Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Expressnotes Scienceform1 120619230340 Phpapp02 PDF
Expressnotes Scienceform1 120619230340 Phpapp02 PDF
Ng Chee Kin
B.Sc.(Hons.), MBA
ngcheekin@gmail.com
mrcheekin@blogspot.com.au
Pr
EXp R eE�����
SS
s
u
.a
CHAPTER 1
om
Introduction to Science
t.c
1 Science is a systematic study of nature and its Measuring cylinder Evaporating dish
effects on us and the environment. Beaker Filter funnel
2 Natural phenomena are events that happen
po
naturally around us.
3 Science can be divided into many fields such
as: Biology, physics, chemistry, geology,
astronomy and meteorology.
gs
4 Science-based careers are occupations that are
Water trough Tripod stand
based on science, for example: Life science –
doctor, nurse, dietician, botanist, zookeeper;
lo
earth science – environmental scientist, Bell jar Gas jar
meteorologist, geologist, mineralogist,
volcanologist; and physical science – physicist,
chemist, engineer, architect, and radiologist. .b Test tube rack
in
1.2 A Science Laboratory
1 It is a room or a building where scientific
ek
Test-tube Boiling tube Flat-bottomed flask Round-bottomed flask Dropper Eureka can
u
Highly flammable vernier
(2) Forming a hypothesis
calipers
.a
Examples: (3) Planning the experiment
Ethanol, petrol (4) Controlling variables Length of String
om
curves and ruler,
(5) Collecting data opisometer
(6) Analysing and interpreting data
Explosive Area of Mathematical 1 cm2
(7) Drawing a conclusion
regular formulae, = 100 mm2
t.c
Examples: (8) Writing a report shapes graph paper
Sodium, potassium 1 m2
Area of Estimation = 10 000 cm2
1.4 Physical Quantities and Their Units
po
1 Physical quantities and their s1 units: irregular using graph 1 km2
Corrosive shapes paper = 1 000 000 m2
Examples: Physical Unit
SI units Volume of Measuring 1 ml = 1 cm3
Concentrated quantities symbols
gs
hydrochloric acid, liquids cylinder, 1 l = 1 000 cm3
length metre m
sodium hydroxide pipette, 1 m3 = 1 000 000 cm3
mass kilogram kg burette
lo
time second s
Poisonous/toxic Volume of Mathematical
temperature kelvin K regular- formulae,
Examples:
Lead, mercury
.b
electric current ampere A shaped solids water
displacement
method
in
1.5 Weight and Mass
(Eureka can
1 The weight of an object is the pull of the
or measuring
ek
u
communications. Vacuoles Stores water and
2 They also ensure the physical quantities are
.a
dissolved materials
measured accurately and consistently. Euglena nucleus
om
CHAPTER 2 structure of a cell.
(f)
bud
Cell As a Unit of Life 2.2 Unicellular and Multicellular Organisms
t.c
2.1 What is a Cell?
Yeast
1 A cell is the basic unit of life. (a) nucleus
2 Its function is to carry out life processes.
po
2 A multicellular organism has many cells.
Cell
(a) (b)
Pleurococcus
gs
Protoplasm Cell membrane
Chondrus Hydra
(b) nucleus
Nucleus Cytoplasm
lo
(c)
Spirogyra
Animal cells Plant cells
Irregular in shape
No cell wall
Regular in shape
Have cell wall
.b Amoeba
pseudopodium
2.3 Cell Organisation in the Human Body
in
1 Organisation of cell:
No chloroplasts Have chloroplasts (c)
Cell (simple)
ek
Structure Function ↓
Nucleus Controls all cell activities
Organ
Cytoplasm A place where chemical (d) ↓
rc
u
Nose
.a
Trachea Bronchus Skin
om
(d) Epithelial tissue
(b) Red blood cell
Liver
Lungs Kidney
t.c
Urinary
4 Examples of system: bladder
(c) Epithelial cell
po
(a) (b) Respiratory system Excretory system
Oviduct or
Pituitary Fallopian tube
gs
gland
Thyroid Ovary
(d) Bone cell Lungs Stomach gland Uterus
lo
Vagina
Female
.b
(c) (d)
Adrenal
gland
Sex
glands
Sperm
duct
in
Ovary
3 Examples of tissue: Testis
(female) Urethra
(a) Connective tissue Testis
(male) penis
ek
CHAPTER 3 Examples Soil, wood, Water, Air Liquid Mercury To make thermometer,
most metals mercury hydrometer
Matter
u
(a type of Water To make drinks, cooking,
metal)
.a
3.1 What is Matter?
washing and cleaning
1 Matter is everything that has mass and Gas Air To fill buoy, rise hot
3.3 The Concept of Density
air balloons, make a
om
occupies space.
