Boehm Compensation Grouting PDF

Compensation Grouting
Breakthrough in Tunneling Short Course

September 12-15, 2016
Boulder, CO
Dennis W. Boehm
www.HaywardBaker.com
Presentation Outline
• What is Compensation Grouting

• Installation Methods/Monitoring
• Modeling of compensation grouting
• Finite element calculations for compensation
grouting at Antwerp Central Station
• Case Histories
• Summary and conclusions
2

• Case Histories
3
Grouting Processes
4
Compensation Grouting -or- Soilfrac® Grouting
• Originally developed in the oil industry for

fracturing formations to aide in the production of
the well.
• Keller/Hayward Baker developed the process to
accommodate small scale installation process
for the geotechnical construction industry
• Allows precise control of lifting structures and
when coupled with computer monitoring, control
within millimeters
5
Soilfrac® Process
6
Uses for Soilfrac® Grouting
7
Typical Grouting Ranges
8
The injection pipes are made of multiple ported
tubes that allow design placement of grout
Injection Pipe
Sleeve Port Pipe
Grouted Sheeth
Injection Port
Grout
Grout after fracture initiated
Packer
Known as Tube-A-Manchette Pipes
9
Exposed Soilfrac lenses following a single
grout injection
10
Grouting Efficiency
• Ratio of ground volume change to grout volume

injected
• Varies from site to site due to ground conditions
11

• Case Histories
12
Several methods of installing the grout pipes are
available based upon site restrictions
13
Compensation grouting from a shaft
14
Compensation grouting from nearby basement
15
Control of grouting parameters possible in real
time
All grouting parameters

under real time control
Use of computer
controlled pumping
units allow grout
quantities to be
individually controlled
controlled
16
Typical instrumentation types and locations
considered for compensation grouting
17
Sophisticated and non sophisticated methods
allow for movement monitoring
Systems allow monitoring

within 0.005 in
18

• Case Histories
19
Grout Consumption Corresponds to the
Settlement
20
Problem Statement for modeling analyis
21
Comparison of grouting techniques and how they
are modeled
BASIC MODELLING OF THE GROUTING PROCESS AND

DEFINITION OF GROUTED AREA
Volume Volume
V0+∆V V0+∆V
Volume
V0
∆V
∆Vi
a
∆V=Σ∆Vi
initial situation- compaction fracture

grouted area grouting grouting
22
Deformation modes of the grouted zones used in
the modeling
heave
due to grouting
surface
x
O
h
a
grouted zone
∆a0 ∆a´
a
ε = ∆a0 / a δ = ∆a´ / a
Initial ε > 0 contraction δ > 0 vertical shortening

Deformed ε < 0 expansion δ < 0 horizontal shortening
23
Analytical solution proposed by Sageseta (1987)
DISPLACEMENTS AT GROUND SURFACE
2*α −1
a 1  1 − x '2 
sz = 2 * ε * a *   * * 1 + ρ * 
Vertical: h (1 + x' ) 2 α

2 
1 + x' 
2*α −1
a x'  1 − x '2 
Horizontal: s x = −2 * ε * a *   * 1 + ρ * 
h (1 + x' ) 2 α

2 
1 + x' 
sz … vertical displacement
sx … horizontal displacement
h … depth of injection/excavation
a … radius of grouted zone/excavation
x´ … normalized horizontal distance (x/h)
ε … uniform radial deformation
δ … ovalization
ρ… relative ovalization (δ/ε)
α … exponent for drained cases
24

