Colloids and Surfaces A 554 (2018) 142–148

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Colloids and Surfaces A

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/colsurfa

The great improvement of the surfactant interfacial activity via the T

intermolecular interaction with the additional appropriate salt
⁎
Kaihe Lva, Pan Huanga, Yipu Lianga, Peng Liana, Hui Yanb, Han Jiaa,
a
School of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, China
b
School of Pharmacy, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252000, China

G R A P H I C A L A B S T R A C T

A R T I C LE I N FO A B S T R A C T

Keywords: The typical organic salt benzyltrimethylammonium bromide (BMAB) was used to greatly enhance the interfacial
Benzyltrimethylammonium bromide activity of the traditional anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS). The additional BMAB
Sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate caused the obvious reduction of the interfacial tension (IFT) between the SDBS aqueous solution with a low
Intermolecular interaction concentration and model oil (Vtoluene:Vn-decane = 1:1). Based on the special SDBS/BMAB intermolecular inter-
Interfacial tension
action, we proposed that the synergistic effect between the electrostatic attraction and π-π stacking interaction
Enhanced oil recovery
largely increased the SDBS interfacial concentration, leading to the dramatic IFT reduction. Three organic salts
and two surfactants with similar structures, as well as the typical inorganic salt NaCl, were used in control
experiments to confirm our speculation. The interaction energies between SDBS molecules and different organic
salts were calculated using molecular mechanics to further interpret the mechanism. The salt and temperature
tolerances of the SDBS/BMAB system were systematically investigated. Moreover, the availability of the SDBS/
BMAB mixture in brine water/crude oil system was evaluated by the core flooding tests.

⁎
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: jiahan@upc.edu.cn (H. Jia).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2018.06.038
Received 11 February 2018; Received in revised form 12 June 2018; Accepted 15 June 2018
Available online 18 June 2018
0927-7757/ © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
K. Lv et al. Colloids and Surfaces A 554 (2018) 142–148

