWDWHD FHORUODOWH IDSWH VRFLDOH UDSRUWXO
MXULGLF QX SRDWH IL LQĠHOHV GHFkW GDFă HVWH DQDOL]DW vQ
FRQWH[WXO VRFLDO FRQFUHW vQ FDUH DFHVWD VD QăVFXW ‫܈‬L VH
PDQLIHVWă
,VWRULD GUHSWXOXL D vQUHJLVWUDW FD]XUL FDUH QL VH SDU
DVWă]LFLXGDWHSULYLWRDUHODFRQFHSWXOGHVXELHFWGHGUHSW
XQHOH IHQRPHQH DOH QDWXULL VDX DQLPDOH HUDX WUDWDWH FD
ILLQĠHWLWXODUHGHGUHSWXULúLREOLJD‫܊‬LLvQUDSRUWXULMXULGLFH
GHWHUPLQDWH GH H[ 'DKXV UHJHOH 3HUVLHL D RUGRQDW Vă
VHEDWăYDOXULOHvQFKLSGHVDQF‫܊‬LXQHSHQWUXFăPDUHDLD
vQJKLWLWFRUăELLOH 
7LPS GH VHFROH vQ (YXO 0HGLX vQ XQHOH ĠăUL
RFFLGHQWDOHDXIRVWLQWHQWDWHSURFHVHDQLPDOHORU3ULPXO
SURFHV FXQRVFXW GH RPXFLGHUH LQWHQWDW XQXL DQLPDO HVWH
PHQWLRQDWGHFURQLFLvQDQXOFkQGvQWURORFDOLWDWH
GLQ )UDQĠD XQ SRUF GHYRUDVH XQ FRSLO ,QVWDQĠD GH
MXGHFDWăHUDREOLJDWăVăDUHVWH]HDQLPDOXOVăLOMXGHFHúL
VăvOFRQGDPQHGXSăWRDWHIRUPHOHOHJDOHLDUH[HFXWDUHD
DFHVWXLDVHIăFHDvQSXEOLF
ÌQ FRQFHSĠLD GUHSWXOXL PRGHUQ RPXO HVWH VLQJXUXO vQ
PăVXUăVăSDUWLFLSHODXQUDSRUWMXULGLF
'LQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH VRFLRORJLF UDSRUWXULOH MXULGLFH
VXQW FRQVLGHUDWH IRUPH VSHFLILFH GH PDQLIHVWDUH D

287
FRH]LXQLL VRFLDOH OHJăWXUL VRFLDOH GH WLS VSHFLDO
FDUDFWHUL]DWH SULQWUR VWDUH GH GHSHQGHQWă UHFLSURFă D
SDUWHQHULORU GHSHQGHQWă SH FDUH R JăVLP SUHFL]DWă vQ
QRUPHOHMXULGLFH

% &DSDFLWDWHD MXULGLFă ± FRQGL‫܊‬LH D FDOLWă‫܊‬LL GH
VXELHFWGHGUHSW
&DSDFLWDWHD MXULGLFă GHVHPQHD]ă DSWLWXGLQHD
UHFXQRVFXWă GH OHJH D RPXOXL GH D DYHD GUHSWXUL úL
REOLJD‫܊‬LL MXULGLFH /HJHD HVWH FHD FDUH IL[HD]ă DWkW
PRPHQWXO DSDULĠLHL FDSDFLWăĠLL MXULGLFH vQWLQGHUHD HL
SUHFXP‫܈‬LYROXPXOGUHSWXULORUúLREOLJD‫܊‬LLORUFHSRWIRUPD
FRQĠLQXWXOXQXLUDSRUWMXULGLF
3H PăVXUD VWXGLHULL GLVFLSOLQHORU GH UDPXUă YRP
vQWkOQL DFFHSĠLXQL IRDUWH GLIHULWH DOH QR‫܊‬LXQLL GH
FDSDFLWDWHvQIXQF‫܊‬LHGHUDPXUDGHGUHSWVDXGHLQVWLWX‫܊‬LD
MXULGLFă vQ FDX]ă GH H[ FDSDFLWDWHD GH H[HUFLĠLX
FDSDFLWDWHD GH IRORVLQĠă FDSDFLWDWHD HOHFWRUDOă
FDSDFLWDWHDGHDPRúWHQLFDSDFLWDWHDGHDUăVSXQGHHWF
&DSDFLWDWHDMXULGLFăFRQVWLWXLHRFRQGL‫܊‬LHDFDOLWăĠLLGH
VXELHFWGHGUHSWvQOLSVDHLQXDUILSRVLELOăSDUWLFLSDUHD
RDPHQLORU VDX RUJDQL]DĠLLWRU DFHVWRUD OD UHODĠLLOH VRFLDOH
UHJOHPHQWDWHGHGUHSW
7HRULD *HQHUDOă D 'UHSWXOXL FODVLILFă FDSDFLWDWHD
MXULGLFăLQ
± FDSDFLWDWH MXULGLFă JHQHUDOă FDUH vQVHDPQă
DSWLWXGLQHDGHDSDUWLFLSDFDWLWXODUGHGUHSWXULúLREOLJD‫܊‬LL
MXULGLFHvQWRDWHFDWHJRULLOHGHUDSRUWXULMXULGLFHIăUăFD

288
OHJHDVăFRQGL‫܊‬LRQH]HDFHDVWăSDUWLFLSDUHGHvQGHSOLQLUHD
XQRUFDOLWDĠL
± FDSDFLWDWH MXULGLFă VSHFLDOă HVWH SRVLELOLWDWHD
UHFXQRVFXWăGHOHJHGHDSDUWLFLSDFDVXELHFWGHGUHSWvQ
UDSRUWXULOH vQ FDUH WUHEXLH vQGHSOLQLWH DQXPLWH FRQGL‫܊‬LL
H[HPSOH VXELHFWHOH FROHFWLYH vQ GUHSWXO FLYLO RUJDQHOH
GH VWDW vQ GUHSWXO DGPLQLVWUDWLYH FDOLWDWHD GH IXQF‫܊‬LRQDU
SXEOLFHWF 

&&ODVLILFDUHDVXELHFWHORUUDSRUWXULORUMXULGLFH
, 6XELHFWH LQGLYLGXDOH SHUVRDQD IL]LFă HVWH FHO PDL
vQWkOQLW VXELHFW GH GUHSW &HWăĠHQLL XQXL VWDW SRW Vă
SDUWLFLSH vQ SULQFLSLX OD WRDWH FDWHJRULLOH GH UDSRUWXUL
MXULGLFH EHQHILFLLQG DVWIHO GH FDSDFLWDWHD MXULGLFă
JHQHUDOă
&HWăĠHQLLSRWLQWUDvQUDSRUWXULGHGUHSWDWkWvQWUHHLFkW
úL FX VWDWXO FX RUJDQHOH VWDWXOXL FX RUJDQL]DWLLOH
HFRQRPLFHSROLWLFHFXRUJDQLVPHOHQHVWDWDOHHWF
3HUVRDQDIL]LFăDSDUHFDVXELHFWLQGLYLGXDOGLVWLQFWvQ
UDSRUWXULOH MXULGLFH GH GUHSW FLYLO VLWXD‫܊‬LH vQ FDUH
FDSDFLWDWHD VD MXULGLFă VH vPSDUWH vQ FDSDFLWDWHD GH
IRORVLQWăúLFDSDFLWDWHDGHH[HUFLWLX
&DSDFLWDWHD GH IRORVLQĠă HVWH GHILQLWă vQ OHJHD FLYLOă
GUHSWFDSDFLWDWHDGHDDYHDGUHSWXULúLREOLJD‫܊‬LLUHVSHFWLY
DSWLWXGLQHD RPXOXL úL VH WHUPLQă R GDWă FX PRDUWHD
DFHVWXLD

289
&DSDFLWDWHD GH H[HUFLWLX vQVHDPQă FDSDFLWDWHD
SHUVRDQHL GH D‫܈‬L H[HUFLWD GUHSWXULOH ‫܈‬L GH D‫܈‬L DVXPD
REOLJD‫܊‬LLSULQVăYkUúLUHDGHDFWHMXULGLFH
)DFHP SUHFL]DUHD Fă DFHDVWă LPSăUWLUH D FDSDFLWă‫܊‬LL
MXULGLFHHVSHFLILFăGUHSWXOXLFLYLO6XELHFWHOHLQGLYLGXDWH
GH GUHSW SRW IL úL FHWă‫܊‬HQLL VWUăLQL úL DSDWUL]LL SHUVRDQH
IăUăFHWDĠHQLH 
,,6XELHFWHOHFROHFWLYHGHGUHSWVXQWVWDWXORUJDQHOH
GHVWDWSHUVRDQHOHMXULGLFH
D 6WDWXOFDVXELHFWGHGUHSW
6WDWXO GREkQGHúWH FDOLWDWHD GH VXELHFW GH GUHSW vQ
GRXă FDWHJRULL SULQFLSDOH GH UDSRUWXUL MXULGLFH UDSRUWXUL
MXULGLFH LQWHUQH ‫܈‬L UDSRUWXUL MXULGLFH GH GUHSW
LQWHUQDWLRQDO
ÌQ GUHSWXO LQWHUQ VWDWXO DSDUH vQ FDOLWDWH GH VXELHFW
GH GUHSW UDSRUWXUL MXULGLFH GH GUHSW FRQVWLWXWLRQDO FD
WLWXODU DW VXYHUDQLWăĠLL DVXSUD WHULWRULXOXL GH VWDW HO
KRWăUăúWHDVXSUDFUHăULLGHQRLUHJLPXULWLQXWXULMXGHWH
DVXSUDFRQILJXUDWLHLDGPLQLVWUDWLYWHULWRULDOHDVWDWXOXL 
ÌQFD]XOVWDWXOXLIHGHUDOVXQWFRQVLGHUDWHVXELHFWHGH
GUHSWDWkWVWDWXOIHGHUDOFkWúLVWDWHOHFRPSRQHQWH
'H DVHPHQHD VWDWXO DSDUH FD VXELHFW GH GUHSW
FRQVWLWXWLRQDOvQUDSRUWXULOHMXULGLFHSULYLQGFHWă‫܊‬HQLD
'H H[HPSOX VWDWXO URPkQ HVWH FHO FDUH DFRUGă
FHWă‫܊‬HQLD DSUREă UHQXQĠDUHD OD FHWă‫܊‬HQLH UHWUDJH
FHWă‫܊‬HQLD DSUREă VWDELOLUHD GRPLFLOLXOXL vQ  5RPkQLD
SHQWUXFHWăĠHQLLDOWRUVWDWH

290
3OHFkQG GH OD SUHYHGHULOH DUW  GLQ 'HFUHWXO QU
vQFDUHVWDWXOHUDLQFOXVvQFDWHJRULDSHUVRDQHORU
MXULGLFH VH SXQH LQWUHEDUHD GDFă VWDWXO HVWH D VLPSOă
SHUVRDQăMXULGLFă
ÌQOLWHUDWXUDGHVSHFLDOLWDWHVDDSUHFLDWFăVWDWXOHVWHR
SHUVRDQăMXULGLFăFXVWDWXWVSHFLDO VXLJHQHULV 
ÌQUDSRUWXULOHGHGUHSWFLYLOVWDWXOSDUWLFLSăvQFDOLWDWH
GHVXELHFWGHGUHSWUHSUH]HQWDWGH0LQLVWHUXO)LQDQWHORU
VDXGHDOWHRUJDQHGHVHPQDWHvQPRGVSHFLDO
6WDWXOHVWHVXELHFWGHGUHSWúLFDWLWXODUDOGUHSWXOXLGH
SURSULHWDWHDVXSUDXQRUPLMORDFHGHSURGXFWLH
2 VLWXD‫܊‬LH DSDUWH SUH]LQWă SDUWLFLSDUHD VWDWXOXL vQ
UDSRUWXULOHMXULGLFHGHGUHSWLQWHUQDWLRQDO
± VWDWXO FRQVWLWXLH VXELHFWXO SULQFLSDO DO GUHSWXOXL
LQWHUQDWLRQDO vQ YLUWXWHD VLWXD‫܊‬LHL VDOH GH HQWLWDWH SROLWLFă
VXYHUDQă
±ILHFDUHVWDWSDUWLFLSăvQFRQGL‫܊‬LLGHGHSOLQăHJDOLWDWH
vQGUHSWXULODUDSRUWXULOHLQWHUVWDWDOHVLWXD‫܊‬LHFDUHLPSOLFă
GUHSWXULúLREOLJD‫܊‬LLHJDOHvQRULFHGRPHQLXDOFRRSHUăULL
LQWHUQDWLRQDOH
±ILHFDUHVWDWVHEXFXUăGHSHUVRQDOLWDWHLQWHUQDWLRQDOă
D FăUHL UHVSHFWDUH GH FăWUH WRDWH VWDWHOH FRQVWLWXLH R
REOLJDWLHXQDQLPDFFHSWDWă
±VWDWXOHVWHFRQVLGHUDWFUHDWRU‫܈‬LGHVWLQDWDUDOQRUPHL
MXULGLFH LQWHUQDĠLRQDOH DYkQG REOLJDĠLD ‫܈‬L
UHVSRQVDELOLWDWHD UHVSHFWăULL úL DSOLFăULL ORU FX EXQă
FUHGLQĠă

291
± SHUVRQDOLWDWHD LQWHUQDWLRQDOă D VWDWXOXL QX HVWH
SULYLWă FD R VLPSOă FDSDFLWDWH MXULGLFă DEVWUDFWă ÌQ
WHPHLXO VXYHUDQLWăĠLL VDOH ILHFDUH VWDW LQGLIIHUHQW GH
PăULPHD OXL GH SXWHUHD SH FDUH R DUH GH VLWXDUHD VD
JHRJUDILFăGHSRSXODWLHHWFSRVHGăFDOLWDWHDGH CVXELHFW
GH GUHSW LQWHUQDWLRQDO SH FDUH R SRDWH H[HUFLWD IăUă
UHVWULFWLL
± VWDWHOH SDUWLFLSă GLUHFW SULQ YRLQWD H[SULPDWă OD
HODERUDUHD‫܈‬LSXQHUHDvQDSOLFDUHDQRUPHORUMXULGLFHGH
GUHSW LQWHUQDĠLRQDO DYkQG FDSDFLWDWHD GHSOLQă GH D
EHQHILFLDGHGUHSWXULúLGHDúLDVXPDREOLJD‫܊‬LL
± XQ VWDW GREkQGHúWH FDOLWDWHD GH VXELHFW GH GUHSW
LQWHUQDWLRQDO GLQ PRPHQWXO QDúWHULL FUHăULL  VDOH SULQ
IX]LXQHDDGRXăVDXPDLPXOWHVWDWHLQWUXQVLQJXUSULQ
GH]PHPEUDUHD XQXL VWDW vQ GRXă VDX PDL PXOWH VWDWH
IRVWD &HKRVORYDFLH GLQ FDUH VDX IRUPDW VWDWXO FHK úL
VWDWXO VORYDF IRVWD 8566 GLQ FDUH VDX FUHDW  VWDWH
VXYHUDQH ‫܈‬L LQGHSHQGHQWH IRVWD 5HSXEOLFă )HGHUDWLYă D
-XJRVODYLHLHWF SULQOXSWDGHHOLEHUDUHGHVXEGRPLQDWLD
FRORQLDOă 1DPLELD=LPEDEZHHWF 
E 2UJDQHOHVWDWXOXL±VXELHFWHGHGUHSW
&RQVWLWXWLD úL OHJLOH RUJDQLFH VWDELOHVF FRPSHWHQĠH
VSHFLILFH ILHFăUXL RUJDQ GH VWDW RUJDQHOH SXWHULL
OHJLVODWLYH RUJDQHOH MXVWLWLHL RUJDQHOH SURFXUDWXULL
RUJDQHOH DGPLQLVWUDWLHL FDUH VXQW DVWIHO LQYHVWLWH FX
FRPSHWHQĠH ‫܈‬L VXQW SXUWăWRDUH DOH DXWRULWă‫܊‬LL úL SXWHULL
VWDWXOXLLQWUXQGRPHQLXELQHGHILQLW‫܈‬LGHOLPLWDW

292
&RQVWLWXWLD ‫܈‬L OHJLOH RUJDQLFH GDX RUJDQHORU VWDWXOXL
FDOLWDWHD GH VXELHFWH GH GUHSW ÌQ DFHDVWă FDOLWDWH
RUJDQHOHVWDWXOXLVXQWFRPSHWHQWH
±VăH[HUFLWHUROXOFRQGXFăWRUDOVWDWXOXLvQGRPHQLXO
UHVSHFWLY
±VăVROXWLRQH]HSUREOHPHOHSULYLQGWHPHLQLFLDOHJDOă
DSUHWHQWLLORUXQRUVXELHFWHGHGUHSWIDWăGHDOWHOH
±VăDSOLFHIRU‫܊‬DGHFRQVWUkQJHUHDVWDWXOXLvQVLWXD‫܊‬LLOH
‫܈‬LSRWULYLWSURFHGXULORUSHFDUHOHJHDOHVWDELOHúWH
±VăUHVWDELOHDVFăRUGLQHDGHGUHSWvQFăOFDWă
±VăUHFXSHUH]HSUHMXGLFLLOHSURGXVHSDUWLFLSDQWLORUOD
UDSRUWXULOHMXULGLFH
'H H[ 3DUODPHQWXO HVWH VXELHFW GH GUHSW
FRQVWLWXWLRQDO vQ UHODWLLOH SULYLWRDUH OD DOHJHUHD úL
UHYRFDUHD *XYHUQXOXL FRQWUROXO DFWLYLWă‫܊‬LL XQRU RUJDQH
6HUYLFLXO5RPkQGH,QIRUPDWLL&XUWHDGH&RQWXULHWF 
ÌQ GRPHQLXO DSăUăULL RUGLQLL VRFLDOH UHVSHFWLY SHQWUX
SURWHFWLD úL JDUDQWDUHD H[HUFLWăULL OLEHUH D GUHSWXULORU
FRQVWLWXWLRQDOH DOH FHWă‫܊‬HQLORU D DSăUăULL SURSULHWă‫܊‬LL D
RUkQGXLULLGHVWDWFHOHPDLLPSRUWDQWHVXELHFWHGHGUHSW
VXQW RUJDQHOH 0LQLVWHUXOXL GH ,QWHUQH DOH 3DUFKHWXOXL ‫܈‬L
DOH-XVĠLWLHL
$FHVWH RUJDQH VXQW SXUWăWRDUH GH GUHSWXUL GH D
DVLJXUD RUGLQHD VRFLDOă GDU ‫܈‬L GH REOLJD‫܊‬LL GH D DFWLRQD
DVWIHO vQFkW DFHVWH FHULQWH DOH OHJLL Vă ILH vQGHSOLQLWH
6WDWXO HVWH FHO FDUH REOLJă RUJDQHOH VSHFLDOL]DWH Vă
DFĠLRQH]H vQWUR FRQFHSĠLH FODUă SRWULYLW FRPSHĠHQĠHORU
FRQIHULWH GH OHJH SHQWUX D DSăUD GUHSWXULOH FHWă‫܊‬HQLORU

293
$VWIHORUJDQHOHSROLĠLHLDXREOLJDĠLDGHDDVLJXUDRUGLQHD
úL OLQLúWHD SXEOLFă GH D DSăUD SURSULHWDWHD SXEOLFă ‫܈‬L
SULYDWă GH D LQWHUYHQL SHQWUX D IL UHVWDELOLWă RUGLQHD GH
GUHSWvQVLWXD‫܊‬LLOHFDUHDIRVWvQFăOFDWă(VWHYRUEDDúDGDU
GH REOLJDWLD GH D LQWHUYHQL QX GH R FKHVWLXQH OăVDWă OD
OLEHUDDSUHFLHUHDSROLWLHL
8QRUJDQILQDQFLDUHVWHREOLJDWVăSHUFHDSăLPSR]LWHOH
GH OD SRSXODWH VDX GH OD DJHQĠLL HFRQRPLFL FKHVWLXQHD
QHILLQGOăVDWăODDSUHFLHUHDDFHOXLRUJDQGDFăSRDWHVDX
QXGDFăYUHDVDXQXVăH[HFXWHREOLJDWLDSHFDUHRDUH
,PSRUWDQWHVWHGHVXEOLQLDWIDSWXOFăQHH[HFXWDUHDGH
FăWUHRUJDQHOHVWDWXOXLDREOLJD‫܊‬LLORUFHOHUHYLQvQFDOLWDWH
GH VXELHFWH DOH UDSRUWXULORU MXULGLFH FRQGXFH LQH[RUDELO
ODPDULSUHMXGLFLLSHQWUXVWDWúLVRFLHWDWH(VWH‫܈‬LPRWLYXO
VDX MXVWLILFDUHD FRQWUROXOXL SH FDUH VWDWXO vO H[HUFLWă
DVXSUDDFWLYLWăĠLORUDFHVWRURUJDQH
ÌQ WHUPHQL PDL DFWXDOL SULQ OHJH RUJDQLFă /HJHD GH
RUJDQL]DUHIXQF‫܊‬LRQDUH D3ROLWLHL SROLWLDHVWHREOLJDWăVă
vQWUHSULQGă DFWLYLWăWL VSHFLILFH SHQWUX SUHYHQLUHD ‫܈‬L
FRPEDWHUHD FULPHL RUJDQL]DWH ÌQ FDOLWDWH GH VXELHFW DO
UDSRUWXOXL MXULGLF SROLWLD DUH GUHSWXO GDU úL REOLJDWLD Vă
LQWHUYLQă SHQWUX UHDOL]DUHD SRWULYLW FRPSHWHQWHORU D
DWULEXWLLORUFHLVXQWFRQIHULWHSULQOHJH
F 3HUVRDQHOHMXULGLFH±VXELHFWHGHGUHSW
'HVSUHSHUVRQDOLWDWHDMXULGLFăDXH[SULPDWRSLQLLDWkW
OHJLXLWRULL FkW úL FHUFHWăWRULL MXULGLFL ùFRDOD GUHSWXOXL
LVWRULF JHUPDQ 6DYLJQ\ 3XFKWD  VXVWLQHDX Fă
ÄSHUVRQDOLWDWHDMXULGLFăHVWHRFUHDWLHDOHJLL

294
(OHPHQWHOH FRQVWLWXWLYH DOH SHUVRQDOLWă‫܊‬LL MXULGLFH
VXQW
±RUJDQL]DUHDGHVLQHVWăWăWRDUHDSHUVRDQHLMXULGLFH
± H[LVWHQWD XQXL SDWULPRQLX SURSULX DO SHUVRDQHL
MXULGLFH
± H[LVWHQWD XQXL VFRS SH FDUH úLO SURSXQH DO UHDOL]D
SHUVRDQD MXULGLFă VFRS FDUH HVWH vQ DFRUG FX LQWHUHVXO
JHQHUDODOVRFLHWă‫܊‬LLúLQXFRQWUDYLQHDFHVWXLD
3HUVRDQHOH MXULGLFH VXQW VXELHFWH GLVWLQFWH vQ
UDSRUWXULOH MXULGLFH GH GUHSW FLYLO VDX vQ FHOH GH GUHSW
FRPHUFLDO
3DUWLFLSDUHDSHUVRDQHORUMXULGLFHODUDSRUWXULOHMXULGLFH
VSHFLILFH GRPHQLXOXL HFRQRPLF FRPHUFLDO VRFLDO
FXOWXUDO DUH R LPSRUWDQĠă GHRVHELWă $VWIHO SULQFLSDOHOH
FDWHJRULLGHSHUVRDQHMXULGLFHVXQW
±VRFLHWăWLOHFRPHUFLDOHUHJLLOHDXWRQRPHFRPSDQLLOH
HWFVXQWVXELHFWHGHGUHSWvQUDSRUWXULOHGHGUHSWSULYDW
± LQVWLWX‫܊‬LLOH GH LQYăWăPkQW úWLLQWă FXOWXUă VăQăWDWH
FDUHIXQF‫܊‬LRQHD]ăSHED]ăGHILQDQWDUHEXJHWDUă
± RUJDQHOH VWDWXOXL SRW SDUWLFLSD OD UDSRUWXUL MXULGLFH
GH GUHSW SULYDW FDUH QX DX QLFL R OHJăWXUă FX UHDOL]DUHD
FRPSHWHQOHORUORU'HH[HPSOXRXQLWDWHGHSROLĠLHLQWUă
vQ UDSRUW MXULGLF FX R VRFLHWDWH FRPHUFLDOă vQ VFRSXO
H[HFXWăULL GH FăWUH DFHDVWD D XQRU OXFUăUL GH UHSDUDĠLL D
FOăGLULLHWF
± RUJDQL]DĠLLOH FRRSHUDWLVWH PHúWHúXJăUHúWL GH
FRQVXPGHFUHGLW LQWUăvQUDSRUWXULMXULGLFHFDVXELHFWH
GLVWLQFWHvQVFRSXOGHVIăúXUăULLDFWLYLWăĠLORUORUGHED]ă

295
± DOWH RUJDQL]DWLL QHVWDWDOH VLQGLFDWH XQLXQL GH
FUHDĠLH RUJDQL]DĠLL GH WLQHUHW GH VSRUW HGXFDĠLH HWF 
SDUWLFLSă FD VXELHFWH vQWUR PDUH YDULHWDWH GH UDSRUWXUL
MXULGLFH

&21‫܉‬,1878/5$32578/8,-85,',&

&RQWLQXWXO UDSRUWXOXL MXULGLF GHVHPQHD]ă WRWDOLWDWHD
GUHSWXULORU ‫܈‬L REOLJD‫܊‬LLORU VXELHFWHORU vQWUXQ UDSRUW
MXULGLFFRQFUHWGHWHUPLQDWFDUHVXQWSUHYă]XWHvQQRUPD
MXULGLFă
ÌQ FXSULQVXO UDSRUWXOXL MXULGLF VH JăVHúWH OHJăWXUD
VWUkQVă GLQWUH UHJXOD GH GUHSW FH LPSXQH FRQGXLWD ‫܈‬L
FRPSRUWDPHQWXO VXELHFWHORU ‫܈‬L GUHSWXULORU SDUWLFLSDQĠLORU
ODUDSRUWXOMXULGLF$LFLVHLPSXQXUPăWRDUHOHSUHFL]ăUL
± RULFH UDSRUW MXULGLF HVWH IRUPDW GLQ GUHSWXULOH úL
REWLJDĠLLOHSăUWLORU VXELHFWHORU 
±VXELHFWHOHUDSRUWXOXLMXULGLFVXQWOHJDWHvQWUHHOHSULQ
GUHSWXULúLREOLJD‫܊‬LLFRUHODWLYH
±vQUDSRUWXULOHMXULGLFHHVWHFRQFUHWL]DWăDWkWFRQGXLWD
SRVLELOă FkW ‫܈‬L FHD GDWRUDWă SUHYă]XWH H[SOLFLW vQ
QRUPHOHMXULGLFH
± vQ H[SOLFDUHD FRQ‫܊‬LQXWXOXL UDSRUWXOXL MXULGLF WUHEXLH
Vă RSHUăP FX GRXă FDWHJRULL MXULGLFH GLVWLQFWH GUHSWXO
VXELHFWLYúLREOLJDWLDMXULGLFă
D  'UHSWXO VXELHFWLY UHSUH]LQWă IDFXOWDWHD MXULGLFă
LQGLYLGXDOă FRUHVSXQ]ăWRDUH XQHL SHUVRDQH IL]LFH VDX

296
SHUVRDQH MXULGLFH DIODWH LQWUXQ UDSRUW MXULGLF VWULFW
GHWHUPLQDW
0DLFRQFUHWGUHSWXOVXELHFWLYGHVHPQHD]ăSR]LĠLDSH
FDUH VH VLWXHD]ă XQ VXELHFW GHWHUPLQDW vQWUXQ UDSRUW
MXULGLFGHWHUPLQDW3R]LWLDSRDWHvQVHPQD
± SRVLELOLWDWHD VXELHFWXOXL GH D DYHD R DQXPLWă
DWLWXGLQHIDWăGHGUHSWXOVăX VSUHH[HPSOXSRVLELOLWDWHD
GH D GLVSXQH FXP GRUHúWH GH XQ EXQ FDUH vL DSDUĠLQH FD
SURSULHWDU 
±SRVLELOLWDWHDVXELHFWXOXLGHDVROLFLWDRDWLWXGLQH‫܈‬LR
FRQGXLWă FRUHVSXQ]ăWRDUH GLQ SDUWHD FHOXLODOW VXELHFW
VXELHFWXO REOLJDW  FDUH Vă DVLJXUH VDWLVIDFHUHD GUHSWXOXL
VăX
±SRVLELOLWDWHDVXELHFWXOXLGHDFHUHDSăUDUHDGUHSWXOXL
VăX GH FăWUH RUJDQHOHVWDWXOXL DWXQFL FkQG GUHSWXO VăXD
IRVWQHVRFRWLWGHVXELHFWXOREOLJDW
E 2EOLJDĠLDMXULGLFăGHVHPQHD]ăGDWRULDSHFDUHXQ
VXELHFWDUDSRUWXOXLMXULGLFRDUHIDĠăGHFHOăODOWVXELHFWDO
UDSRUWXOXL MXULGLF $FHDVWD vQVHDPQă R FRQGXLWă XQ
FRPSRUWDPHQWLPSXVSHUVRDQHLREOLJDWHGHFăWUHRQRUPă
MXULGLFăvQFRUHODĠLHFXGUHSWXOVXELHFWLY
'H H[HPSOX vQ FDGUXO UDSRUWXOXL MXULGLF GH YkQ]DUH
FXPSăUDUH YkQ]ăWRUXO HVWH REOLJDW Vă SUHGHD RELHFWXO
YkQGXW LDU FXPSăUăWRUXO HVWH REOLJDW D SOăWL SUHĠXO
RELHFWXOXLFXPSăUDW
&ODVLILFDUHDGUHSWXULORUVXELHFWLYH
D GXSăFULWHULXOSURYHQLHQWHLORUGUHSWXULOHVXELHFWLYH
VXQW

297
± GUHSWXUL IXQGDPHQWDOH FDUH GHULYă GLQ DSDUWHQHQĠD
ILHFăUXL LQGLYLG OD VRFLHWDWHD XPDQă GUHSWXO OD YLDĠă
OLEHUWDWHGHPQLWDWHHWF 
± GUHSWXUL FDUH GHFXUJ GLQ SUH]HQĠD LQGLYLGXOXL vQ
YLDĠD VRFLDOă GUHSWXO OD GRPLFLOLX GUHSWXO OD QXPH
GUHSWXOODFHWă‫܊‬HQLHHWF 
± GUHSWXUL FDUH GHULYă GLQ YRLQĠD H[SULPDWă D
LQGLYL]LORU GUHSWXOGHDvQFKHLDFRQWUDFWH 
E GXSăQDWXUDFRQ‫܊‬LQXWXOXLGUHSWXULOHVXELHFWLYHVXQW
± GUHSWXUL SDWULPRQLDOH VXQW FHOH FDUH DX XQ FRQĠLQW
HFRQRPLFFHSRDWHILH[SULPDWvQEDQL
± GUHSWXUL QHSDWULPRQLDOH VXQW FHOH FDUH DX XQ
FRQĠLQXWPRUDOQHHYDOXDELOvQEDQL GUHSWXULFDUHSULYHVF
LGHQWLILFDUHD SHUVRDQHL GUHSWXUL FH GHFXUJ GLQ FUHDĠLD
LQWHOHFWXDOă 

2%,(&78/5$32578/-85,',&

7UHEXLHUHĠLQXWIDSWXOFăRELHFWXOUDSRUWXOXLMXULGLFQX
VHFRQIXQGăFXFRQ‫܊‬LQXWXOUDSRUWXOXLMXULGLF
Obiectul raportului juridic este reprezentat de
conduita umană ce se realizează de către subiecĠii
raportului juridic ca urmare a exercitării drepturilor úi
indeplinirii obligaаiilor pe care le identificăm în
contextul raportului juridic.



