BYZANTINE EMPIRE

BY THE TIME CONSTANTINE CAME TO POWER , THE

EMPIRE HAD SPLIT INTO HALF:

THE WESTERN ROMAN EMPIRE: ROME

THE EASTERN ROMAN EMPIRE: BYZANTIUM

(CONSTANTINOPLE)

EASTERN ROMAN EMPIRE IN THE EAST DURING LATE

ANTIQUITY AND THE MIDDLE AGES WHEN ITS CAPITAL
CITY WAS CONSTANTINOPLE (MODERN DAY ISTANBUL)
GEOGRAPHICAL INFLUENCE
• BYZANTINE STOOD ON SEVEN HILLS. IT IS AT THE JUNCTION OF EUROPE AND ASIA,
WHICH ARE DIVIDED BY NARROW STRIP OF WATER.
• ALSO IT IS AT INTERSECTION OF TWO GREAT HIGHWAYS OF COMMERCE – THE WATER
HIGHWAY BETWEEN BLACK SEA AND MEDITERRANEAN SEA
• MARBLE WAS BROUGHT FROM QUARRIES IN THE ISLAND AND ALONG THE SHORES OF
EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN SEA TO CONSTANTINOPLE.
CLIMATIC INFLUENCE
• CLIMATE IS HOTTER , THEREFORE SMALL WINDOWS AT HIGH LEVEL AND FEW
OPENINGS WERE USED.
• FLAT ROOF IN COMBINATION WITH DOMES AND THE OPEN COURTYARDS
SURROUNDED BY SHELTERING ARCADES FEATURES ARE PREDOMINANT.
REGIONAL INFLUENCE
• CONSTANTINE ESTABLISHED CHRISTIANITY AS THE STATE RELIGION OF ROMAN
EMPIRE
BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE

MASSIVE DOME WITH A SQUARE INTERIORS WERE ROUNDED ARCHES AND SPIRES
BASE DECORATED WITH
INTRINSIVE GLASS
WORK
  REPRESENT FUSION OF ORIENTAL AND ROMAN CLASSIC ARCHITECTURE.
DECORATION HAD ITS ORIGIN IN BABYLONIAN STYLE, WHILE DOME WAS INCORPORATED
FROM ROME.
• GREEK CROSS PLAN IN CHURCH
ARCHITECTURE A CROSS WITH 4 EQUAL
ARMS AT RIGHT ANGLES

• BUILDINGS INCREASED IN GEOMETRIC

COMPLEXITY BRICK AND PLASTER WERE
USED IN ADDITION TO STONE IN THE
DECORATION OF IMPORTANT PUBLIC
STRUCTURES CLASSICAL ORDERS WERE
USED MORE FREELY MOSAICS REPLACED
CARVED DECORATION COMPLEX DOMES
RESTED UPON MASSIVE PIERS AND WINDOWS
FILTERED LIGHT THROUGH THIN SHEETS OF
ALABASTER TO SOFTLY ILLUMINATE
INTERIORS
GREEK CROSS PLANS
BYZANTINE DOME CONSTRUCTION
• THE DOME, AS WE HAVE SEEN, EARLY BECAME THE MOST CHARACTERISTIC
FEATURE OF BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE; AND ESPECIALLY THE DOME ON
PENDENTIVES
• IF A HEMISPHERE BE CUT BY FIVE PLANES, FOUR PERPENDICULAR TO ITS BASE
AND BOUNDING A SQUARE INSCRIBED THEREIN, AND THE FIFTH PLANE PARALLEL
TO THE BASE AND TANGENT TO THE SEMICIRCULAR INTERSECTIONS MADE BY
THE FIRST FOUR, THERE WILL REMAIN OF THE ORIGINAL SURFACE ONLY FOUR
TRIANGULAR SPACES BOUNDED BY ARCS OR CIRCLES. THESE ARE CALLED
PENDENTIVES.
CONSTANTINOPLE
(PRESENT DAY INSTANBUL)
THE BAZAAR, CONSTANTINOPLE
CHURCH
OF CHORA
FEATURES:
• THE MAIN STRUCTURE OF THE CHURCH IS A BUILDING ON AN ANTHROPIED GREEK
CROSS PLAN COVERED BY A DOME.
• THE DOME IS A CIBORIUM-SHAPED HIGH FRAME SUPPORTED BY FOUR COLUMNS.
• 16 LONG WINDOWS PROVIDE LOTS OF DAYLIGHT TO THE INTERIOR.
• THE MAIN ROOMS FLOOR AND WALLS ARE COVERED WITH MARBLE.
• THE APSE IS SUPPORTED WITH A OUTER SEMI-CIRCULAR FLYING BUTTRESS AND
INSIDE THE APSE IS THE MIHRAB MADE IN OTTOMAN PERIOD
• THE WALLS OF THE NAOS ARE DECORATED WITH MARBLE PLATES AND THE
NARTHEXES ARE ENTIRELY DECORATED WITH MOSAICS.
MOSAIC AND
FRESCOES:
MURALS INSIDE THE CHURCH OF CHORA