1. Introduction The main compositions of crude oil and the electrolytes in formation
brine are given in Table S1 and Table S2, respectively.
The displacement efficiency of residual oil is the most significant
factor in enhanced oil recovery (EOR). The increase of capillary 2.2. Measurements of interfacial tension
number, Nc, effectively mobilizes the residual oil trapped in reservoir
pore structures, which can be achieved by reducing the water/oil in- The interfacial tension measurements were conducted on an inter-
terface tension (IFT) [1,2]. The IFT between crude oil and displacement facial tension apparatus (American CNG Company, TX-500C) using the
fluid can be reduced to the ultralow value (＜10−2 mN/m) by the ap- spinning drop method as in our previous reports [28–31]. First, the
propriate surfactant, which remarkably improves the displacement ef- surfactant solution was filled in the test tube. Then, a small droplet of
ficiency of oil recovery [3]. model oil (Vtoluene:Vn-decane = 1:1) or crude oil was injected into the
To obtain the higher recovery, many groups focused on the in- water phase. The volume ratio of water/oil was approximately 200. The
vestigations of the high-performance surfactants, such as biosurfactants rotating velocity in the measurements was set at 8000 rpm at the given
[4–6], gemini surfactants [7,8], zwitterionic surfactants [9–13], surface temperature.
active ionic liquids [14–16], and mixed surfactants [17,18]. Kamal
reviewed the excellent interfacial activities of the gemini surfactants 2.3. Core flooding tests
(IFT reduction, wettability alteration, adsorption, and rheology) [7].
Cui’s group synthesized the zwitterionic surfactants with two alkyl In the typical flooding test, the artificial core was 60 cm in length
chains. The large hydrophobic portions caused the enhanced ability to and 5.0 cm in diameter, which was from a sandstone reservoir. The tests
reduce the IFT [9,10]. In short, the novel surfactants with outstanding were performed at the oil reservoir temperature of 65 °C. First, the core
properties were regard as the ideal candidates in EOR. However, the was saturated with the brine, followed by the injected crude oil to al-
complex synthetic methods and correspondingly high cost may ser- most no generated brine (brine cut < 1%). Next, the core was flooded
iously restrict their further applications. with the brine until no more oil was produced (oil cut < 1%). Then, a
The introduction of additive agents is another feasible method to 0.5 PV slug of the brine solution containing the chemical compositions
modify the surfactant performances. The cosurfactant alcohols, cyclo- was injected. Finally, an extended brine slug was injected until the oil
dextrins, nanoparticles, and polymers were employed in the literatures cut was negligible. The injected rate was given at 2.0 mL/min.
[19–22]. Recently, the electrostatic attraction between the surfactant
head groups and the salts (NaCl, MgCl2, and CaCl2) in brine water was
3. Results and discussion
found to increase the interfacial concentrations of surfactant molecules
[23–27]. The intermolecular interaction between the NaCl and surfac-
3.1. Effects of additional BMAB molecules on the IFT between model oil and
tant molecules were beneficial to the IFT reduction [25]. Further, our
SDBS aqueous solutions
group investigated the effects of the intramolecular and intermolecular
electrostatic attractions among the surfactant molecules on their ar-
Fig. 1 presents the decreased tendencies of three IFT curves with the
rangements at the water/oil interface [28–31]. Based on the electro-
increased BMAB concentrations. The slight additional BMAB molecules
static attraction and other intermolecular interactions, we successfully
(1000 mg/L) obviously decrease the IFT values between model oil and
fabricated the gemini-like surfactants by combining a single chain
SDBS aqueous solutions by one order of magnitude, and the ultra-low
surfactant and a bola-type salt at the interface, which exhibited the
IFT values (＜10−2 mN/m) are obtained at high BMAB concentrations
satisfactory ability to enhance crude oil recovery [29]. Moreover, the
(5000 mg/L∼10,000 mg/L). To confirm the effects of the typical or-
counter-ions in surfactant molecules could greatly improve their in-
ganic salt BMAB, the traditional inorganic salt NaCl was used to replace
terfacial activities [28,31]. Enlightened by above results, we speculated
BMAB in the control experiment. As shown in Fig. 2, the additional
the addition of the appropriate salt to the traditional surfactant solution
NaCl merely causes the moderate IFT reduction. At the same salt con-
might be a convenient and promising approach to enhance the inter-
centration, the IFT value for SDBS/BMAB system is about two orders of
facial properties of the surfactants.
magnitude lower than that for SDBS/NaCl system. Due to its greater
Herein, we added the typical organic salt benzyltrimethylammonium
molar mass, the BMAB molecular number is much less than that of
bromide (BMAB) to the traditional anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl
NaCl.
benzene sulfonate (SDBS) aqueous solutions. Interestingly, the SDBS/
For the ionic surfactant, the electrostatic repulsion among the
BMAB system could reduce the water/model oil IFT to the ultra-low
charged head groups of the surfactants prevents their close-packed
value at a low SDBS concentration (250 mg/L). Based on the results of
control experiments, the intermolecular interactions between SDBS and
BMAB, including the electrostatic attraction and π-π stacking interac-
tion, dominated the IFT variations. In addition, the SDBS/BMAB system
was further evaluated by the core flooding tests.

2. Experimental

2.1. Chemicals

Sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS, 95%, Fig.S1a), sodium do-

decyl sulfate (SDS > 99 wt%, Fig.S1b), dodecyltrimethylammonium
bromide (DTAB > 99 wt%, Fig.S1c), benzyltrimethylammonium bromide
(BMAB > 99 wt%, Fig.S1d), benzyltriethylammonium bromide (BEAB >
99 wt%, Fig.S1e), tetramethylammonium bromide (TMAB > 99 wt%,
Fig.S1f), tetrapropylammonium bromide (TPAB > 99 wt%, Fig.S1g), so-
dium chloride (> 99 wt%), toluene (> 99 wt%) and n-decane (> 99 wt%)
were purchased from Aladdin Chemical Reagent Co. Ltd. The SDBS was
recrystallized by methanol, and other chemicals with analytical grade Fig. 1. Effects of additional BMAB molecules on the IFT between model oil and
were used as received. SDBS aqueous solutions (100 mg/L, 250 mg/L, and 1000 mg/L) at 30 °C.