298
)$378/-85,',&

)DSWXOMXULGLFHVWHRSUHPLVăHVHQĠLDOăSHQWUXDSDULĠLD
VDXVWLQJHUHDXQXLUDSRUWMXULGLF
Faptul juridic desemnează acea împrejurare,
eveniment sau stare de fapt reală, care creează, modifică
sau stinge un raport juridic, adică produce efecte
juridice.
6HLPSXQXUPăWRDUHOHSUHFL]ăUL
± QX RULFH vPSUHMXUDUH HYHQLPHQW VDX VWDUH GH  IDSW
HVWH XQ IDSW MXULGLF FL QXPDL DFHOD GH H[LVWHQĠD FăURUD
QRUPHOHMXULGLFHOHDJăFRQVHFLQĠHOHMXULGLFH
± IDSWHOH MXULGLFH QX DX SULQ HOH LQVHOH SXWHUHD GH D
SURGXFH HIHFWH MXULGLFH GHRDUHFH DFHDVWă SXWHUH OH HVWH
FRQIHULWăGHQRUPHOHMXULGLFH
±GLQPXOWLWXGLQHDGHIDSWHHYHQLPHQWH‫܈‬LVWăULGHIDSW
FDUH VH SURGXF vQ FRPXQLWăĠLOH XPDQH VXQW VHOHFĠLRQDWH
FHOH FDUH SUH]LQWă LQWHUHV SHQWUX D IL UHJOHPHQWDWH úL
SUHYă]XWHGHQRUPHOHMXULGLFH GHH[ORJRGQDGHúLHVWH
XQ IDSW IUHFYHQW vQ YLDWLD VRFLDOă QX DUH YDORDUHD XQXL
IDSW MXULGLF SHQWUX Fă ORJRGQD QX Gă QDúWHUH XQRU
UDSRUWXULMXULGLFH 
&ODVLILFDUHDIDSWHORUMXULGLFH
 (9(1,0(17(/( UHSUH]LQWă DFHOH vPSUHMXUăUL
FDUH VH SURGXF LQGHSHQGHQW GH YRLQĠD RPXOXL DYkQG
GUHSW HIHFWH QDúWHUHD PRGLILFDUHD VDX VWLQJHUHD XQRU
UDSRUWXUL MXULGLFH /D UkQGXO ORU HYHQLPHQWHOH VH
FODVLILFăLQ

299
± HYHQLPHQWHOH QDWXUDOH QDúWHUHD ‫܈‬L PRDUWHD
RDPHQLORUFDODPLWăĠL FXWUHPXUHLQXQGDĠLLDOXQHFăULGH
WHUHQFDWDFOLVPHHWF 
± HYHQLPHQWHOH VRFLDOH UHYROXĠLL ORYLWXUL GH VWDW
DOHJHULHWF 
'LQWUH HYHQLPHQWHOH QDWXUDOH H[HPSOLILFăP QDúWHUHD
XQHL SHUVRDQH JHQHUHD]ă UDSRUWXUL MXULGLFH vQWUH QRXO
QăVFXW ‫܈‬L SăULQĠLL DFHVWXLD REOLJDWLD SăULQLLLORU GH D
vQWUHĠLQH ‫܈‬L LQJULML QRXO QăVFXW  0RDUWHD XQXL LQGLYLG
GHWHUPLQă VWLQJHUHD XQRU UDSRUWXUL MXULGLFH VDX QDúWHUHD
DOWRUUDSRUWXUL UDSRUWXULOHGHGUHSWVXFFHVRUDO 
2 LQXQGDĠLH VDX DOXQHFDUH GH WHUHQ R VHFHWă
SUHOXQJLWă R WRUQDGă VDX XQ FXWUHPXU SXWHUQLF FXQW
HYHQLPHQWH QDWXUDOH FDUH GDX QDúWHUH úL PRGLILFă XQHOH
FDWHJRULLGHUDSRUWXULMXULGLFH UDSRUWXULGLQWUHSHUVRDQHOH
IL]LFHVDXMXULGLFHFDUHDXVXSRUWDWFDODPLWDWHDQDWXUDOăúL
VRFLHWăĠLOH GH DVLJXUăUL vQ FD]XO vQ FDUH DFHVWHD VXQW
DVLJXUDWHSRWULYLWFRQWUDFWHORUGHDVLJXUăULLQFKHLDWH 
$&ğ,81,/(UHSUH]LQWăDFWHOHRDPHQLORUVăYkUúLWH
FRQúWLHQW (OH VXQW PDQLIHVWăUL GH YRLQĠă DOH RDPHQLORU
FDUHSURGXFHIHFWHMXULGLFHFDXUPDUHDUHJOHPHQWăULLORU
SULQQRUPHOHMXULGLFH
$FĠLXQHDHVWHH[SUHVLDPDWHULDOL]DWăDYRLQWHLXPDQH
DGLVFHUQăPkQWXORPXOXL
$FWLXQLOHXPDQHVHFODVLILFăvQ
±DFWLXQLOLFLWHVăYkUúLWHFXVFRSXOFRQFUHW‫܈‬LGLUHFWGH
DSURGXFHHIHFWHMXULGLFH$FHVWHDFWLXQLVHQXPHVFDFWH
MXULGLFH (OH SRW IL DFWH XQLODWHUDOH GH YRLQWă DFWH

300
ELODWHUDOH DFWH RQHURDVH VDX DFWH JUDWXLWH GH H[
WHVWDPHQWXO ± DFW XQLODWHUDO FRQWUDFWXO GH YkQ]DUH
FXPSăUDUH±DFWELODWHUDODFWGHGRQDWLH±DFWJUDWXLW
± DFWLXQL LOLFLWH VXQW FHOH SULQ FDUH VXQW vQFăOFDWH
GLVSR]L‫܊‬LLOH QRUPHORU MXULGLFH LQIUDFWLXQL FRQWUDYHQWLL
DEDWHULGLVFLSOLQDUH
$FWLXQLOH LOLFLWH VXQW vQ UHDOLWDWH vQFăOFăUL DOH YRLQWHL
GH VWDW H[SULPDWă vQ QRUPHOH MXULGLFH FDUH DWUDJ  GXSă
VLQHDSOLFDUHDVDQF‫܊‬LXQLORUSHQWUXQHVRFRWLUHDOHJLL

 3$57,&8/$5,7Ăğ, $/( 5$325785,/25
-85,',&('(5$085Ă

$ 5$32578/-85,',&3(1$/
5DSRUWXO MXULGLF SHQDO HVWH GHILQLW FD R UHODWLH GH
DSăUDUH VRFLDOă UHJOHPHQWDWă SULQ QRUPHOH MXULGLFH GH
GUHSWSHQDO
$FHVWDDUHXUPăWRDUHOHSDUWLFXODULWă‫܊‬L
± UDSRUWXO MXULGLF SHQDO QX DSDUH FD UH]XOWDW DO XQXL
DFRUG GH YRLQĠă HO ILLQG LPSXV SULQ OHJH GHRDUHFH
DSăUDUHD YDORULORU VRFLDOH GH FDUH GHSLQGH vQVăúL
H[LVWHQWDVRFLHWă‫܊‬LLQXSRDWHIDFHRELHFWGHWUDQ]DFWLHQX
SRDWHILOăVDWăODDSUHFLHUHDGHVWLQDWDULORUOHJLLSHQDOH
± UDSRUWXO MXULGLF SHQDO DSDUH FD UH]XOWDW DO
FRQúWLHQWL]ăULL QHFHVLWă‫܊‬LL GH DSăUDUH D DQXPLWRU YDORUL
VRFLDOH vPSRWULYD DFWHORU GH FRQGXLWă SHULFXORDVH DOH
XQRULQGLYL]L

301
± UHDOL]DUHD RUGLQLL GH GUHSW SHQDO DUH ORF ILH SULQ
UHVSHFWDUHDGHEXQăYRLHDGLVSR]L‫܊‬LLORUQRUPHORUMXULGLFH
SHQDOH ILH SULQ FRQVWUkQJHUH vQ DPEHOH FD]XUL ILLQG
YRUED GH UDSRUWXUL MXULGLFH SULPHOH ILLQG UDSRUWXUL GH
FRQIRUPDUHLDUFHOHODOWHUDSRUWXULGHFRQVWUkQJHUH
± VXELHFWXO SULQFLSDO DO UDSRUWXOXL MXULGLF SHQDO HVWH
VWDWXOFDUHSUH]HQWDQWDOVRFLHWă‫܊‬LLúLFDWLWXODUDOIXQF‫܊‬LHL
GHDSăUDUHVRFLDOă
± UDSRUWXO MXULGLF SHQDO GH FRQIRUPDUH VH QDúWH GLQ
PRPHQWXOLQWUăULLvQYLJRDUHDOHJLLSHQDOHvQWUHVWDWFDUH
DUHGUHSWXOGHDSUHWLQGWXWXURUGHVWLQDWDULORUOHJLLSHQDOH
LQGHSOLQLUHD REOLJDĠLHL GH FRQIRUPDUH FXSULQVă vQ QRUPD
MXULGLFă GH GUHSW SHQDO ‫܈‬L vQWUH GHVWLQDWDULL OHJLL SHQDOH
FDUHDXREOLJDĠLDGHDQXVăYkUúLIDSWDLQWHU]LVă
±VSHFLILFUDSRUWXOXLMXULGLFSHQDOGHFRQIRUPDUHVXE
DVSHFWXOVXELHFWHORUHVWHIDSWXOFăvQWLPSFHXQXOGLQWUH
VXELHFWH UHVSHFWLY VWDWXO HVWH SUHFLV GHWHUPLQDW FHOăODOW
VXELHFW SHUVRDQD IL]LFă  HVWH QHGHWHUPLQDW ILLQG vQVă
GHWHUPLQDELOvQSHUVRDQDRULFăUXL GHVWLQDWDUDOQRUPHLGH
GUHSWSHQDO
± RELHFWXO UDSRUWXOXL MXULGLF SHQDO GH FRQIRUPDUH vO
UHSUH]LQWă FRQGXLWD FH VH UHDOL]HD]ă vQ FRQ‫܊‬LQXWXO VăX R
FRQGXLWăFRQIRUPăFXGLVSR]L‫܊‬LDQRUPHLMXULGLFHSHQDOH
± vQ FDGUXO UDSRUWXOXL MXULGLF SHQDO GH FRQVWUkQJHUH
VXELHFWHOH VXQW VWDWXO ‫܈‬L SHUVRDQD FDUH D VăYkUúLW
LQIUDFWLXQHD
± FRQ‫܊‬LQXWXO UDSRUWXOXL MXULGLF SHQDO GH FRQVWUkQJHUH
VH GHRVHEHúWH GH FHO DO UDSRUWXOXL GH FRQIRUPDUH SULQ

302
DFHHD FD VWDWXO DUH GUHSWXO GH D WUDJH OD UăVSXQGHUH SH
LQIUDFWRUGHDLPSXQHDSOLFDUHD‫܈‬LH[HFXWDUHDVDQF‫܊‬LXQLL
FRUHVSXQ]ăWRDUH IDSWHL VăYkUúLWH ÌQ DFHVW FD] REOLJDWLD
LQIUDFWRUXOXL HVWH DFHHD GH D UăVSXQGH SDQWUX IDSWD
VăYkUúLWă‫܈‬LGHDVHVXSXQHVDQF‫܊‬LXQLLDSOLFDWH
± RELHFWXO UDSRUWXOXL MXULGLF SHQDO GH FRQVWUkQJHUH vO
FRQVWLWXLH SHGHDSVD FD VDQF‫܊‬LXQH SHQDOă WLSLFă VDX DOWH
VDQF‫܊‬LXQLGHGUHSWSHQDODSOLFDELOH
± UDSRUWXO MXULGLF SHQDO GH  FRQVWUkQJHUH VH QDúWH FD
XUPDUH D VăYkUúLULL GH FăWUH GHVWLQDWDUXO QRUPHL D XQHL
LQIUDFWLXQLL

% 5$32578/-85,',&352&(68$/3(1$/
)DSWHOH MXULGLFH SURFHVXDO SHQDOH VXQW DFHOH
vPSUHMXUăUL GH IDSW FDUH SRWULYLW OHJLL GDX QDúWHUH
PRGLILFă VWLQJ UDSRUWXO MXULGLF SURFHVXDO SHQDO VDX
vPSLHGLFăQDúWHUHDOXL
$FHVWHDDXXUPăWRDUHOHFDUDFWHULVWLFL
±IDSWHOHMXULGLFHSURFHVXDOSHQDOHFRQVWLWXWLYH GHH[
VăYăUúLUHD XQHL LQIUDFWLXQL DúDGDU GHSXQHUHD XQHL
SOkQJHUL SUHDODELOH RUJDQXOXL FRPSHWHQW HWF  VXQW FHOH
FDUHGDXQDúWHUHXQRUUDSRUWXULMXULGLFHSURFHVXDOSHQDOH
FDUH DX vQ FRQ‫܊‬LQXWXO IRU GUHSWXUL úL REOLJD‫܊‬LL VSHFLILFH
DFWLYLWă‫܊‬LLGHLQIăSWXLUHDMXVWLWLHL
±IDSWHOHMXULGLFHSURFHVXDOSHQDOHPRGLILFDWRDUHVXQW
FHOH FDUH PRGLILFă GUHSWXULOH ‫܈‬L REOLJD‫܊‬LLOH VXELHFWLORU vQ
FDGUXO SURFHVXOXL SHQDO GH H[ SXQHUHD vQ PLúFDUH D

303
DFWLXQLL SHQDOH FRQIHUă FHOXL FKHPDW Vă UăVSXQGă SHQDO
FDOLWDWHDGHLQFXOSDWH 
± IDSWHOH MXULGLFH SHQDOH H[WLQFWLYH VXQW FHOH FDUH R
GDWă SURGXVH IDF Vă VH VWLQJă Vă vQFHWH]H UDSRUWXULOH
MXULGLFH SURFHVXDO SHQDOH GH H[ vPSăFDUHD SăUWLORU
GHFHVXOIăSWXLWRUXOXLUHWUDJHUHDSOkQJHULLSUHDODELOH 
± IDSWHOH MXULGLFH SURFHVXDO SHQDOH LPSHGLWLYH VXQW
FHOH FDUH SULQ VLPSOD ORU H[LVWHQWă vPSLHGLFă QDúWHUHD
UDSRUWXOXL MXULGLF SURFHVXDO SHQDO GH H[ DPQLVWLD
LQWHUYHQLWă vQDLQWHD GHFODQúăULL SURFHVXOXL SHQDO OLSVD
SOkQJHULLSUHDODELOH  
± UDSRUWXO MXULGLF SURFHVXDO SHQDO HVWH DFHO UDSRUW
MXULGLFFDUHDSDUHvQFXUVXOGHVIăúXUăULLSURFHVXOXLSHQDO
(OHVWHXQUDSRUWMXULGLFGHSXWHUHSHQWUXFăvQFDGUXO
OXL VH UHDOL]HD]ă WUDJHUHD OD UăVSXQGHUH SHQDOă D
SHUVRDQHORU FDUH DX VăYkUúLW LQIUDFĠLXQL DFWLYLWDWH FH VH
H[HFXWă GH RUJDQHOH VWDWXOXL VSHFLDO DELOLWDWH LQVWDQĠHOH
GHMXGHFDWă 
±UDSRUWXOMXULGLFSURFHVXDOSHQDOLDQDúWHUHGHUHJXOă
úL vQ DIDUD DFRUGXOXL GH YRLQĠă DO SăUWLORU LDU PDUHD
PDMRULWDWH D FD]XULORU XQXO GLQWUH VXELHFĠL HVWH RUJDQ DO
VWDWXOXL
± FRQ‫܊‬LQXWXO UDSRUWXOXL MXULGLF SURFHVXDO SHQDO HVWH
DOFăWXLW GLQ WRWDOLWDWHD GUHSWXULORU úL REOLJD‫܊‬LLORU SH FDUH
OHJHDOHDWULEXLHVXELHFĠLORUFDUHSDUWLFLSăODGHVIăúXUDUHD
SURFHVXOXLSHQDO
±RELHFWXOUDSRUWXOXLMXULGLFSURFHVXDOSHQDOFRQVWăvQ
VWDELOLUHD H[LVWHQĠHL VDX LQH[LVWHQĠHL UDSRUWXOXL MXULGLF

304
SHQDO‫܈‬LGHWHUPLQDUHDFRQ‫܊‬LQXWXOXLDFHVWXLUDSRUWMXULGLF
/D WHUPLQDUHD SURFHVXOXL SHQDO UDSRUWXO GH GUHSW SHQDO
VHGHILQLWLYHD]ăvQWUXFkWSULQVROXĠLDSURQXQĠDWăvQDFHVW
SURFHV FRQGDPQDUHDDFKLWDUHDVDXvQFHWDUHDSURFHVXOXL
SHQDO  VH RJOLQGHúWH H[LVWHQĠD VDX LQH[LVWHQĠD UDSRUWXOXL
MXULGLFGHGUHSWSHQDO

& 5$32578/-85,',&'('5(37&,9,/
(VWH GHILQLW FD R UHODĠLH VRFLDOă SDWULPRQLDOă RUL
QHSDWULPRQLDOăUHJOHPHQWDWăGHQRUPDMXULGLFăGHGUHSW
FLYLO‫܈‬LFDUHDUHXUPăWRDUHOHSDUWLFXODULWă‫܊‬L
±FDUDFWHULVWLFDUDSRUWXOXLMXULGLFFLYLOHVWHFRQIHULWă
GH SR]LWLD GH HJDOLWDWH MXULGLFă D SăUĠLORU H[SULPDWă
FRQFUHWvQQHVXERUGRQDUHDXQHLSăUĠLIDĠăGHFHDODOWă
±H[LVWăGRXăPDULFDWHJRULLGHVXELHFWHGHGUHSWFLYLO
SHUVRDQH IL]LFH FDUH VXQW VXELHFWH LQGLYLGXDOH GH GUHSW
FLYLO úL SHUVRDQHOH MXULGLFH FRQVLGHUDWH VXELHFWH
FROHFWLYHGHGUHSWFLYLO
ÌQFDWHJRULDSHUVRDQHORUIL]LFHGHRVHELP
±PLQRULLVXEDQLFDUHVXQWOLSVLWLGHFDSDFLWDWHGH
H[HUFLWLX
± PLQRULL vQWUH  úL  DQL FDUH DX FDSDFLWDWH GH
H[HUFLĠLXOLPLWDWă UHVWUkQVă 
± PDMRULL UHVSHFWLY SHUVRDQHOH IL]LFH GHSHVWH DQL
FDUHDXGHSOLQăFDSDFLWDWHGHH[HUFLĠLX
ÌQ FHOH PDL PXOWH FD]XUL UDSRUWXULOH MXULGLFH GH GUHSW
FLYLOVHVWDELOHVFvQWUHRSHUVRDQă VXELHFWDFWLY ‫܈‬LRDOWă

305
SHUVRDQă VXELHFWSDVLY $FHDVWDVHFKHDPăUDSRUWMXULGLF
VLPSOX
± FRQ‫܊‬LQXWXO UDSRUWXOXL MXULGLF FLYLO HVWH GDW GH
WRWDOLWDWHDGUHSWXULORUVXELHFWLYHúLDREOLJD‫܊‬LLORUFLYLOHSH
FDUHOHDXSăUWLOH2ULFăUXLGUHSWVXELHFWLYvLFRUHVSXQGH
RREOLJDĠLHFLYLOă
± H[HUFLWDUHD XQXL GUHSW RELHFWLY FLYLO QX HVWH
REOLJDWRULHILLQGOăVDWăODDOWLWXGLQHDWLWXODUXOXL
± DWXQFL FkQG VH H[HUFLWă GUHSWXO VXELHFWLY FLYLO
WUHEXLHH[HUFLWDWQXPDLSRWULYLWFXVFRSXOOXLHFRQRPLFúL
VRFLDOFXUHVSHFWDUHDOHJLLúLPRUDOHLFXEXQăFUHGLQWăúL
QXPDLvQOLPLWHOHVDOHPDWHULDOHVDXMXULGLFH
± DEX]XO GH GUHSW vQVHDPQă H[HUFLWDUHD XQXL GUHSW
VXELHFWLYFLYLOFXvQFăOFDUHDSULQFLSLLORUDUăWDWHPDLVXV
±REOLJDWLDFLYLOăHVWHGHILQLWăFDvQGDWRULUHDSHFDUHR
DUHVXELHFWXOSDVLYDOUDSRUWXOXLMXULGLFFLYLOGHDDYHDR
DQXPLWă FRQGXLWă FRUHVSXQ]ăWRDUH GUHSWXOXL VXELHFWLY
FRQGXLWăFDUHSRDWHFRQVWDvQDGDDIDFHRULDQXIDFHúL
FDUH OD QHYRLH SRDWH IL LPSXVă SULQ IRU‫܊‬D FRHUFLWLYă D
VWDWXOXL
± RELHFWXO UDSRUWXOXL MXULGLF FLYLO GHVHPQHD]ă
FRUGXLWDVXELHFWHORUSDUWLFLSDQWHODUDSRUWXOMXULGLF

'  5$32578/ -85,',& '( '5(37
$'0,1,675$7,9
'HVHPQHD]ăUHODĠLLOHVRFLDOHUHJOHPHQWDWHGHQRUPHOH
MXULGLFHGHGUHSWDGPLQLVWUDWLY

306
±vQUDSRUWXOMXULGLFGHGUHSWDGPLQLVWUDWLYXQXOGLQWUH
VXELHFWHHVWHvQPRGREOLJDWRULXXQSXUWăWRUDODXWRULWă‫܊‬LL
SXEOLFHGHUHJXOăXQRUJDQDODGPLQLVWUDWLHLSXEOLFH
±UDSRUWXOMXULGLFGHGUHSWDGPLQLVWUDWLYHVWHXQUDSRUW
GH SXWHUH FDUH DSDUH vQ VIHUD UHODWLLORU VRFLDOH
UHJOHPHQWDWHGHQRUPHOHMXULGLFHGHGUHSWDGPLQLVWUDWLY
±UDSRUWXULOHMXULGLFHGHGUHSWDGPLQLVWUDWLYVXQW
UDSRUWXUL GH VXERUGRQDUH vQ VHQVXO FD XQXO GLQWUH
VXELHFWHOH HVWH VXERUGRQDW FHOXLODOW UHVSHFWLY RUJDQXOXL
GH VWDW HOH VH QDVF SULQ YRLQWD OHJLXLWRUXOXL VDX D
RUJDQXOXL GH VWDW UHDOL]DUHD ORU FRQVWLWXLH REOLJDWLH
MXULGLFăSHQWUXRUJDQXOGHVWDW
UDSRUWXULOH GH FRODERUDUH VXQW FHOH vQ FDUH VXELHFWXO
SXUWăWRU DO DXWRULWă‫܊‬LL SXEOLFH FRODERUHD]ă GH SH SR]LWLL
HJDOH FX FHOăODOW VXELHFW HOH VH QDVF úL UHDOL]HD]ă SULQ
PDQLIHVWDUHDYRLQWHLDPEHORUSăUĠL

(  5$32578/ -85,',& '( '5(37
&2167,787,21$/
3RDWH IL GHILQLW FD UHODWLD VRFLDOă UHJOHPHQWDWă GH
QRUPHOH MXULGLFH FRQVWLWXWLRQDOH FX SULYLUH ODFRQ‫܊‬LQXWXO
‫܈‬L RUJDQL]DUHD SXWHULL VWDWDOH VWUXFWXUD GH VWDW
RUJDQL]DUHD DGPLQLVWUDWLYWHULWRULDOă VWDWXWXO MXULGLF DO
FHWă‫܊‬HDQXOXLúLH[HUFLWDUHDSXWHULL
± VXELHFWH DOH DFHVWXL WLS GH UDSRUW MXULGLF VXQW
RDPHQLL FRQVLGHUDWL vQ FKLS LQGLYLGXDO VDX JUXSDWL SH
FROHFWLYH

307
±vQWRWGHDXQDXQXOGLQWUHVXELHFWHOHUDSRUWXOXLMXULGLF
GHGUHSWFRQVWLWXWLRQDOHVWHVWDWXO
±SRSRUXOHVWHVXELHFWDOUDSRUWXULORUMXULGLFHGHGUHSW
FRQVWLWXWLRQDO OXFUX L]YRUăW FKLDU GLQ GLVSR]L‫܊‬LD QRUPHL
FRQVWLWXWLRQDOHFDUHSUHYHGHFDÄsuveranitatea natională
apartine poporului roman, care încredinĠiază exerciĠiul
ei unor organe alese prin vot universal, egal, direct,
secret úi liber exprimat";
± FRQVWLWXLH GH DVHPHQHD VXELHFWH DOH UDSRUWXULORU
MXULGLFH GH GUHSW FRQVWLWXĠLRQDO RUJDQHOH VWDWXOXL
SDUWLGHOH úL DOWH IRUPDĠLXQL SROLWLFH FHWăĠHQLL VWUăLQLL úL
DSDWUL]LL

5(=80$78/81,7Ă‫܉‬,,'(Ì19Ă‫܉‬$5(
5DSRUWXO MXULGLF UHSUH]LQWă R OHJăWXUă VRFLDOă vQWUH
SDUWLFLSDQWLGHWHUPLQDWLUHJOHPHQWDWăGHQRUPDMXULGLFă
VXVFHSWLELOăGHDILDSăUDWăSHFDOHDFRHUFLĠLXQLLVWDWDOH‫܈‬L
FDUDFWHUL]DWă SULQ H[LVWHQĠD GUHSWXULORU ‫܈‬L REOLJD‫܊‬LLORU
MXULGLFH
3UHFL]ăUL
± UDSRUWXO MXULGLF VH GHRVHEHúWH GH DOWH FDWHJRULL GH
UDSRUWXUL VRFLDOH SULQ IDSWXO Fă OHJăWXUD VRFLDOă GLQWUH
SDUWLFLSDQWLHVWHUHJOHPHQWDWăGHRQRUPăMXULGLFă
± UDSRUWXO MXULGLF UHSUH]LQWă SULQFLSDOD IRUPD GH
UHDOL]DUH D GUHSWXOXL SHQWUX Fă SULQ LQWHUPHGLXO VăX
SUHVFULSWLLOHFXSULQVHvQQRUPHOHMXULGLFHVXQWWUDGXVHvQ
YLDWă

308
±UDSRUWXOMXULGLFVHQDúWHvQPRPHQWXOvQFDUHLQWUăvQ
DFWLXQHQRUPDMXULGLFă
± UDSRUWXO MXULGLF UHSUH]LQWă D[XO GH OHJăWXUă GLQWUH
QRUPD MXULGLFă UHJXOă JHQHUDOă WLSLFă LPSHUVRQDOă ‫܈‬L
REOLJDWRULH úLYLDWDVRFLDOăUHDOLWDWHDFRQFUHWă
±UDSRUWXOMXULGLFREOLJăRDPHQLL SDUWLFLSDQWLGLUHFWL 
Vă VH FRPSRUWH vQ PDQLHUD SH FDUH R SUHYHGH QRUPD
MXULGLFă
±UDSRUWXULOHMXULGLFHFXQRVFRPDUHYDULHWDWHGDWRULWă
GLYHUVLWăĠLLUHODĠLLORUVRFLDOHFHVXQWVXSXVHUHJOHPHQWăULL
MXULGLFH
± UDSRUWXO MXULGLF HVWHHHOFDUH FRQIHUăSDUWLFLSDQWLORU
GUHSWXULúLREOLJD‫܊‬LLFRUHODWLYH
±H[HUFLWDUHDGUHSWXULORU‫܈‬LH[HFXWDUHDREOLJD‫܊‬LLORUVXQW
JDUDQWDWH SULQ LQWHUYHQ‫܊‬LD IRU‫܊‬HL GH FRQVWUkQJHUH D
VWDWXOXL

ÎNTREBĂRI RECAPITULATIVE
'HILQL‫܊‬LUDSRUWXOMXULGLF
 (QXPHUD‫܊‬L WUăVăWXULOH FDUDFWHULVWLFH DOH UDSRUWXOXL
MXULGLF
&HVHvQĠHOHJHSULQFDSDFLWDWHMXULGLFă"
'HFkWHIHOXULHVWHFDSDFLWDWHDMXULGLFă"
5HOHYDĠLFRQ‫܊‬LQXWXOUDSRUWXOXLMXULGLF
&DUHHVWHRELHFWXOUDSRUWXOXLMXULGLF"
3UH]HQWDĠLFODVLILFDUHDIDSWHORUMXULGLFH


309
7(0(3(1758'(=%$7(5(
3DUWLFXODULWă‫܊‬LDOHUDSRUWXULORUMXULGLFHGHUDPXUă
&RQĠLQXWXOUDSRUWXOXLMXULGLF
3UHPLVHOHUDSRUWXOXLMXULGLF


BIBLIOGRAFIE

 1LFRODH 3RSD ± 7HRULD JHQHUDOă D GUHSWXOXL
%XFXUHúWLS
 ,RQ &UDLRYDQ ± 7HRULD JHQHUDOă D GUHSWXOXL
%XFXUHúWLS
 'XPLWUX 0D]LOX ± 7HRULD JHQHUDOă D GUHSWXOXL
%XFXUHúWLS
&RQVWDQWLQ%XODL0DQXDO GH GUHSW SHQDO
%XFXUH‫܈‬WL

310

8QLWDWHDGHvQYă‫܊‬DUH
5Ă6381'(5($-85,',&Ă


CONЯINUTUL UNITĂЯII DE ÎNVĂЯARE


2ELHFWLYHXUPăULWH
7LPSDORFDWXQLWă‫܊‬LL
&XYLQWHFKHLH
1R‫܊‬LXQH
)RUPHOHUDVSXQGHULLMXULGLFH
&DUDFWHULVWLFLDOHGLIHULWHORUIRUPHGHUDVSXQGHUH
MXULGLFă
3ULQFLSLLOHUăVSXQGHULLMXULGLFH
&RQGL‫܊‬LLOHUăVSXQGHULLMXULGLFH
&DX]HOHFDUHH[FOXGFDUDFWHUXOLOLFLWDOIDSWHL‫܈‬L
FDX]HFDUHLQODWXUDUDVSXQGHUHMXULGLFă
5H]XPDWXOXQLWă‫܊‬LLGHvQYă‫܊‬DUH
ÌQWUHEăULUHFDSLWXODWLYH
7HPHSHQWUXGH]EDWHUH
%LEOLRJUDILH


OBIECTIVE URMĂRITE
± vQVX‫܈‬LUHD FRQGL‫܊‬LLORU UăVSXQGHULL MXULGLFH SHQWUX D
SXWHDGLVFHUQHFXSULYLUHODFRUHFWDDSOLFDUHDOHJLL
FXQRD‫܈‬WHUHDIRUPHORUVSHFLILFHGHUăVSXQGHUHMXULGLFă


311
7,03$/2&$781,7Ă‫܉‬,,25(


CUVINTE CHEIE
Răspunderea juridică±HVWHXQUDSRUWMXULGLFFUHDWGH
QRUPDOHJDODvQWUHSHUVRDQDFDUHDLQFDOFDWOHJHDúLVWDW
UHSUH]HQWDWDGHRUJDQHOHGHDSOLFDUHDOHJLL
Condiаiile răspunderii juridice
± FRQGXLWD LOLFLWD UHSUH]LQWă FRPSRUWDPHQWXO FRQFUHW
SULQFDUHRSHUVRDQDLQFDOFDGLVSR]L‫܊‬LLOHOHJDOH
± YLQRYă‫܊‬LD HVWH DWLWXGLQH SVLKLFD D SHUVRDQHL FDUH
FRPLWHRIDSWDLOLFLWDID‫܊‬ăGHIDSWDFRPLVDSUHFXP‫܈‬LID‫܊‬ă
GHFRQVHFLQWHOHDFHVWHLD
± OHJăWXUD GH FDX]DOLWDWH vQWUH IDSWD FRPLVD úL
UH]XOWDWXODFHVWHLD
Răspunderea penală HVWH XQ UDSRUW MXULGLF SHQDO GH
FRQVWUDQJHUH QDVFXW FD XUPDUH D VDYDUVLULL XQHL
LQIUDFWLXQL
Cauzele care inlatura caracterul penal al unei fapte
prevazute de legeVXQW
±/LSVDSHULFROXOXLVRFLDO
±/HJLWLPDDSDUDUH
±6WDUHDGHQHFHVLWDWH
±&RQVWUDQJHUHDIL]LFD‫܈‬LPRUDOD
±&D]XOIRU‫܊‬XLW
±,UHVSRQVDELOLWDWHD
±%HWLDIRU‫܊‬XLWD
±0LQRULWDWHDIDSWXLWRUXOXL

312
±(URDUHDGHIDSW

12‫܉‬,81(

1RUPHOH VRFLDOH UHSUH]LQWă IRUPD LQVWLWX‫܊‬LRQDOL]DWă
SULQ FDUH RSHUHD]ă DSUHFLHUHD FRPSRUWDPHQWXOXL XPDQ
LDUvQFD]GHQHFRQFRUGDQWDvQWUHFRQGXLWDLQGLYLGXOXLúL
LPSHUDWLYXO QRUPHORU LQWHUYLQH UăVSXQHUHD VRFLDOD FDUH
SRDWHOXDIRUPDUăVSXQGHULLMXULGLFHPRUDOHHWF
1RĠLXQHD GH UăVSXQGHUH QX HVWH VSHFLILFă vQ
H[FOXVLYLWDWH GUHSWXOXL Ä6HQVXO IUHFYHQW DO QR‫܊‬LXQLL GH
UăVSXQGHUH LQGLIHUHQW GH IRUPD VXE FDUH VH PDQLIHVWă
HVWH DFHOD GH REOLJDWLH GH D VXSRWD FRQVHFLQĠHOH
QHUHVSHFWDULL XQRU UHJXOL GH FRQGXLWă REOLJDWLH FH
LQFXPEă DXWRUXOXL IDSWHL FRQWUDUH DFHVWRU UHJXOL ‫܈‬L FDUH
SRDUWă LQWRWGHDXQD DPSUHQWD GH]DSUREăULL VRFLDOH D XQHL
DVHPHQHDFRQGXLWH
ÌQ FDGUXO UăVSXQGHULL VRFLDOH UăVSXQGHUHD MXULGLFă VH
GHWDúHD]ăGHFHOHODOWHIRUPHGHUăVSXQGHUHSULQIDSWXOFă
YL]HD]ăREOLJDWLDDGDVHDPăSHQWUXvQFăOFDUHDQRUPHLGH
GUHSW
ÌQDFHVWFRQWH[WDXRULL,RDQ&HWHUFKLúL,RQ&UDLRYDQ
FRQVLGHUă FD UăVSXQGHUHD D H[LVWDW vQFă GLQ FRPXQD
SULPLWLYă XQGH LQGLYLGXDO OH]DW UăVSXQGHD vQ PRG
LQVWLQFWLY SULQWUR UHDFĠLH LPHGLDWă FkW PDL SXWHUQLFă
YLROHQĠHL UăVSXQ]kQGXLVH IăUă SURSRUĠLL FX YLROHQĠă
,GHHD GH Uă]EXQDUH FDUH UDILQHD]ă YLROHQĠD DPkQkQGR
vQ WLPS HVWH FRQVLGHUDWă FD ILLQG XQ VWDGLX HYROXDW IDĠă

313
GHYLROHQĠDLQVWLQFWXDOăDFHDVWăLGHHFRQVWLWXLQGSUHPLVD
DSDUL‫܊‬LHL LGHLL GH MXVWLĠLH ÄFăFL SHQWUX XQ RP SULPLWLY
Uă]EXQDUHD HVWH XQ GUHSW DO OXL HO vQĠHOHJkQG Fă DUH
GUHSWXO Vă IDFă XQ  UăX RULFkW GH PDUH DFHOXLD FDUH OD
UkQGXO VăX LDU IL IăFXW YUHXQ UăX LGHHD vQVăúL GH
Uă]EXQDUHHVWHDVWIHORLGHHMXULGLFă´
6RFLHWDWHD SROLWLFRVWDWDOă LQVWLWXLH QRL IRUPH GH
UăVSXQGHUH Uă]EXQDUHD vQFHSDQG Vă ILH vQORFXLWă FX
FRPSR]LWLD SULYDWă LQGLYLGXO ILLQG SDVLELO GH D VXSRUWD
HIHFWHOHUă]EXQăULLRIHULQGRYDORDUHRDUHFDUHSHQWUXDVH
UHQXQWDODUD]EXQDUH2GDWăFXWUHFHUHDWLPSXOXLVWDWXOD
LQWHUYHQLW UHJOHPHQWkQG UD]EXQDUHD ‫܈‬L FRPSR]LWLD SULQ
IL[DUHDXQXLWDULIGHFRPSHQVDĠLLÌQ/HJHDFHORUWDEOH
VXQW SUHYD]XWH DVHPHQHD WDULIH FDUH DUDWă FX FkW VH
SOăWHúWHILHFDUHLQIUDFWLXQHFRPLVD
8Q SDV LQVHPQDW D IRVW VWDELOLUHD XQHL SURSRUWLL QX
QXPDL vQWUH IDSWă úL UăVSODWă GDU úL vQWUH LQWHQWLH úL
SHGHDSVă LQGLYLGXDOL]kQGXVH DVWIHO SHGHDSVD
ÄSURSRUWLD PRUDOă GHWHUPLQDWă GH FLUFXPVWDQWHOH
DJUDYDQWHVDXDWHQXDQWHvQORFXLHúWHDVWIHOSURSRUWLDIL]LFă
SURFODPDWăGHOHJHDWDOLRQXOXL´
7RWSULQHYROXWLDVRFLHWă‫܊‬LLVDFRQWXUDW‫܈‬LLGHDFăFHO
FH ‫܈‬LD vQFăOFDW REOLJD‫܊‬LLOH HOHPHQWDUH SRDWH vQ DQXPLWH
FRQGL‫܊‬LLVăVXSRUWHRVDQF‫܊‬LXQHFDUHVăLSHUPLWăVăVLPWă
SURSULD OXL GHFăGHUH PRUDOă ‫܈‬L VăL GHD SULOHMXO Vă‫܈‬L
FRUHFWH]H FRQGXLWD LVSăúLQGX‫܈‬L YLQRYăWLD SULQ
H[HFXWDUHD XQHL SHGHSVH FDUH Vă HYLWH XPLOLUHD YLROHQWD
IL]LFă

314
6HUHĠLQHRSLQLDDXWRUXOXL,RQ2DQFHDFDUHFRQVLGHUă
Fă UăVSXQGHUHD FLYLOă HVWH REOLJDĠLD GH UHSDUDUH D
SUHMXGLFLXOXL LDU UăVSXQGHUHD SHQDOă HVWH REOLJDĠLD GH D
VXSRUWD ‫܈‬L H[HFXWD SHGHDSVD GH XQGH UH]XOWă Fă DFHVW
DXWRU LGHQWLILFă VDQF‫܊‬LXQHD FX UăVSXQGHUHD FX WRDWH Fă
UăVSXQGHUHD QX VH LGHQWLILFă FX VDQF‫܊‬LXQHD HD ILLQG XQ
HOHPHQW DO UăVSXQGHULL úL RELHFWXO REOLJDĠLHL GLQ UDSRUWXO
MXULGLFGHUăVSXQGHUH
$XWRUXO , ,RYăQDú FRQVLGHUă Fă UăVSXQGHUHD MXULGLFă
HVWH R H[SUHVLH D FRQGDPQăULL GH FăWUH VWDW D XQHL
FRQGXLWHLOLFLWHFDUHFRQVWăvQWURREOLJDĠLHGHDVXSRUWD
RSULYDĠLXQH
'HILQLQGDVWIHOUăVSXQGHUHDMXULGLFăWRWLDFHúWLDXWRUL
UHVWUkQJ VIHUD DFHWXL FRQFHSW GHRDUHFH vO LGHQWLILFă vQ
XOWLPă LQVWDQĠă FX LQVăVL VDQF‫܊‬LXQHD MXULGLFă ÄIndiferent
dacă răspunderea juridică este definită ca o obligaĠie de
a suporta o pedeapsă, cum o consideră autorii de drept
penal, ca o obligatie de a repara prejudiciul produs prin
fapta ilicită, cum apreciază autorii de drept civil sau cei
din domeniul dreptului muncii, ori ca obligaĠie de a
suporta o privatiune, cum o privesc unii autori din
domeniul dreptului administrativ – finalmente ea
înseamnă obligatia de a suporta o sancаiune juridică,
deoarece pedeapsa penală, obligatia la reparaĠiune sau,
în general orice privaĠiune, rezultă din aplicarea
normelor prin care se reglementează diferite forme de
răspundere juridică, constituie specii ale sancаiunii
juridice proprii dreptului penal, civil, administrativ etc."