PAINTED DOME
SULEYMANIYE
MOSQUE
FEATURES:
• THE COURTYARD:
-THE MOSQUE FEATURE A VERY LARGE COURTYARD AND FEATURES SEVERAL COLUMNS
CRAFTED FROM MARBLE, GRANITE AND OTHER FINE MATERIALS.
-THE COURTYRAD IS ALSO FOME TO FOUR MINARETS.
• THE DOME:
- THE MAIN DOME IS SURROUNDED BY SMALLER DOMES AS WELL AS SERIES OF ARCHES
WHICH ARE COVERED BY DECORATIVE WINDOWS SUPPORTED BY BUTTRESSES.
• INTERIOR DECORATION:
- IZNIK TILE WORK IS DONE INSIDE THE MOSQUE AS WELL AS A FEW IVORY DESIGNS CAN
ALSO BE SEEN INSIDE IT.
• DIMENSIONS:
- THE DOME OF THE MOSQUE IS 53M HIGH, MAKING IT THE TALLEST DOME IN THE
OTTOMAN AT THE TIME OF ITS CONSTRUCTION.
VENICE
 CITY IN NORTHEASTERN
ITLAY
 IT IS SITED ON A GROUP OF
118 SMALL ISLAND
SEPRATED BY CANAL AND
LINKED BY BRIDGES
 CITY IS ENTIRELY LISTED
AS WORLD HERITAGE SITE
WITH ITS LAGOON
 ORIGIN AND GEOGRAPHY
NO HISTORIC RECORD THAT DEAL DIRECTLY WITH THE FOUNDING OF VENICE , TRADITION
AND THE AVAILABLE EVIDENCE LED HISTORIANS TO BELIEVE THAT ORIGINAL POPULATION
OF VENICECONISTED OF REFUGEES FROM ROMAN CITIES NEAR VENICE SUCH AS PAUDA,
AQUELIA, ALTINO.
 VENICE IN-
FROM 5TH – 8TH CENTURY
VENETIAN SOCIETY-
 THE EARLY SETTLEMENTS CONISTED OF
SMALL FISHING VILLAGES
 CRAFTMANS, FISHERMEN AND SALT
TRADERS
 HAD AN URBAN PLAN WITH
INFRASTRUCTURE
ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES-
 TRADED SALT AND FISH FOR GRAIN
 ESTABLISHED TRADE
FROM 9TH -15TH CENTURY
• CAPABLE LEADERS CONTRIBUTED TO THE
RISE OF VENICE
• TRADE DEVELOPMENT AND EXPANSION
HAPPENED:-SKILLED DIPLOMATS
OBTAINED FAVORABLE TRADING TERMS
• USED A COMBINATION OF LAND AND SEA
ROUTES TO ARABIA
CITY PLANNING
 CITY IS SURROUNDED BY WATER FORCE
CAR DO NOT EXIST IN VENETIAL CITY
CANNAREGIO -ENTRY POINT FOR MOST
VISITOR TO VENICE
SAN POLO - HAS MARKET STALLS, SMALL
SHOPS,AND LOCAL BARS
DORSODURO -SETTLEMENT FOUNDED BY
FISHERMEN
SANTA CROCE -NAMED AFTER THE
CHURCH OF SANTA CRORCE . TRAVERSED
BY THE GRAND CANAL
SAN MARCO -HOME OF THE POLITICAL
AND THE JUDICIAL CENTRES
CASTELLO -INDUSTRIAL HUB
 MONUMENTS IN VENICE
MONUMENTS OF VENICE. VENICE ITSELF IS A MONUMENT, AN OPEN-AIR MUSEUM. ANY
SIGHTS YOU VISIT, THAT IS SAN MARCO, THE HEART OF VENICE, OR MORE DISTANT
AREAS FROM THE TOURIST CENTER, YOU WILL ALWAYS FIND MONUMENTS,
CHURCHES, PALACES TO VISIT AND ADMIRE.

ST. MARK'S SQUARE IS REALLY THE HEART OF
VENICE, MOSTLY BECAUSE OF ITS LOCATION ON
THE BANKS OF THE GRAND CANAL, AND BECAUSE
OF THE GREAT NUMBER OF BEAUTIFUL,
HISTORICAL MONUMENTS LOCATED THERE.
THE PIAZZA ST. MARCO, IS THE ONLY SQUARE
THAT IS CALLED A PIAZZA, THE OTHERS ARE
SIMPLY CALLED "CAMPO". IT'S MUCH MORE THAN
A SIMPLE CITY SQUARE, IT'S A SYMBOL
ST. MARK'S BASILICA MAJESTICALLY SYMBOLIZES THE
LAGOON AND ENSHRINES THE CITY'S HISTORY. POSSESSION OF
THE SAINT'S RELICS ENABLED THE REPUBLIC TO ESTABLISH
ITS AUTHORITY, IT WAS DECIDED TO REBUILD THE CHURCH ON
THE SAME GREEK CROSS PLAN AS THE PREVIOUS ONE.
THE RIALTO BRIDGE'S 24-FOOT
ARCH WAS DESIGNED TO ALLOW
PASSAGE OF GALLEYS, AND THE
MASSIVE STRUCTURE WAS BUILT ON
SOME 12,000 WOODEN PILINGS THAT
STILL SUPPORT THE BRIDGE MORE
THAN 400 YEARS LATER. THE
ARCHITECT, ANTONIO DA PONTE,
COMPETED AGAINST SUCH EMINENT
DESIGNERS AS MICHELANGELO AND
PALLADIO FOR THE CONTRACT.
THANK YOU
JAPNEET KAUR
SHWETA DHIMAN
SHWETA SEJWAL
SHIPRA ANAND
RACHNA RANA
2-B