143
K. Lv et al. Colloids and Surfaces A 554 (2018) 142–148

Fig. 4. Effects of different additional salts on the IFT between model oil and
Fig. 2. Comparison of BMAB and NaCl effects on the IFT between model oil and
SDBS aqueous solutions (250 mg/L) at 30 °C.
SDBS aqueous solutions (250 mg/L) at 30 °C.

effects, the control organic salts exhibit the poor ability to reduce the
arrangement at the water/oil interface (Fig. 3a). The additional salt can
IFT values, especially for TMAB and TPAB systems (Fig. 4). Their per-
compress the ionic surfactant adsorption layer by neutralizing the
formances in IFT reduction can be elucidated from the aspect of the
charges of their head groups at the interface, resulting in the IFT re-
molecular structures and corresponding intermolecular interactions.
duction [32]. Compared with the traditional salt NaCl with the sole
The TMAB can only interact with the SDBS via the electrostatic at-
electrostatic attraction, the π-π stacking interaction between the ben-
traction, which is the same with the NaCl. The less molecular number
zene rings in both BMAB and SDBS molecules remarkably improves the
and large steric hindrance of the TMAB affect its interaction with the
interfacial arrangement of the SDBS molecules (Fig. 3b). The compact
SDBS. The two above factors seriously weaken the TPAB effects on the
SDBS arrangement enhances the association among their alkyl chains
IFT. Then the IFT value in SDBS/TMAB system is a little lower than that
via hydrophobic interactions and decreases their surface diffusivity
in SDBS/TPAB system, but much higher than that in SDBS/NaCl system
[33]. The relatively large volume of BMAB molecules may restrict their
(Fig. 4, Table S3). Interestingly, the BEAB with a benzene ring shows
Brownian motion from the interface to the bulk phase, leading to the
the improved ability in IFT reduction. Although the ethyl may cause the
high BMAB interfacial concentration [34]. In a word, the BMAB mo-
larger steric hindrance, the π-π stacking interaction between the ben-
lecules can induce more SDBS molecules to replace the original water/
zene ring in both BEAB and SDBS molecules evidently dominates the
oil molecules and enter into the interface via both electrostatic attrac-
IFT reduced degree.
tion and π-π stacking interaction. The interaction across the interface
To confirm the assumption, the interaction energies between SDBS
becomes much stronger than the original interaction between the
molecules and different organic salts were calculated (Fig. 5). Both the
highly dissimilar oil molecules and water molecules [23]. Thus, the
double-numeric-quality using polarization functions basis sets and the
dramatic IFT reduction should be attributed to the synergistic effect
generalized gradient corrected functional with DFT package are the
between the electrostatic attraction and π-π stacking interaction.
base of the calculation processes [35]. The calculation process included
all of the electrons with a basis set cutoff of 0.4 nm. The energies cal-
3.2. Verification of the intermolecular interaction between SDBS and BMAB culated for different systems are shown in Table 1. The negative energy
at the interface values indicate that all processes are spontaneous. It is worth noting
that the interaction energies between SDBS molecules and organic salts
It is unexpected that the π-π stacking interaction can exert intensive with benzene rings (BMAB and BEAB) are larger than those with no
influence on the surfactant arrangement at the water/oil interface. To benzene ring (TMAB and TPAB). The great interaction energy can ef-
verify the effects of intermolecular interaction, the additional organic fectively increase the SDBS interfacial concentration, resulting in the
salt BMAB and the anionic surfactant SDBS were replaced by the che- low IFT value. These results are in accordance with our speculation
micals with similar structures, respectively. Compared with BMAB

Fig. 3. Schematic illustrations of the BMAB effects on the interfacial arrangements of SDBS molecules.

