CHEMISTRY

CBSE PROJECT
2016-2017

Certificate
This is certified to be the bonafied work done by roll no.
_______________ in the chemistry laboratory during the
academic year 2016-2017.

Teacher’s signature Examiner’s signature School stamp

Acknowledgement

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 I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my
teacher Ms. Greeshma Sebastian who gave me the golden
opportunity to do this wonderful project which also helped me
in doing a lot of Research and I came to know about so many
new things.

Secondly I would also like to thank my parents and friends who

helped me in finalizing this project within the limited time
frame.

INDEX

 Topic
 Aim
 Apparatus

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 Theory
 Procedure
 Result
 Precautions
 Bibliography

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 TOPIC:
Preparation of soap

AIM
To prepare a sample of washing soap.

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 Apparatus
 250 ml beaker
 100 ml beaker
 Wire gauge
 Bunsen Burner
 Glass stirring rod
 Ethanol
 Coconut oil (100 g)
 Food colour

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  NaOH (20% solution)
 Saturated solution of sodium chloride

Theory
Soaps and detergents are essential to personal and public
health. They safely remove germs, soils and other contaminants
and help us to stay healthy and make our surroundings more
pleasant.   Soaps are made from fats and oils or their fatty acids.
Fatty acids are merely carboxylic acids consisting of a long
hydrocarbon chain at one end and a carboxyl group (-COOH) at
the other end. They are generally represented as RCOOH. They
are an important component of plants, animals and other
microorganisms. They are found in various parts of the body,
such as cell membranes, the nervous system and as lung
surfactant.

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There are two groups of fatty acids: saturated fatty acids and
unsaturated fatty acids.
Saturated fatty acids :Fatty acids contain carbon-carbon
single bonds called saturated fatty acids.
Examples: stearic acid (C17H35COOH) & palmitic acid
(C15H31COOH)
Unsaturated fatty acids :Unsaturated fatty acids contain
one or more double bonds between carbon atoms.
Example: Oleic acid (C17H33COOH)
Glycerol has three alcohol functional groups (-OH group) and
fatty acids have the carboxyl group (-COOH group).  Since
glycerol has three –OH groups, three fatty acids must react with
one glycerol molecule to make three ester functional groups and
form triesters of glycerol or triglyceride. During this process
three molecules of water are eliminated. The three fatty acids
may or may not be identical.

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Equation

Preparation of Soap

Procedure

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 Measure 20g of cooking oil into a 250ml beaker. Add 20ml of
ethanol and 25ml of 20% sodium hydroxide solution. Stir the
mixture in the beaker. Place the beaker on wire gauze on a
ring stand and heat gently.
 Heat until the odor disappears.
 Turn off the burner and allow the beaker to cool down.
 Move it safely to bench top.
 Add 100ml of saturated sodium chloride to your soap
preparation and stir the mixture thoroughly.
 It is used to remove the soap from water, glycerol, and any
excess sodium hydroxide present.
 Filter off the soap with a vacuum filtration apparatus and
wash once with ice water.
 Weigh your dried soap and record the weight.

Result
The soap has been prepared.

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Page
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 Topic:
TEST for Alkali % in soap
samples

AIM
To find the free alkali percentage in soap samples.

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 Apparatus
 Different samples of soap – Cinthol, Godrej, Khadi,
Lifebuoy
 Test tubes
 Methyl orange
 Burette
 HCl (0.1N)
 Pipette
 Measuring flask
 250ml conical flask

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Page
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 Theory
 Titration is an analytical technique for determining the
concentration of a solution by measuring its volume
required to completely react with a standard, which could
be a solid of high purity or a solution of known
concentration
 Titrant is the reagent of known concentration.
 Titrand is the reagent of unknown concentration.
 Molarity is the number of moles of solute present per
litre of solution
 Equivalence point is the stage of titration when the
reaction is just complete.
 End point refers to the point at which the indicator
changes colour in a colourimetric titration.
 Indicator is the substance which changes colour when
the reaction between two reactants is complete.

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 PROCEDURE
 Weigh 5g of each soap sample and transfer it to a conical
flask. Then distilled water was added to make up to 250
ml. Mix well.
 Rinse all the required apparatus with tap water and then
with distilled water.
 Rinse the burette and funnel with 0.1N HCl.
 Fix the burette into clamp stand and fill it upto zero level
with 0.1N HCl.
 Pipette 10ml of the first soap sample into the conical flask
and add 1-2 drops of methyl orange. Then place it below
the clamp stand.
 Release the HCl into the conical flask drop by drop.
 Swirl the conical flask while titrating 0.1N HCl with the
soap sample solution. Continue the procedure till pink
colour appears which indicates the end point.
 Note down the initial and final readings and calculate the
titre value.
 The procedure was repeated thrice with each of the soap
sample.
 Repeat step 5 - 9 for the other soap samples as well.