315
5ăVSXQGHUHD MXULGLFă DFWLRQHD]ă vQ FRQVHQV FX
FHOHODOWH IRUPH DOH UăVSXQGHULL VRFLDOH GDU VSUH
GHRVHELUH GH DFHVWHD VDQF‫܊‬LXQHD HVWH PDL JUDYă PDL
SURPSWă ‫܈‬L PDL HILFDFH GDWRULWă FDUDFWHUXOXL HL VWDWDO
REOLJDWRULX
ÌQFHUFkQGVăGHDRGHILQL‫܊‬LHFRQFHSWXOXLGHUăVSXQGHUH
MXULGLFă0LUFHD&RVWLQRGHILQHúWHFDILLQGcomplexul de
drepturi úi obligaаii conexe care, potrivit legii se nasc ca
urmare a săvârúirii unei fapte ilicite úi care este cadrul
de realizare a constrângerii de stat prin aplicarea
sancĠiunilor juridice în scopul asigurării stabilităаii
raporturilor sociale Юi a indrumării membrilor societăаii
în spiritul respectarii normelor de drept.
$VWIHO FRQIRUP DFHVWHL GHILQLĠLL UH]XOWă Fă DFHVW
FRPSOH[ GH GUHSWXUL úL REOLJD‫܊‬LL FRQVWLWXLH XQ UDSRUW
MXULGLF FDUH VH QDúWH vQWUH VWDW UHSUH]HQWDW GH RUJDQHOH
VDOH DYkQG DWULEXĠLL GHWHUPLQDWH vQ DFHVW VHQV ‫܈‬L
SHUVRDQHOH FDUH DX QHVRFRWLW SUHVFULSWLLOH QRUPHORU
MXULGLFH
ÌQ FD]XO vQ FDUH DXWRUXO XQXL GHOLFW FLYLO vúL
vQGHSOLQHúWHYROXQWDUREOLJDWLDGHUHSDUDUHDSUHMXGLFLXOXL
IDWă GH YLFWLPD SUHMXGLFLDWă HYLWDQG DVWIHO VDQF‫܊‬LXQHD
FLYLOă HO QX IDFH DOWFHYD GHFkW Vă HYLWH H[HUFLWDUHD
FRQVWUkQJHULL GH VWDW FDUH DU LQWHUYHQL OD LQLWLDWLYD FHOXL
SUHMXGLFLDWvQVLWXD‫܊‬LDFRQWUDUă
3ULQUHSDUDUHDSUHMXGLFLXOXLDXWRUXOIDSWHLLOLFLWHQX‫܈‬L
vQGHSOLQHúWH GRDU REOLJDWLD GH UHSDUDUH IDWă GH YLFWLPă
FLvQPRGLQGLUHFWLúLvQGHSOLQHúWHúLRREOLJDĠLHIDWăGH

316
VRFLHWDWHD UHSUH]HQWDWă SULQ VWDW FDUH RFURWHúWH ‫܈‬L
YHJKHD]ăUHVWDELOLUHDRUGLQLLGHGUHSW

)250(/(5$6381'(5,,-85,',&(

$QDOL]DWH GLQ SHUVSHFWLYD DSDUWHQHQWHL QRUPHORU
MXULGLFH OD XQD VDX DOWD GLQ UDPXULOH GUHSWXOXL DFHVWH
IRUPHVXQW
±UăVSXQGHUHDMXULGLFăFXFDUDFWHUSROLWLF UăVSXQGHUHD
FRQVWLWXWLRQDOăD3DUODPHQWXOXL 
±UăVSXQGHUHDSHQDOă
±UăVSXQGHUHDFLYLOă FRQWUDFWXDOăúLGHOLFWXDOă 
±UăVSXQGHUHDDGPLQLVWUDWLYă
±UăVSXQGHUHDGLVFLSOLQDUă
±UăVSXQGHUHDGHGUHSWLQWHUQDWLRQDOHWF
3URIHVRUXO0LUFHD&RVWLQSURSXQH‫܈‬LRDOWăFODVLILFDUH
D IRUPHORU UăVSXQGHULL MXULGLFH vQ IXQF‫܊‬LH GH FULWHULXO
QDWXULLúLLPSRUWDQWHLVRFLDOHDLQWHUHVXOXLOH]DWSULQIDSWD
LOLFLWă FRQIRUP FăUXLD VH FRQWXUHD]ă XUPăWRDUHOH WLSXUL
GHUăVSXQGHUH
± UăVSXQGHUHD IDWă GH LQWUHDJD VRFLHWDWH UăVSXQGHUHD
SHQDOă 
± UăVSXQGHUHD IDWă GH XQ RUJDQ DO VWDWXOXL DGLFă
UăVSXQGHUHDDGPLQLVWUDWLYă
±UăVSXQGHUHDIDWăGHRFROHFWLYLWDWHPDLUHVWUkQVăGH
LQGLYL]L IRUPă VXE FDUH VH PDQLIHVWă UăVSXQGHUHD GH
GUHSWXOPXQFLL

317
±UăVSXQGHUHDIDWăGHSHUVRDQDYăWăPDWăvQGUHSWXULOH
HLOHJLWLPH UăVSXQGHUHDFLYLOă 

&$5$&7(5,67,&,$/(',)(5,7(/25
)250('(5$6381'(5(-85,',&$

3DUWLFXODULWă‫܊‬LOHUăVSXQGHULLSHQDOH
5ăVSXQGHUHD SHQDOă HVWH GHILQLWă FD ILLQG ÄînsuЮi
raportul juridic penal de constrângere născut ca urmare
a savârúirii infractiunii, între stat pe de o parte úi
infractor, pe de altă parte, raport complex a cărui
conаinut îl formeaza statul, ca reprezentant a societatii,
de a trage la răspundere pe de a-i aplica sancаiunea
prevăzută pentru infractiunea săvarsită prin a-l
constrânge să o execute, precum Юi obligatia
infractorului de a răspunde pentru fapta sa úi de a se
supune sancаiunii aplicate în vederea stabilirii ordinii de
drept úi restaurarii autorităаii legii."
5ăVSXQGHUHDSHQDOăSRDWHILDQWUHQDWăGRDUFDXUPDUH
D VăYDUúLULL XQRU IDSWH GHFODUDWH GH OHJH FD LQIUDFWLXQL
DGLFă SULQ DFHOH IDSWH LOLFLWH D FDURU SHULFRO VRFLDO HVWH
VXSHULRU FDQWLWDWLY RULFăURU DOWH IDSWH GLQ VIHUD LOLFLWXOXL
MXULGLF FRQWUDYHQWLLGHOLFWHFLYLOHHWF 
&RQIRUPDUW&SHQÄinfractiunea este fapta care
reprezintă social prevazută de legea penală” LDU DUW
& 3HQ H[SOLFă FH WUHEXLH vQWHOHV SULQ ÄIDSWD FDUH
SUH]LQWă SHULFRO VRFLDO RULFH DFWLXQH VDX LQDFWLXQH SULQ
FDUH VH DGXFH DWLQJHUH VWDWXOXL VXYHUDQLWDWLL

318
LQGHSHQGHQWHL úL XQLWă‫܊‬LL VWDWXOXL VRFLHWă‫܊‬LL SXEOLFH
SHUVRDQHLúLGUHSWXULORUDFHVWHLDSUHFXP‫܈‬LLQWUHJLLRUGLQL
MXULGLFH
,QIUDFWLXQHD HVWH VLQJXUXO WHPHL DO GHFODQVăULL
UăVSXQGHULLMXULGLFHDUWLFROXOGLQ&RGXOSHQDOGLVSXQH
vQ DFHVW VHQV Fă ÄQXPDL OHJHD SUHYHGH FDUH IDSWH
FRQVWLWXLHLQIUDFĠLXQLSHGHSVHOHFHVHDSOLFăLQIUDFWRULORU
úLPăVXULOHFHVHSRWOXDvQFD]XOVăYkUúLULLDFHVWRUIDSWH´
LDUDFHVWWH[WFRQVDFUDSULQFLSLXOOHJDOLWăĠLLvQFULPLQăULLúL
OHJDOLWă‫܊‬LL SHGHSVHL ÄQXOOXP FULPHQ VLQH OHJH úL ÄQXOOD
SRHQD VLQH OHJH SULQFLSLX FDUH JDUDQWHD]ă OLEHUWDWHD
LQGLYL]LORU‫܈‬LDVLJXUăHOLPLQDUHDDUELWUDULXOXL
,QIUDFWLXQLOHVHvPSDUWvQFULPH‫܈‬LGHOLFWHvQIXQF‫܊‬LHGH
JUDYLWDWHD ORU ‫܈‬L GH QDWXUD SHGHSVHORU SUHYă]XWH GH OHJH
SHQWUX ILHFDUH GLQWUH HOH DIDUă GH FD]XO vQ FDUH R OHJH
VSHFLDOăVFKLPEăvQPRGH[SUHVDFHDVWDFDOLILFDUH
)DSWHOHGHRVHELWGHJUDYHFDSHULFROSHQWUXVRFLHWDWH
FXPDUILVSUHH[WUDILFXOGHGURJXULYLRODUHDLQWHJULWă‫܊‬LL
FRUSRUDOH DEX]XO GH LQFUHGHUH GHúL VXQW SHULFXORDVH
VXQWLQFULPLQDWHFDGHOLFWH
6DQFWLXQHD SHQDOă SUHVXSXQH R VXIHULQWă LPSXVă
DXWRUXOXL DFWLXQLL LOLFLWH FHHD FH vQVHDPQă Fă SHGHDSVD
DWLQJH GUHSWXULOH LQGLYLGXDOH DOH RPXOXL vQ VFRSXO
DSăUăULL FHORUODOWL GXFkQG DVWIHO OD R UHVWUDQJHUH D
SHUVRQDOLWă‫܊‬LL YLQRYDWXOXL IăUă FD R DOWă SHUVRDQă Vă
EHQHILFLH]HGHDFHDVWăFRQVWUkQJHUHFXPVHvQWkPSOăvQ
FD]XOVDQF‫܊‬LXQLLFLYLOHUHVWLWXWLYH

319
)DSWHOH VXVFHSWLELOH GH VDQF‫܊‬LXQL VXQW DFHOHD SH FDUH
VRFLHWDWHD OH FRQVLGHUă JUDYH vQFkW VD VRFRWLW HD vQVăúL
OH]DWă$úDFXPUHPDUFD0LUFHD'MXYDUDDWXQFLFkQGGH
SLOGă XQ LQGLYLG DVDVLQHD]ă SH XQ DOWXO vQ UHDOLWDWH QH
DIOăP vQ ID‫܊‬ă XQHL IDSWH SHWUHFXWH vQWUH GRL SDUWLFXODUL
WRWXúLVRFLHWDWHDVHVLPWHDúDGHJUDYDPHQLQWDWăvQFkWVH
VRFRWHúWH GLUHFW OH]DWă ‫܈‬L LQWHUYLQH FD SDUWH ÌQ ID‫܊‬ă
LQVWDQWHORU SHQDOH DIOăP R DFWLXQH SXEOLFă LQWURGXVD GH
SURFXURU XUPăULQG DSOLFDUHD SHGHSVHL ‫܈‬L FDUH HVWH vQ
LQWHUHVXO VRFLHWă‫܊‬LL úL DO VWDWXOXL ‫܈‬L R DOWD SULYDWă
LQWURGXVă GH SDUWLFXODUXO OH]DW ‫܈‬L SULQ FDUH DFHVWD SRDWH
FHUH vQ ID‫܊‬ă LQVWDQWHL GHVSăJXELULOH FH L VH FXYLQ SHQWUX
SUHMXGLFLLOH FH OHD VXIHULW &HOH GRXD DFWLXQL VXQW
GLVWLQFWHGHúLHOHVHVXVWLQGHUHJXOăvPSUHXQă

3DUWLFXODULWă‫܊‬LOHUăVSXQGHULLFLYLOHvQJHQHUDO
D  5ăVSXQGHUHD FLYLOă LQWHUYLQH vQ SULQFLSLX QXPDL
DWXQFL FkQG FHO SUHMXGLFLDW vúL PDQLIHVWă LQWHUHVXO
DSHOkQGOD IRU‫܊‬D GHFRQVWUkQJHUHDVWDWXOXL3ULQXUPDUH
YLFWLPD QX DSOLFă VLQJXUă VDQF‫܊‬LXQHD FL WUHEXLH Vă
VWăUXLH SH OkQJă DXWRULWăWL SHQWUX D DVLJXUD WUDJHUHD OD
UăVSXQGHUHDDXWRUXOXLIDSWHLLOLFLWH
2 RSLQLH LQWHUHVDQWă DVXSUD DFHVWHL WH]H HPLWH
SURIHVRUXO /30DUFX H[HPSOLILFkQGR vQ FD]XO
ÄH[FHSWLR GH QRQ DGLPSOHQWL FRQWUDFWXV´ VLWXD‫܊‬LD
vQWkOQLWăvQFRQWUDFWHOHVLQDODJPDWLFHFkQGGDFăRSDUWH
QX‫܈‬LvQGHSOLQHúWHREOLJDWLDFHDODOWăSDUWHHVWHHOLEHUDWă
FD]vQFDUHQXVHPDLDSHOHD]ăODIRU‫܊‬DGHFRQVWUDQJHUHD

320
VWDWXOXLSXWkQGXVHFUHGHFăDFHDVWăVDQF‫܊‬LXQHRH[HUFLWă
FHO SUHMXGLFLDW 'HVL HD HVWH H[HUFLWDWă GH R SHUVRDQă
SULYDWăWRWXúLHVWHDXWRUL]DWăGHGUHSWXOSR]LWLYFDDWDUH
úL HD DSDUH FD XQ SURGXV DO YRLQWHL VWDWDOH DVD FXP
RSLQHD]ăúL0LUFHD'MXYDUD
2VLWXD‫܊‬LHDVHPăQăWRDUHHVWHH[HPSOLILFDWă‫܈‬LvQFD]XO
GUHSWXOXLGHUHWHQWLHSHFDUHOHJHDLOFRQIHUăvQDQXPLWH
VLWXD‫܊‬LL FHOXL FH GHWLQH XQ EXQ DO GDWRUQLFXOXL vQ XQHOH
VLWXD‫܊‬LLPHUJkQGSkQăODGUHSWXOSURSULHWDUXOXOGHDUHWLQH
PRELOD FKLULDúXOXL GDFă DFHVWD QX vL UHPLWH FKLULD
FRQYHQLWă
E  ÌQWUXFkWUHJXOD JHQHUDOă HVWH Fă UăVSXQGHUHD FLYLOă
DUH FD ILQDOLWDWH VDWLVIDFHUHD LQWHUHVHORU FHOXL SUHMXGLFLDW
SULQIDSWDLOLFLWăHDGHYLQHRSHUDQWăQXPDLGDFăSULQWUR
DVHPHQHD IDSWă VD FDX]DW XQ SUHMXGLFLX PDWHULDO
YLFWLPHL ÌQ GRFWULQD DFWXDOă VD DFUHGLWDW LGHHD Fă ‫܈‬L
GDXQHOHPRUDOHVXQWVXVFHSWLELOHGHUHSDUDWLXQH
F 6DQFWLXQHDFLYLOăFHVHDSOLFăDXWRUXOXLIDSWHLLOLFLWH
FRQVWă vQ REOLJDWLD GH D UHSDUD SUHMXGLFLXO FDX]DW ‫܈‬L DUH
FD VFRS VDWLVIDFHUHD LQWHUHVHORU SHUVRQDOH DOH YLFWLPHL
SUHMXGLFLDWH vQIăWLúkQGXVH ‫܈‬L FD XQ IDFWRU GH SUHYHQWLH
VSUH D VH HYLWD VăYkUúLUHD SH YLLWRU D XQRU IDSWH
SăJXELWRDUH
'HFL VDQF‫܊‬LXQHD FLYLOă DUH XQ FDUDFWHU FRPSOH[
UHSUH]HQWkQG XQ IDFWRU GH SUHYHQWLH ‫܈‬L XQ IDFWRU
UHSDUDWRULX LQWLQGHUHD UăVSXQGHULL FLYLOH ILLQG
SURSRUWLRQDOăFXvQWLQGHUHDSUHMXGLFLXOXLPDWHULDOFDX]DW

321
G  5ăVSXQGHUHD FLYLOă vQ VSHFLDO FHD GHOLFWXDWă
LQWHUYLQH GH UHJXOă QXPDL FDQG IDSWD LOLFLWă FRQVWLWXLH
DWkWRvQFăOFDUHDGUHSWXOXLRELHFWLYFkW‫܈‬LDXQRUGUHSWXUL
VXELHFWLYHDOHYLFWLPHLSUHMXGLFLDWH
H  $SUHFLHUHD JUDGXOXL GH FXOSDELOLWDWH D DXWRUXOXL
IDSWXOXL LOLFLW QX VH IDFH Äîn funcаie de însuЮirile
personale ale autorului faptei ilicite, úi nici în funcаie de
un etalon general de diligentă aplicabil tuturor, ci
intotdeauna folosindu-se un etalon abstract – diligenta
maximă – aplicabil numai acelor persoane care s-ar fi
aflat în situaаia autorului, etalon ce indică conduita
ideală în situaаia respectivă."
*UDGXO GH YLQRYăWLH DO IăSWXLWRUXOXL QX DUH vQ
SULQFLSLX QLFL XQ URO vQ VWDELOLUHD UăVSXQGHULL FLYLOH
GHRDUHFH PDVXUD UăVSXQGHULL FLYLOH HVWH GDWD GH
FXDQWXPXO SUHMXGLFLXOXL VXIHULW GH SDJXELW úL QX GH
FRQGL‫܊‬LLOH SHUVRQDOH DOH IăSWXLWRUXOXL *UDGXO GH
FXOSDELOLWDWH DUH UHOHYDQWă QXPDL vQ FD]XO vQ FDUH IDSWD
LOLFLWă H VăYkUúLWă GH PDL PXOWH SHUVRDQH VLWXD‫܊‬LH FkQG
ILHFDUH GLQWUH DFHVWHD YD IL WLQXWă VROLGDU FX FHOHODOWH OD
GH]GăXQDUH vQVă vQ UDSRUWXULOH GLQWUH DXWRUL vQWLQGHUHD
UăVSXQGHULLVHGHWHUPLQăSRWULYLWJUDGXOXLGHYLQRYăWLHDO
ILHFăUHLSHUVRDQH
5ăVSXQGHUHD FLYLOă VH SUH]LQWă VXE GRXă IRUPH
5Ă6381'(5($ &,9,/Ă '(/,&78$/$ FDUH
LQWHUYLQH vQ FD]XO vQ FDUH R SHUVRDQă FDX]HD]ă DOWHLD XQ
SUHMXGLFLXSULQIDSWDVDLOLFLWăIăUăFDvQWUHDXWRUXOIDSWHL
‫܈‬LFHOSUHMXGLFLDWVăH[LVWHYUHRFRQYHQWLHYUHROHJăWXUă

322
FRQWUDFWXDOă $FHDVWă UăVSXQGHUH VH LQWHPHLD]ă SH
REOLJDWLDILHFăUHLSHUVRDQHGHDQXIDFHQLPLFGHQDWXUăD
SUHMXGLFLDSHDOWXO
5ăVSXQGHUHDFLYLOăGHOLFWXDOăSRDWHIL
± UăVSXQGHUHD SHQWUX IDSWD SURSULH DUW  ± 
&FLY 
± UăVSXQGHUHD SHQWUX IDSWD DOWHL SHUVRDQH DUW 
DOLQ 
± UăVSXQGHUHD SHQWUX OXFUXUL UXLQD HGLILFLXOXL úL
DQLPDOH DUWDOLQODUW&FLY 
5Ă6381'(5($ &,9,/$ &2175$&78$/Ă FDUH
LQWHUYLQH vQ FD]XO QHH[HFXWăULL VDX H[HFXWăULL
QHFRUHVSXQ]ăWRDUH D REOLJD‫܊‬LLORU FRQWUDFWXDOH GH FăWUH
XQD GLQ SăUWLOH FRQWUDFWDQWH )DSWD LOLFLWă FRQVWă vQ
LQFăOFDUHDREOLJD‫܊‬LLORUSHFDUHSăUWLOHFRQWUDFWDQWHúLOHDX
DVXPDW GLQ PRPHQWXO LQFKHLHULL FRQWUDFWXOXL 0LKDL
(OLHVFXGHILQHúWHUăVSXQGHUHDFLYLOăFRQWUDFWXDOăFDILLQG
ÄREOLJDWLD GHELWRUXOXL GH D UHSDUD SUHMXGLFLXO FDX]DW
FUHGLWRUXOXL VăX SULQ QHH[HFXWDUHD H[HFXWDUHD
QHFRUHVSXQ]ăWRDUH VDX FX LQWDU]LHUH D REOLJD‫܊‬LLORU VDOH
FRQWUDFWXDOH
3DUWLFXODULWă‫܊‬LOHUăVSXQGHULLDGPLQLVWUDWLYH
D  5ăVSXQGHUHD DGPLQLVWUDWLYă HVWH DQJDMDWă SULQ
VDYkUVLUHD IDSWHORU LOLFLWH GHILQLWH SULQ OHJH FD ‫܈‬L
FRQWUDYHQĠLL
&RQIRUP DUW DO /HJLL  SULYLQG VWDELOLUHD ‫܈‬L
VDQFWLRQDUHD FRQWUDYHQWLLORU FRQWUDYHQWLD HVWH IDSWD
VăYDUúLWăFXYLQRYăWLHFDUHSUH]LQWăXQSHULFROVRFLDOPDL

323
UHGXV GHFkW LQIUDFWLXQHD ‫܈‬L HVWH SUHYă]XWă úL VDQFWLRQDWă
FD DWDUH SULQ OHJH GHFUHWH VDX DOWH DFWH QRUPDWLYH DOH
RUJDQHORUDUăWDWHvQOHJHDGHIDWă
E  6XELHFWHOH UăVSXQGHULL DGPLQLVWUDWLYH SRW IL vQ
SULQFLSLX GRDU SHUVRDQHOH IL]LFH úL QXPDL FkQG OHJHD
SUHYHGH VDQF‫܊‬LXQHD FRQWUDYHQĠLRQDOă SRDWH IL DSOLFDELOă
‫܈‬LSHUVRDQHORUMXULGLFH
F  'H UHJXOă SHQWUX DFHHDúL FRQWUDYHQĠLH OHJHD QX
DGPLWH DSOLFDUHD FXPXODWLYă D GRXă VDQF‫܊‬LXQL
DGPLQLVWUDWLYHFDGHSLOGăDYHUWLVPHQWXO‫܈‬LDPHQGD
2DSDUHQWăH[FHSWLHGHODDFHVWSULQFLSLXDUILUH]XOWDW
GLQ FRURERUDUHD SUHYHGHULORU DUWLFROXOXL  FX DUW  DO
OHJLLFDUHDGPLWH
DSOLFDUHDFXPXODWLYăDDPHQ]LLúLFRQILVFăULLDWXQFLFkQG
DFWXO QRUPDWLY GH VDQFĠLRQDUH D FRQWUDYHQĠLHL UHVSHFWLYH
SUHYHGH FD PăVXUă VXSOLPHQWDUă úL FRQILVFDUHD ÌQVă
FRQIRUPDUWLFROXOXLGLQ/HJHDFRQILVFDUHDQX
HVWHFRQVLGHUDWăFDRVDQF‫܊‬LXQHDGPLQLVWUDWLYăDYkQGPDL
GHJUDEă FDUDFWHUXO XQHL PăVXUL GH VLJXUDQWă D FăUHL
DSOLFDUH DUH ILQDOLWDWH GH SUHYHQWLH D VăYkUúLULL GH QRL
FRQWUDYHQĠLL úL SULQ XUPDUH QX VH SRDWH VSXQH Fă vQ
DVHPHQHDVLWXD‫܊‬LLQHDIOăPvQSUH]HQWDXQHLH[FHSWLLGHOD
UHJXODHQXQWDWă
G &kQGRSHUVRDQăVăYkUúHúWHPDLPXOWHFRQWUDYHQWLL
SHGHDSVD FH L VH DSOLFă VH VWDELOHúWH vQ FRQIRUPLWDWH FX
VLVWHPXO FXPXOXOXL DULWPHWLF DPHQ]LOH FXPXOkQGXVH
SHQWUXILHFDUHFRQWUDYHQĠLHvQSDUWH‫܈‬LQXGXSăVLVWHPXO
DEVRUEWLHLOHJDOHSRWULYLWFăUXLDGLQWUHWRDWHDUXUPDVă

324
VHDSOLFHDPHQGDFHDPDLULGLFDWă'HFLDPHQ]LOHVHYRU
DGXQD IăUă LQVă FD VXPD DFHVWRUD Vă GHSăúHDVFă GXEOXO
PD[LPXOXL DPHQ]LL SUHYă]XWH SHQWUX FRQWUDYHQĠLD FHD
PDLJUDYă
&RQWUDYHQWLLOH SUH]LQWă R PDUH YDULHWDWH
VDQFĠLRQăQGXVH SULQ PăVXUL FX FDUDFWHU DGPLQLVWUDWLY
DPHQGăDYHUWLVPHQWFRQILVFDUHúLGRDUSULQH[FHSĠLHFX
vQFKLVRDUH FRQWUDYHQĠLRQDOă VSUH H[HPSOX FHOH
UHIHULWRDUH OD UHJXOLOH GH FRQYLHWXLUH VRFLDOă RUGLQHD ‫܈‬L
OLQLúWHDSXEOLFă
ÌQ FD]XO VDQFWLRQăULL FRQWUDYHQĠLHL SULQ DPHQGă vQ
VLWXD‫܊‬LD vQ FDUH FRQWUDYHQLHQWXO DFKLWă SH ORF VDX vQ FHO
PXWWGHRUHDPHQGDDFHDVWDVHUHGXFHODMXPăWDWHGLQ
PLQLPXO SUHYă]XW GH OHJH SHQWUX IDSWD UHVSHFWLYă LDU
FDOHD GH DWDF VH SRDWH H[HUFLWD vQ FHO PXWW  ]LOH GH OD
FRPXQLFDUH

3DUWLFXODULWă‫܊‬LOHUăVSXQGHULLMXULGLFHGH
GUHSWXOPXQFLL
ÌQGUHSWXOPXQFLLUăVSXQGHUHDDQJDMD‫܊‬LORUSRDWHIL
± UăVSXQGHUH PDWHULDOă DWXQFL FkQG DQJDMDWXO GLQ
YLQD‫܈‬LvQOHJăWXUăFXPXQFDVDFDX]HD]ăSDJXEHXQLWă‫܊‬LL
ODFDUHOXFUHD]D
± UăVSXQGHUH GLVFLSOLQDUă DWXQFL FkQG DQJDMDWXO SULQ
IDSWD VD LOLFLWă FRQWUDYLQH QRUPHORU GH GLVFLSOLQă D
PXQFLLvQXQLWDWHVăYkUúLQGDEDWHULGLVFLSOLQDUH
$3DUWLFXODULWă‫܊‬LOHUăVSXQGHULLPDWHULDOHDDQJDMD‫܊‬LORU

325
D  5ăVSXQGHUHD PDWHULDOă D DQJDMD‫܊‬LORU DUH R QDWXUă
MXULGLFăPL[WăQRUPHOHFHOHUHJOHPHQWHD]ăDSDUWLQDQGR
SDUWHGLQHOHGUHSWXOXLPXQFLLLDUFHDODOWăSDUWHGUHSWXOXL
FLYLOPRWLYSHQWUXFDUHDFHVWWLSGHUăVSXQGHUHDOăWXULGH
FDUDFWHULVWLFLVSHFLILFHSUH]LQWă‫܈‬LSDUWLFXODULWă‫܊‬LFRPXQH
FXUăVSXQGHUHDFLYLOăFRQWUDFWXDOă
E  3ULQ LQWHUPHQGLXO UăVSXQGHULL PDWHULDOH D
DQJDMD‫܊‬LORU FRQFHSXWă FD PLMORF MXULGLF GH UHJOHPHQWDUH
D UHODĠLLORU GH PXQFă VH DVLJXUă UHFXSHUDUHD SDJXEHORU
VXIHULWH GH DQJDMDWRU GLQ YLQD DQJDMD‫܊‬LORU FX SULOHMXO
H[HFXWăULLFRQWUDFWXWXLGHPXQFă
F &RQIRUPDUWDOLQ&RGXOPXQFLLODVWDELOLUHD
UăVSXQGHULL PDWHULDOH VH DUH vQ YHGHUH QXPDL SDJXED
HIHFWLY VXIHULWă GH DQJDMDWRU GDPQXP HPHUJHQV  QX ‫܈‬L
EHQHILFLXO QHUHDOL]DW OXFUXP FHVDQV  GH FăWUH XQLWDWH FD
XUPDUH D IDSWHL LOLFLWH VăYkUúLWH GH FăWUH FHO LQFDGUDW vQ
PXQFă UăVSXQGHUHD PDWHULDOă vQ GUHSWXO PXQFLL ILLQG
DVWIHO FX HIHFWH PDL UHVWUDQVH GHFkW UăVSXQGHUHD FLYLOă
FRQWUDFWXDOă
6LQJXUD H[FHSĠLH DGPLVă HVWH FRQVDFUDWă vQ DUW 
DOLQ  GLQ &RGXO PXQFLL FDUH VWLSXOHD]ă Fă SDJXEHOH
SURGXVH SULQWUR IDSWă LQIUDFWLRQDOă VH UHSDUă LQWHJUDO vQ
FXDQWXPXO GHVSăJXELULL LQFOX]kQGXVH SH OkQJă
SLHUGHUHDPDWHULDOăHIHFWLYă‫܈‬LEHQHILFLXOQHUHDOL]DW
G ÌQGRPHQLXOSUREDĠLXQLLDVLVWăPODÄo răsturnare a
sarcinei probei" vQWUXFkW UăVSXQGHUHD PDWHULDOă D
DQJDMD‫܊‬LORU QX FRPSRUWă R SUH]XPĠLH GH YLQRYăWLH vQ