1 Density is defined as mass per unit volume of submarine sink or float
2 Examples of matter are wood, air, water, soil
a substance.
and living things.
Mass CHAPTER 4
Density = ————
3.2 The States of Matter Volume
t.c
The Variety of Resources on Earth
1 Matter exists in three states: solid, liquid and
2 The unit of density is gram per cubic
gas.
centimeter (g/cm3). 4.1 The Various Resources on Earth
2 Matter changes its state when it is heated or
po
3 The buoyancy of a substance is affected by its 1 The basic resources needed for life on Earth
cooled.
density. are:
3 The kinetic theory of matter states that matter
4 Buoyancy (or flotation) refers to the ability
consists of tiny and discrete particles. Basic Useful
of a substance to float or sink in another Importance
gs
4 Characteristics of state matter: resource substances
substance.
Characteristic Solid Liquid Gas 5 A lower density substance will float on a Air Needed for Oxygen,
higher density liquid. respiration and nitrogen,
Arrangement Closely Further apart Very far
lo
6 On the other hand, a higher density substance combustion carbon
of particles packed apart dioxide
will sink in a lower density liquid.
Carbon dioxide
body systems
Movement of No free Move freely, Move 3.4 The Properties of Matter and Their Application
particles movement, collide with freely, very in Everyday Life Soil Contains air, water, Humus
vibrate one another rapidly and minerals and organic
Matter Example Applications
he
Fossil Used to produce Coal, Examples Iron, Naphthalene, Soil, air, Brittleness and Ductile (can Brittle (can
fuels energy in power petroleum, hydrogen, sugar, rubber, dessert hardness be pulled break easily)
u
plants, factories, natural gases oxygen, table salt, into strands) and soft
vehicles, machines helium, water and hard
.a
and to make plastics carbon, Malleability Malleable Non-
Living They are sources Meat, skin, mercury (ability to be malleable
om
things of food, building carcasses, shaped)
materials, clothes silk, milk Comparing metals and non-metals
Conductivity of Good Poor
and fuel heat conductor of conductor of
Physical
Metals Non-metals heat heat
properties
t.c
4.2 Elements, Compounds and Mixtures Surface Shiny Dull Conductivity of Good Poor
Comparing elements, compounds and mixtures appearance electricity conductor of conductor of
electricity electricity
po
Aspect Element Compound Mixture Brittleness Ductile (can Brittle (can
Melting point High Low
Appearance and hardness be pulled into break easily)
strands) and and soft Boiling point High Low
hard Density High Low
gs
Malleability Malleable Non- Comparing the Properties of Compounds and
Definition It is the It is made It is made (ability to be malleable Mixtures
simples up of two up of two shaped)
lo
substance or more or more Aspect Compounds Mixtures
Conductivity Good Poor
substances substances of heat conductor of conductor of (a) Method of By chemical By physical
which are
chemically
combined
which
are not
chemically
.b
Conductivity
heat
Good
heat
Poor
separation
(b) Formation
reactions.
A new
means.