144
K. Lv et al.
Fig. 5. The interaction models between SDBS molecules and different organic salts: (a) BMAB, (B) BEAB, (C) TMAB, and (D) TPAB.
Table 1
Energies of SDBS/organic salt systems in Fig. 5.
Organic salt BMAB BEAB TMAB TPAB
Energy (cal/mol) −156.25 −154.17 −148.32 −146.71
[28].
The above control experiments demonstrated that the benzene ring
in salt was indispensable for the remarkable IFT reduction. It was
speculated that both the charge type and the benzene ring in the sur-
factant were the essential conditions. Then two control surfactants were
employed: SDS, an anionic surfactant with no benzene ring; DTAB, a
cationic surfactant with no benzene ring. As shown in Fig. 6, the ad-
ditional BMAB causes the moderate IFT reduction for the SDS system,
whereas the IFT reduced level is very slight for the DTAB system. It is
concluded that the electrostatic attraction may be the dominant factor
in IFT variations, and the π-π stacking interaction could be the sig-
nificant factor. The above results powerfully support our speculations.
3.3. Effects of salinity and temperature on the IFT between model oil and
mixed SDBS/BMAB aqueous solutions
Both salinity and temperature can intensively affect the surfactant
adsorption and arrangement at water/oil interface [24].
Fig. 6. Effects of additional BMAB molecules on the IFT between model oil and
different surfactant aqueous solutions (250 mg/L) at 30 °C.
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Colloids and Surfaces A 554 (2018) 142–148
As above mentioned, the electrostatic attraction between the
charged head group of the ionic surfactant and the counter-ions in salt
will increased the surfactant effective concentration at the interface.
Meanwhile, the partial neutralization of the charges will enhance the
surfactant solubility in oil phase, which is called “salting-out effect”
[36]. Besides, many ions dissolve in surfactant aqueous solution, ob-
viously increasing the solution polarity [37]. The dissolution process of
the ions need a large number of water molecules, which is initially used
to dissolve the surfactant molecules. The surfactant dissolution in water
phase will become more difficult with the more additional ions [38].
Thereby, the high salt concentration facilitates the movements of sur-
factant molecules toward the oil phase, reducing their interfacial con-
centrations. In the present study, the IFT values first decrease and then
increase with increased NaCl concentrations (Fig. 7). At low NaCl
concentrations, the compression of the surfactant adsorption layers
induced by the electrostatic attraction may be dominant, leading to the
decrease tendency of IFT curves. The high NaCl concentration distinctly
reinforces the salting-out effect, resulting in the gradual increase of IFT
values [36]. In short, the delicate balance between the salting-out effect
and the increase of the surfactant interfacial concentration determines
the IFT variations.
Fig. 8 shows the increased tendency of two IFT curves with the
increasing temperature. The temperature affects the final IFT value in at
least two ways. On the one hand, the hydrophile-lipophile balance of
the surfactant will be modified with the change of temperature. The
Fig. 7. Effects of NaCl concentrations on the IFT between model oil and mixed
SDBS (100 mg/L or 250 mg/L)/BMAB (5000 mg/L) aqueous solutions at 30 °C.
K. Lv et al.
Fig. 8. Effects of temperatures on the IFT between model oil and mixed SDBS
(100 mg/L or 250 mg/L)/BMAB (5000 mg/L) aqueous solutions.
Fig. 9. Effects of temperatures on the IFT between model oil and mixed SDBS
(250 mg/L)/BMAB (5000 mg/L) aqueous solutions in the presence of NaCl
(10,000 mg/L or 50,000 mg/L).
high temperature will enhance the hydrophilcity of the ionic surfactants
by increasing their water solubility [30]. Due to the destruction of the
hydrogen bond, the hydrophilcity of the nonionic surfactant is weaken
with the increased temperature [6]. On the other hand, the thermal
motion of tiny particles (molecules, ions) is briefly depended on the
temperature [28]. In our system, both SDBS and BMAB are the typical
ionic compounds. Then the high temperature will decrease their in-
terfacial concentration. The accelerated thermal motion is detrimental
to the intermolecular interaction. The two adverse effects caused the
evidently increased IFT values (Fig. 8). Based on the comprehensive
effects of NaCl and temperature, the IFT values still keep in the ultra-