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 Observations
A) Preparation of HCl
V1 - Volume of standard HCl
N1 - Normality of standard solution = 12N
V2 - Volume of HCl to be prepared = 250 ml
N2 – Normality of HCl to be prepared = 0.1N

N1V1 = N2V2
0.1x250 = 12xV2
V2 = 2.08 ml

B) Titration between HCl and Soap samples.

 Solution (of known strength–titrant) in the conical
flask = Soap samples
 Solution (of unknown strength–titrand) in the
burette = 0.1N HCl
 Volume of soap sample solution – 10.0 ml
 Indicator used – Methyl orange
 End point – orange to pink

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 Observation table
A) Cinthol

Volume of Initial Final Volume of

S.No Soap sample burette burette HCl used.
solution. (V1) reading (Ir) reading (Fr) (Fr-Ir) (V2)

1) 10.0 ml 0.0 22.5 22.5 ml

2) 10.0 ml 22.5 45 22.5 ml

Titre value – 22.5 ml

B) Godrej

Volume of Initial Final Volume of

S.No soap sample burette burette HCl used.
solution. (V1) reading (Ir) reading (Fr) (Fr-Ir) (V2)

1) 10.0 ml 13 27 14 ml

2) 10.0 ml 27 41 14 ml

Titre value – 14 ml

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C) Lifebuoy

Volume of Initial Final Volume of

S.No soap sample burette burette HCl used.
solution (V1) reading (Ir) reading (Fr) (Fr-Ir) (V2)

1) 10.0 ml 23.3 46.2 22.9 ml

2) 10.0 ml 46.2 23 23 ml

Titre value – 22.9 ml

D) Khadi

Volume of Initial Final Volume of

S.No soap sample burette burette HCl used.
solution (V1) reading (Ir) reading (Fr) (Fr-Ir) (V2)

1) 10.0 ml 12 23.7 11.7 ml

2) 10.0 ml 23.7 35.4 11.7 ml

Titre value – 11.7 ml

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 Calculations
1) Cinthol :

N1= 0.1 x 22.5/10

N1= 0.225 N

Strength = N1 x required amt of NaOH

= 0.225 x 40 = 9 g/L

Amount of NaOH in 1000 cc = 9g

Amount of NaOH in 250 cc = 2.2g

5g of soap has 2.2g extra alkali

Amt of excess alkali in 100g of soap = 100 x 2.2 / 5 = 44%

2) Godrej :

N1 = 0.1 x 14/10
N1 = 0.14 N

Strength = N1 x required amt of NaOH

= 0.14 x 40 = 5.6 g/L

Amount of NaOH in 1000 cc = 5.6 g/L

Amount of NaOH in 250 cc = 1.4 g

5g of soap has 1.4g extra alkali

Amt of excess alkali in 100g of soap = 100 x 1.4/5 = 28%

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3) Lifebuoy :

N1 = 0.1 x 22.9/10
N1 = 0.229 N

Strength = N1 x required amount of NaOH

= 0.229 x 40 = 9.16 g/L

Amount of NaOH in 1000 cc = 9.16 g/L

Amount of NaOH in 250 cc = 2.29 g

5g of soap has 2.29g extra alkali

Amt of excess alkali in 100g of soap = 100 x 2.29/5
= 45.8%

4) Khadi :

N1 = 0.1 x 11.7/10
N1 = 0.117 N

Strength = N1 x required amount of NaOH

= 0.117 x 40 = 4.68 g/L

Amt of NaOH in 1000 cc = 4.68 g/L

Amt of NaOH in 250 cc = 1.1 g

5g of soap has 1.1g extra alkali

Amt of excess alkali in 100g of soap = 100 x 1.1/5 = 22%

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 Result
1) Alkali % of Sample A (cinthol) – 44%
2) Alkali % of Sample B (godrej) – 28%
3) Alkali % of Sample C (Lifebuoy) – 45.8%
4) Alkali % of Sample D (Khadi) – 22%

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 Precautions
 Watch your reaction mixture at all times as it is heating.
Do not let it boil over and do not let the volume of the
heated solution decrease too much.
 Wear safety goggles if available.
 Do not hold the pipette by the bulb.
 Do not forget to rinse all the apparatus with distilled
water and with the solution that will be taken in it.

Bibliography
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 Class 12th NCERT textbook
 http://www.chymist.com/Soap%20and%20detergent.pdf
 http://faculty.ccbcmd.edu/~cyau/122%2007%20Acid-base
%20titration%20AUG%202013.pdf
 https://en.wikipedia.org
 http://amrita.olabs.edu.in/?
sub=73&brch=3&sim=119&cnt=1

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