326
VDUFLQDSHUVRDQHLvQFDGUDWăvQPXQFăGRYDGDYLQRYăĠLHL
DQJDMDWXOXLUHYHQLQGXLFHOXLFDUHDQJDMHD]ă
H  &DX]HOH FDUH H[RQHUHD]ă GH UăVSXQGHUH VXQW PDL
QXPHURDVH vQ FD]XO UăVSXQGHULL PDWHULDOH D DQJDMD‫܊‬LORU
GHFkWvQFD]XOUăVSXQGHULLFLYLOHFRQWUDFWXDOHvQDIDUăGH
FD]XO IRU‫܊‬XLW úL IRU‫܊‬D PDMRUD DGăXJkQGXVH úL ULVFXO
QRUPDODOVHUYLFLXOXLúLSLHUGHULOHLQHUHQWHSURFHVXOXLGH
SURGXFWLH
I ÌQFD]XOFRQWUDFWXOXLGHPXQFăQXVHSRDWHVWLSXOD
QLFL R FODX]ă FDUH Vă PăUHDVFă VDX Vă PLFúRUH]H
UăVSXQGHUHDSHVWHVDXVXEOLPLWHOHSUHYă]XWHGHOHJH
J  5ăVSXQGHUHD PDWHULDOă D DQJDMD‫܊‬LORU DUH FDUDFWHU
SHUVRQDOGHFLHDQXSRDWHILVROLGDUăREOLJDWLDUHSDUăULL
SUHMXGLFLXOXLILLQGGLVMXQFWă
5ăVSXQGHUHD VROLGDUă SRDWH LQWHUYHQL FX FDUDFWHU
H[FHSWLRQDOvQFD]XOSUHYă]XWGHDUWLFROXOGLQ&RGXO
PXQFLL FkQG SDJXED SURGXVă SULQWUR LQIUDFWLXQH D IRVW
FDX]DWă SULQ DFWLXQHD PDL PXOWRU SHUVRDQH UăVSXQGHUHD
PDWHULDOăVWDELOLQGXVHvQUDSRUWFXJUDGXOGHFRQWULEXWLH
DILHFăUXLDGLQWUHHOH
K  5HSDUDUHD SDJXEHORU VH IDFH SULQ HFKLYDOHQWXO
EăQHVF DQJDMDWXO QHSXWkQG IL REOLJDW OD UHSDUDUHD OXL vQ
QDWXUă
ÌQDFWXDOHOHFRQGL‫܊‬LLSROLWLFRHFRQRPLFHFkQGGUHSWXO
GH SURSULHWDWH HVWH RFURWLW vQ HJDOă PDVXUD LQGLIHUHQW
GDFăSURSULHWDWHDHVWHSULYDWăVDXSXEOLFăSULQFRQWUDFWXO
GHPXQFăLQFKHLDWVHSRDWHSUHYHGHDRUHVWUkQJHUHVDXR
PăULUH D UăVSXQGHULL DQJDMD‫܊‬LORU SHVWH VDX VXE FHHD FH

327
SUHYHGH OHJHD DWXQFL FkQG DQJDMDWXO HVWH SHUVRDQă
SULYDWă
%3DUWLFXODULWă‫܊‬LDOHUăVSXQGHULLGLVFLSOLQDUH
5ăVSXQGHUHD GLVFLSOLQDUD LQWHUYLQH vQWUH DQJDMDW ‫܈‬L
DQJDMDWRU DWXQFL FkQG DQJDMDWXO LQFDOFă vQ PRG FXOSDELO
REOLJD‫܊‬LLOHVDOHGHVHUYLFLXIDSWDVDFRQVWLWXLQGRDEDWHUH
GLVFLSOLQDUă
'RFWULQD GH VSHFLDOLWDWH R GHILQHúWH FD ILLQG ÄR
LQVWLWX‫܊‬LH VSHFLILFă GUHSWXOXL PXQFLL úL FRQVWkQG LQWUXQ
DQVDPEOX GH QRUPH OHJDOH SULYLQG VDQFWLRQDUHD IDSWHORU
GH vQFăOFDUH FX YLQRYăWLH GH FăWUH RULFH SHUVRDQă
LQFDGUDWă LQGLIHUHQW GH IXQF‫܊‬LH VDX GH SRVWXO SH FDUH LO
RFXSăDREOLJD‫܊‬LLORUDVXPDWHSULQFRQWUDFWXOGHPXQFă
D  5ăVSXQGHUHD GLVFLSOLQDUă LQWHUYLQH QXPDL vQ
OHJăWXUă FX H[HFXWDUHD FRQWUDFWXOXL GH PXQFă FăFL
DEDWHUHDGLVFLSOLQDUăYL]HD]ăQHUHVSHFWDUHDXQRUREOLJD‫܊‬LL
GH VHUYLFLX GH FăWUH XQ DQJDMDW VDX GH FăWUH R SHUVRDQă
DVLPLODWăDFHVWXLD$FHDVWăSDUWLFXODULWDWHQXLQGULWXLHúWH
FRQFOX]LD Fă UăVSXQGHUHD GLVFLSOLQDUă DUH R QDWXUă
FRQWUDFWXDOă GHRDUHFH DEDWHULOH GLVFLSOLQDUH VXQW vQ
SULPXO UkQG vQFăOFăUL DOH GLVFLSOLQHL PXQFLL DGLFă D
DFHOHLRUGLQLFDUHvQPRGQRUPDOWUHEXLHVăFDUDFWHUL]H]H
GHVIăúXUDUHD UDSRUWXULORU VRFLDOH GH PXQFă ‫܈‬L FDUH VH
UHDOL]HD]ă WRFPDL SULQ VWULFWD UHVSHFWDUH GH FăWUH
DQDJDMDWL D REOLJD‫܊‬LLORU FH DOFăWXLHVF FRQ‫܊‬LQXWXO
UDSRUWXULORUMXULGLFHGHPXQFă
ÌQ FRQFOX]LH UHVSHFWDUHD GLVFLSOLQHL PXQFLL QX
LQVHDPQăQXPDLUHVSHFWDUHDFRQWUDFWXOXLGHPXQFăFLúL

328
DWXWXURUREOLJD‫܊‬LLORUFHGHFXUJGLQOHJHUHJXODPHQWHGH
RUGLQH LQWHULRDUă ‫܈‬L FDUH VXQW LQVWLWXLWH vQ YHGHUHD XQHL
RSWLPHGHVIăúXUăULDSURFHVXOXLGHPXQFă
E  3HQWUX LQWHUYHQ‫܊‬LD UăVSXQGHULL GLVFLSOLQDUH QX HVWH
QHFHVDUăSURGXFHUHDXQXLSUHMXGLFLXPDWHULDOFDUH]XOWDW
GLUHFW VDX LQGLUHFW DO DEDWHULL GLVFLSOLQDUH VăYkUúLWă GH
DQJDMDW FL HVWH VXILFLHQW FD DEDWHUHD Vă VH IL SURGXV FD
IDSWă FRQFUHWă FH FRQVWă vQ LQFăOFDUHD FX YLQRYăWLH D
REOLJD‫܊‬LLORUGHPXQFăVDXDQRUPHORUGHFRPSRUWDUH
F  )LLQG R PRGDOLWDWH GH DVLJXUDUH D GLVFLSOLQHL
PXQFLL UăVSXQGHUHD GLVFLSOLQDUă SRDWH LQWHUYHQL QXPDL
SHQWUX IDSWH FH FRQWUDYLQ DFHVWHL GLVFLSOLQH SH SHULRDGD
GXUDWHLFRQWUDFWXOXLGHPXQFăúLQXvQDIDUDDFHVWXLD
G  5HDELOLWDUHD GLVFLSOLQDUă HVWH SRVLELOă vQ FD]XO vQ
FDUH FHO FH D VăYăUúLW DEDWHUHD Gă GRYH]L WHPHLQLFH GH
vQGUHSWDUH ‫܈‬L QX D VăYkUúLW R DOWă DEDWHUH vQWUR DQXPLWă
SHULRDGăGHWLPS
H  5ăVSXQGHUHD GLVFLSOLQDUă DUH XQ FDUDFWHU UHSUHVLY
HGXFDWLYvQWUXFkWHDFRQWULEXLHODHGXFDUHDDQJDMD‫܊‬LORUvQ
VSLULWXO H[HFXWăULL FX EXQă FUHGLQĠă D FRQWUDFWXOXL GH
PXQFăúLUHDOL]DUHDvQPRGFRQúWLLQFLRVDREOLJD‫܊‬LLORUGH
VHUYLFLX
$QDOL]DWH VLVWHPLF GLQ SHUVSHFWLYD WHRULHL JHQHUDOH D
GUHSWXOXL VH UHPDUFă IDSWXO FD vQWUH IRUPHOH UăVSXQGHULL
MXULGLFH H[LVWă UHODWLL FRPSOH[H 6SUH H[HPSOX QX
vQWRWGHDXQD XQHL UDPXUL GH GUHSW LL FRUHVSXQGH R XQLFă
IRUPăDUăVSXQGHULLMXULGLFH$VWIHOvQPDWHULDGUHSWXOXL
DGPLQLVWUDWLY VH SRW GHFODQúD GLYHUVH IRUPH GH

329
UăVSXQGHUH MXULGLFă UăVSXQGHUH GLVFLSOLQDUă
FRQWUDYHQWLRQDOă SHQDOă úL FLYLOă 'HúL DX XQ FRQ‫܊‬LQXW
GLYHUV ‫܈‬L GLQDPLF IRUPHOH UăVSXQGHULL MXULGLFH VXQW
IXQGDPHQWDWHSHRVHULHGHSULQFLSLLFRPXQH‫܈‬LSUHVXSXQ
vQWUXQLUHD XQRU FRQGL‫܊‬LL FDUH VH UHJăVHVF vQ JHQHUDO vQ
RULFHIRUPăDUăVSXQGHULLMXULGLFH

35,1&,3,,/(5Ă6381'(5,,-85,',&(

3ULQFLSLLOH UăVSXQGHULL MXULGLFH VXQW DFHOH LGHL
FăOăX]LWRDUH FDUH vúL JăVHVF H[SUHVLD vQ WRWDOLWDWHD
QRUPHORU GH GUHSW FH UHJOHPHQWHD]ă GLIHULWHOH IRUPH
VXEFDUHVHSUH]LQWăDFHDVWăLQVWLWX‫܊‬LHMXULGLFă
(OH vQYHGHUHD]ă WUăVăWXULOH FRPXQH DOH WXWXURU
QRUPHORUMXULGLFHFDUHUHJOHPHQWHD]ăFD]XULOHFRQGL‫܊‬LLOH
PRGDOLWăWLOH vQ FDUH LQWHUYLQ GLIHULWHOH IRUPH DOH
UăVSXQGHULLMXULGLFH
'LQWUH DFHVWH SULQFLSLL FRQVDFUDWH vQ OLWHUDWXUD
MXULGLFăúLUH]XOWDWHGLQQRUPHOHGHGUHSWDPLQWLP
D 3ULQFLSLXOUăVSXQGHULLSHQWUXIDSWDVDYLUúLWăFX
YLQRYăWLH
$FHVWSULQFLSLXFHUHFDRULFHVXELHFWGHGUHSWVăSRDWă
ILVDQFWLRQDWQXPDLDWXQFLFkQGHOHVWHYLQRYDW‫܈‬LQXPDL
vQOLPLWHOHYLQRYăWLHLVDOH5ăVSXQGHUHDMXULGLFăLQWHUYLQH
SHQWUX Fă XQ VXELHFW GH GUHSW QX D UHVSHFWDW FRQGXLWD
SUHVFULVăGHQRUPHOHMXULGLFH‫܈‬LSHQWUXFăGLQPDLPXOWH
FRQGXLWH SRVLELOH D DOHVR WRFPDL SH DFHHD FDUH LQFDOFă
LQWHUHVHOH VRFLDOH RFURWLWH SULQ QRUPHOH MXULGLFH 3ULQ

330
LQWHUPHGLXO GUHSWXOXL VRFLHWDWHD vL FRQGDPQă SH DFHL
PHPEUL DL VăL FDUH DX R FRQGXLWă FRQWUDUă LQWHUHVHORU
VDOHLDUIăSWXLWRULLFXQRVFIDSWXOFăSULQFRPSRUWDPHQWXO
ORUFRQWUDYLQDFHVWRULQWHUHVH
,GHHD GH YLQRYăWLH LPSOLFă DWLWXGLQHD DXWRUXOXL IDSWHL
LOLFLWH GH D GHFLGH DVXSUD SURSULXOXL VăX FRPSRUWDPHQW
SUHFXP ‫܈‬L FRQúWLLQWD YLROăULL QRUPHL MXULGLFH SULQ DFWXO
VăXGHFRQGXLWă
7RWRGDWă IăSWXLWRUXO WUHEXLH Vă GLVSXQă vQ PRPHQWXO
VăYăUúLULL IDSWHL GH FDSDFLWDWHD GH D DFWLRQD SRWULYLW
GHFL]LHL VDOH DGLFă Vă DLEă SRVLELOLWDWHD GH D DOHJH vQWUH
PDL PXOWH DOWHUQDWLYH vQ YHGHUHD DWLQJHULL VFRSXOXL
SURSXV
'H DFHHD WRDWH vPSUHMXUăULOH FDUH H[FOXG FDSDFLWDWHD
LQGLYLGXOXLGHDOXDRGHFL]LHvQFXQRúWLQWăGHFDX]ă GH
H[DOLHQDWLDPLQWDOă VDXFDUHUăSHVFDFHDVWăOLEHUWDWHGH
YRLQWă GH H[ FRQVWUkQJHUHD IL]LFă  RUL DFHOHD FDUH
LQWHUYLQ GH DúD QDWXUă vQFkW GHSăúHVF SRVLELOLWDWHD
QRUPDOă GH SUHYHGHUH VDX SUHYHQLUH D SURGXFHULL ORU
FD]XOIRU‫܊‬HLPDMRUH H[RQHUHD]ăGHUăVSXQGHUHGHRDUHFH
FRQGXLWD LQGLYLGXOXL VFDSă GH VXE FRQWUROXO VăX LDU
IDSWHOH VDOH vQ PDWHULDOLWDWHD ORU FRQWUDYLQ OHJLL vQWUXFkW
QX UHSUH]LQWă R PDQLIHVWDUH OLEHUă GH YRLQWă QX SRW IL
FRQVLGHUDWHDFWHVăYkUVLWHFXYLQRYăWLH
([LVWă ‫܈‬L VLWXD‫܊‬LL vQ FDUH LQGLYLGXO GLVSXQH GH R
FDSDFLWDWH SVLKLFă UHGXVă GH D‫܈‬L GLULMD FRQVLPWăPkQWXO
ILH GDWRULWD YkUVWHL ILH GDWRULWă XQRU GHILFLHQWH

331
SVLKRIL]LFH FDUH OLPLWHD]ă FDSDFLWDWHD GH vQWHOHJHUH D
IHQRPHQHORUGLQFDX]DQHSXWLQWHLSHUFHSHULLORU
ÌQ DFHVWH VLWXD‫܊‬LL FD úL vQ DOWHOH SH FDUH OHJHD OH
SUHYHGHH[SUHVDUHORFRDWHQXDUHVDXFKLDURH[RQHUDUH
vQPDWHULDUăVSXQGHULLSHQDOH
&DX]HOH GH H[RQHUDUH GH UăVSXQGHUH DFWLRQHD]ă vQ
PRG GLIHULW vQ IXQF‫܊‬LH GH UDPXUD GH GUHSW vQ FDUH HVWH
UHJOHPHQWDWăUăVSXQGHUHDMXULGLFă
$FHVW SULQFLSLX DUH R vQVHPQăWDWH GHRVHELWă SHQWUX
UHDOL]DUHD HIHFWXOXL HGXFDWLY DO UăVSXQGHULL MXULGLFH
GHRDUHFH HD XUPăUHúWH úL LQGUHSWDUHD DXWRUXOXL IDSWHL
LOLFLWH‫܈‬LUHLQVHUWLDOXLVRFLDOă
&X WRDWH Fă UHJXOD HVWH Fă UăVSXQGHUHD MXULGLFă
LQWHUYLQH QXPDL SHQWUX IDSWH VăYkUúLWH FX YLQRYăWLH
H[LVWă XQHOH FD]XUL H[SUHV SUHYă]XWH GH OHJH FkQG HD
LQWHUYLQH LQGLIHUHQW GH YLQRYăWLH UăVSXQGHUHD DYkQG XQ
FDUDFWHU RELHFWLY ± VSUH H[HPSOX vQ FD]XO UăVSXQGHULL
SHQWUX SUHMXGLFLLOH FDX]DWH GH OXFUXUL VDX GH DQLPDWH
FDUHDSDUWLQHSă]LWRUXOXLMXULGLFDODFHVWRUD
ÌQ SULQFLSLX  UăVSXQGHUHD LQWHUYLQH SHQWUX IDSWD
VăYăUVLWăFX
YLQRYăWLH vQVă vQ VLVWHPXO URPDQHVF GH GUHSW RSHUHD]ă
SUH]XPWLDGHYLQRYăĠLHDDXWRUXOXLIDSWHLLOLFLWHDVWIHOFă
YLQRYăĠLDWUHEXLHGRYHGLWDGHFHOSUHMXGLFLDWVDXGHFăWUH
DFX]DUHvQFD]XOUăVSXQGHULLSHQDOH
&XWRDWHDFHVWHDOHJHDUHJOHPHQWHD]ăvQXQHOHFD]XUL
SUH]XPWLD GH YLQRYăWLH vQ VDUFLQD XQRU SHUVRDQH ± GH
H[HPSOX SUH]XPWLD GH YLQRYăWLH D SăULQWLORU SHQWUX

332
IDSWHOHFRSLLORUORUPLQRULFDUHVHYRUSXWHDWRWXúLDSăUD
GHUăVSXQGHUHvQFD]XOvQFDUHYRUGRYHGLFăQXDXSXWXW
LPSLHGLFDIDSWXOSUHMXGLFLDELO
E 3ULQFLSLXOUăVSXQGHULLSHUVRQDOH
&RQIRUP DFHVWXL SULQFLSLX HIHFWHOH VDQF‫܊‬LXQLORU VH
SURGXF QXPDL DVXSUD SHUVRDQHL FDUH D vQFăOFDW QRUPD
MXULGLFăVăYkUVLQGIDSWDLOLFLWă
3URSRUWLLOH UăVSXQGHULL VH VWDELOHVF GXSă
FLUFXPVWDQWHOH SHUVRQDOH DOH DXWRUXOXL IDSWHL FDUH VH
DSUHFLD]ăFXSULOHMXOLQGLYLGXDOL]ăULLSHGHSVHL
([LVWă‫܈‬LFD]XULGHH[FHSĠLHH[SUHVSUHYă]XWHGHOHJH
FkQG LQWHUYLQH UăVSXQGHUHD SHQWUX IDSWD DOWXLD ±
UăVSXQGHUHD RELHFWLYă LQGLUHFWă FXP DU IL UăVSXQGHUHD
FRPLWHQĠLORU SHQWUX IDSWHOH SUHSXúLORU DLQVWLWXLWRULORU ‫܈‬L
D DUWL]DQLORU SHQWUX IDSWHOH HOHYLORU ‫܈‬L XFHQLFLORU VDX D
SăULQĠLORUSHQWUXIDSWHOHFRSLLORUORUPLQRUL
&KLDU‫܈‬LvQFD]XULOHFDQGUăVSXQGHUHDGHULYăGLQIDSWD
DOWXLD RUL GLQ DFHHD SURGXVă VROLGDU FX DOWXO HD VH
FLUFXPVFULH QXPDL SHQWUX FHHD FH D VăYkUúLW DXWRUXO SH
ED]DHYDOXăULLvPSUHMXUăULORURELHFWLYHúLVXELHFWLYHFDUH
DX PDUFDW DXWRUXO IDSWHL LOLFLWH vPSUHMXUăUL SURSULL DWkW
PRPHQWXOXL VăYăUúLULL IDSWHL FkW úL DFHOD DO VWDELOLULL
VDQF‫܊‬LXQLL
ÌQ FD]XO UăVSXQGHULL VROLGDUH DFHDVWD RSHUHD]ă vQ
SHUVRDQDPDLPXOWRUVXELHFWLDVWIHOvQFDWFHOSUHMXGLFLDW
Vă VH SRDWă GHVSăJXEL GH OD RULFDUH GLQ DFHVWLD
UHFXSHUDQGX‫܈‬L DVWIHO vQWUHJXO SUHMXGLFLX XUPDQG FD
DFHODFDUHDRFD]LRQDWUHSDUDUHDLQWHJUDOăDSUHMXGLFLXOXL

333
Vă‫܈‬L SRDWă UHFXSHUD SULQWUR DFWLXQH vQ UHJUHV IDWă GH
FHLODOWL FRGHELWRUL WRW FHHD FHD SOăWLW SHVWH FkWGDWRUD HO
vQVXúLFRQIRUPJUDGXOXLVăXGHYLQRYăWLH
F 3ULQFLSLXOÄQRQELVvQLGHP´
$FHVW SULQFLSLX SUHVXSXQH DSOLFDUHD XQHL VLQJXUH
VDQF‫܊‬LXQLSHQWUXRVLQJXUăIDSWăLOLFLWăFHOFHDQHVRFRWLW
SULQFRQGXLWDVDRUGLQHDGHGUHSWYDUăVSXQGHRVLQJXUă
GDWă SHQWUX IDSWD LOLFLWă FăFL XQHL LQFăOFăUL D OHJLL vL
FRUHVSXQGHRVLQJXUăVDQF‫܊‬LXQHMXULGLFă
$FHVW SULQFLSLX QX H[FOXGH SRVLELOLWDWHD LQWHUYHQ‫܊‬LHL
VLPXOWDQHDPDLPXOWRUIRUPHGHUăVSXQGHUHMXULGLFăIDWă
GH IDSWD LOLFLWă D DFHOHLDúL SHUVRDQH FkQG SULQ DFHDVWă
IDSWăVHvQFDOFăRSOXUDOLWDWHGHQRUPHMXULGLFH
6SUH H[HPSOX FRQIRUP DUW  &RG SHQDO OXDUHD
XQXL EXQ PRELO GLQ SRVHVLD VDX GHWHQWLD XQHL DOWH
SHUVRDQH IăUă FRQVLPWăPăQWXO DFHVWHLD FRQVWLWXLH
LQIUDFWLXQHD GH IXUW úL HVWH VDQFWLRQDWă FRQIRUP OHJLL
LQWHUYHQLQG UăVSXQGHUHD SHQDOă VL SH GH DOWă SDUWH SULQ
OHJHD FLYLOă FDUH RFURWHúWH GUHSWXO GH SURSULHWDWH DO
WLWXODUXOXL VH Gă GUHSWXO OD UHVWLWXLUHD EXQXOXL ‫܈‬L OD
UHSDUDUHDSUHMXGLFLXOXLFDX]HLFDUHFRQVWLWXLHRVDQF‫܊‬LXQH
FLYLOă
'HFLvQFDOFkQGXVHSULQDFHDúLIDSWăLOLFLWă‫܈‬LRQRUPă
GH GUHSW SHQDO ‫܈‬L R QRUPă GH GUHSW FLYLO VDQF‫܊‬LXQLOH
DIHUHQWH ILHFăUHL UDPXUL GH GUHSW DOH FăUHL QRUPH VDX
QHVRFRWLW SH DFHDVWă FDOH FXPXOkQGXVH úL IRUPHOH
UăVSXQGHULLMXULGLFH

334
5ăVSXQGHUHDSHQDOăSRDWHILFXPXODWăFXUăVSXQGHUHD
GLVFLSOLQDUă DWXQFL FkQG vQ H[HFXWDUHD FRQWUDFWXOXL GH
PXQFăDQJDMDWXOVăYkUúHúWHRIDSWăLOLFLWăFDUHFRQVWLWXLH
vQDFHODúLWLPSRDEDWHUHGLVFLSOLQDUăGDUúLRLQIUDFWLXQH
DSOLFDQGXLVH DVWIHO DWkW SHGHDSVD SUHYă]XWă GH OHJHD
SHQDOăFkWúLVDQF‫܊‬LXQHDGLVFLSOLQDUăÌQDFHVWHFD]XULQX
VHvQIUkQJHSULQFLSLXOHQXQWDW QRQELVvQLGHP GHRDUHFH
VH FXPXOHD]ă GRXă WLSXUL GH UăVSXQGHUH GH QDWXUă
GLIHULWăFDUHSUHVXSXQDSOLFDUHDXQRUVDQF‫܊‬LXQLGLIHULWH
'H DVHPHQHD UăVSXQGHUHD GLVFLSOLQDUă SRDWH IL
FXPXODWă FX FHD DGPLQLVWUDWLYă vQ FD]XO vQ FDUH IDSWD
LOLFLWăFRQVWLWXLHvQDFHODúLWLPSúLDEDWHUHGLVFLSOLQDUăúL
FRQWUDYHQWLH DSOLFkQGXLVH DWDW VDQF‫܊‬LXQHD GLVFLSOLQDUă
FkWúLFHDFRQWUDYHQWLRQDOă
$FHVWSULQFLSLXH[FOXGHvQVăSRVLELOLWDWHDDSOLFăULLIDWă
GHDFHHDúLSHUVRDQăSHQWUXXQD‫܈‬LDFHHDúLIDSWăLOLFLWăD
GRXă VDX PDL PXOWH VDQF‫܊‬LXQL LGHQWLFH FD QDWXUă ILH
SHQDOH ILH FLYLOH ILH DGPLQLVWUDWLYH HWF GHRDUHFH
UHVWDELOLUHD RUGLQLL GH GUHSW vQFăOFDWH UHFODPă SHQWUX
ILHFDUH YLRODUH D XQHL QRUPH MXULGLFH vQFăOFDWH DSOLFDUHD
XQHL VLQJXUH VDQF‫܊‬LXQL D FăUHL QDWXUă GHSLQGH vQ
H[FOXVLYLWDWHGHQDWXUDQRUPHLMXULGLFHvQFăOFDWH
3ULQ XUPDUH FDQG VH SURGXFH R PXOWLSOă vQFăOFDUH D
RUGLQLL GH GUHSW FDUH YL]HD]ă QRUPH MXULGLFH GH QDWXUă
GLIHULWă‫܈‬LQXDUHORFVXSUDSXQHUHDDGRXăVDXPDLPXOWH
VDQF‫܊‬LXQL MXULGLFH GH DFHHDúL QDWXUă FDUH VDU DSOLFD
DFHOHLDVL SHUVRDQH SHQWUX R VLQJXUă IDSWă LOLFLWă QX VH

335
vQFDOFă SULQFLSLXO DSOLFăULL XQHL VLQJXUH VDQF‫܊‬LXQL SHQWUX
RVLQJXUăIDSWăLOLFLWă
2 LQIUDFWLXQH FDUH D IRVW VăYDUúLWă GH XQ DQJDMDW FX
SULOHMXO H[HFXWăULL FRQWUDFWXOXL GH PXQFă YD FRQWLQH vQ
PDWHULDOLWDWHD VD úL HOHPHQWH GH UăVSXQGHUH GLVFLSOLQDUă
FD‫܈‬LHOHPHQWHGHUăVSXQGHUHSHQDOăDGXQkQGXVHDVWIHO
FRQFRPLWHQW WRDWH DFHVWH IRUPH GH UăVSXQGHUH MXULGLFă
DSOLFkQGXVHDXWRUXOXLIDSWHLLOLFLWHRWULSOăVDQF‫܊‬LXQH
G 3ULQFLSLXOFHOHULWă‫܊‬LLWUDJHULLODUăVSXQGHUH
5HDOL]DUHD VFRSXOXL UăVSXQGHULL MXULGLFH GHSLQGH vQ
PDUH PăVXUă  úL GH vQIăSWXLUHD DFHVWXL SULQFLSLX FDUH
H[SULPă FHULQĠD FD WUDJHUHD OD UăVSXQGHUH Vă VH IDFă
RSRUWXQDVWIHOFDVă‫܈‬LSURGXFăHIHFWHOHUHSUHVVLYHGDU‫܈‬L
SUHYHQWLYHHGXFDWLYH
$SOLFDUHD VDQF‫܊‬LXQLL UHSUH]LQWă UHDFĠLD VRFLHWă‫܊‬LL SULQ
LQWHUPHGLXO IRUĠHL GH FRQVWUkQJHUH VWDWDOă IDĠă GH IDSWD
LOLFLWă DVWIHO Fă HVWH QHFHVDU FD DSOLFDUHDSHGHSVHL Vă VH
SURGXFă vQWUXQ WLPS FkW PDL VFXUW GH OD GDWD VăYkUúLULL
IDSWHLGHRDUHFHGDFăIRUĠDGHFRQVWUkQJHUHQXLQWHUYLQH
FX SURPWLWXGLQH QX VH REĠLQ ILQDOLWăĠLOH VFRQWDWH QLFL vQ
UDSRUWFXIăSWXLWRUXOQLFLFXVRFLHWDWHD
'XSăFXPVHúWLHWUDJHUHDODUăVSXQGHUHDUHQXQXPDL
HIIHFWHGXFDWLYGDUGXFHúLODUHVWDELOLUHDRUGLQLLGHGUHSW
úWLUELWăSULQIDSWDLOLFLWăLDUWUHFHUHDWLPSXOXLSRDWHGXFH
OD GLVSDULĠLD XQRU SUREH VDX Vă GHWHUPLQH UHDOH
LPSHGLPHQWHvQVWDELOLUHDVWăULLUHODHGHIDSW
'HDFHHDSULQOHJHGHPXOWHRULVHVWDELOHVFWHUPHQH
GH SUHVFULSĠLH VDX WHUPHQH GH DSOLFDUH D VDQF‫܊‬LXQLL GH

336
H[ vQ FD]XO UăVSXQGHULL DGPLQLVWUDWLYH DSOLFDUHD
VDQFĠLXQLL SRDWH DYHD ORF vQ PD[LP WUHL OXQL GH OD
VăYkUúLUHD FRQWUDYHQĠLHL LDU H[HFXWDUHD DPHQ]LL SRDWH
DYHDORFvQFHOPXOWXQDQGHODDSOLFDUHDVD 

&21',‫܉‬,,/(5Ă6381'(5,,-85,',&(

&UHDUHD FDGUXOXL QHFHVDU vQ FDUH FHO FH D VăYkUúLW
LOLFLWXO MXULGLF HVWH WUDV OD UăVSXQGHUH IDFH QHFHVDUă
vQWUXQLUHD XQXL FXPXO GH IDFWRUL HVHQWLDOL FDUH SULYHVF
DWkWIDSWDLOLFLWăFkWúLDXWRUXOHL
3HQWUX DQJDMDUHD UăVSXQGHULL WUHEXLH Vă ILH vQWUXQLWH
XUPăWRDUHOH FRQGLĠLL VDX HOHPHQWH DOH UăVSXQGHULL
MXULGLFH
±FRQGXLWDLOLFLWă
±UH]XOWDWXOGăXQăWRUSURGXV
± OHJăWXUD FDX]DOă GLQWUH FRQGXLWD LOLFLWă ‫܈‬L UH]XOWDWXO
VRFLDOPHQWHGăXQăWRU
±YLQRYăĠLDDXWRUXOXLIDSWHLLOLFLWH
±FDSDFLWDWHDMXULGLFăDDXWRUXOXLIDSWHLLOLFLWH
/D DFHVWH FRQGL‫܊‬LL XQLL DXWRUL PDL DGDXJă ‫܈‬L FRQGL‫܊‬LD
OLSVHL XQRU vPSUHMXUăUL VDX FDX]H FDUH Vă vQOăWXUH
FDUDFWHUXO LOLFLW DO IDSWHL VDX Vă vQOăWXUH UăVSXQGHUHD
MXULGLFă
$FHVWH FRQGL‫܊‬LL VH UHJăVHVF vQ WRDWH IRUPHOH GH
UăVSXQGHUH MXULGLFă vQVă XQHOH GLQWUH HOH DFWLRQHD]ă vQ
PRG GLIHULW vQ IXQF‫܊‬LH GH IRUPD UăVSXQGHULL MXULGLFH
$VWIHO XQHOH GLQWUH HOH SRW Vă ILH SUH]XPDWH GH OHJH FD