low level (4.09 × 10−3 mN/m) at middle salinity (10,000 mg/L) and
70 °C, whereas the IFT value is 2.64 × 10-2 mN/m at high salinity
(50,000 mg/L) and 70 °C (Fig. 9).
3.4. The applications of the mixed SDBS/BBMB system in core flooding
tests
The SDBS/BMAB systems exhibited the satisfactory ability in the IFT
reduction of water/model oil (Fig. 1). We further evaluated the inter-
facial activity of SDBS/BMAB mixture in crude oil/brine water system
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Colloids and Surfaces A 554 (2018) 142–148
Fig. 10. Dynamic IFT between crude oil and the SDBS or the mixed SDBS/
BMAB brine solution at 65 °C.
(Fig. 10). The SDBS/BMAB mixture with a low SDBS concentration
(250 mg/L) can largely reduce the IFT of brine water/crude oil to about
10−2 mN/m, which is much lower than that in the individual SDBS
system with a high concentration (2500 mg/L). It is found that the time
to the equilibrium value is shorter for the individual SDBS system than
those for the mixed SDBS/BMAB systems. Meanwhile, there seem to be
a slight increase and then steady decrease in the dynamic IFT curves for
the mixed SDBS/BMAB systems (5000 mg/L). For the individual SDBS
system, the surfactant molecules directly and rapidly adsorb at the
water/oil interface. The additional BMAB may cause the interfacial
rearrangement of the surfactant molecules. The fluctuation of the dy-
namic IFT curves should be attributed to the SDBS adsorption/deso-
rption process with the additional BMAB molecules (5000 mg/L). The
more additional BMAB molecules (10,000 mg/L) enhance the sy-
nergistic effect of SDBS/BMAB molecules, shortening the time to the
equilibrium value.
The potential of the SDBS/BMAB system in EOR was investigated by
the core flooding tests. The main core parameters, the compositions in
surfactant systems, and the test results are summarized in Table 2 and
Fig. 11. Compared with the individual SDBS system, the SDBS/BMAB
system shows the higher displacement performances (9.5% of IOIP
(initial oil in place)). It is worth noting that the SDBS concentration in
SDBS/BMAB system is only one-tenth of that in the individual SDBS
system. The core flooding tests confirmed the availability of the SDBS/
BMAB system in enhanced crude oil recovery.
4. Conclusions
In conclusion, we successfully employed the typical organic salt
BMAB to greatly enhance the SDBS interfacial activity. The SDBS with a
low concentration (250 mg/L) could reduce the water/model oil IFT to
the ultra-low value in the presence of BMAB, which was almost two
orders of magnitude lower than that in the individual SDBS system.
Compared with the NaCl effects, it was found the benzene ring of BMAB
and corresponding π-π stacking interaction dramatically improve its
intermolecular interaction with the SDBS. The control experiments
using three organic salts and two surfactants with similar structures
confirmed that the synergistic effect between the electrostatic attraction
and π-π stacking interaction played the crucial roles in the surfactant
arrangements at the interface, which was further demonstrated with the
assisted of the interaction energy calculation using molecular me-
chanics. Further, the SDBS/BMAB system showed the satisfactory salt
and temperature tolerances. Moreover, the SDBS/BMAB system ex-
hibited the desired ability to improve the recovery of crude oil. The
present investigation may propose a promising and convenient
K. Lv et al. Colloids and Surfaces A 554 (2018) 142–148

Table 2
Summary of core flooding tests.
Core No. Porosity (%) Permeability (mD) Initial oil saturation (%) Waterflood recovery (%) Chemical formula Tertiary recovery Final recovery
(% IOIP) (% IOIP)

a 35.63 510 87.83 31.2 SDBS (2500 mg/L) 3.4 34.6

b 33.90 455 83.76 30.7 SDBS (250 mg/L) 9.5 40.2
BMAB (5000 mg/L)

Fig. 11. Results of core flooding tests in Table 2.

approach to fabricate novel high performance surfactants from the as-
pect of the intermolecular interactions.
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful for funding from the National Natural
Science Foundation of China (No. 21403301), the Basic Fundamental
Research Funds of Qingdao (16-5-1-41-jch), and the Fundamental
Research Funds for the Central Universities (16CX02058A).
Appendix A. Supplementary data
Supplementary material related to this article can be found, in the
online version, at doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2018.06.038.
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