• Case Histories
25
ANTWERP CENTRAL STATION
Historical
Landmark
High Loads
considered
Minimal
movement
26
 84 TAMs
 3500 m borings
 45 m max. length
shaft
TAMs
shaft
wells
picture: Eurostation, Brussels
27
pipe roof
tunnel wall
picture:
Graphic:
Eurostation,
Eurostation,
Brussels
Brussels
28
+8.0 m
0.0 m
A B C D E F G H pipe roof
-13.0 m tunnel
Boomse Clay
29
Compensation Grouting efficiency at Antwerp
Station
30
FE-CALCULATIONS ANTWERP PROJECT
FINITE ELEMENT MODEL
P 455 P 470
foundations
conditioned zone
pipes A-B-C-D
tunnel
Antwerp Sand
Boomse Clay
COMPARISON MEASUREMENT – FE-MODEL
VERTICAL DISPLACEMENTS AT WATER LEVEL POINT P455
3,0
2,5
displacement [mm]
2,0
1,5
1,0
measurement P455
0,5 calculation P455
0,0
g
t.
C
*
v.
B
A
B*
C
in
ca
p.
pe
pe
p.
pe
ro
nn
p.
p.
pe
m
ex
m
tg
pi
pi
pi
m
m
gi
pi
co
co
co
co
ac
el
be
nn
nt
co
tu
COMPARISON MEASUREMENT FE-
MODEL
VERTICAL DISPLACEMENTS AT WATER LEVEL POINT P470
3,5
3,0
displacement [mm]
2,5
2,0
1,5
1,0
measurement P470
0,5 calculation P470
0,0
g
t.
C
A
v.
B
A
B*
C
in
ca
p.
pe
pe
p.
pe
ro
nn
p.
p.
pe
m
ex
m
tg
pi
pi
pi
m
m
gi
pi
co
co
co
co
ac
el
be
nn
nt
co
tu

• Case Histories
34
Soilfrac® - City-Tunnel Leipzig
Central Station
„Bayrischer Bahnhof“
Wilh. Leuschner Platz

Central Station
Station Markt
Drilling
Control of drilling deviation
Monitoring
Grout control
Vertical displacement
Grout volume
TAM
Project “San Ruffillo”, Bologna, Italy
N Tunnel excavation
 twin tunnels
with 15m
distance

www.KellerGrundbau.com
length 6,112m
 diameter 9.4m
 excavated
area 69.81m²
 cover 15 –
21m
 EPB-shield
Start shaft Pk 0+966
Compensation
grouting
To Florence
Problem statement
expected volume loss of the TBM-excavation: 1%
maximum advancement of the TBM: 10m/day
Compensation of differential settlements of piers
Allowable differential settlement: Δ uij <= l/3000
pier i pier j
displacement i
displacement j
span l
Compensation grouting “San Ruffillo”
TYPICAL CROSS SECTION
Original design with SHAFT
railway bridge
fill
sand
gravel, sandy,
shaft silty
grouting pipes
2 layers
tunnel
9.1m diameter
Compensation grouting “San Ruffillo”
TYPICAL CROSS SECTION
railway bridge
fill
sand
grouting pipes
2 layers gravel, sandy,
maximum length 68m silty
HDD-drilling
tunnel
9.1m diameter
w43
Compensation grouting “Via Emilia”
existing railway
bridge
length 112m
1 central arch (l=16.0m)
8 lateral arches (l=8.1m) Florence
Milano
Via Emilia Levante

Compensation grouting “Via Rimesse”
Milano Florence
existing railway
bridge
length 41m
1 central arch (l=14.4m)
2 lateral arches (l=7.2m)
Metro line („Suburbana“)

Upper circuit > vertical displacements
transition point
Lower circuit > monitoring of vertical

displacements (and rotations)
w46
Displacements resulting after TBM 2
> Maximum differential settlement 1.9mm
3D graph of total grout volume
San Francisco 3rd Street Light Rail - Central Subway
Drilling and Grouting Programs
 Chinatown Station (CTS)
 Issue: Adjacent Building Settlement along
Station Excavation
 Solution: Compensation Grouting
 Union Market Square Station (UMS)
 Issue: Adjacent Building Settlement along
Station Excavation
 Solution: Compensation Grouting
9/26/2016 49
3rd Street Light Rail - Central Subway
Project Alignment
Chinatown
Station (CTS)
Union Market
Square Station
(UMS)
Moscone
Station (YBM)
9/26/2016 50
CTS Compensation Grouting
Pre-conditioning Statistics
 Total Installed Grout Holes = 94
 Drilling Rigs = 2 on 2 Shifts
 TAM Installed = 13,320 LFT
 TAM Installation Rate = 73 LFT / Rig Shift
 Whips = 4
 Grout Injected = 86,000 Gal
 Grout Injection Rate = 1385 Gal / Shift
 Treatment = 10 Buildings – 41,150 Sq. Ft.
 Completed 10/08/15
9/26/2016 51
TAM Pipe Array
9/26/2016 52
Drilling and TAM Installation