337
H[LVWHQWHVDXXQHRULVXQWVXEvQWHOHVHvQH[LVWHQWDORU'H
DVHPHQHDvQXQHOHIRUPHDOHUăVSXQGHULLMXULGLFHVHFHU
úLXQHOHFRQGL‫܊‬LLVXSOLPHQWDUHVSHFLILFHILHFăUHLIRUPHGH
UăVSXQGHUHMXULGLFă
&21'8,7$,/,&,7Ă
$FHDVWD HVWH FDX]D GHFODQúăULL UDSRUWXOXL MXULGLF GH
FRQVWUkQJHUH FRQVWkQG vQ VăYkUúLUHD IDSWXOXL LOLFLW GHFL
FDUHDvQIUkQWGLVSR]L‫܊‬LLOHQRUPDWLYHvQYLJRDUH1RĠLXQHD
GHIDSWMXULGLFVHUDSRUWHD]ăODGRLIDFWRULFRQGXLWDXQXL
VXELHFW GH GUHSW vQ FkPSXO UHODWLLORU VRFLDOH ‫܈‬L QRUPD
MXULGLFăFDUHVHQHVRFRWHúWHSULQFRQGXLWDLOLFLWă
ÌQJHQHUDOSULQFRQGXLWDXPDQăVHvQWHOHJHDQVDPEOXO
IDSWHORU FRQFUHWH DOH LQGLYLGXOXL DFWLXQL VDX LQDFWLXQL
DIODWHVXEFRQWUROXOYRLQWHLúLUDWLXQLLVDOH
6HQVXOFHOPDLODUJDOFRQGXLWHLHVWHDFHODGHYRLQWă‫܈‬L
FRQúWLLQWă RELHFWLYDWH DOH LQGLYLGXOXL QRWD GHILQLWRULH D
FRQGXLWHL ĠLQkQG WRFPDL GH RELHFWLYDUHD FRQúWLLQĠHL vQ
DFWH úL IDSWH GHOLEHUDWH 'LQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH MXULGLF
LQWHQWLLOH‫܈‬LVHQWLPHQWHOHQXDXUHOHYDQWă
$FWHOHGHFRQGXLWăVHJăVHVFvQWURVWUkQVăGHSHQGHQWă
GH VWDUHD VXELHFWLYă D RPXOXL DGLFă GH YRLQWD VD (OH
VXQWUHOHYDQWHGLQSXQFWGHYHGHUHMXULGLFDúDGDUQXPDL
vQ PăVXUD vQ FDUH VH SUH]LQWă FD PDWHULDOL]ăUL DOH XQRU
VWăULRELHFWLYH
8Q DFW VDX XQ IDSW GHYLQH LOLFLW QXPDL DWXQFL FkQG
LQFDOFă QRUPHOH GUHSWXOXL DVWIHO Fă WRDWH IDSWHOH LOLFLWH
VXQWSULQHOHvQVHOHDFWHGHFRQGXLWăXPDQă

338
ÌQ OLWHUDWXUD MXULGLFă VD SXV SUREOHPD RELHFWXOXL
LOLFLWXOXL MXULGLF vQ UDSRUW FX FDUH VH VWDELOHúWH LOLFLWDWHD
XQXLIDSWXPDQ&DUDFWHUXOLOLFLWVHDSUHFLD]ăvQUDSRUWFX
RUGLQHD GH GUHSW vQ DQVDPEOX" ÌQ UDSRUW FX GUHSWXO
VXELHFWLY vQFăOFDW" VDX vQ UDSRUW FX UDSRUWXO MXULGLF
FRQFUHW"
&RQIRUP XQRU RSLQLL VH FRQVLGHUă Fă HVWH LOLFLWă
FRQGXLWD FDUH D vQFăOFDW DWkW GUHSWXO RELHFWLY FkW ‫܈‬L
GUHSWXO VXELHFWLY DO XQHL SHUVRDQH DSUHFLLQGXVH Fă
GUHSWXO VXELHFWLY HVWH FRQGL‫܊‬LRQDW GH H[LVWHQWD XQHL
QRUPH MXULGLFH DSDUWLQkQG GUHSWXOXL RELHFWLY FDUHO
UHJOHPHQWHD]ă ‫܈‬LO JDUDQWHD]ă $VWIHO Fă DFHDVWă
FRQFHSWLH DMXQJH OD VXSUDSXQHUHD FRQFHSWXOXL GH GUHSW
VXELHFWLYFXFHOGHGUHSWRELHFWLY
'XSă DOĠL DXWRUL VH FRQVLGHUă Fă LQWHUGHSHQGHQWD
GLQWUH QRUPD MXULGLFă ‫܈‬L UDSRUWXO MXULGLF FRQFUHW
SUHVXSXQH VLQH TXD QRQ Fă QRUPD MXULGLFă QX SRDWH IL
vQFăOFDWă IăUă Vă VH vQFDOFH úL UDSRUWXO MXULGLF 3ULQ
XUPDUH vQ FD]XO XQRU IDSWH LOLFLWH FX FDUDFWHU FLYLO DWkW
QRUPD GH GUHSW FkW ‫܈‬L UDSRUWXULOH MXULGLFH FRQFUHWH
FRQVWLWXLHRELHFWXOXQLFDOvQFăOFăULL
6L DFHVWHL FRQFHSWLL L VH UHSURVHD]ă Fă QX IDFH QLFL R
UHIHULUH OD GUHSWXO VXELHFWLY vQFăOFDW úL FRQVILQWLW SULQ
QRUPHOH MXULGLFH &X WRDWH DFHVWHD DSUHFLHP Fă SULQ
FRQGXLWDLOLFLWăQXWUHEXLHVăVHLQFDOFHRQRUPăMXULGLFă
SUHFXP ‫܈‬L XQ UDSRUW MXULGLF FRQFUHW SHQWUX Fă QX SULQ
WRDWH IRUPHOH LOLFLWH VH vQFDOFă vQ PRG REOLJDWRULX úL
XQHOH GUHSWXUL VXELHFWLYH DOH XQRU SHUVRDQH GDU

339
LQWRWGHDXQD SULQ FRQGXLWD LOLFLWă VH OH]HD]ă RUGLQHD GH
GUHSW
0RGDOLWăWLOH VăYăUúLULL FRQGXLWHL LOLFLWH VXQW
DFWLXQHDúLLQDFWLXQHD RPLVLXQHD 
$FWLXQHDUHSUH]LQWăPRGDOLWDWHDFHDPDLIUHFYHQWăGH
UHDOL]DUH D FRQGXLWHL LOLFLWH FRQVWkQG vQWUR PDQLIHVWDUH
HIHFWLYă H[WHULRUL]DWă úL FDUH SUHVXSXQH DQXPLWH DFWH
PDWHULDOHFDUHUDSRUWDWHODQRUPHOHMXULGLFHVHGRYHGHVF
DILFRQWUDUHORU
ÌQ VHQVXO FHO PDL ODUJ DFWLXQHD XPDQă SRDWH IL
GHILQLWăFDXQDFWFRQVWLHQWGHYRLQWăH[WHULRUL]DWăDGLFă
PLúFDUHDOXLYROXQWDUăVSUHXQVFRSGHWHUPLQDW
$FWLXQHD XPDQă HVWH XQ DFW FRQúWLHQW vQVă QX WRDWH
DFWLXQLOH FRQúWLHQWH DX FDUDFWHU LOLFLW FL QXPDL DFHOHD
FDUHFRQWUDYLQGLVSR]L‫܊‬LLORUOHJDOH
3ULQ QRUPHOH GH GUHSW FX FDUDFWHU SURKLELWLY VH
VWDELOHVFDFWLXQLOHLQWHU]LVHLDUSULQQRUPHOHFXFDUDFWHU
GLVSR]L‫܊‬LY H LQGLFDWăFRQGXLWD SHUPLVăVXEvQWHOHJkQG Fă
SULQ RULFH DOWă DFWLXQH FRQWUDUă VH vQFDOFă GLVSR]L‫܊‬LL DOH
OHJLL 'DWRULWă PDULL GLYHUVLWăWL D DFWLXQLORU LQWHU]LVH
QRUPHOHMXULGLFHQXOHHQXPHUăvQPRGOLPLWDWLY
,QDFWLXQHD RPLVLXQHD  FRQVWă vQ DEWLQHUHD GH OD R
DFWLXQHSHFDUHSHUVRDQDvQFDX]ăHVWHREOLJDWăSULQOHJH
VăRVăYkUHDVFăUHSUH]HQWkQGRDWLWXGLQHGHSDVLYLWDWHD
SHUVRDQHL úL vQ XOWLPă LQVWDQWă R vQFăOFDUH D QRUPHORU
MXULGLFH
2PLVLXQHD DUH FDUDFWHU FRQúWLHQW ‫܈‬L YROXQWDU ILLQG R
FRQGXLWă GLULMDWă VSUH DWLQJHUHD XQXL VFRS SURSXV HD QX

340
HVWH R VLPSOă QRQDFWLXQH FL R DFWLXQH SULQ RPLVLXQH
DGLFă R FRQGXLWă D SHUVRDQHL FDUH LJQRUă QRUPD
RQHUDWLYă
8Q H[HPSOX vO FRQVWLWXLH LQIUDFWLXQHD SUHYă]XWă vQ
DUWLFROXO&RGSHQDOFDUHVWDELOHVWHVDQF‫܊‬LXQHDSHQWUX
LQIUDFWLXQHD GH RPLVLXQH GH DMXWRU D XQHL SHUVRDQH D
FăUHL YLDWă VăQăWDWH VDX LQWHJULWDWH FRUSRUDOă HVWH vQ
SULPHMGLH
'H DVHPHQHD GRFWULQD PHQWLRQHD]ă vQ DFHVW VHQV ‫܈‬L
DOWHH[HPSOHFXPDUILVXVWUDJHUHDGHODVWDJLXOPLOLWDU
REOLJDWRULX QHDFKLWDUHD XQHL GDWRULL vQ WHUPHQXO
SUHYă]XWHWF
&RQGXLWD LOLFLWă LPEUDFă GLIHULWH IRUPH vQ IXQF‫܊‬LH GH
SHULFROXO VRFLDO SH FDUH vO SUH]LQWă LDU FRUHVSXQ]ăWRU
DFHVWRU IRUPH VH VWDELOHVF úL VH DSOLFă QRUPHOH FH
UHJOHPHQWHD]ăUăVSXQGHUHDMXULGLFă
3HQWUX D JUXSD IRUPHOH FRQGXLWHL LOLFLWH ‫܈‬L vQ IXQF‫܊‬LH
GH DFHVWHD SHQWUX D VWDELOL IRUPHOH UăVSXQGHULL MXULGLFH
VHDUHvQYHGHUHSHULFROXOVRFLDODEVWUDFWDOIDSWHLLOLFLWH‫܈‬L
QDWXUDVDQF‫܊‬LXQLORUDIHUHQWHQRUPHORUMXULGLFHvQFăOFDWH
ÌQ IXQF‫܊‬LH GH FULWHULXO SHULFROXOXL VRFLDO JHQHULF
VWDELOLW GH JUDYLWDWHD FRQVHFLQWHORU FH GHFXUJ GLQ
DWLQJHULOH DGXVH DQXPLWRU LQWHUHVH OHJLXLWRUXO VWDELOHVWH
IRUPHOHGHUăVSXQGHUHMXULGLFă
$SUHFLHUHD YDORULL XQXL LQWHUHV VRFLDO ‫܈‬L VWDELOLUHD
ORFXOXL VăX vQ LHUDUKLD YDORULORU DSDUWLQH DVDGDU
FRPSHWHQWHL DWULEXLWH OHJLXLWRUXOXL MXGHFăWRUXOXL VDX
RUJDQXOXL GH DSOLFDUH D GUHSWXOXL OH UăPDQH GRDU

341
SRVLELOLWDWHD DSUHFLHULL JUDGXOXL GH SHULFRO FRQFUHW SH
FDUH vO UHSUH]LQWă IDSWD LOLFLWă XUPkQG FD vQ IXQF‫܊‬LH GH
DFHVWFULWHULXVăLQGLYLGXDOL]H]HVDQF‫܊‬LXQHD
ÌQ FHHD FH SULYHúWH QDWXUD VDQF‫܊‬LXQLORU MXULGLFH
DFHVWHD VXQW SHQDOH FLYLOH DGPLQLVWUDWLYH VDX GH
GUHSWXO PXQFLL LDU vQ IXQF‫܊‬LH GH DFHVW FULWHULX DGLFă GH
QDWXUDVDQF‫܊‬LXQLORUSUHYă]XWHGHOHJHúLJUDGXOGHSHULFRO
VRFLDO DO IDSWHORU IRUPHOH FRQGXLWHL LOLFLWH ‫܈‬L DOH
UăVSXQGHULLMXULGLFHVXQWXUPăWRDUHOH
±LQIUDFWLXQHDFDUHDWUDJHUăVSXQGHUHDSHQDOă
± FRQWUDYHQWLD FDUH DWUDJH UăVSXQGHUHD
DGPLQLVWUDWLYă
±GHOLFWXOFDUHDWUDJHUăVSXQGHUHDFLYLOă
± DEDWHUHD GLVFLSOLQDUă FDUH DWUDJH UăVSXQGHUHD GH
GUHSWXOPXQFLL
D  ,QIUDFWLXQHD ± HVWH IDSWD LOLFLWă FX FHO PDL LQDOW
JUDGGHSHULFROVRFLDOSHFDUH&RGXOSHQDORGHILQHúWHvQ
DUWLFROXO  Ä)DSWD GH SHULFRO VRFLDO VăYkUúLWă FX
YLQRYăWLHúLSUHYă]XWăGHOHJHDSHQDOă
3ULQ H[SUHVLD ÄIDSWă GH SHULFRO VRFLDO GLQ GHILQL‫܊‬LD
LQIUDFWLXQLL VH vQWHOHJH DFWLXQHD VDX LQDFWLXQHD SULQ FDUH
VHDGXFHDWLQJHUHSULQFLSDOHORUYDORULVRFLDOHRFURWLWHGH
OHJHD SHQDOă ‫܈‬L SUHYă]XWH GH DUWLFROXO  &RG SHQDO
VWDWXO VXYHUDQLWDWHD LQGHSHQGHQWD úL XQLWDWHD VWDWXOXL
SURSULHWDWHD SHUVRDQD ‫܈‬L GUHSWXULOH DFHVWHLD vQWUHDJD
RUGLQHGHGUHSW

342
,QIUDFĠLXQHDUHSUH]LQWăRFRQGXLWăWLSLFăSUHYă]XWăGH
OHJHFHSURGXFHFRQVHFLQWHQHJDWLYH‫܈‬LDOFăUXLFRQ‫܊‬LQXW
HVWHSUHYă]XWúLGLPHQVLRQDWGHOHJH
1X H[LVWă LQIUDFWLXQL vQ DIDUD WHPHLXOXL OHJDO GHFL
FDUHVăQXILHSUHYă]XWHGHOHJHFRQIRUPDGDJLXOXLODWLQ
ÄNullum crimen sine lege".
'LQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH DO UHJLPXOXL VDQFWLRQDWRU
LQIUDFWLXQLL vL HVWH SURSULH SHGHDSVD SHQDOă FD ILLQG FHD
PDL JUDYă GLQWUH VDQF‫܊‬LXQLOH MXULGLFH LDU VWDELOLUHD ‫܈‬L
DSOLFDUHDHLFLUFXPVFULXFDGUXOUăVSXQGHULLSHQDOH
6XELHFWHOH LQIUDFWLXQLL SRW Vă ILH QXPDL SHUVRDQH
IL]LFH QX ‫܈‬L FROHFWLYH GH GUHSW vQWUXFkW UăVSXQGHUHD
SHQDOă DUH FDUDFWHU VXELHFWLY FDUH HVWH LQFRPSDWLELO FX
PDQLIHVWDUHD UăVSXQGHULL MXULGLFH SHQDOH VXE IRUPă
GLIX]ăJHQHUDOL]DWă
E &RQWUDYHQWLDHVWHIDSWDVăYăUúLWăFXYLQRYăWLHFDUH
DUHXQSHULFROVRFLDOPDLUHGXVGHFDWLQIUDFWLXQHD‫܈‬LHVWH
SUHYă]XWă úL VDQFWLRQDWă GH OHJH 3ULQ XUPDUH
FRQWUDYHQWLD HVWH R DEDWHUH GH OD QRUPHOH GH GUHSW
DGPLQLVWUDWLYLDUvQUDSRUWFXLQIUDFWLXQHDDFHDVWDDUHXQ
JUDGGHSHULFROVRFLDOPDLUHGXV
'HRELFHLFRQWUDYHQWLLOHVXQWGHVFULVHILHFDUHvQSDUWH
vQWRDWHHOHPHQWHOHORUGHFăWUHQRUPHOHMXULGLFHFDUHOH
VDQFWLRQHD]ă
ùLvQFD]XOFRQWUDYHQWLLORUVXELHFWHDOHDFHVWRUDSRWIL
QXPDL SHUVRDQHOH IL]LFH LQVă DSOLFDUHD VDQF‫܊‬LXQLORU
FRQWUDYHQWLRQDOHSRDWHDYHDORF‫܈‬LSHVHDPDSHUVRDQHORU

343
MXULGLFH LQVă QXPDL DWXQFL FkQG OHJHD SUHYHGH H[SUHV
DFHDVWăSRVLELOLWDWH
6HGLXO PDWHULHL UHIHULWRDUH OD FRQWUDYHQWLL HVWH /HJHD
QU  vQVă HOH VXQW UHJOHPHQWDWH SULQWUR
PXOWLWXGLQH GH DFWH QRUPDWLYH vQ FDUH VXQW SUHYă]XWH
FRQWUDYHQWLLOHODUHJLPXOGLIHULWHORUDFWLYLWăWL
6DQFWLXQLOHDSOLFDELOHvQPDWHULHGHFRQWUDYHQWLLVXQW
DYHUWLVPHQWXO DPHQGD LQFKLVRDUHD FRQWUDYHQWLRQDOă
vQVăSULQOHJHVXQWSUHYă]XWHúLDOWHFDWHJRULLGHVDQF‫܊‬LXQL
SUHFXP VXVSHQGDUHD VDX DQXODUHD SHUPLVXOXL GH
FRQGXFHUHDXWRVDXDSHUPLVXOXLGHYkQăWRDUHVDXXQHOH
VDQF‫܊‬LXQL FRPSOHPHQWDUH FRQILVFDUHD EXQXULORU SURGXVH
SULQFRQWUDYHQWLLVDXFDUHDXVHUYLWODVăYkUVLUHDHL
F 'HOLFWHOHVXQWDFHOHIDSWHDOHRPXWXLFDUHFDX]HD]D
DOWXLDXQSUHMXGLFLX$FHVWSUHMXGLFLXSRDWHFRQVWDILHvQ
YLRODUHD XQXL GUHSW VXELHFWLY JDUDQWDW SULQ OHJH DO XQHL
SHUVRQDH ILH vQ QHVRFRWLUHD XQHL REOLJD‫܊‬LL DVXPDWH vQ
PRGOHJDOSULQWURFRQYHQWLHGHFăWUHXQVXELHFWGHGUHSW
ÌQ FD]XO vQ FDUH SULQ IDSWD RPXOXL VH FDX]HD]ă XQ
SUHMXGLFLXDOWXLDIăUăDH[LVWDQLFLROHJăWXUăFRQWUDFWXDWă
vQWUH DXWRU úL FHO SUHMXGLFLDW VXQWHP vQ SUH]HQWD XQXL
GHOLFWFLYLOFHGăQDúWHUHUăVSXQGHULLFLYLOHGHOLFWXDOH‫܈‬L
FDUH DUH FD UH]XOWDW REOLJDWLD GH UHSDUDUH D SUHMXGLFLXOXL
FDX]DW
ÌQ FD]XO vQ FDUH vQWUH FHOH GRXă VDX PDL PXOWH SăUWL
VXELHFWHGHGUHSW VHLQFKHLHXQFRQWUDFWúLXQDGLQSăUWL
QX UHVSHFWă REOLJD‫܊‬LLOH L]YRUDWH GLQ FRQYHQWLD OHJDO
vQFKHLDWă QH DIOăP vQ SUH]HQWD UăVSXQGHULL FLYLOH

344
FRQWUDFWXDOH FX DOWH FXYLQWH GDFă vQWUH DXWRU úL FHO
SUHMXGLFLDW SULQ IDSWD LOLFLWă H[LVWă XQ UDSRUW FRQWUDFWXDO
FDUH HVWH QHVRFRWLW GH XQD GLQ SăUWL VXQWHP vQ SUH]HQWD
UăVSXQGHULLFLYLOHFRQWUDFWXDOH
'HOLFWXOFLYLODSDUHLQWRWGHDXQDFDXQIDSWSăJXELWRU
DOFăUXLUH]XOWDWVHQXPHúWHSUHMXGLFLX3UHMXGLFLXOSRDWH
VăILHSURGXVGHSHUVRDQHIL]LFHVDXGHSHUVRDQHMXULGLFH
LDU VDQF‫܊‬LXQHD DSOLFDELOă FRQVWă vQ REOLJDWLD GH
GH]GăXQDUHDGLFăUHSDUDUHDSUHMXGLFLXOXLFDX]DW
'H UHJXOă GHOLFWXO DQWUHQHD]ă UăVSXQGHUHD DXWRUXOXL
VăX GHRDUHFH UăVSXQGHUHD HVWH SHUVRQDOă vQVă vQ FD]XUL
SUHYă]XWH GH OHJH SRDWH LQWHUYHQL úL UăVSXQGHUHD SHQWUX
IDSWDDOWXLD GHH[UăVSXQGHUHDSăULQWLORUSHQWUXIDSWHOH
FRSLLORU 
G $EDWHUHDGLVFLSOLQDUăHVWHDFHDIRUPăDFRQGXLWHL
LOLFLWHFDUHVHPDQLIHVWăSULQLQFăOFDUHDGHFăWUHDQJDMD‫܊‬L
D REOLJD‫܊‬LLORU FH GHFXUJ GLQ UDSRUWXO MXULGLF GH PXQFă
REOLJD‫܊‬LLFHIRUPHD]ăvQWRWDOLWDWHGLVFLSOLQDPXQFLL
$EDWHUHDGLVFLSOLQDUăSUHVXSXQHGRXăFRQGL‫܊‬LL
±FDOLWDWHDGHDQJDMDW
±vQFăOFDUHDXQHLvQGDWRULULGHVHUYLFLX
'HFLVXELHFWDOUăVSXQGHULLGLVFLSOLQDUHSRDWHILQXPDL
XQ DQJDMDW FDUH SUHVWHD]ă R PXQFă vQ WHPHLXO XQXL
FRQWUDFWGHPXQFă
5ăVSXQGHUHD GH GUHSWXO PXQFLL LQWHUYLQH DWkW SHQWUX
vQFăOFDUHDUHJXOLORUGHGLVFLSLQăFkQGDUHORFRWXOEXUDUH
DEXQXOXLPHUVDOXQLWă‫܊‬LLFkWúLSHQWUXSDJXEHFDX]DWHGH

345
FăWUH DQJDMD‫܊‬LL XQLWă‫܊‬LL GLQ YLQD ‫܈‬L vQ OHJăWXUă FX PXQFD
ORU
ÌQ SULPXO FD] LQWHUYLQH UăVSXQGHUHD GLVFLSOLQDUă
SURSULX±]LVăúLVHVDQFWLRQHD]ăFXVDQF‫܊‬LXQLGLVFLSOLQDUH
FRUHVSXQ]ăWRDUHvQIXQF‫܊‬LHGHDEDWHUHDVăYăUúLWă
ÌQDOGRLOHDFD]LQWHUYLQHUăVSXQGHUHDPDWHULDOăFDUH
VH VDQFWLRQHD]ă FX REOLJDWLD VDODULDWXOXL OD SODWD
GHVSăJXELULORUFXYHQLWHXQLWă‫܊‬LLSHQWUXSUHMXGLFLXOFDX]DW
 35(-8',&,8/ 6$8 5(=8/7$78/
62&,$/0(17('Ă81Ă725
3UHMXGLFLXO VDX UH]XOWDWXO VRFLDOPHQWH GăXQăWRU
UHSUH]LQWă FRQVHFLQWD SH FDUH R SURGXFH IDSWD LOLFLWă
FRQVWkQGvQWURWXOEXUDUHSURGXVăvQQRUPDODGHVIăúXUDUH
D RUGLQLL GH GUHSW úL D UDSRUWXULORU VRFLDOH RFURWLWH GH
OHJH
'HFLUH]XOWDWXOVRFLDOPHQWHGăXQăWRUHVWHVWUkQVOHJDW
GH VăYkUúLUHD IDSWHL LOLFLWH FX FDUH VH DIOă vQWUR VWUkQVă
OHJăWXUăGHFDX]DOLWDWH
5H]XOWDWXO GăXQăWRU SURGXV SRDWH Vă FRQVWHD ILH vQ
FDX]DUHD XQXL SUHMXGLFLX GH RUGLQ PDWHULDO FXP DU IL
GHJUDGDUHDXQRUEXQXULVXVWUDJHUHDXQRURELHFWHVDXGH
QDWXUă PRUDOă FDX]DUHD XQRU GXUHUL XFLGHUHD XQHL
SHUVRDQHVDXSRDWHVăFRQVWHGRDUvQWXOEXUDUHDQRUPDOHL
GHVIăúXUăULDUHODWLLORUVRFLDOHVSUHH[HPSOXFRQGXFHUHD
XQXL DXWRYHKLFXO vQ VWDUH GH HEULHWDWH XOWUDMXO FRQWUD
EXQHORUPRUDYXUL
ÌQ DQXPLWH IRUPH DOH UăVSXQGHULL MXULGLFH UH]XOWDWXO
GăXQăWRUSURGXVGHWHUPLQăPăVXUDVDQF‫܊‬LXQLLFDUH]XOWDW

346
DO DSUHFLHULL SHULFROXOXL VRFLDO DO IDSWHL LOLFLWH 6SUH
H[HPSOX vQ FD]XO UăVSXQGHULL FLYLOH FHO SUHMXGLFLDW
WUHEXLH Vă ILH UăVSOăWLW SHQWUX LQWUHJXO SUHMXGLFLX FH LD
IRVWFDX]DW
ÌQGUHSWXOSHQDOVDXvQGUHSWXODGPLQLVWUDWLYUH]XOWDWXO
GăXQăWRU SURGXV GRDU LQIOXHQWHD]ă DOăWXUL GH DOWL IDFWRUL
PăULPHDVDQF‫܊‬LXQLLLDUOHJHDVWDELOHúWHvQDQXPLWHFD]XUL
UăVSXQGHUHD MXULGLFă FKLDU GDFă UH]XOWDWXO VRFLDOPHQWH
GăXQăWRUQXVDSURGXVGDUVDFUHDWSHULFROXOSURGXFHULL
OXL )DFH SDUWH GLQ DFHDVWă FDWHJRULH UăVSXQGHUHD SHQDOă
DQWUHQDWă SHQWUX LQIUDFWLXQLOH GH SHULFRO FDUH QX DX
RELHFW PDWHULDO ± LQVXOWD FDORPQLD  ‫܈‬L WHQWDWLYD
LQFHUFDUHD GH D FRPLWH R LQIUDFWLXQH IăUă DúL DWLQJH
ILQDOLWDWHD 
 /(*Ă785$ '( &$8=$/,7$7( Ì175(
&21'8,7$ ,/,&,7Ă 6, 5(=8/7$78/
62&,$/0(17('Ă81Ă725
ÌQSULQFLSLXWRDWHIHQRPHQHOHDSDUFDHIHFWDODOWRUD
LQWUHDJD HYROXWLH SUH]HQWkQGXVH VXE IRUPD XQHL
vQOăQWXLULGHFDX]HúLHIHFWH
6SHFLILF FDX]DOLWă‫܊‬LL vQ UHODWLLOH VRFLDOH HVWH IDSWXO Fă
HD DFWLRQHD]ă SULQ PDQLIHVWăULOH RDPHQLORU úL FD HIHFWXO
VăX HVWH UH]XOWDWXO DFWLXQLL FRQúWLHQWH D LQGLYL]LORU FDUH
SRDUWă vQ VLQH DPSUHQWD ILQDOLWă‫܊‬LL VDOH ILLQG RULHQWDWă
LQWRWGHDXQDVSUHXQDQXPLWVFRS
6SUHGHRVHELUHGHFDX]DOLWDWHDQDWXUDOăvQIăWLúDWăVXE
IRUPD XQXL GHWHUPLQLVP VSRQWDQ vQ SODQXO UHODWLLORU
VRFLDOH DFWLRQHD]ă FHHD FH .DQW QXPHD Äcauzalitatea

347
prin libertate" RPXO PDWHULDOL]DW SULQ DFWLYLWDWHD VD
GLYHUVLWDWH GH LQWHUHVH FHO DQLPD LQWHUHVH XQHRUL
FRQWUDGLFWRULLGLYHUJHQWHGHODXQLQVODDOWXOVDXGHODXQ
JUXSVRFLDOODDOWXO
ÌQ FDGUXO UăVSXQGHULL MXULGLFH FDX]D HVWH DWLWXGLQHD
YROXQWDUă FRQúWLHQWă D RPXOXL FRPSRUWDPHQWXO
DQWLVRFLDODYkQGFDHIHFWVWDUHDGHSHULFROVDXDPHQLQWDUH
SURGXVăSULQDWLQJHUHDOH]DUHDVDXYăWăPDUHDXQRUUHODWLL
VRFLDOHSURPRYDWHúLDSăUDWHSULQQRUPHOHGHGUHSW
ÌQ GRPHQLXO UHODWLLORU MXULGLFH IHQRPHQXO FDX]ă VH
SRDWHPDQLIHVWDVXEIRUPDDFWLXQLLVDXRPLVLXQLLDWXQFL
FDQGOHJHDSUHYHGHREOLJDWLDGHDDFWLRQDvQWUXQDQXPLW
IHO
3ULQ FDUDFWHUXO QHFHVDU DO OHJăWXULL GLQWUH FDX]ă úL
HIHFW FDUDFWHU FH VH LPSXQH SHQWUX FXQRD‫܈‬WHUHD
DGHYăUDWHLFDX]HDXQXLHIHFWVHvQWHOHJHIDSWXOFăRULFH
HIHFWDUHRFDX]ăúLRULFHFDX]ăDUHXQHIHFW
&DX]D HVWH IHQRPHQXO FDUH SURGXFH QHPLMORFLW VDX
JHQHUHD]ăHIHFWXOúLFDUHLQWHUYLQHDQWHULRUDFHVWXLD
6SUHGHRVHELUHGHFRQGL‫܊‬LHFDUHHVWHXQIHQRPHQFDUH
GRDULQIOXHQWHD]ăDFWLXQHDFDX]HLIDYRUL]kQGVDXIUkQkQG
SURFHVXO GH]YROWăULL FDX]HL vQ HIHFW FDX]D HVWH XQ
HOHPHQW DFWLY GH RULHQWDUH D GH]YROWăULL úL FDUH
LQWRWGHDXQD‫܈‬LvQDFHOHDúLFRQGL‫܊‬LLSURGXFHDFHODúLHIHFW
6WDELOLUHD UROXOXL GH FDX]ă VDX GH FRQGL‫܊‬LH D XQXL
IHQRPHQ VH SRDWH IDFH QXPDL vQ SURFHVXO DSOLFăULL
SUDFWLFH GH FăWUH RUJDQXO FDUH LQGLYLGXDOL]HD]ă
UăVSXQGHUHDMXULGLFă

348
5H]XOWDWHOH LQGHSHQGHQWH GH DFWLXQHD FDX]HL VH YRU
VLWXD vQ DIDUD VIHUHL FDX]DOLWă‫܊‬LL úL vQ FRQVHFLQWă
UăVSXQGHUHDMXULGLFăYDLQWHUYHQLQXPDLDWXQFLFkQGvQWUH
DFWLXQHD LOLFLWă ‫܈‬L UH]XOWDWXO SURGXV H[LVWă XQ UDSRUW GH
FDX]DOLWDWHQHFHVDU
ÌQSUDFWLFDMXGLFLDUăVDVWDELOLWFăIDSWDRPXOXLSRDWH
IL FRQVLGHUDWă GUHSW FDX]ă D XQXL UH]XOWDW QXPDL DWXQFL
FkQG UDSRUWXO GLQWUH IDSWă úL UH]XOWDW FRQVWLWXLH H[SUHVLD
QHFHVLWă‫܊‬LL úL QX QXPDL DWXQFL FkQG DFHO UDSRUW DUH
FDUDFWHUXOXQHLvQOăQĠXLULvQWDPSOăWRDUH
3HQWUX D VWDELOL H[LVWHQĠD OHJăWXULL GH FDX]DOLWDWH vQ
FDGUXO GUHSWXOXL SHQDO VSUH H[HPSOX SURIHVRUXO %XODL
FRQVLGHUă Fă HVWH QHFHVDUă UHVSHFWDUHD XUPăWRDUHORU
UHJXOL
VWDELOLUHDFRUHFWăDDQWHFHGHQWHLFDX]DOH±vQFDUHVH
XUPăUHúWHLGHQWLILFDUHDWXWXURUFRQWULEXĠLLORUXPDQHFDUH
DUSXWHDDYHDOHJăWXUăFDX]DOăFXUH]XOWDWXOXWLOL]kQGXVH
FULWHULXO VLQH TXD QRQ SULQ FDUH VH L]ROHD]ă LSRWHWLF
ILHFDUH FRQWULEXWLH VSUH D VH YHGHD GDFă vQ OLSVD HL
UH]XOWDWXO VDU IL SURGXV vQ DFHODúL PRG ‫܈‬L vQ DFHOHDúL
SURSRUWLL 5ăVSXQVXO QHJDWLY OD DFHDVWă vQWUHEDUH WUHEXLH
Vă GXFă OD HOLPLQDUHD UHVSHFWLYHL FRQWULEXĠLL GLQ
DQWHFHGHQWDFDX]DOăDUH]XOWDWXOXLVRFLDOPHQWHGăXQăWRU
 VWDELOLUHD DVSHFWXOXL SVLKLF DO OHJăWXULL GH
FDX]DOLWDWH FDUH SUHVXSXQH UHĠLQHUHD vQ DQWHFHGHQĠD
FDX]DOăDUH]XOWDWXOXLGRDUDDFHORUFRQWULEXĠLLFXSULYLUH
ODFDUHVDVWDELOLWQXQXPDLDVSHFWXOIL]LFFLúLDVSHFWXO
SVLKLF DO OHJăWXULL GH FDX]DOLWDWH IDSW FH VH YHULILFă