No new
in
of a new substance is substance is
combined of electricity conductor of conductor of
substance formed formed
electricity electricity
Composition Only Can consist
(c) Conversion of Heat is No heat is
ek
(e) Identification The original The original 1 Air consists of about 20% of oxygen. 5.2 The Properties of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide
of the original components components Water fills up – of
u
components cannot be can be
gas jar, showing Carbon
that about 20% of Properties Oxygen
identified identified the volume of air dioxide
.a
easily easily consists of oxygen
Colour Colourless Colourless
(f) Ratio of Components Components
Odour (smell) Odourless Odourless
om
components are combined are formed
in a specific without a Solubility in Slightly Slightly
2 Air contains water vapour.
ratio fixed ratio water soluble soluble
Cork
Solubility Not soluble Very soluble
4.3 To Appreciate the Importance of Earth’s
t.c
Test tube in sodium (to form
Resources
Ice Liquid on the hydroxide sodium
1 Preservation of resources is the act of keeping outer wall of
carbonate)
the test tube
the resources in their original state. Water
po
2 Conservation of resources is the responsible Effect on lime No effect Lime water
use and management of natural resources to water turns cloudy
Beginning of End of
prevent loss, waste or damage. experiment experiment Supporting Supports Does not
gs
3 Preservation and conservation of Earth’s 3 Air contains microorganisms. combustion combustion. support
resources are important to: combustion.
(a) prevent extinction of animal and plant • A glowing • A glowing
species
lo
splinter splinter
(b) prevent depletion of natural resources relights relights
such as fossil fuels and minerals • A burning • A burning
(c) prevent the pollution of air and water
(d) ensure the basic needs of humans are not
threatened
.b splinter
burns more
brightly
splinter
burns more
brightly
in
(e) ensure the natural resources will be
available for future generations 4 Air contains dust particles.
pH Neutral Acidic
ek
5.3 Oxygen is Needed for Respiration • Bronchitis, pneumonia (caused by Energy Characteristics Examples
sulphur dioxide)
1 Oxygen is needed for respiration to produce Potential Energy stored • A stretched
u
• Death (caused by carbon monoxide)
energy. (stored energy) in an object due sling-shot
4 The effects of air pollution on the
2 The composition of inhaled and exhaled air:
.a
environment: to its position or • A rock on a
Composition (%) • Acid rain (caused by sulphur dioxide) condition. cliff
Gas • Thinning of the ozone layer (caused by • A
om
Inhaled air Exhaled air compressed
CFC)
Nitrogen 78 78 • Greenhouse effect (caused by carbon spring
Oxygen 21 16 dioxide) • A wound up
• Haze (caused by dust particles, soot) alarm clock
Carbon
t.c
0.03 4
dioxide
5.6 The Importance of Keeping the Air Clean Kinetic • Energy that • A moving
Inert gases 0.97 0.97 (working is found bus
1 We can keep the air clean by practising the
Water energy) in moving • A swinging
po
Less More following:
vapour objects. pendulum
• Using less CFC based products, such as • A rotating
aerosols. ceiling fan
gs
5.4 Oxygen is Needed for Combustion • Recycling and reducing wastes • A flying
1 Combustion is a process that requires oxygen, • Using unleaded petrol aeroplane
heat and fuel. • Using public transport or sharing vehicles Heat • Energy that • A burning
2 Combustion of carbon (such as charcoal):
lo
(car pooling) (working is released candle
Carbon + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide • Installing catalytic converters to motor energy) by hot • A boiling
vehicles objects. water
3 Combustion
kerosene):
of hydrocarbon (such as .b
2 Cigarette smoke contains tar, nicotine and
carbon monoxide which are harmful to
• The hot Sun
• A hot iron
in
Hydrocarbon + Oxygen → humans. Light • Energy that • A shining
Carbon dioxide + Water (working is produced star
energy) by glowing • A glowing
ek
• Brain damage in children (caused by lead chemical, heat, nuclear, light, mechanical, • A blowing
particles, carbon monoxide) sound whistle
u
Examples Uses springs energy that
energy
Electrical • Energy that • An electric • Volcanoes can be used
.a
(working is produced iron Fossil fuels • Coal • To generate to generate
energy) by flowing • An electric • Petroleum electricity in electricity
• Natural power plants
om
electrical heater
current gas • As the main 5 Energy changes from one form to another. For
(electricity). fuel for vehicles example:
and machines
Situation Energy change
Chemical • Energy that • Food
t.c
Wind • Moving • To move a
(stored energy) is stored in • Fossil fuels A marble rolls Potential energy →
air sailboat
a substance (such as down a slope Kinetic energy
• To turn a
that can be natural gas, Winding up spring Kinetic energy →
windmill for
po
burnt. coal and of a toy car Potential energy
pumping water
petrol)
and grind corn Burning a candle Chemical energy →
• Wood
• To generate Heat + Light energy
gs
electricity in
Nuclear • Energy that • Explosion Beating a drum Kinetic energy →
wind farms
(stored energy) is produced of an atomic Sound energy
by atoms bomb Water • Rain fall • To generate Switching on a fan Electrical energy →
lo
that are • The (hydro) hydroelectricity kinetic energy
broken explosion
down on the Sun’s Sun • The Sun • To generate An exploding Nuclear energy →
(through
nuclear
fission) or
surface .b
(solar) electricity (solar
cells and solar
panels collect
atomic bomb Heat + Light +
Sound energy
in
solar energy 6 The Sun is the primary source of energy.