9/26/2016 53
Pre-conditioning Grouting
9/26/2016 54
UMS Compensation Grouting
Pre-conditioning Statistics
 Total Grout Holes = 209
 Drilling Rigs = 1 on 2 Shifts
 TAM Installed = 19,605 LFT
 TAM Installation Rate = 94 LFT / Rig Shift
 Whips = 4
 Grout Injected = 204,000 Gal
 Grout Injection Rate = 1416 Gal / Shift
 Treatment = 15 Buildings – 126,815 Sq. Ft.
 Anticipated Completion = September 2016
9/26/2016 55
TAM Pipe Array
9/26/2016 56
Drilling and TAM Installation

9/26/2016 57
Pre-conditioning Grouting
9/26/2016 58
Case History
Annunciation Church
Layout of Soilfrac® Pipes and Jet Grout
Columns
Amount of Movement Required
Sleeve Pipe Installation
Frac Grouting
Results of Survey
Grouting Recap
 Installed 93 full and half triple system jet grout

columns to depths exceeding 25 feet.
 Installed 86 Soilfrac® pipes and pumped 4,178
cft of grout
 Achieved plumbness within 0.12° of perfectly
plumb from 0.44° and 0.34°, 65 to 75%
correction.
A New Foundation for
Years to Come
Compensation Grouting Program at
Jack II
• Access Shaft
• 34 Secant Piles
• Monitoring Instrumentation
• Getec UK
• Hydrostatic Leveling Cells (HLC)
• Tiltmeters
• Extensometers
• Preconditioning of TAM pipes
• 3500+ ports
• 5200 CFT grout
• Compensation Grouting
• 9000 CFT grout
67
Isometric View Looking Southwest
68
• Grouting Efficiency Factor
• 12 Quadrants
• GEF = (Grout Tributary Area*Avg. Heave)/Grout Volume
69
Soil
Frac
Pipes
70
SUMMARY and CONCLUSIONS
• Finite element model proposed to simulate the

effects of compensation grouting
• Numerical model compares well with analytical
solution for elastic, undrained behaviour
• Compensation grouting allows for quicker
tunnelling applications
• Precise levelling of sensitive structures is more
efficient with compensation grouting
• HDD installation procedures extend the
treatment possible on project sites
71
This is the Last Slide
Thank You!! Questions?
Dennis W. Boehm
dwboehm@haywardbaker.com
281-668-1870
72

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Compensation Grouting

Breakthrough in Tunneling Short Course

• What is Compensation Grouting

• What is Compensation Grouting

• Originally developed in the oil industry for

Sleeve Port Pipe

Grout after fracture initiated

Known as Tube-A-Manchette Pipes

• Ratio of ground volume change to grout volume

• What is Compensation Grouting

All grouting parameters

Systems allow monitoring

• What is Compensation Grouting

BASIC MODELLING OF THE GROUTING PROCESS AND

initial situation- compaction fracture

Initial ε > 0 contraction δ > 0 vertical shortening

• What is Compensation Grouting

picture: Eurostation, Brussels

• What is Compensation Grouting

Wilh. Leuschner Platz

Start shaft Pk 0+966

Original design with SHAFT

Via Emilia Levante

Metro line („Suburbana“)

Upper circuit > vertical displacements

Lower circuit > monitoring of vertical

3D graph of total grout volume

Drilling and TAM Installation

Drilling and TAM Installation

 Installed 93 full and half triple system jet grout

Isometric View Looking Southwest

• Finite element model proposed to simulate the

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