349
GLIHULW vQ IXQF‫܊‬LH GH LQWHQĠLH VDX FXOSă $VWIHO OD
LQIUDFĠLXQLOH VăYkUúLWH FX LQWHQĠLH DVSHFWXO SVLKLF DO
OHJăWXULL GH FDX]DOLWDWH HVWH UHDOL]DW DWXQFL FkQG
IăSWXLWRUXO úLD GDW VHDPD vQ PRPHQWXO VăYkUúLULL IDSWHL
VDOH Fă DFHDVWD DU SXWHD GXFH OD SURGXFHUHD UH]XOWDWXOXL
SH FkQG vQ FD]XO LQIUDFĠLXQLORU VăYkUúLWH GLQ FXOSă IăUă
LQWHQĠLH  OHJăWXUD VXE DVSHFW SVLKLF HVWH UHDOL]DWă DWXQFL
FkQG IăSWXLWRUXO QX ‫܈‬LD GDW VHDPD Fă DFWXO VăX DU SXWHD
SURGXFHXUPDUHDGHúLWUHEXLDúLSXWHDVă‫܈‬LGHDVHDPDGH
SRVLELOLWDWHDSURGXFHULLUH]XOWDWXOXLDFRQVLGHUDWvQPRG
JUHúLW Fă DFHDVWD QX YD SURGXFH VDX D VSHUDW vQ PRG
XúXUDWLFFăYDHYLWDSURGXFHUHDHL
 GHWHUPLQDUHD FRQWULEXĠLLORU HVHQĠLDOH ‫܈‬L D
FRQWULEXWLLORU LQOHVQLWRDUH SUHVXSXQH HIRUWXO FRJQLWLY GH
GHFHODUHvQWUHFRQWULEXWLLOHHVHQĠLDOHVDXFDX]DOQHFHVDUH
‫܈‬LFRQWULEXĠLLOHvQWHVQLWRDUHVDXRSHUDWLYQHFHVDUH9RUIL
UHĠLQXWH FD HVHQĠLDO QHFHVDUH FRQWULEXĠLLOH vQ OLSVD FăURUD
UH]XOWDWXO QX VDU IL SURGXV vQ QLFL XQ PRG ‫܈‬L vQ QLFL R
PăVXUăUHVWXOFRQWULEXĠLLORUILLQGvQOHVQLWRDUH

&DSDFLWDWHDGHDUăVSXQGH
&DSDFLWDWHD GH D UăVSXQGH UHSUH]LQWă DSWLWXGLQHD
SHUVRDQHLGHDHYDOXDFRUHFWFRQVHFLQWHOHIDSWHLVDOH‫܈‬LGH
D VXSRUWD VDQF‫܊‬LXQLOH SUHYă]XWH GH OHJH úL DSOLFDWH GH
RUJDQHOHFRPSHWHQWHvQXUPDVăYkUúLULLIDSWHL
ÌQ IXQF‫܊‬LH GH UDPXUD GH GUHSW vQ FDUH LQWHUYLQH
UăVSXQGHUHD MXULGLFă QRUPHOH GH GUHSW SUHYăG Fă

350
SHUVRDQHOHVXQWDSWHGLQSXQFWGHYHGHUHSVLKRIL]LFúLDX
FDSDFLWDWHDMXULGLFăGHDUăVSXQGHODRDQXPLWăYkUVWă
5HJXOD GH GUHSW HVWH FDSDFLWDWHD SULQ OHJH
SUH]XPkQGXVH Fă WRDWH SHUVRDQHOH VXQW FDSDELOH GH D
UăVSXQGHFXH[FHSWLDFHORUGHFODUDWHSULQOHJHLQFDSDELOH
±PLQRULLúLSXúLLVXELQWHUGLFĠLH
1RĠLXQHDGHÄPLQRUDUHFDUDFWHUHVSHFLILFHvQIXQF‫܊‬LH
GH UDPXUD GH GUHSW vQ FDUH HVWH RSHUDQWă $VWIHO vQ
GUHSWXOFLYLOVHFRQVLGHUăFăDXFDSDFLWDWHGHOLFWXDOăWRDWH
SHUVRDQHOHIL]LFHFDUHDXvPSOLQLWDQLLDUFHOHVXE
DQLVXQWSUH]XPDWHLQFDSDELOH
$FHDVWă SUH]XPĠLH OHJDOă DUH FDUDFWHU UHODWLY SXWkQG
IL UăVWXUQDWă SH ED]D SUREHL FRQWUDULL vQ VHQVXO Fă
SHUVRDQHOH SHVWH  DQL SRW GRYHGL Fă vQ PRPHQWXO
VăYăUúLULL GHOLFWXOXL VDX DIODW vQWUR VWDUH GH WXOEXUDUH
FDUH QX OHD SHUPLV Vă‫܈‬L GHD VHDPD GH FRQVHFLQWHOH
IDSWHORUORUGXSăFXPH[LVWă‫܈‬LSRVLELOLWDWHDFDDFHOFHR
GRUHúWH Vă WUDJă OD UăVSXQGHUH XQ PLQRU VXE  DQL VăL
GRYHGHDVFăYLQRYăWLDX]LWDQGGHPLMORDFHGHSUREăFDUH
DWHVWă Fă SHUVRDUWD UHVSHFWLYă ‫܈‬LD SXWXW GD VHDPD GH
FDUDFWHUXOLOLFLWDOIDSWHLVăYkUúLWH‫܈‬LDSXWXWVăDQWLFLSH]H
UH]XOWDWXOGăXQăWRUSURGXV
&DSDFLWDWHD FLYLOă FRQWUDFWXDLă HVWH SUH]XPDWă QXPDL
vQ VHDPD SHUVRDQHORU FDUH DX FDSDFLWDWH GH H[HUFLWLX
GHSOLQă‫܈‬LDXvPSOLQLWDQLLDUSHQWUXDQXPLWHFDWHJRULL
GH FRQWUDFWH HVWH VXILFLHQWă FDSDFLWDWHD GH H[HUFLĠLX
UHVWUkQVăSHFDUHRDXSHUVRDQHOHvQWUH‫܈‬LDQL

351
ÌQ GUHSWXO SHQDO URPDQ &RGXO SHQDO SUHYHGH vQ
DUWLFROXO  Fă PLQRUXO FDUH QX D LPSOLQLW  DQL QX
UăVSXQGH SHQDO LDU PLQRUXO FDUH D LPSOLQLW YDUVWD GH 
DQL UăVSXQGH SHQDO 3ULQ XUPDUH DULWFROXO  DOLQO
FRURERUDW FX DUWLFROXO  &RG SHQDO FDUH SUHYHGH Fă
PLQRULWDWHDIăSWXLWRUXOXL VXE  DQL  FRQVWLWXLH R FDX]ă
FDUH vQOăWXUă FDUDFWHUXO SHQDO DO IDSWHL GXF OD FRQFOX]LD
Fă VXELHFWXO DFWLYH DO LQIUDFĠLXQLL QX SRDWH IL XQ PLQRU
VXEDQL
ÌQ FHHD FH SULYHúWH YDUVWD vQWUH  ‫܈‬L  DQL OHJHD
SUHYHGH Fă PLQRUXO UăVSXQGH SHQDO QXPDL GDFă VH
GRYHGHúWH Fă D VăYăUúLW IDSWD FX YLQRYăWLH FUHkQGXVH R
SUH]XPĠLH OHJDOă UHODWLYă GH LQFDSDFLWDWH SHUVRQDOD vQ
IDYRDUHDPLQRUXOXLGHYkUVWăvQWUHDQLvPSOLQLĠLúL
DQL QHLPSOLQLWL vQ PRPHQWXO VăYkUúLULL IDSWHL SUH]XPĠLH
FH SRDWH IL UăVWXUQDWă SULQ GRYDGD Fă HO D DYXW vQ
UHDOLWDWH R DVWIHO GH FDSDFLWDWH DYDQG GLVFHUQăPkQW vQ
PRPHQWXOVăYăUúLULLIDSWHL
6WDUHD GH UHVSRQVDELLLWDWH SHQDOă HVWH SUH]XPDWă GH
OHJLXLWRU vQ VHDPD SHUVRDQHL FH D LPSOLQLW  DQL
FRQVLGHUkQGFăvQPRGQRUPDOSHUVRDQDFHDLPSOLQLW
DQL DUH vQ PRG QDWXUDO WRDWH vQVX‫܈‬LULOH SVLKRIL]LFH
FDUDFWHULVWLFHUHVSRQVDELOLWă‫܊‬LL
&XFDUDFWHUGHH[FHSWLHOHJHDSUHYHGHvQDUWLFROXO
&RG SHQDO Fă DYDQG FDUDFWHULVWLFD GH VWDUH SVLKRIL]LFă
DQRUPDOă LUHVSRQVDELOLWDWHD HVWH R FDX]ă FDUH vQOăWXUă
FDUDFWHUXOLQIUDFĠLRQDODOIDSWHLSULQXUPDUHFHOGHFODUDW
LUHVSRQVDELOQXUăVSXQGHSHQDOIDĠăGHHOSXWDQGILOXDWH

352
vQVă PăVXUL GH VLJXUDQWă DWXQFL FkQG SULQ VăYkUúLUHD
IDSWHL SUHYă]XWH GH OHJHD SHQDOă D FUHDW R VWDUH GH
SHULFROFHVHFHUHLQOăWXUDWă
3URIHVRUXO&%XODLIDFHRUHPDUFăLQWHUHVDQWăvQFHHD
FH SULYHúWHFRQFHSWHOHGH UăVSXQGHUH ‫܈‬L UHVSRQVDELOLWDWH
RSLQDQGFăDFHVWHDVXQWVLQRQLPHDYDQGODED]ăDQXPLWH
DILQLWăĠLvQVăQXVXQWLGHQWLFHFD‫܈‬LVIHUă
„Responsabilitatea, ca o condiаie de existentă a
subiectului activ al infractiuriii nu trebuie să fie
confundată cu răspunderea penală, care este o formă a
răspunderii juridice, constând din însuúi raportul juridic
penal de conflict, în care infractorul are obligaĠia de a
răspunde úi de a suporta sancаiunile legale pentru
săvârúirea faptei interzise sub sancаiune penală.
Desigur, între responsabilitate úi răspundere penală
există o legătură firească. Răspunderea penală este
consecinta săvărúirii unei infractiuni, iar
responsabilitatea este o premisă a infracĠiunii, fiindcă în
lipsa ei nu există vinovătie. Cele două categorii rămăn
însă distincte: responsabilitatea este o categoric
psihologică, în limp ce răspunderea penală este o
categorie juridică".
ÌQ DOWH UDPXUL GH GUHSW H[LVWă DOWH SDUWLFXODULOăWL vQ
GUHSWXO PXQFLL ± FDSDFLWDWHD MXULGLFă VH GREkQGHVWH OD
YLUVWD GH  DQL vQ PRG GHSOLQ LDU vQ GUHSWXO IDPLOLHL
YDUVWDGHODFDUHRSHUVRDQăVHSRDWHFăVăWRULHVWHDQL
vQ FD]XO EăUEDWXOXL ‫܈‬L  DQL vQ FD]XO IHPHLL LDU FX

353
FDUDFWHU GH H[FHSĠLH R IHPHLH VH SRDWH FăVăWRUL vQ
FD]XULOHSUHYD]XWHGHOHJHvQFHSDQGFXYDUVWDGHDQL
6XELHFWHOH UăVSXQGHULL MXULGLFH VXQW DFHOH SHUVRDQH
LPSRWULYD FăURUD VH H[HUFLWă FRQVWUDQJHUHD GH VWDU SULQ
DSOLFDUHD GH VDQF‫܊‬LXQL MXULGLFH &DOLWDWHD GH VXELHFW DO
UăVSXQGHULL MXULGLFH LQWHUYLQH vQ WRDWH FD]XULOH FkQG DUH
ORFVăYăUúLUHDIDSWHLLOLFLWHFXYLQRYăĠLH
ÌQ PRG H[FHSWLRQDO UăVSXQGHUHD MXULGLFă LQWHUYLQH úL
DWXQFLFDQGQXVDVăYăUúLWFXYLQRYăWLHIDSWD  LOLFLWăDúD
ILLQGUăVSXQGHUHMXULGLFăRELHFWLYăSHQWUXOXFUXULSHQWUX
DQLPDOH RUL SHQWUX UXLQD HGLILFLXOXL SUHFXP ‫܈‬L DWXQFL
FkQGODSWDLOLFLWăDIRVWVăYăUúLWăGHRDOWăSHUVRDQăFXP
DU IL FD]XO UăVSXQGHULL SăULQWLORU SHQWUX IDSWHOH FRSLLORU
VDXDFRPLWHQWLORUSHQWUXIDSWHOHSUHSXúLORU
ÌQ DFHVW FD] IDSWD SăJXELWRDUH QX HVWH VăYăUúLWă GH
VXELHFWXO FH SRDUWă UăVSXQGHUHD FL GH OXFUXULOH VDX
DQLPDOHOH FH VH DIOă VXE SD]D VD RUL GH FăWUHSHUVRDQHOH
DIODWHVXERFURWLUHDVD
6XELHFW DO UăVSXQGHULL MXULGLFH SRDWH IL DWkW SHUVRDQD
IL]LFăFkWúLDQXPLWHFROHFWLYLWăWLGHRDPHQL
3HQWUXDILFRQVLGHUDWăVXELHFWDOUăVSXQGHULLMXULGLFH
SHUVRDQD VDX FROHFWLYLWDWHD WUHEXLH Vă GLVSXQă GH
FDSDFLWDWHDGHDUăVSXQGHDGLFăGHDDFWLRQDvQPRGOLEHU
úLFRQúWLHQW
&DSDFLWDWHD GH D UăSXQGH H[SULPă DSWLWXGLQHD
SHUVRDQHL IL]LFH VDX MXULGLFH GH D GD VRFRWHDOă SHQWUX
IDSWHOH LOLFLWH VăYăUúLWH úL GH D VXSRUWD FRQVHFLQWHWH
DSOLFăULLFRQVWUkQJHULLGHVWDW

354
&DSDFLWDWHD GH D UăVSXQGH QX VH FRQIXQGă FX
FDSDFLWDWHD MXULGLFă vQ JHQHUDO FDUH SUHVXSXQH YRFDWLD
GHDGHYHQLVXELHFWDOXQXLUDSRUWMXULGLF
ÌQ FHHD FH SULYHúWH VXELHFWHOH FROHFWLYH GH GUHSW
úWLLQWDGUHSWXOXLDQDOL]kQGSRVLELOLWDWHDFDDFHVWHDVăILH
WUDVHODUăVSXQGHUHDUHOLHIDWGRXăDVSHFWH
±SHUVRDQDMXULGLFăVDXRUJDQXODGPLQLVWUDWLHLSRDWHIL
FRQVLGHUDW GLQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH JOREDO FD ILLQG DOFăWXLW
GLQWRWLPXQFLWRULLúLIXQF‫܊‬LRQDULLVDXQXPDLGLQRUJDQXO
GH FRQGXFHUH IăFkQGXVH DEVWUDFWLH GH SHUVRQDOXO FDUH
QXDUHSXWHUHGHGHFL]LH
±UăVSXQGHUHDMXULGLFăDRUJDQL]DWLHLSRDWHILDWUDVăGH
IDSWHOH WXWXURU PHPEULORU VDX QXPDL GH IDSWHOH
FRQGXFHULL
ÌQ OHJăWXUă FX UăVSXQGHUHD FROHFWLYLWăWLORU XPDQH vQ
OLWHUDWXUDMXULGLFăVDXFRQWXUDWPDLPXOWHRSLQLL
8QD GLQ RSLQLL FRQVLGHUă Fă QXPDL IDSWHOH RUJDQXOXL
GH FRQGXFHUH VXHW IDSWHOH SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH vQVăúL
GHGXFDQG DFHVW IDSW GLQ GLVSR]L‫܊‬LLOH DUWLFROXOXL  GLQ
'HFUHWXO  FDUH VWDWXHD]ă Fă IDSWHOH RUJDQXOXL
VXQW IDSWHOH RUJDQXOXL SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH LQVăúL LDU SULQ
LQWHUSUHWDUHD D FRQWUDULR DU UH]XOWD Fă IDSWHOH FHORUODOWL
PHPEULDLRUJDQL]DWLHLFDUHQXIDFSDUWHGLQRUJDQXOGH
FRQGXFHUHDOSHUVRDQHLMXULGLFHQXVXQWIDSWHOHSHUVRDQHL
MXULGLFH LQVăúL 7RWXúL SHUVRDQD MXULGLFă UăVSXQGH úL
SHQWUX IDSWHOH FHORUODOWL DQJDMD‫܊‬L VDX PHPEUL GDU QX FD
SHQWUX IDSWD SURSULH FL vQ FDOLWDWH GH HPLWHQW SHQWUX
SUHSXúLLVăL

355
2 DOWă RSLQLH SURPRYDWă GH SURIHVRUXO 7XGRU
'UăJDQX VXVWLQH Fă GH YUHPH FH DFWHOH QRUPDWLYH vQ
YLJRDUHGDXvQFRPSHWHQWDXQXLPXQFLWRUVDXIXQF‫܊‬LRQDU
VăYkUúLUHD XQRU IDSWH PDWHULDOH DúD GXSă FXP SHQWUX
DFHODúL PRWLY DFWHOH MXULGLFH DOH RUJDQXOXL GH FRQGXFHUH
REOLJă SHUVRDQD MXULGLFă vQVăúL WRW DúD úL IDSWHOH
PDWHULDOH VăYkUúLWH GH FHLODLOL FX DWULEXWLL GH FRQGXFHUH
WUHEXLH FRQVLGHUDWH FD ILLQG IDSWH DOH SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH
vQVăúL
6XELHFWHOH FROHFWLYH FDUH SRW Vă UăVSXQGă QXPDL GLQ
SXQFWGHYHGHUHFLYLOSLDGPLQLVWUDWLYQXSRWILVXELHFWH
DOHUăVSXQGHULLGLVFLSOLQDUHúLQLFLDOHUăVSXQGHULLSHQDOH
ÌQ FHHD FH SULYHúWH LPSRVLELOLWDWHD SHUVRDQHORU
MXULGLFH PRUDOH GHDILVXELHFWHDOHUăVSXQGHULLSHQDOH
RSLQLLOH DX IRVW úL VXQW FRQWURYHUVDWH ([LVWă R WH]ă
QHJDWLYă FDUH VXVWLQH Fă SHUVRDQHOH MXULGLFH QX SRW
VăYăUVL LQIUDFWLXQL VRFLHWDV GHOLQTXHUH QRQ SRWHVW 
DGXFDQG vQ VSULMLQXO DFHVWHL RSLQLL XUPăWRDUHOH
DUJXPHQWH
± vQWUXFkW SHUVRDQHOH MXULGLFH QX DX R H[LVWHQWă
SURSULH FL VXQW R FUHDWLH D OHJLL WHRULD ILFWLXQLL  ILLQG
OLSVLWH GH H[LVWHQWă UHDOă DFHVWHD QX DX YRLQWă úL
FRQúWLLQWăSURSULLGHFLQXOHSRDWHILLPSXWDWăYUHRIDSWă
QLFL VXELHFWLY  QLFL RELHFWLY 6LQJXULL FH DX IRU‫܊‬ă úL
FRQúWLLQWă SURSULH VXQW SHUVRDQHOH IL]LFH FDUH DX
FRQGXFHUHD DFWLYLWă‫܊‬LL SHUVRDQHORU MXULGLFH úL QXPDL
DFHúWL FRQGXFăWRUL WUHEXLH Vă UăVSXQGă SHQWUX IDSWHOH
VăYkUúLWHvQQXPHOHSHUVRDQHLMXULGLFH

356
± SHGHSVHOH SUHYă]XWH GH OHJH YL]HD]ă SHUVRDQHOH
IL]LFH XQHOH QHSXWkQG IL DSOLFDWH SHUVRDQHORU MXULGLFH ±
VSUHH[HPSOXSULYDWLXQHDGHOLEHUWDWH
± UăVSXQGHUHD SHQDOă DUH FDUDFWHU SHUVRQDO VXELHFWLY
RULGDFăVDUDSOLFDRSHGHDSVăSHUVRDQHLMXULGLFHDFHDVWD
VDU UăVIUkQJH DVXSUD WXWXURU PHPEULORU HL LQHYLWDELO ‫܈‬L
DVXSUD FHORU QHYLQRYă‫܊‬L FDUH QX DX FXQRVFXW VDX QX DX
GRULW VăYkUúLUHD IDSWHORU FRPLVH GH FRQGXFăWRULL
SHUVRDQHLMXULGLFH
7H]D DILUPDWLYă FDUH FRQVLGHUD FD ‫܈‬L SHUVRDQHOH
MXULGLFH SRW UăVSXQGH SHQDO VXVWLQXWă vQ SUH]HQW GH XQ
QXPăUWRWPDLPDUHGHDXWRULHVWHvPSăUWăúLWăvQVSHFLDO
GH DFHL MXULúWL FDUH vPSăUWăúHVF WHRULD UHDOLWă‫܊‬LL
SHUVRDQHORUMXULGLFHFRQIRUPFăUHLDDFHVWHDVXQWHQWLWăWL
GRWDWHFXYLDWăúLFRQúWLLQWăSURSULL
ÌQ VSULMLQXO DFHVWHL WH]H VXQW DGXVH XUPăWRDUHOH
DUJXPHQWH
± SHUVRDQHOH MXULGLFH UHSUH]LQWă R UHDOLWDWH MXULGLFă
LQFRQWHVWDELOăILLQGFRQVLGHUDWHFDIRU‫܊‬HVRFLDOHvQYLDWD
PRGHUQă FDUH VH SRW PDQLIHVWD ‫܈‬L SULQ FRPLWHUHD GH
LQIUDFWLXQL
'HVLJXUFăH[LVWăLQIUDFWLXQLFDUHSULQQDWXUDORUQDU
SXWHD IL VăYkUúLWH GH SHUVRDQD MXULGLFă ± VSUH H[HPSOX
RPRUXOYLROXOSUXQFXFLGHUHD±LQVăH[LVWă‫܈‬LQXPHURDVH
LQIUDFWLXQLFDUHSRWILVăYkUúLWHFXSUHSRQGHUHQWăGHFăWUH
SHUVRDQHMXULGLFHFRQFXUHQWDQHORLDOăLQIUDFWLXQLILVFDOH
FRQWUDIDFHUHD PăUFLWRU GH IDEULFă HWF 6H SUHFL]HD]ă Fă
QXHVWHYRUEDGHIDSWHVăYăUúLWHGHFRQGXFăWRULIăUăúWLUHD

357
‫܈‬LDFRUGXOPHPEULORUSHUVRDQHLMXULGLFHFLGHDFWHYRLWH
‫܈‬L FRQVLPWLWH GH WRWL PHPEULL FROHFWLYLWă‫܊‬LL UHVSHFWLYH
3ULQXUPDUHSHUVRDQDMXULGLFăDUHGHFLYRLQWăSURSULHLDU
DFHDVWă YRLQWă FROHFWLYă HVWH FDSDELOă GH IDSWH FXOSDELOH
FDúLYRLQOWLQGLYLGXDOă
± H[LVWă ‫܈‬L SHGHSVH FDUH SRW IL DSOLFDWH SHUVRDQHORU
MXULGLFHWLQkQGVHDPDGHVSHFLILFXODFHVWRUDFXPDUIL
GL]ROYDUHDSHUVRDQHLMXULGLFHVXVSHQGDUHDDFWLYLWă‫܊‬LLVDX
DPHQGD GXSă FXP SRW IL GH DVHPHQHD DSOLFDWH ‫܈‬L
DQXPLWHPăVXULGHVLJXUDQWăFXPDUILLQWHUGLFWLDGHD‫܈‬L
YHGHDVHGLXOvQDQXPLWHORFDOLWăWL
± GHúL DSOLFDELOH SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH VDQF‫܊‬LXQLOH ‫܈‬LDU
GRYHGLHILFLHQWDFXWRDWHFDDUDYHDXQFDUDFWHUGLIX]‫܈‬L
JHQHUDOL]DW LQWUXFkW HOH SRW GHWHUPLQD VFKLPEDUHD
FRQGXLWHL PHPEULURU SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH UHVSHFWLYH vQ
UH]RQDQWăFXSUHYHGHULOHOHJLL
9,129Ăğ,$
9LQRYăWLD HVWH R DOWă FRQGL‫܊‬LH RELHFWLYă GH
PDWHULDOL]DUHDUăVSXQGHULLMXULGLFH
'LQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH DO QDWXULL VDOH YLQRYăWLD HVWH R
VWDUHVXELHFWLYăFRQFUHWL]DWăvQDWLWXGLQHDSVLKLFăSHFDUH
RDUHDXWRUXOFRQGXLWHLSVLKLFHIDWăGHIDSWDVDúLIDWăGH
FRQVHFLQWHOHDFHVWHLD3HQWUXFDSHUVRDQDUHVSRQVDELOăVă
GHYLQă VXELHFW DO UăVSXQGHULL MXULGLFH HVWH QHFHVDU FD HD
Vă IL DYXW SRVLELOLWDWHD GH D GHFLGH vQ PRG OLEHU DVX SUD
VăYkUúLULLIDSWHORUVDOHGHFLSRVLELOLWDWHDGHDDFWLRQDFX
GLVFHUQăPăQWúLFDSDFLWDWHDGHD‫܈‬LGLULMDYRLQWDvQUDSRUW
FXXQVFRSXUPăULWvQPRGFRQúWLHQW

358
ÌQFD]XOYLQRYăWLHLVăYkUúLUHDIDSWHLLOLFLWHSUHVXSXQH
FRQFHSHUHD HL OD QLYHO LQWHQWLRQDO LGHDWLF vQDLQWH GH D
GHYHQL UHDOLWDWH SH SODQXO FRQúWLLQWHL LQGLYLGXDOH VXE
IRUPD XQHL LGHL GH FRPSRUWDPHQW ÌQ ID]D XUPăWRDUH VH
FkQWăUHVFDUJXPHQWHOHvQIDYRDUHDVDXvPSRWULYDDFWLXQLL
GHFHOkQGXVH vQWUH DFHVWHD ‫܈‬L DMXQJkQGXVH vQ ILQDO OD
GHFL]LD GH VăYăUúLUH VDX GH DEWLQHUH GH OD VăYăUúLUHD
IDSWHLDQWLVRFLDOH'XSăILQDOL]DUHDSURFHVXOXLGHFL]LRQDO
VH WUHFH OD PDQLIHVWDUHD GH YRLQWă FDUH UHLLGă vQ
GLUHFWLRQDUHD HQHUJLHL vQ YHGHUHD UHDOL]ăULL FRQGXLWHL
SURSXVH
3ULQ XUPDUH SHQWUX ODWXUD VXELHFWLYă D DFWXOXL GH
FRQGXLWă D XQHL SHUVRDQH HVWH GHWHUPLQDQWă DFWLXQHD D
GRL IDFWRUL FDUDFWHULVWLFL YLHWLL SVLKLFH D SHUVRDQHL
FRQúWLLQWD VDX IDFWRUXO LQWHOHFWLY FDUH GH]YăOXLH
DWLWXGLQHDFRQúWLLQWHLIăSWXLWRUXOXLIDWăGHIDSWDVăYkUúLWă
IDWăGHFRQVHFLQWHOHVDOHDVXSUDRUGLQLLGHGUHSW ‫܈‬LYRLQWD
VDXIDFWRUXOYROLWLY SULQFDUHVXQWPRELOL]DWHúLRULHQWDWH
FRQúWLHQW HQHUJLLOH XPDQH DOH RPXOXL vQ VFRSXO
H[WHULRUL]ăULLLQWHQWLLORUVDOH 
,QWUH IDFWRUXO YROLWLY ‫܈‬L IDFWRUXO LQWHOHFWLY QX H[LVWă R
VHSDUDWLH QHWă FHL GRL IDFWRUL LQWHUIHUkQG ‫܈‬L
SUHVXSXQkQGXVHXQXOSHFHOăODOW'HFLYLQRYăWLDLPSOLFă
OLEHUWDWHD YRLQWHL VXELHFWXOXL FDUDFWHUXO GHOLEHUDW DO
DFWLXQLL VDOH DVXPDUHD ULVFXOXL XQXL FRPSRUWDPHQW
UHSUH]HQWDUHDIDSWHLDFRQVHFLQWHORUDSURFHVXOXLFDX]DO
GHGHWHUPLQDUHDDFHVWRUXUPăUL

359
8Q LQGLYLG QRUPDO GLQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH SVLKRIL]LF
HVWH vQ PăVXUă Vă FRQFHDSă úL Vă DSUHFLH]H FDUDFWHUXO
LOLFLW DO DFWLXQLL VDOH SUHFXP ‫܈‬L FRQVHFLQĠHOH QHJDWLYH
DIHUHQWH úL vQWUXFkW PDMRULWDWHD LQGLYL]LORU DX IDFXOWDWHD
SVLKLFă GH D VH DXWRGHWHUPLQD YRLQWD GH D VăYkUúL DFWXO
VRFLDOPHQWHSHULFXORVVHSUH]XPăSkQăODSUREDFRQWUDUă
&X WRDWH FD H[LVWHQWD RPXOXL DUH R GHWHUPLQDUH
UHODWLYă vQ YLDWD VRFLDOă HO DUH SRVLELOLWDWHD Vă DOHDJă
vQWUH PDL PXOWH DFWLXQL DVWIHO FD YRLQWD VD HVWH OLEHUă
vQWUHDQXPLWHOLPLWHOLPLWHvQFDUHHOSRDUWăUăVSXQGHUHD
RSWLXQLORU VDOH 'HFL DFHúWL GRL IDFWRUL ± UDWLXQH ‫܈‬L
OLEHUWDWH VSHFLILFL ILLQWHL XPDQH VXQW vQ DFHODúL WLPS
SXQFWHOHGHUHSHUSULQFDUHVHH[SOLFăLGHHDGHYLQRYăWLH
9LQRYăWLDH[SULPăGRULQWDH[SUHVăDLQGLYLGXOXLGH D
DFWLRQD VDX QX vQWUXQ DQXPLW IHO RUL DWLWXGLQHD
LQGLIHUHQWă D DFHVWXLD IDWă GH HYHQWXDOLWDWHD SURGXFHULL
FRQVHFLQWHORUQHJDWLYHDOHIDSWHLVDOH
3HQWUXDSXWHDYRUELGHYLQRYăWLHQXHVWHVXILFLHQWFD
YRLQWDLQGLYLGXOXLVăILIRVWQXPDLFRQúWLHQWăSXWDQGVă
DQWLFLSH]H XUPăULOH IDSWHL VDOH FL HD WUHEXLH Vă ILH úL
OLEHUă QHFRQVWUDQVă GH QLFL XQ IDFWRU DWXQFL FkQG
XUPăUHúWH UHDOL]DUHD VFRSXOXL LOLFLW 2 YRLQWă FRQúWLHQWă
úL OLEHUă SUHVXSXQH SUHYHGHUHD UH]XOWDWXOXL DFWLXQLL
FXQRDúWHUHD OHJăWXULL FDX]DOH vQWUH DFWLXQH ‫܈‬L UH]XOWDW
SUHFXP‫܈‬LVHPQLILFDWLDVRFLDOăDUH]XOWDWXOXLUHVSHFWLY
&RQúWLLQWDHVWHFDUDFWHUL]DWăvQVSHFLDOGHGRLIDFWRUL
D GHSUHYHGHUH
E GHUHSUH]HQWDUH

360
$úDFXPUHPDUFDSURIHVRUXO&%XODLÄcaracteristica
vinovătiei este preponderenta factorului intelectiv
asupra factorului volitiv, conútiinta răsfrângându-se,
prin intermediul vointei asupra faptei Юi asupra
urmărilor acesteia.Reprezentarea efectivă sau cel putin
existenta posibilităаii acestei reprezentări a urmărilor
faptei este elementul determinant pentru existenĠa
vinovătiei Юi a formelor acesteia”.
9LQRYăWLD QX VH UHGXFH vQVă OD R VLPSOă UHSUH]HQWDUH
VDX SRVLELOLWDWH D UHSUH]HQWăULL IDSWHL ‫܈‬L XUPăULIRU (D
UHIOHFWă DWLWXGLQHD VXELHFWXOXL WDS GH YDORULOH VRFLDOH SH
FDUH OH vQFDOFă FRQúWLLQWD FODUă VDX PDL SXWLQ FODUă D
QHFHVLWă‫܊‬LL UHVSHFWăULL DFHVWRU YDORUL FRQúWLLQWD PRUDOă D
VXELHFWXOXLFDUHFRPLWHIDSWDDQWLVRFLDOă
'HFL YLQRYăWLD DU SXWHD IL GHILQLWă FD ILLQG DWLWXGLQHD
SVLKLFă D SHUVRDQHL FDUH VăYkUúLQG FX YRLQWă
QHFRQVWUkQVă R IDSWă FDUH SUH]LQWă XQ JUDG GH SHULFRO
VRFLDODYDQGGHFLRFRQGXLWăLOLFLWăDDYXWvQPRPHQWXO
H[HFXWDULLUHSUH]HQWDUHDIDSWHLSLDXUPăULORUVRFLDOPHQWH
SHULFXORDVHDOHDFHVWHLDVDXGHúLQXDDYXWUHSUH]HQWDUHD
IDSWHL SL D XUPăULORU D DYXW SRVLELOLWDWHD UHDOă D DFHVWHL
UHSUH]HQWăUL
,QGLIHUHQW GDFă GLQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH VXELHFWLY
LQGLYLGXO DFFHSWă úL GRUHúWH SURGXFHUHD XUPăULORU
QHJDWLYHRULOHSULYHúWHFXLQGLIHUHQWăSUHYă]kQGXOHFD
SRVLELOHVDXVSHUDQGvQPRGLPSUXGHQWVăQXVHSURGXFă
UHVSHFWLYH[FOXGHSRVLELOLWDWHDSURGXFHULLORUGLQWUROLSVă
GH SUHYHGHUL FH vL HVWH LPSXWDELOD DWLWXGLQHD VD SVLKLFă