combined
(through and convert
6.2 Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy
ek
nuclear it electrical
Sources
fusion). energy)
• To enable 1 Comparing renewable and non-renewable
Mechanical • Energy that • A car is photosynthesis energy sources:
he
energy) both kinetic swings back • To produce will never run out) cannot be replaced)
energy and and forth electrical energy • Solar energy • Fossil fuels (such
potential in submarines
m
u
water) on energy hotness of an the more the heat
• Biomass energy object volume, energy is
.a
(from plants) the more supplied, the
• Wind energy SI Unit joule (J) kelvin (K). the heat higher the
Normally we
om
(from wind) temperature
• Geothermal use degrees
Celsius (°C) Difference
energy (from the
Earth) How it is • Kinetic • Supplying
produced energy heat energy
t.c
P Q P Q
2 Conservation and efficient use of energy: (such as to an object
(a) Use energy efficient equipment, such as rubbing (causing 100°C 100°C
fluorescent lights hands) temperature
po
(b) Use public transport, such as buses and • Chemical to increase) P contains P and Q have
light-rail transit (LRT) energy • Removing more heat the same
(c) Practice car-pooling to work (such as heat from than Q temperature
burning an object
gs
6.3 The Importance of Conserving Energy Sources fossil fuels) (causing
7.2 The Effects of Heat Flow on Matter
• Electrical temperature
1 Conserving non-renewable resources 1 Heat changes the volume of matter.
energy to decrease)
will make them last longer for the future 2 When heated, the volume of matter increases.
lo
(such as
generations. Hence, matter expands.
lighting a
light bulb) 3 When cooled, the volume of matter decreases.
CHAPTER 7
Heat
.b • Nuclear
energy 4
Hence, matter contracts.
Heat flows from a hot region to a cold region
in three ways:
in
(such as
nuclear (a) conduction, occurs in solids
7.1 Heat as a Form of Energy (b) convection, occurs in fluids (such as
fission in
ek
Boiling Liquid → Gas Heat is (a) Mercury or alcohol in thermometers 7.6 The Benefits of Heat Flow
absorbed (b) Bimetallic strip in thermostats 1 Application of heat flow via conduction:
u
(c) Bimetallic strip in fire alarms (a) Heat is used for cooking food with
Condensation Gas → liquid Heat is (d) Gaps in railway tracks and bridges cooking utencil
.a
released (e) Telephone wires (b) Heat is used to melt metal for making
Evaporation Liquid → Gas Heat is (f) Metal pipes carrying hot water and oil jewellery and equipment
absorbed
om
2. Applications of heat flow via convection:
Sublimation Solid → Gas 7.5 Absorbing and Giving Out Heat (a) Convection currents improve the air
Gas → Solid Heat is 1 Objects that absorb heat are called heat circulation and keeps the buildings cool
absorbed absorber. (b) Convection currents cool the Earth’s
Heat is 2 Objects that give out heat are called heat surface through sea breeze and land
t.c
released radiator. breeze.
3 Dark, dull objects are good heat absorber and 3 Applications of heat flow via radiation:
good heat radiator. (a) Heat flow by radiation is used to dry
po
7.4 Application of Contraction and Expansion of 4 White, shiny surfaces are poor heat absorber laundry
Matter and poor heat radiator. (b) The heat from the Sun keeps the Earth
1 Application of expansion and contraction of and our body warm
matter:
gs
lo
.b
in
ek
he
rc
m