361
DUHVHPQLILFDWLHVRFLDOăGHRDUHFHHDUHIOHFWăFRQWUDGLFWLD
GLQWUHLQWHUHVHOHVDOHSURSULLúLLQWHUHVHOHVRFLDOHDSăUDWH
GH RUGLQHD GH GUHSW GH QRUPHOH MXULGLFH D FDURU
UHVSHFWDUH HVWH REOLJDWRULH SHQWUX QRUPDOD GHVIăúXUDUH D
UHODWLLORUVRFLDOH
'LQ LQVăúL GHILQL‫܊‬LD YLQRYăWLHL UH]XOWă FD DFHDVWD HVWH
VXVFHSWLELOăGHIRUPHúLGHPRGDOLWăWLGLIHULWHSRVLELOLWăWL
DUJXPHQWDWH GH IDSWXO FD VSUH GHRVHELUH GH IDFWRUXO
YROLWLY FDUH QX HVWH VXVFHSWLELO GH YDULDWLXQL GHRDUHFH
YRLQWD H[LVWă VDX QX H[LVWă IDFWRUXO LQWHOHFWLY SUH]LQWă
LQWRWGHDXQDDVWIHOGHYDULDWLXQLGHRDUHFHSUHYHGHUHDVDX
UHSUH]HQWDUHD XUPăULORU SRDWH FXQRD‫܈‬WH JUDGH ‫܈‬L
LQWHQVLWăWLGLIHULWH
ÌQIXQF‫܊‬LHGHDFHVWHYDULDWLXQLDOHIDFWRUXOXLLQWHOHFWLY
FRQFUHWL]DWH vQ SRVLELOLWăWLOH FD VXELHFWXO vQ PRPHQWXO
VăYăUúLULL IDSWHL Vă‫܈‬L UHSUH]LQWH FODU FRQVHFLQWHOH
DFHVWHLD Vă úL OH UHSUH]LQWH JUHVLW VDX Vă QX úL OH
UHSUH]LQWHGHORFGHúLDYHDSRVELOLWDWHDúLvQGDWRULUHDVă‫܈‬L
OH UHSUH]LQWH YLQRYăWLD vPEUDFD IRUPD ,17(17,(, ±
DWXQFL FkQG SHUVRDQD D DYXW UHSUH]HQWDUHD FRUHFWă D
XUPăULORUIDSWHLVDOHVDXIRUPD&8/3(,DWXQFLFkQG‫܈‬L
D UHSUH]HQWDW JUHúLW VDX QX ‫܈‬LD UHSUH]HQWDW GHORF DFHVWH
FRQVHFLQWHVRFLDOPHQWHGăXQăWRDUH
$ ,17(17,$ 6$8 '2/8/ H[SULPă R DQXPLWă
DPELDQWă VSLULWXDOă úL PRUDOă FDUH SUHFHGH ‫܈‬L vQVRWHúWH
VăYkUúLUHD XQHL IDSWH LOLFLWH FDUDFWHUL]DWă SULQWUXQ
FRPSOH[ GH IDFWRUL SVLKLFL vQWUH FDUH FXQRD‫܈‬WHUHD

362
FDUDFWHUXOXL DQWLVRFLDO DO IDSWHL úL DFFHSWDUHD XUPăULORU
HLQHJDWLYHDXXQFDUDFWHUHVHQWLDO
([LVWă GRO FD IRUPă D YLQRYăWLHL DWXQFL FkQG
LQGLYLGXO FH DFWLRQHD]ă FX VFRS DQWLVRFLDO SUHYHGH vQ
PRPHQWXO VăYkUúLULL IDSWHL UH]XOWDWXO VRFLDOPHQWH
SHULFXORV DO DFHVWHLD úL XUPăUHúWH SURGXFHUHD DFHVWXL
UH]XOWDW VDX GHúL QXO XUPăUHúWH DFFHSWă WRWXúL
SRVLELOLWDWHDH[LVWHQWHLOXL
,QWHQWLD OD UkQGXO HL HVWH VXVFHSWLELOă GH PRGDOLWăWL
vQ IXQF‫܊‬LH GH DWLWXGLQHD IăSWXLWRUXOXL IDWă GH SURGXFHUHD
UH]XOWDWXOXL VRFLDOPHQWH GăXQăWRU SXWkQGXVH SUH]HQWD
VXEGRXăIRUPHLQWHQWLHGLUHFWă‫܈‬LLQWHQWLHLQGLUHFWă
D  ,QWHQWLD GLUHFWD H[LVWă DWXQFL FăQG IăSWXLWRUXO vúL
UHSUH]LQWă DFWLXQHD VDX LQDFWLXQHD VD PRGXO GH
vQIăSWXLUHDQWLFLSHD]ăXUPDUHDVRFLDOPHQWHSHULFXORDVăD
DFWLYLWă‫܊‬LL VDOH úL vQ DFHVWH FRQGL‫܊‬LL HO XUPăUHúWH
SURGXFHUHD DFHOXL UH]XOWDW 6SUH H[HPSOX FkQG XQ
LQGLYLGGHVFDUFăUHYROYHUXODVXSUDXQHLSHUVRDQHvQPRG
FRQúWLHQWHODFWLRQHD]ăFXLQWHQWLHGLUHFWă
E  ,QWHQWLD LQGLUHFWD VDX HYHQWXDOD H[LVWă DWXQFL FăQG
IăSWXLWRUXOSUHYă]DQGUH]XOWDWXOVRFLDOPHQWHGăXQăWRUDO
IDSWHLVDOHGHúLQXXUPăUHúWHSURGXFHUHDDFHOXLUH]XOWDW
VăYkUúHúWH WRWXúL IDSWD LOLFLWă DFFHSWkQG HYHQWXDOLWDWHD
SURGXFHULL OXL SULQ XUPDUH DXWRUXO IDSWHL DFWLRQHD]ă FX
ULVFXOSURGXFHULLDFHOXLUH]XOWDWFKLDUQHXUPăULQGXO
6SUH H[HPSOX XQ LQGLYLG FDUH ORYHúWH R SHUVRDQă vQ
VWDUH GH HEULHWDWH úL R DEDQGRQHD]ă vQ VWDUH GH
LQFRQúWLHQWă LQWUR SăGXUH vQ FRQGL‫܊‬LL WHUPLFH

363
QHIDYRUDELOH FDX]ă FDUH FRQGXFH OD PRDUWHD YLFWLPHL D
VăYkUúLWRIDSWăLOLFLWăFXLQWHQWLHLQGLUHFWăGHRDUHFHGHúL
QX D GRULW PRDUWHD YLFWLPHL D DFFHSWDW HYHQWXDOLWDWHD
SURGXFHULLHL
&HHD FH FDUDFWHUL]HD]ă LQWHQWLD LQGLUHFWă HVWH
DWLWXGLQHD LQGLIHUHQWă IăSWXLWRUXOXL IDWă GH UH]XOWDWXO
VRFLDOPHQWHGăXQăWRU
% &8/3$ HVWH DFHD IRUPă D YLQRYăWLHL H[LVWHQWă
DWXQFL FăQG IăSWXLWRUXO VăYăUúLQG R IDSWă LOLFLWă D
SUHYă]XW UH]XOWDWXO GăXQăWRU DO IDSWHL VDOH GDU QX D
XUPăULWSLQXDDFFHSWDWSRVLELOLWDWHDSURGXFHULLOXLvQVă
D DFWLRQDW VRFRWLQG vQ PRG QHMXVWLILFDW FD DFHO UH]XOWDW
QX VH YD SURGXFH VDX QX D SUHYă]XW UH]XOWDWXO GHúL
WUHEXLDúLSXWHDVăILSUHYă]XW
&XOSD OD QLYHOXO HL HVWH ‫܈‬L HD VXVFHSWLELOă GH
PRGDOLWăWL úL DQXPH FXOSD FX SUHYHGHUH XúXULQWă
WHPHULWDWH LPSUXGHQWă  ‫܈‬L FXOSD VLPSOă JUHúHDOD
QHJOLMHQWDQHDWHQWLDQHSULFHSHUHD 
D  &XOSD SULQ LPSUXGHQWă H[LVWă DWXQFL FDQG
IăSWXLWRUXODSUHYă]XWUH]XOWDWXOSRVLELODOIDSWHLVDOHQX
D DFFHSWDW vQVă DFHVW UH]XOWDW ‫܈‬L QLFL QX ‫܈‬L OD GRULW
VSHUkQG vQ PRG XúXUDWLF FD HO QX VH YD SURGXFH 6SUH
H[HPSOX XQ FRQGXFăWRU GH DXWRYHKLFXO FLUFXOă SH
GUXPXULOH SXEOLFH vQ VWDUH GH HEULHWDWH RFD]LH FX FDUH
SURGXFHXQDFFLGHQW
2 LQWHUHVDQWă UHPDUFă IDFH SURIHVRUXO %XODL FDUH
DSUHFLD]ă Fă vQ FHHD FH SULYHúWH FXOSD FX SUHYHGHUH
DFHDVWDÄare ca trăsătură comună cu intenĠia în general

364
prevederea rezultatului faptei, iar cu modalitatea
intenĠiei indirecte, are ca element comun împrejurarea
că făptuitorul nu urmăreúte producerea rezultatului
faptei. Ea se deosebeúte însă de intenĠia indirectă prin
neacceptarea de către făptuitor a rezultatului faptei,
unită cu speranĠa uúuratică conform căreia acest
rezultat nu se va produce. În cazul culpei cu prevedere
făptuitorul nu numai că nu acceptă producerea
rezultatului, dar chiar o exclude în cazul dat, fiind
convins că rezultatul nu se va produce.
Convingerea sa greúită trebuie însă să se intemeieze
pe anumite date ale realităĠii, calităĠi personale,
împrejurări de fapt.
Dacă speranĠa în neproducerea rezultatului s-ar
întemeia pe o intâmplare, pe un eveniment care ar putea
să se producă, dar úi să nu aibă loc, nu ne-am mai găsi
în prezenĠa culpei, ci a intenĠiei indirecte, fiindcă o astfel
de atitudine echivalează cu acceptarea de către făptuitor
a riscului producerii rezultatului."
E  &XOSD VLPSOă ± JUHúHDOD H[LVWă DWXQFL FkQG
IăSWXLWRUXOQXSUHYHGHUH]XOWDWXOIDSWHLVDOHGHúLWUHEXLD
úL SXWHD VăO SUHYDGă 6SUH H[HPSOX XQ IDUPDFLVW
HOLEHUHD]ă GLQ QHDWHQĠLH XQ DOW PHGLFDPHQW GHFkW FHO
LQGLFDWVDXSUHSDUăJUHúLWXQPHGLFDPHQWQRFLY
&DUDFWHULVWLFSHQWUXFXOSDVLPSOăHVWHQHSUHYHGHUHDGH
FăWUH IăSWXLWRU D UH]XOWDWXOXL GăXQăWRU DO IDSWHL VDOH vQ
FRQGLĠLLOHvQFDUHHODYHDREOLJDĠLDGHDSURFHGDFXWRDWă
DWHQĠLD ‫܈‬L GLOLJHQĠD SHQWUX D SUHYHGHD DFHVW UH]XOWDW ‫܈‬L

365
WRWRGDWă DYHD SRVLELOLWDWHD VDO SUHYDGă vQ FRQGL‫܊‬LLOH
FRQFUHWHvQFDUHVDVăYăUúLWIDSWDLOLFLWă
3HQWUXVWDELOLUHDYLQRYăĠLHLvQIRUPDFXOSHLVLPSOHVH
DXvQYHGHUHGRXDFULWHULL
± XQ FULWHULX RELHFWLY SULQ D FăUXL XWLOL]DUH VH
XUPăUHúWH Vă VH DIOH GDFă DXWRUXO DFĠLXQLL VDX RULFH RP
GLQFDWHJRULDGLQFDUHIDFHSDUWHIăSWXLWRUXOFDQLYHOGH
SUHJăWLUH úL H[SHULHQĠă GH YLDĠă WUHEXLH Vă SUHYDGă
UH]XOWDWXO IDSWHL VDOH 'DFă UH]XOWDWXO HVWH QHJDWLY vQ
VHQVXO Fă QLPHQL QX DU IL SXWXW Vă SUHYDGă UH]XOWDWXO vQ
FRQGL‫܊‬LLOH GDWH QX YD H[LVWD YLQRYăĠLD FL FD]XO IRU‫܊‬XLW
IăSWXLWRUXOILLQGH[RQHUDWGHUăVSXQGHUH
± FULWHULXO VXELHFWLY DSOLFDW vQ FD]XO vQ FDUH VH
GRYHGHúWH Fă RULFLQH vQ VLWXD‫܊‬LD IăSWXLWRUXOXL SRWULYLW
H[SHULHQĠHL FRPXQH HUD GDWRU Vă SUHYDGă UH]XOWDWXO
VRFLDOPHQWH GăXQăWRU FRQVWă vQ YHULILFDUHD H[LVWHQĠHL
SRVLELOLWă‫܊‬LLUHDOHVXELHFWLYHDIăSWXLWRUXOXLvQPRPHQWXO
úL vQ FRQGL‫܊‬LLOH VăYkUúLULL IDSWHL GH D SXWHD SUHYHGHD
UH]XOWDWXO
'DFă VH FRQVWDWă Fă SRWULYLW SDUWLFXODULWă‫܊‬LORU SVLKR
IL]LFHLQWHOHFWXDOHH[SHULHQĠHLGHYLDĠăúLSUHJăWLULLVDOH
IăSWXLWRUXO QX SXWHD vQ OLPLWHOH SRVLELOXOXL Vă SUHYDGă
UH]XOWDWXO RULFkWă GLOLJHQĠă DU IL GHSXV QX YD H[LVWD
YLQRYăĠLH VXE IRUPD FXOSHL VLPSOH vQVă QX GDWRULWă
IDSWXOXL Fă UH]XOWDWXO DU IL IRVW LPSUHYL]LELO FD vQ FD]XO
IRU‫܊‬XLW FL GDWRULWă LPSRVLELOLWăĠLL VXELHFWLYH D
IăSWXLWRUXOXLGHDOSUHYHGHD±VLWXD‫܊‬LHH[FHSĠLRQDOă

366
$FHVWH IRUPH DOH FXOSHL DFĠLRQHD]ă vQ WRDWH UDPXULOH
GH GUHSW HOH DSăUDQG XQHRUL VXE IRUPD QHSULFHSHULL VDX
QHDWHQĠLHL
1HSULFHSHUHD HVWH R LQDSWLWXGLQH GH H[HUFLWDUH D XQHL
DFWLYLWăĠL VDX SURIHVLL FH JUXSHD]ă FXQRD‫܈‬WHUHD XQRU
UHJXOL VDX R DQXPLWă DELOLWDWH SURIHVLRQDOă RUL XQ QLYHO
GHFXQRúWLQĠHGHVSHFLDOLWDWH
&kQG FD XUPDUH D LQDELOLWăĠML VH SURGXFH XQ UH]XOWDW
VRFLDOPHQWH GăXQăWRU IDSWD HVWH VăYkUúLWă SULQ
LPSUXGHQĠă
1HDWHQĠLD ± FRQVWă vQ DFHHD Fă LQGLYLGXO QX GHSXQH
DWHQĠLD GLOLJHQĠD  Vă vQĠHOHDJă FHHD FH vQ PRG QRUPDO
SXWHDúLWUHEXLDVăLQĠHOHDJă
$FHDVWă SHUVRDQă YD IL vQ FXOSă GDFă GLQ FDX]D
QHREVHUYăULL VDX QHLQĠHOHJHULL XQRU vPSUHMXUăUL VD
SURGXV XQ UH]XOWDW QHJDWLY )DSWD VD YD FăSăWD IRUPD
QHJOLMHQĠHL
'LIHUHQĠLHUHDIRUPHORUGHYLQRYăĠLHSHUPLWHVWDELOLUHD
JUDGXOXL GH YLQRYăĠLH DVSHFW GHRVHELW GH LPSRUWDQW vQ
GHWHUPLQDUHDIHOXOXLúLOLPLWHORUUăVSXQGHULLMXULGLFH

 &$8=(/( &$5( (;&/8' &$5$&7(58/
,/,&,7 $/ )$37(, ‫܇‬, &$8=( &$5( Ì1/Ă785Ă
5Ă6381'(5(-85,',&Ă

([LVWă VLWXD‫܊‬LL FkQG GHúL VXQW vQWUXQLWH IRUPDO WRDWH
FRQGL‫܊‬LLOH UăVSXQGHULL MXULGLFH DFHDVWD QX GHYLQH
RSHUDQWă GLQ DQXPLWH FDX]H VDX LPSUHMXUDUL FDUH SULQ

367
SDUWLFXODULWă‫܊‬LOH ORU ILH Fă H[FOXGH FDUDFWHUXO LOOLFLW DO
IDSWHL ‫܈‬L vQOăWXUă SH FDOH GH FRQVHFLQWă UăVSXQGHUHD
MXULGLFă ILH Fă GHúL QX H[FOXG LOHJDOLWDWHD IDSWHL
FRQWULEXLHWRWXúLODLQOăWXUDUHDUăVSXQGHULL
'LQ SULPD FDWHJRULH IDF SDUWH FRQIRUP &RGXOXL
3HQDO
±OHJLWLPDDSăUDUH
±VWDUHDGHQHFHVLWDWH
±FRQVWUkQJHUHDIL]LFă
±FRQVWUkQJHUHDPRUDOă
±FD]XOIRU‫܊‬XLW
±LUHVSRQVDELOLWDWHD
±EHWLDLQYROXQWDUă
±PLQRULWDWHDIăSWXLWRUXOXL
±HURDUHDGHIDSW
ÌQ DFHVWH FD]XUL GHúL H[LVWă IDSWXO LOLFLW UH]XOWDWXO
SHULFXORV UDSRUWXO GH FDX]DOLWDWH ‫܈‬L VXELHFWXO HVWH
vQGHSăUWDWă YLQRYăWLD vQWUXFăW DQXPLWL WDFWRUL QDWXUDOL
SURFHVHOH‫܈‬LPHFDQLVPHOHELRORJLFH‫܈‬LIL]LRORJLFHH[FOXG
SRVLELOLWDWHD VXELHFWXOXL GH D DFWLRQD FX GLVFHUQăPăQW
GHRDUHFH DFHVWD HVWH DQLKLODW GH DQXPLWH PRGLILFăUL GH
RUGLQELRORJLF±IL]LRORJLFSURGXVHFDXUPDUHDH[LVWHQWHL
XQRU SUHVLXQL H[WHULRDUH FDUH VH UHIOHFWă vQ SVLKLFXO
VXELHFWXOXL vQ FRPSRUWDPHQWXO VăX úL FDUH DQWUHQHD]ă
DQXPLWHLQVWLQFWH FXPHVWHDFHODGHFRQVHUYDUHDYLHWLL
VSUHH[HPSOXVDXGHSURWHFWLHDXQRUYDORUL 
$GRXDFDWHJRULHGHvPSUHMXUăULQXLQOăWXUăFDUDFWHUXO
LOLFLW DO IDSWHL GDU vQOăWXUă ILH UăVSXQGHUHD MXULGLFă D

368
DXWRUXOXLIDSWHLILHH[HFXWDUHDPăVXULORUFRQVWUkQJăWRDUH
UH]XOWkQGGLQVWDELOLUHDUăVSXQGHULLMXULGLFH
ÌQ GUHSWXO SHQDO VXQW FXQRVFXWH FD ‫܈‬L FDX]H FDUH
vQOăWXUă UăVSXQGHUHD SHQDOă VDX DOWH FRQVHFLQWH DOH
FRQGDPQăULL
±DPQLVWLD
±JUDĠLHUHD
±SUHVFULSWLD
±OLSVDSOkQJHULLSUHDODELOH
±LPSăFDUHDSăUUWLWRU
±UHWUDJHUHDSOkQJHULLSUHDODELOH
±UHDELOLWDUHD
ÌQDIDUăGHDFHVWHFDX]HJHQHUDOHvQSDUWHDVSHFLDOăD
FRGXOXL PDL VXQW SUHYă]XWH úL FDX]H VSHFLILFH DQXPLWRU
LQIUDFWLXQL ± FDX]H GH QHSHGHSVLUH FXP DU IL VSUH
H[HPSOX FD]XO GHQXQWăULL IDSWHL GH FăWUH PLWXLWRU DUW
 DOLQ   VDX FD]XO GHQXQWXOXL FRPSORWXOXL DUW 
&RG3HQDO 
7RWFDX]HVSHFLDOHGHQHSHGHSVLUHVXQWFRQVLGHUDWH‫܈‬L
GHVLVWDUHD DUWLFROXO  &RG 3HQDO  ‫܈‬L LPSLHGLFDUHD
FRQVXPăULLIDSWHL DUWLFROXODUW&RGSHQDO 
'LQWUHFDX]HOHFDUHvQOăWXUăFDUDFWHUXOSHQDODOIDSWHL
SUHYă]XWHGH&RGXOSHQDOvQDUWLFROHOH±FHOHPDL
PXOWH VXQW UHJăVLWH ‫܈‬L vQ FDGUXO FHORUODOWH UDPXUL DOH
GUHSWXOXL LQVă vQ FD]XO UăVSXQGHULL FLYLOH QXPDL XQHOH
GLQWUHDFHVWHDvQOăWXUăUăVSXQGHUHDMXULGLFăGXSăFXPvQ
XQHOH UDPXUL DOH GUHSWXOXL H[LVWă ‫܈‬L DOWH FDXVH GH
H[RQHUDUH GH UăVSXQGHUH MXULGLFă FXP DU IL vQ FD]XO

369
UăVSXQGHULL PDWHULDOH FDUH HVWH vQGHSăUWDWă vQ FD]XO
ULVFXOXL QRUPDO DO VHUYLFLXOXL VDX SLHUGHULORU LQHUHQWH
SURFHVXOXLGHSURGXFWLH
/HJLWLPDDSăUDUH
3ULQ IDSWD VăYkUúLWă vQ OHJLWLPă DSăUDUH VH vQWHOHJH
IDSWD FDUH SUH]LQWă SHULFRO VRFLDO SH FDUH R VăYkUúHúWH R
DQXPLWă SHUVRDQă SHQWUX DSăUDUHD VD VDX D DOWHL
SHUVRDQH RUL D XQXL LQWHUHV SXEOLF LPSRWULYD XQXL DWDF
PDWHULDOGLUHFWLQMXVWLPHGLDWFDUHSXQHvQSHULFROJUDY
YDORULOH DWDFDWH )DSWD VăYkUúLWă vQ OHJLWLPă DSăUDUH QX
PDL HVWH R IDSWă LOLFLWă FL HVWH R IDSWă QHFHVDUă 'H
H[HPSOX FkQG R SHUVRDQă VH DSăUă LPSRWULYD XQHL
YLROHQWHFHVHH[HUFLWăDVXSUDVDúLFDUHLSXQHvQSHULFRO
YLDWD LDU vQ DFHDVWă VWDUH ULSRVWHD]ă FD R PăVXUă GH
DSăUDUH FDX]kQGXL DJUHVRUXOXL SULQ IDSWD VD DQXPLWH
YăWăPăULVDXFKLDUSLHUGHUHDYLHWLL
&RQGL‫܊‬LLOHOHJLWLPHLDSăUăULVXQW
± Vă VH VăYăUúHDVFă R IDSWă LOLFLWă SULQ FDUH Vă VH
FRQWUDYLQăXQHLQRUPH GH GUHSW VDX FDUH vQFDOFă GUHSWXO
VXELHFWLY DO XQHL SHUVRDQH GH FăWUH FHO FH VH DIOă vQ
OHJLWLPăDSăUDUH
± IDSWD Vă VH VăYkUúHDVFă FD XUPDUH D XQXL DWDF
PDWHULDOGLUHFWLPHGLDW‫܈‬LLQMXVW
3ULQ DWDF vQWHOHJHP R DFWLXQHD VDX R DWLWXGLQHD
FRPLVLYăDXQHLSHUVRDQHvQVăDWDFXOSRDWHFRVWD‫܈‬LLQWUR
LQDFWLXQH DGLFă R DWLWXGLQH RPLVLYă GH SDVLYLWDWH FDUH
SURGXFH XQ UH]XOWDW IL]LF 6SUH H[HPSOX vPSLHGLFDUHD
DFDUXOXLGHDPXWDPDFD]XO

370
$WDFXO SRDWH IL FRQVLGHUDW PDWHULDO FkQG DUH XQ
FDUDFWHU IL]LF RELHFWLY FDUH HVWH DSW GH D DGXFH R
DWLQJHUH XQHL YDORUL VRFLDOH RFURWLWH GH OHJH 6LPSOD
SUHVXSXQHUH FD VH GHFODQúHD]ă XQ DWDF QHDYkQG FDUDFWHU
PDWHULDOQXUHSUH]LQWăXQDWDFSURSULX±]LV
'HDVHPHQHDDWDFXOQXHVWHPDWHULDOúLGHFLQXSRDWH
FUHDRVWDUHGHOHJLWLPăDSăUDUHDWXQFLFkQGVHUHDOL]HD]ă
SULQ FXYLQWH VDX vQ VFULV DPHQLQMăUL LQVXOWH FDORPQLL
HWF
$WDFXO HVWH VRFRWLW GLUHFW FkQG VH LQGUHDSWă vQ PRG
QHPLMORFLWLPSRWULYDXQHLYDORULDSăUDWHGHOHJH(OHVWH
LPHGLDWDWXQFLFDQGDFWLXQHDGHDWDFDvQFHSXWVDXHVWH
JDWD Vă vQFHDSă DGLFă HVWH LPLQHQW 'H H[HPSOX DWDFXO
HVWHFRQVLGHUDWGLUHFWvQFD]XOvQFDUHVHLQGUHDSWăRDUPă
GHIRFvPSRWULYDXQHLSHUVRDQH
$WDFXO HVWH LQMXVW FkQG HVWH OLSVLW GH RULFH MXVWLILFDUH
GHGUHSWQHDYkQGWHPHLOHJDOÌQFD]XOvQFDUHXQRUJDQ
GH RUGLQH SXEOLFă UHWLQH R SHUVRDQă VDX R DUHVWHD]ă vQ
ED]DXQXLPDQGDWOHJDOYDFRPLWHXQDFWMXVWúLOHJDO
±$WDFXOVăILHLQGUHSWDWvPSRWULYDXQHLSHUVRDQHVDX
D XQXL LQWHUHV SXEOLF FHHD FH LQVHDPQD FD RELHFWXO
DWDFXOXL FRQVWă vQ GUHSWXULOH XQHL SHUVRDQH VDX D XQXL
LQWHUHVGHRUGLQSXEOLF
± 3ULQ XUPDUH VH FHUH vQ SULPXO UkQG Vă H[LVWH XQ
SHULFRO SHQWUX SHUVRDQD DWDFDWă VDX R DOWă SHUVRDQă VDX
LQWHUHVXO SXEOLF LQWHOHJkQG Fă XQ DWDF WUHEXLH Vă YL]H]H
YDORULOH SHUVRQDOH RUL VRFLDOH FDUH VXQW GHRVHELW GH

371
LPSRUWDQWH YLDWD OLEHUWDWHD VăQăWDWHD SHUVRDQHL VDX
LQWHJULWDWHDVWDWXOXL
±$SăUDUHDWUHEXLHVăILHSURSRUWLRQDOăFXJUDYLWDWHD‫܈‬L
vPSUHMXUăULOH DWDFXOXL GHFL Vă ILH GH DFHHDúL LQWHQVLWDWH
FXDWDFXOFHHDFHvQVHDPQăFăvQFD]XOXQXLDWDFJUDYúL
DSăUDUHDSRDWHVăDLEăDFHODúLFDUDFWHULDUvQFD]XOXQXL
DWDFXúRUúLDSăUDUHDWUHEXLHVăDLEăXQFDUDFWHUXúRU
$SăUDUHDWUHEXLHVăUăPkQăvQOLPLWHOHQHFHVDUHDGLFă
HD WUHEXLH Vă vQFHDSă FHO PDL GHYUHPH vQ PRPHQWXO
GHFODQúăULL DWDFXOXL VDX LPHGLDW GXSă vQFHSXWXO OXL úL
WUHEXLH Vă VH WHUPLQH RGDWă FX vQOăWXUDUHD DWDFXOXL 3ULQ
XUPDUHOLPLWHOHQHFHVDUHDOHDSăUăULLVXQWFXSULQVHvQWUH
LQWHUYDOXO GH WLPS GH OD vQFHSXWXO DWDFXOXL ‫܈‬L SkQă OD
LQOăWXUDUHD OXL LDU GHSLVWDUHD DFHVWRU OLPLWH FRQVWLWXLH
GHSăúLUHDDSăUăULLOHJLWLPH
$SăUDUHD HVWH OHJLWLPă SkQă OD OLPLWD vQOăWXUăULL
DWDFXOXL úL SHULFRWXOXL SH FDUHO LPSOLFă GHFL SkQă OD
PRPHQWXO UHVSLQJHULL DJUHVRUXOXL úL D vQFHWLQLULL
SHULFROXOXL'HH[HPSOXvQFD]XODWDFXOXLvPSRWULYDYLHWLL
OLPLWD SHUPLVă HVWH UHVSLQJHUHD FHOXL FH DPHQLQWă YLDWD
'LQFROR GH DFHDVWă OLPLWă vQFHSH GHSăúLUHD OHJLWLPHL
DSăUăULúLUă]EXQUHDFHOXLDWDFDWÌQFD]XODWDFXOXLDVXSUD
XQRUEXQXULDWDFXOQXvQFHWHD]ăRGDWăFXOXDUHDEXQXOXL
FL HO FRQWLQXD DWkWD WLPS FkW EXQXO VH DIOă OD DJUHVRU GH
DFHHDDSăUDUHDHVWHOHJLWLPăDWkWDWLPSFkWFHOFHDWDFăVH
DIOăvQSRVHVLDEXQXOXLILLQGXUPăULW‫܈‬LQHYUkQGVăUHQXQWH
ODHO

372
6XQWHP vQ SUH]HQWD GHSăúLULL OLPLWHORU OHJLWLPHL
DSăUăULvQXUPăWRDUHOHFD]XUL
±FkQGVDSRUQLWRDFWLXQHGHDSăUDUHvQDLQWHGHDVH
GHFODQúD XQ DWDF PDWHULDO GLUHFW LPHGLDW ‫܈‬L LQMXVW FHHD
FHLQVHDPQăFDFHEăQXLHúWHXQDWDFúLULSRVWHD]ăIăUăVă
DúWHSWH vQFHSHUHD SURSULX ± ]LVă D DWDFXOXL HVWH vQ
GHSăúLUHDOLPLWHORUOHJLWLPHLDSăUăUL
± FkQG DSăUDUHD D GHSăúLW LQWHUYDOXO GH WLPS GLQWUH
DWDF úL UHVSLQJHUHD DFHVWXLD 'H H[HPSOX GXSă FH
DJUHVRUXO D IRVW LPRELOL]DW ÄDSăUDUHD FRQWLQXD SULQ
DSOLFDUHD GH ORYLWXUL FDUH QX PDL VXQW QHFHVDUH SHQWUX
DSăUDUHIăFkQGXVHDVWIHORUă]EXQDUHFDUHQXDUHQLFLR
OHJăWXUăFXOHJLWLPDDSăUDUH
± FkQG H[LVWă R GLVSURSRUWLH YăGLWă vQWUH DWDF úL
DSăUDUH FHHD FH vQVHDPQă FD DSăUDUHD DUH R LQWHQVLWDWH
PXOW PDL JUDYă LDU FRQVHFLQWHOH VDOH GHSăúHVF FX PXOW
DWDFXO
ÌQ JHQHUDO DSăUDUHD VH GHVIăúRDUă vQ FRQGLĠLL GH
vQFRUGDUHúLGHWXOEXUDUHDVWIHOFăFHODWDFDWQXPDLúWLH
XQGH VH RSUHúWH DJUHVRUXO 'H DFHHD VH SRDWH FRPLWH vQ
DVWIHO GH FD]XUL úL GHSăúLUHD OLPLWHORU OHJLWLPHL DSăUăUL
DWXQFL FkQG DFHVWD DUH ORF GLQ FDX]D WXOEXUăULL úL D
WHPHULLILLQGVRFRWLWă‫܈‬LDFHDVWDWRWRVLWXD‫܊‬LHGHOHJLWLPă
DSăUDUH QXPLWă vQ GRFWULQD SHQDOă ÄH[FHV GH DSăUDUH
MXVWLILFDW
±ULSRVWDVDXDSăUDUHDWUHEXLHVăDLEăFDUDFWHUVSRQWDQ
DGLFăVăVHGHVIăúRDUHSHQWUXDSUHYHQLXQDWDFLPLQHQW
VDXDDQLKLODXQDWDFDFWXDO

373
6WDUHDGHQHFHVLWDWH
3ULQ IDSWD VăYkUúLWă vQ VWDUH GH QHFHVLWDWH LQWHOHJHP
IDSWD FDUH HVWH VăYkUúLWă SHQWUX D VDOYD YLDWD VăQăWDWHD
VDXEXQXULOHXQHLSHUVRDQHRULXQLQWHUHVSXEOLFGHODXQ
SHULFROJUDYúLLPLQHQW‫܈‬LFDUHSRWULYLWvPSUHMXUăULORUQX
SRDWHILLQOăWXUDWDOWIHO
6SUH H[HPSOX SHQWUX VDOYDUHD PDPHL PHGLFXO
VDFULILFăIăWXO
&RQGL‫܊‬LLOHVWăULLGHQHFHVVLWDWHVXQW
±VăVHILVăYăUúLWRIDSWăGHSHULFROVRFLDO
± IDSWD Vă IL IRVW VăYkUúLWă vQ XUPD XQXL HYHQLPHQW
SHULFXORV D XQXL SHULFRO LPLQHQW HVWH LPLQHQW SHULFROXO
DWXQFLFkQGHVWHSHSXQFWXOGHDVHGHFODQúDLDUGDFăVD
GHFODQúDWSHULFROXOHVWHGHMDDFWXDO
ÌQ FD]XO vQ FDUH SHULFROXO D WUHFXW QX VH PDL SRDWH
LQYRFDVWDUHDGHQHFHVLWDWH
±SHULFROXOVăILHJUDYGHFLVăILHYRUEDGHH[SXQHUHD
vQ SHULFRO D XQRU YDORUL VRFLDOH GHRVHELW GH LPSRUWDQWH
YLDWD VăQăWDWHD DQXPLWH EXQXUL LPSRUWDQWH VDX XQ
LQWHUHVSXEOLF
± SHULFROXO Vă QX SRDWă IL LQOăWXUDW DOWIHO GHFL Vă QX
SRDWă IL RSULW GHFkW SULQ VăYkUúLUHD XQHL IDSWH FDUH
DIHFWHD]ăGUHSWXULOHVDXLQWHUHVHOHXQHLSHUVRDQHRULSULQ
FDUH VH vQFDOFă GLVSR]L‫܊‬LLOH OHJLL 'H H[HPSOX SHQWUX D
VDOYD R SHUVRDQă VXUSULQVă GH LQFHQGLX LQWUXQ LPRELO
SRPSLHULLVXQWQHYRLWLVăVSDUJăRXúăVDX]LGXOGHODXQ
DSDUWDPHQWYHFLQ

374
±SULQIDSWDVăYkUúLWăVăVHSURGXFăXUPăULPDLSXWLQ
JUDYHGHFkWFHOHFDUHVDUILSURGXVGDFăIDSWDQXVDUIL
VăYăUúLW
&X UHVSHFWDUHD DFHVWRU FRQGL‫܊‬LL IDSWD VH FRQVLGHUă
VăYkUúLWă vQ VWDUH GH QHFHVLWDWH LDU FDUDFWHUXO VăX LOLFLW
HVWHLQOăWXUDW
1X VH SRDWH LQFDGUD FD IDSWă VăYkUúLWă vQ VWDUH GH
QHFHVLWDWHQLFLXQXOGLQXUPăWRDUHOHFD]XUL
± vQ FD]XO IDSWXOXL FX XUPăUL YăGLW PDL JUDYH FD] vQ
FDUH OHJHD SUHYHGH Fă QX H[LVWă VWDUH GH QHFHVLWDWH
$FHDVWD LPSXQH FD SHUVRDQD vQ PRPHQWXO VăYăUúLULL
IDSWHL VD‫܈‬L GHD VHDPD Fă SURYRDFă XUPăUL YăGLW PDL
JUDYH GHFkW FHOH FH DU UH]XOWD GDFă QX VDU IL VăYkUúLW
IDSWD  'H H[HPSOX SHQWUX D VH VDOYD R UHFROWă GH OD
LQXQGDWLHVHGLVWUXJHXQGLJFDUHODUkQGXOVăXGLVWUXJH
EXQXULGHRLPSRUWDQWăPXOWPDLPDUH
± VDFULILFDUHD YLHWLL DOWHL SHUVRDQH SHQWUX VDOYDUHD
SURSULHLYLHWL6SUHH[HPSOXH[LVWăGRLRDPHQLLQWUREDUFă
vQ SHULFRO GH VFXIXQGDUH LDU XQD GLQ SHUVRDQH R
vQGHSăUWHD]ăSHFHDODOWăSHQWUXD‫܈‬LVDOYDSURSULDYLDĠă
± ULGLFDUHD YLHWLL XQHL SHUVRDQH SHQWUX DL FXUPD
VXIHULQWHOH HXWKDQDVLD VDXVXSULPDUHDYLHWLLXQHLSHUVRDQH
EROQDYH LQFXUDELO úL D FăUHL PRDUWH HVWH LPLQHQWă OD
UXJăPLQWHOHDFHVWHLDÌQXQHOHOHJLVODWLLHXWKDQDVLD RPRUOD
UXJăPLQWH GLQ PLOă  HVWH FRQVLGHUDWă R FLUFXPVWDQWă
DWHQXDQWă LDU vQ YHFKHD QRDVWUă OHJLVOD‫܊‬LH HUD FRQVLGHUDWă
FKLDURFDX]ăGHQHSHGHSVLUH
&RQVWUDQJHUHDIL]LFă

375
3ULQIDSWDVăYkUúLWăSULQFRQVWUkQJHUHIL]LFăvQWHOHJHP
IDSWD VăYkUúLWă GLQ FDX]D FRQVWUkQJHULL H[HUFLWDWH DVXSUD
IL]LFXOXL VDX FRUSXOXL XQHL SHUVRDQH SL FăUHLD SHUVRDQD
UHVSHFWLYăQXLDSXWXWUH]LVWD
6SUH H[HPSOX XQ PLOLWDU DIODW vQ SHUPLVLH HVWH
vPSLHGLFDW GH R LQ]ăSH]LUH D WUHQXULORU Vă VH SUH]LQWH vQ
WHUPHQODXQLWDWH
&RQGL‫܊‬LLOHFRQVWUkQJHULLIL]LFH
±VăVHVăYkUúHDVFăRIDSWăLOLFLWă
± IDSWD UHVSHFWLYă Vă VH VăYăUúHDVFă GLQ FDX]D XQHL
FRQVWUkQJHULIL]LFHGHFLFDXUPDUHDXQHLHQHUJLLIL]LFH
FDUHVHH[HUFLWăDVXSUDFRUSXOXLVăX‫܈‬LGDWRULWăFăUHLDVH
ULGLFăSRVLELOLWDWHDGHPLúFDUHYRLWăDSHUVRDQHLVDXLVH
GăRPLúFDUHLQGHSHQGHQWăGHYRLQWDXQHLSHUVRDQH
±FHOFRQVWUkQVVăQXSRDWăUH]LVWDFRQVWUkQJHULLIL]LFH
GHFL Vă QX SRDWă vQOăWXUD DFHD FRQVWUDQJHUH GHFkW SULQ
VăYkUúLUHDIDSWHLLOLFLWH
&RQVWUkQJHUHDPRUDOă $PHQLQWDUHD 
3ULQIDSWDVăYkUúLWăGLQFDX]DFRQVWUăQJHULLPRUDOHVH
LQWHOHJH DFHD IDSWă VăYkUúLWă VXE LPSHULXO XQHL JUDYH
WHPHULGHSURGXFHUHDXQXLUăXFXFDUHHVWHDPHQLQĠDWăR
SHUVRDQă FDUH VăYkUúHúWH IDSWD VXE SUHVLXQHD SVLKLFă
H[HUFLWDWăDVXSUDHLGHFăWUHRDOWăSHUVRDQă
6SUHH[HPSOXRSHUVRDQăHVWHDPHQLQĠDWăFXPRDUWHD
VDXYăWăPDUHDFRUSRUDOăVăGLYXOJHXQVHFUHWGHVWDWVDX
VăIDFăRPăUWXULHPLQFLQRDVăVDXXQFDVLHUSUHGăFKHLD
GH OD FDVD GH EDQL XQXL WăOKDU VXE DPHQLQWDUHD FX
PRDUWHD

376
&RQGLĠLLOHFRQVWUkQJHULLPRUDOH
D VăVHVăYăUúHDVFăRIDSWăLOLFLWă
E  Vă VH VăYăUúHDVFă R IDSWă vQ UHSOLFă GLQ FDX]D
FRQVWUkQJHULLPRUDOHDGLFăGLQFDX]DXQHLDPHQLQĠăULFX
XQ SHULFRO JUDY SHQWUX YLDĠD XQHL SHUVRDQH ± OLEHUWDWHD
LQWHJULWDWHD VD RUL SHQWUX XQ LQWHUHV SXEOLF LDU
DPHQLQĠDUHD Vă ILH GH QDWXUă D SURYRFD R WHPHUH
SXWHUQLFă
F  SHULFROXO JUDY Vă QX SRDWă IL LQOăWXUDW vQ DOW PRG
GHFăW SULQ VăYăUúLUHD IDSWHL LOLFLWH GHFL IDSWD SUHWLQVă GH
FHOFHDPHQLQĠă
6H FHUH FD FHO DPHQLQĠDW Vă QX SRDWă LHúL GLQ GLOHPă
GHFkW VăYkUúLQG IDSWD LOLFLWă IăUă D DYHD DOWă DOWHUQDWLYH
GH VFăSDUH GHFkW Vă VXSRUWH UăXO FX FDUH HVWH DPHQLQĠDW
FHHD FH QX HVWH R DOWHUQDWLYă GH VDOYDUH FL XQD GH
GLVWUXJHUH
&D]XOIRU‫܊‬XLW
3ULQIDSWDVăYăUúLWăvQFD]GHIRUĠăPDMRUăVHLQĠHOHJH
IDSWDSHVWHFDUHVHVXSUDSXQHRvQWkPSODUHFDUHQXSRDWH
ILSUHYă]XWăúLFDUHSURGXFHXQUH]XOWDWGHQHSUHYă]XW‫܈‬L
GHQHvQOăWXUDW'HFLvQWkPSODUHDFDUHSURGXFHUH]XOWDWXO
QX DFĠLRQHD]ă VLQJXUă FL HVWH SUHFHGDWă GH R IDSWă
XPDQă $FHDVWă vQWăPSODUH FDUH DFĠLRQHD]ă QHSUHYă]XW
HVWH FHD FDUH VFKLPEă GLUHFĠLD ‫܈‬L UH]XOWDWXO ILUHVF DO
FRQGXLWHLLQLĠLDOHDRPXIXL
&RQGL‫܊‬LLOHFD]XOXLIRU‫܊‬XLWVXQW
±VăVHVăYăUúHDVFăRIDSWăLOLFLWă

377
±IDSWDLOLFLWăVăVHGDWRUH]HXQHLDFĠLXQLSHVWHFDUHVH
VXSUDSXQHRDOWăDFĠLXQHVDXRvQWkPSODUHFDUHSURYRDFă
UH]XOWDWXOSHULFXORV
± SHUVRDQD FDUH D VăYkUúLW SULPD DFĠLXQHD Vă QX IL
SUHYă]XWúLQLFLVăQXILSXWXWSUHYHGHDDSDULĠLDFHOHLGHD
GRXD DFĠLXQL úL QLFL UH]XOWDWXO SURGXV SH FDUH Vă QX,
SRDWăvQOăWXUD'HH[HPSOXSHQWUXRFURWLUHDXQHLUHFROWH
GHSORDLHHDHVWHDGXQDWăvQKDPEDULDUFDXUPDUHDXQHL
IXUWXQLFXGHVFăUFăULHOHFWULFHKDPEDUXOLDIRF
&HHD FH FDUDFWHUL]HD]ă FD]XO IRU‫܊‬XLW HVWH DFĠLXQHD
LPSUHYL]LELOă VSHFLILFă SL LPSRVLELOLWDWHD GH D SUHYHGHD
LYLUHD vQWkPSOăULL FDUH VH VXSUDSXQH úL FDUH vQ ILQDO
SURGXFHUH]XOWDWXOSHULFXORV
$FHDVWă LPSRVLELOLWDWH GH SUHYHGHUH WUHEXLH Vă DLEă
FDUDFWHURELHFWLYúLJHQHUDOvQVHQVXOFDQLFLRSHUVRDQă
LQWUR VLWXD‫܊‬LH VLPLODUă QX DU IL SXWXW SUHYHGHD DFHD
vQWkPSODUH
6SUH H[HPSOX vQ FD]XO FRQGXFHULL UHJOHPHQWDUH D
XQXL DXWRYHKLFXO YHULILFDW GLQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH WHKQLF
GDFă DUH ORF UXSHUHD EDUHL GH GLUHFĠLH VDX R H[SOR]LH GH
FDXFLXF GH SH XUPD FăUHLD VH SURGXFH XQ DFFLGHQW
FDX]DQG SDJXEH XQRU WHUĠH SHUVRDQH IDSWă FH VH
GDWRUHD]ăă FD]XOXL IRU‫܊‬XLW ‫܈‬L GXFH OD H[RQHUDUHD GH
UăVSXQGHUHSHQDOăDIăSWXLWRUXOXL
&D]XOIRU‫܊‬XLWQXH[RQHUHD]ăvQVăGHUăVSXQGHUHFLYLOă
GHRDUHFHFHOFHH[SORDWHD]ăDXWRYHKLFXOXOHVWHREOLJDWVă
VXSRUWH‫܈‬LULVFXULOHIRORVLULLOXL


378
,UHVSRQVDELOLWDWHD
3ULQ IDSWă VăYăUúLWă vQ VWDUH GH LUHVSRQVDELOLWDWH
vQĠHIHJHP IDSWD XQHL SHUVRDQH FDUH vQ PRPHQWXO
VăYkUúLULL HL QX SRDWH Vă‫܈‬L GHD VHDPD GH DFĠLXQLOH VDX
LQDFĠLXQLOH VDOH RUL QX SRDWH IL VWăSăQă SH HOH GDWRULWă
DOLHQDĠLHLPHQWDOHVDXDOWRUFDX]HDVHPăQăWRDUH
&RQGL‫܊‬LLOHLUHVSRQVDELOLWăĠLL
VăVHILVăYkUúLWRIDSWăLOLFLWă
 IăSWXLWRUXO Vă VH DIOH vQ VWDUH GH LQFDSDFLWDWH
SVLKLFDGHSHXUPDFăUHLDVăQXSRDWăVă‫܈‬LGHDVHDPDGH
DFĠLXQLOHVDXLQDFĠLXQLOHVDOHVDXVăQXILHvQVWăSkQLUHD
DFHVWRUD
,UHVSRQVDELOLWDWHDSRDWHIL
±,17(/(&7,9ñHFKLYDOHQWăVDXLQFRQúWLHQWă
±92/,7,9ñFkQGIăSWXLWRUXOQXHVWHvQVWDUHVă‫܈‬L
VWăSkQHDVFă‫܈‬LVă‫܈‬LFRQGXFăDFĠLXQLOHVDOH
ÌQGRFWULQăVDVWDWXDWFDVWDUHDGHLQFDSDFLWDWHSVLKLFă
SRDWH IL SHUPDQHQWă LQFXUDELOă  VDX WUHFăWRDUH
LQWHUPLWHQWă FXQRVFăQGLQWHUYDOHGHOXFLGLWDWHSRDWHIL
vQQăVFXWă FRQJHQLWDOă±LGLRĠHQLHFUHWLQLVPLQIDQWLOLVP
GHELOLWDWH PLQWDOă  VDX VXUYHQLWă ± EROO QHXURSVLKLFH
GREkQGLWH QHYUR]H  WXOEXUăUL SVLKLFH SURYRFDWH GH
LQWR[LFDĠLL FX DOFRRO QDUFRWLFH  IHQRPHQH IL]LRORJLFH
VRPQQDWXUDOVRPQKLSQRWLFOHúLQ 
VWDUHDGHLUHVSRQVDELOLWDWHVăVHGDWRUH]HXQRUFDX]H
GH DOLHQDWLH VDX GHELOLWDWH PLQWDOă GH]HFKLOLEUX VDX
LQVWDELOLWDWH QHUYRDVă VDX HPRWLRQDOă úL Vă ILH WRWDOă
DGLFăVăFRQVWHvQOLSVDFRPSOHWăDFDSDFLWăOLLSVLKLFH

379
3HQWUX D GHWHUPLQD VWDUHD GH LUHVSRQVDELOLWDWH WUHEXLH
VăVHGHWHUPLQHFDX]HOHFHJHQHUHD]ăDFHDVWDUHSUHFXP
úL H[LVWHQWD LUHVSRQVDELOLWăOLL vQ PRPHQWXO VăYkUúLULL
IDSWHL GHRDUHFH QX vQWRWGHDXQD H[LVWHQWD XQHL EROL
PLQWDOH LPSOLFă UHVSRQVDELOLWDWHD 6SUH H[HPSWX
VFKL]RIUHQLD QX LPSOLFă LUHVSRQVDELOLWDWHD 'HRDUHFH
FRQVWDWDUHD H[LVWHQWHL VWăULL GH LUHVSRQVDELOLWDWH QHFHVLWă
FXQRúWLQWHGHVSHFLDOLWDWHHDQXSRDWHILIăFXWăGHFkWGH
PHGLFLLGHVSHFLDOLWDWH
%HWLDLQYROXQWDUăFRPSOHWă
%HWLD HVWH VWDUHD SVLKRIL]LFă DQRUPDOă vQ FDUH VH
JăVHúWHRSHUVRDQăGDWRULWăHIHFWHORUSHFDUHOHDUHDVXSUD
RUJDQLVPXOXL VăX ‫܈‬L DVXSUD IDFXOWăOLORU VDOH PLQWDOH
DQXPLWH VXEVWDQOH H[FLWDQWH VDX QDUFRWLFH FRQVXPDWH GH
DFHDSHUVRDQăVDXLQWURGXVHvQFRUSXOVăX
6WDUHD GH EHWLH QX FRQVWLWXLH R FDX]ă GH vQOăWXUDUH D
FRQGXLWHLLOLFLWHGHFkWvQXUPăWRDUHOHFD]XUL
GDFăVHVăYkUúHúWHRIDSWăLOLFLWă
 GDFă IăSWXLWRUXO VH DIOă vQWUR VWDUH GH EHOLH
LQYROXQWDUă‫܈‬LFRPSOHWăDGLFăLQWURVWDUHGHvQWXQHFDUHD
FRQúWLLQWHL úL OLSVă D GLVFHUQăPkQWXOXL FDX]DWH GH
LPSUHMXUăULLQGHSHQGHQWHGHYRLQWDVD
 VWDUHD GH EHWLH Vă H[LVWH vQ PRPHQWXO VăYkUúLULL
IDSWHLGHFLvQLQWHUYDOXOGHWLPSFkWGXUHD]ăDFWLXQHDVDX
LQDFWLXQHDFHFRQVWLWXLHIDSWXOLOLFLW
 VWDUHD GH EHWLH Vă VH GDWRUH]H XQRU VXEVWDQOH
DOFRROLFHVDXQDUFRWLFH

380
%HWLD YROXQWDUă FRPSOHWă SURGXVă GH DOFRRO VDX GH
DOWH VXEVWDQĠH QX vQOăWXUă UăVSXQGHUHD SHQWUX FRQGXLWă
LOLFLWă (D SRDWH FRQVWLWXL FLUFXPVWDQOă DJUDYDQWă VDX
DWHQXDQWDGXSăFD]
0LQRULWDWHDIăSWXLWRUXOXL
6WDUHD GH PLQRULWDWH LQOăWXUă UăVSXQGHUHD MXULGLFă
DWXQFL FkQG VH VăYkUúHúWH R IDSWă LOLFLWă LQWUXFkW
IăSWXLWRUXOILLQGPLQRUQXDUHFDSDFLWDWHDGHDUăVSXQGH
0LQRULWDWHD GXFH vQVă QXPDL OD LQOăWXUDUHD
UăVSXQGHULLSHQDOH‫܈‬LDGPLQLVWUDWLYHQX‫܈‬LDFHOHLFLYLOH
vQ FDUH SDJXED WUHEXLH UHSDUDWă ILH GH PLQRU ILH GH
SăULQOLLVDXLQVWLWXWRULLVăL Să]LWRULLVăLMXULGLFL 
(URDUHDGHIDSW
3ULQ HURDUH GH IDSW VH vQOHOHJH QHFXQRD‫܈‬WHUHD VDX
FXQRD‫܈‬WHUHD JUHúLWă D XQHL VLWXD‫܊‬LL VWăUL VDX vPSUHMXUăUL
OHJDWHGHIDSWDFDUHVHFRPLWH6SUHH[HPSOXRSHUVRDQă
QX FXQRD‫܈‬WH Fă VXEVWDQWD PHGLFDPHQWRDVă SH FDUH R
DGPLQLVWUHD]ăDOWHLSHUVRDQHHVWHvQGR]ăOHWDOă
'XSă RELHFWXO DVXSUD FăUXLD SRDUWă HURDUHD VH IDFH
GLVWLQFWLH vQWUH HURDUHD GH IDSW úL HURDUHD GH GUHSW
(URDUHDHVWHGHQXPLWăÄGHIDSWDWXQFLFkQGVHUHIHUăOD
XQHOH GDWH DOH UHDOLWă‫܊‬LL IDSWLFH PDWHULDOH DFWLYLWDWH
SHUVRDQă OXFUX vPSUHMXUDUH  FRQVWkQG GHFL vQ
QHFXQRD‫܈‬WHUHD VDX FXQRD‫܈‬WHUHD JUHúLWă D DFHVWRU GDWH DOH
UHDOLWăOLL
(URDUHD GH GUHSW SRDUWă DVXSUD XQHL QRUPH GH GUHSW
FRQVWDQGGHFLvQQHFXQRD‫܈‬WHUHDVDXFXQRD‫܈‬WHUHDJUHúLWăD
DFHVWHLD

381
'LVWLQFWLDvQWUHHURDUHDGHIDSWúLHURDUHDGHGUHSWHVWH
LPSRUWDQWă GHRDUHFH vQ WLPS FH HURDUHD GH IDSW SRDWH
FRQVWLWXLRFDX]ăFDUHvQOăWXUăFDUDFWHUXOSHQDODOIDSWHL
HURDUHD GH GUHSW DWXQFL FkQG VH UHIHUă OD R QRUPă
LPSHUDWLYăQXH[RQHUHD]ăGHUăVSXQGHUHvQWUXFkWÄQHPR
FHQVHWXULJQRUDUHOHJHPVDXÄLJQRUDQWLDMXULVQRFHW
&RQGLĠLLOHHURULLGHIDSW
±VăVHVăYkUúHDVFăRIDSWăLOLFLWă
±IăSWXLWRUXOVăILHvQHURDUHGHFLVăQXFXQRDVFăVDX
Vă FXQRDVFă JUHúLW R VWDUH VLWXD‫܊‬LH VDX vPSUHMXUDUH
SULYLWRDUH OD XQ HOHPHQW DO FRQ‫܊‬LQXWXOXL VDX R
FLUFXPVWDQWă FDUH LL DJUDYHD]ă FDUDFWHUXO LOLFLW DO IDSWHL
'H H[HPSOX XQ úRIHU HVWH VROLFLWDW Vă HIHFWXH]H XQ
WUDQVSRUWGHSURGXVHGHODXQGHSR]LWODRWHUWăSHUVRDQă
LDU DFHVWH PăUIXUL VXQW VXVWUDVH GH SHUVRDQD UHVSHFWLYă
FD]vQFDUHúRIHUXOYDILH[RQHUDWGHUăVSXQGHUHLQWUXFkW
VDDIWDWvQHURDUHGHIDSW
± HURDUHD WUHEXLH Vă H[LVWH vQ PRPHQWXO VăYkUúLULL
IDSWHLLWLFLWH

5(=80$78/81,7Ă‫܉‬,,'(Ì19Ă‫܉‬$5(
&X WRDWH Fă vQ PRG WUDGLWLRQDO FRQFHSWXO GH
UHVSRQVDELOLWDWH D IRVW UHYHQGLFDW GH PRUDOD VWLLQWD
GUHSWXOXL D SUHOXDW vQ PRG FUHDWRU WUăVăWXULOH DFHVWXL
FRQFHSW DGDSWDQGXO OD VSHFLILFXO RELHFWXOXL VăX GH
FHUFHWDUH
/HJHD FDUH HVWH FUHDWLD GUHSWXOXL JHQHUHD]ă
LQFRQWHVWDELOVHQWLPHQWXOUHVSRQVDELOLWDWLL

382
1RUPHOH MXULGLFH DX FDSDFLWDWHD GH D PRGHOD
FRQGXLWHOH ‫܈‬L FRPSRUWDPHQWHOH RULHQWkQGXOH VSUH
LGHDOXULOHSHFDUHVRFLHWDWHDOHDIL[DW
ÌQSURFHVXOFRPSOH[GHUHJOHPHQWDUHOHJLXLWRUXODUHvQ
YHGHUH GH ILHFDUH DWLL úL SRVLELOLWDWHD vQFăOFăULL
QHVRFRWLULLQRUPHORUMXULGLFHGHFăWUHFHWDWHQL
&HLFDUHLQFDOFDQRUPHOHMXULGLFHDGXFDWLQJHUHRUGLQLL
GH GUHSW DIHFWHD]D GUHSWXULOH úL LQWHUHVHOH OHJLWLPH DOH
FHORUODOWLFHWDWHQLWXOEXUăXQHRULJUDYRUGLQHD‫܈‬LOLQLVWHD
SXEOLFă SXQ vQ SHULFRO YDORULOH FHOH PDL LPSRUWDQWH DOH
VRFLHWDWLL
)UHFYHQWDúLJUDYLWDWHDvQFăOFăULORUGHOHJHSUHFXP‫܈‬L
HIHFWHOH SUHURJDWLYH DVXSUD HFKLOLEUXOXL VRFLDO úL RUGLQLL
MXULGLFH vQ JHQHUDO REOLJD OHJLXLWRUXO Vă IL[H]H FX
FODULWDWH UăVSXQGHUHD SHQWUX DFHVWH LQFDOFDUL úL OLFH FX
SURPSWLWXGLQHVDQF‫܊‬LXQLOHFHVHLPSXQ
ÌQ FRQGL‫܊‬LLOH DFWXDOH FkQG VXQW FRQVHPQDWH FUHúWHUL
H[SRQHQWLDOH DOH IDSWHORU GH vQFăOFDUH D OHJLL GH OD FHOH
PDL SXWLQ SHULFXORDVH SkQă OD FULPLQDOL]DUHD ‫܈‬L
FULPLQDOLWDWHD GH vQDOWă YLROHQWD VH YăGHúWH LPSHULRV
QHFHVDUDL LQWLQGHUHD LQFULPLQăULORU úL vQăVSULUHD
VDQF‫܊‬LXQLORUDSOLFDWHDFHVWRUFDWHJRULIDSWH
ÌQ DFHVWH FRQGL‫܊‬LL LQVWLWX‫܊‬LD UăVSXQGHULL MXULGLFH
GREDQGHVWH LPSRUWDQWDFXWRWXOVSHFLDODSHQWUXHOVHQVXO
HLHVWHDFHODGHDJDUDQWLUHDELOLWDWHDúLRUGLQHD 
5ăVSXQGHUHD MXULGLFă HVWH XQ UDSRUW MXULGLF FUHDW GH
QRUPD OHJDOD vQWUH SHUVRDQD FDUH D LQFDOFDW GLVSR]L‫܊‬LD

383
OHJLLúLVWDWUHSUH]HQWDWGHRUJDQHOHREOLJDWHFXDSOLFDUHD
OHJLL
&RQWLQXWXO DFHVWXL UDSRUW MXULGLF GH WLS VSHFLDO HVWH
DOFăWXLW GLQ GUHSWXO VWDWXOXL GH D DSOLFD VDQF‫܊‬LXQLOH
SUHYă]XWH GH QRUPHOH MXULGLFH SHUVRDQHOORU FDUH DX
vQFăOFDW SUHYHGHULOH OHJDOH ‫܈‬L REOLJDWLD DFHVWRU SHUVRDQH
GH D VH VXSXQH VDQF‫܊‬LXQLORU OHJDOH vQ VFRSXO UHVWDELOLULL
RUGLQLLGHGUHSW
3UHFL]ăUL
± UăVSXQGHUHD MXULGLFă HVWH XQ UDSRUW MXULGLF GH
FRQVWUkQJHUH
± UăVSXQGHUHD MXULGLFă UHSUH]LQWă VHJPHQWXO ILQDO
XOWLPXO WURQVRQ DO DFWXOXL FRPSOH[ GH LQIDSWXLUH D
MXVWLWLHL vQ FDUH UHJăVLP GUHSWXUL ‫܈‬L REOLJD‫܊‬LL FH VH QDVF
GDWRULWă VăYkUúLULL XQHL IDSWH LOLFLWH SULQ LQFDOFDUHD
GLVSR]L‫܊‬LXQLORUOHJLL
±RELHFWXOUăVSXQGHULLMXULGLFHHVWHVDQF‫܊‬LXQHDFDUHVH
DSOLFăGHRUJDQXOVSHFLDOL]DWDOVWDWXOXL
± UăVSXQGHUHD MXULGLFă HVWH H[SUHVLD VSHFLILFă D
UHVSRQVDELOLWDWLL VRFLDOH SRWULYLW FăUHLD ILHFDUH LQGLYLG
WUHEXLHVăvúLDVXPH‫܈‬LVXSRUWHFRQVHFLQWHOHIDSWHORUVDOH
± vQWRWGHDXQD UăVSXQGHUHD MXULGLFă HVWH OHJDOă DGLFă
LQWHUYLQH QXPDL vQ EDQ OHJLL QLPHQL QX‫܈‬L SRDWH IDFH
VLQJXUGUHSWDWH 
±GHFODQúDUHDUăVSXQGHULLMXULGLFHúLVWDELOLUHDIRUPHL
FRQFUHWH D DFHVWHLD UHSUH]LQWă SUHURJDWLYD XQRU RUJDQH
VSHFLDOHDELOLWDWHDOHVWDWXOXL

384
± UăVSXQGHUHD MXULGLFă UHSUH]LQWă UHDFWLD RUJDQL]DWă D
DXWRULWDWLL VWDWDOH SH FDUH R GHFODQVHD]ă VăYkUúLUHD XQHL
IDSWHVRFLDOPHQWHSHULFXORDVH


ÎNTREBĂRI RECAPITULATIVE
'HILQL‫܊‬LUăVSXQGHUHDMXULGLFă
(QXPHUDWLFRQGL‫܊‬LLOHUăVSXQGHULLMXULGLFH
'HILQL‫܊‬LFRQGXLWDLOLFLWD
'HILQL‫܊‬LYLQRYă‫܊‬LD
(QXPHUD‫܊‬LFDX]HOHFDUHLQODWXUDFDUDFWHUXOSHQDODO
IDSWHLSUHYD]XWDGHOHJH

7(0(3(1758'(=%$7(5(
)DFWRULLFULPLQRJHQLGLQVLVWHPXOHFRQRPLF
6LVWHPXOMXULGLFúLOHJLVODWLY±IDFWRULFULPLQRJHQL
6LVWHPXOEDQFDUGLQ5RPDQLD±IDFWRUGHLQL‫܊‬LHUH‫܈‬L
DPSOLILFDUHDFULPLQDOLWDWLLvQGRPHQLXODIDFHULORU


BIBLIOGRAFIE

 1LFRODH 3RSD ± 7HRULD JHQHUDOă D GUHSWXOXL
%XFXUH‫܈‬WLS
 'XPLWUX 0D]LOX ± 7HRULD JHQHUDOă D GUHSWXOXL
%XFXUH‫܈‬WLS



385
%LEOLRJUDILHJHQHUDOă

 $OH[DQGUX 0LUFHD ± 7HRULDJHQHUDOă DGUHSWXOXL


(G8QLYHUVLWDV%XFXUHúWL
 $OH[DQGUX 0LUFHD ± 7HRULDJHQHUDOă DGUHSWXOXL
(GLWXUD8QLYHUVLWDV%XFXUH‫܈‬WL
 & %XODL ± 'UHSW SHQDO URPDQ ± 3DUWHD JHQHUDOă
YRO,%XFXUHúWLS
 &RQVWDQWLQ %XODL 0DQXDO GH GUHSW SHQDO
%XFXUH‫܈‬WL
 'XPLWUX 0D]LOX ± 7HRULD JHQHUDOă D GUHSWXOXL
%XFXUHúWL
 *K&0LKDL±)XQGDPHQWHOHGUHSWXOXL7HRULDúL
ILOR]RILDGUHSWXOXL
 *K(QHVFX±)LORVRILHúLORJLFă(GùWLLQWLILFă
%XFXUH‫܈‬WL
 *K 0LKDL úL 5 0RWLFD ± )XQGDPHQWHOH
GUHSWXOXL(GLWXUD$OO±
 *K 1LVWRUHDUQX FROHFWLY ± 'UHSW SURFHVXDO
SHQDO 3DUWHD JHQHUDOă (GLWXUD &RQWLQHQW ;;,

 *KHRUJKH 0LKDL ± (OHPHQWH FRQVWUXFWLYH GH
DUJXPHQWDUH MXULGLFă (G $FDGHPLHL %XFXUH‫܈‬WL

 ,RDQ 2DQFHD &RQVWDQWLQ %XODL 9 'REULQRLX
FROHFWLY ± 'UHSW SHQDO 3DUWHD JHQHUDOă
%XFXUH‫܈‬WL

386
 ,RQ &UDLRYDQ ± 7HRULD JHQHUDOă D GUHSWXOXL
%XFXUHúWL
 ,RQ'DVFDOX'LWD%RQGULFL±'UHSWGPLQLVWUDWLY
%XFXUH‫܈‬WL(GLWXUD%LRWHUUD
 ,RQ 'RJDUX ± 7HRULD JHQHUDOă D GUHSWXOXL
&UDLRYD
 ORQ)LOLSHVFX±7UDWDWGHGUHSWXOIDPLOLHL(GLWXUD
$FDGHPLHL%XFXUH‫܈‬WL
 0 /XEXULFL úL , &HWHUFKL ± 7HRULD JHQHUDOă D
GUHSWXOXL±%XFXUH‫܈‬WL
 0 0DOLĠD ± Ä=HFH PLL GH FXOWXUL R VLQJXUă
FLYLOL]DĠLH±(GLWXUD1HPLUD%XFXUH‫܈‬WL
 0 0DQROHVFX ± 7HRULD ‫܈‬L SUDFWLFD GUHSWXOXL
%XFXUHúWL
 0DULQ 9RLFX ± &XUWHD (XURSHDQD D 'UHSWXULORU
2PXOXL(GLWXUD-XULGLFă
 1 3RSD ±  7HRULD JHQHUDOă D GUHSWXOXL (GLWXUD
Ä$FWDPL%XFXUH‫܈‬WL
 1LFRODH3RSD$XJXVWLQ5ăGXFDQX5,0RWLFD±
7HRULDJHQHUDOăDGUHSWXOXL%XFXUH‫܈‬WL
 6DQGD *KLPSX $OH[DQGUX 0LFOHD ± 'UHSWXO
PXQFLL(GLWXUD6DQVD%XFXUH‫܈‬WL
 6RILD 3RSHVFX 'UDJRú ,OLHVFX 6WDQFLX
&ăUSHQDUX3DXO&RVPRYLFLVD±7UDWDWGHGUHSW
YRO O 3DUWHD JHQHUDOă HGLWXUD $FDGHPLHL
%XFXUH‫܈‬WL
 9LFWRU ' =OăWHVFX ± 'UHSW SULYDW FRPSDUDW
%XFXUH‫܈‬WL

387
 9O +DQJD ± OQWURGXFHUH ,VWRULD GUHSWXOXL
URPkUHVFYRO,(G$FDGHPLHL%XFXUH‫܈‬WL



388

You might also like