ISemCommonCourseinMalayalamBABSc PDF

School of Distance Education
kÀ¤m-ßI cN-\bpw
Bi-b-hn-\n-ab tijnbpw
Common Course in Malayalam
For
BA/B Sc
I SEMESTER
(2011 Admission)
UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT
SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION
Calicut University P.O. Malappuram, Kerala, India 673 635
107
k¿§m-flI cN-\bpw Bi-b-hn-\n-ab tijnbpw (I Sem BA/B Sc) 1
UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT
SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION
BA/B Sc
I Semester
Common Course in Malayalam
k¿§m-flI cN-\bpw Bi-b-hn-\n-ab tijnbpw
Prepared by:
Sri. A.P. Sasidharan

Assistant Professor,
Department of Malayalam,
A.V.A.H. Arts & Science College,
Payyoli Angadi
Sruitnized by:
Dr. K.M. Priyadarsanlal
Swathi, Malapparamba
Kozhikode - 673009.
Layout: Compputer Section, SDE
(c)
Reserved
Df-f-S°w t]Pv
samUyqÄ þ1 Fgp-¯nsâ kmam\y \nb-a-§Ä 5
samUyqÄ- þ2 cN\m ]cn-io-e\w 11
samUyqÄ þ3 ae-bm-fhpw P\-{]n-b-am-[y-a-§fpw 19
samUyqÄ - þ- - 4 ae-bm-fhpw hnh-c-km-t¦-Xn-I-Xbpw 31


samUyqƒ ˛1
Fgp-Øns‚ kmam\y \nb-a-ßƒ
hni-Z-]-T\w: k¿§-km-lnXn
1. Hcp IY P\n-°p∂p -- ˛ Fw.-Sn.-hm-kp-tZ-h≥ \mb¿

sshb-‡n-Im-\p-`h- ß
- fpw kmaq-lym-\p-`h- ß
- fpw Hcp {]tXy-I- co-Xnbn¬ cmk-]c - n-Wm-aß
- ƒ°v
hnt[-b-am-Ip-tºm-gmWv k¿§m-fl-I-X-bpsS BIm-i-ßƒ hnI-kz-c-am-Ip-∂-Xv. Pohn-Xm-\p-`-h-Øns‚
GtXXv sIń-°p-Sp-°p-I-fn-emWv Ie-bpsS Du¿÷w kw`-cn-°-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂-sX∂v IemImc\v t]mepw
hy‡-√. Hmtcm Fgp-Øp-Im-c-\p≈nepw Hfn®p shbv°-s∏´ A·n-bp-≠v. Xs‚ cN-\m-X-{¥-ß-fpsS
khn-ti-j-X-bn¬ AXv kzbw {]Im-in-°p-I-bm-bn.
Fgp-Øns‚ hnhn[ hi-ßs - f-°p-dn®v, Fgp-Øp-Im-cs‚ cN-\m-Iu-ie - ß
- s
- f-°p-dn®v Fw.Sn Fgp-
Xnb teJ-\-ß-fpsS kam-lm-c-amWv "ImYn-Is‚ ]Wn-∏pc-'. CXn¬ \n∂pw FSpØp tN¿Øn-´p-≈-
XmWv "Hcp IY P\n-°p∂p' F∂ teJ-\w. sNdp-I-Y-bpsS inev]-ssi-en-bmWv At±lw Cu teJ-\-
Øn¬ ]cn-tim-[-\m-hn-t[-b-am-°p-∂-Xv. G‰hpw {]nb-s∏´ IY F∂ \ne-bn¬ "\ns‚ Hm¿Ωbv°v'
Fgp-Xm-\n-S-bmb kµ¿`-amWv teJ-\-Øns‚ hnj-b-sa-¶nepw Xs‚ a‰v Nne IY-Ifpw IYm-]m-{X-
ßfpw cq]-s∏-Sm-\n-S-bmb ]›m-Ø-ehpw hni-Z-am-°p-∂p-≠v. Hcp IY ]Wn-∏p-c-bn¬ cq]w {]m]n-°p-
∂-sX-ßns\ F∂v kzm\p-`-h-Øns‚ shfn-®-Øn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-I-bm-W-t±-lw.
Hcp IY-bpsS P∑-Im-cWw Fs¥∂v Fgp-Øp-Im-c\p t]mepw hy‡-am-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂-X√
F∂v Fw.Sn.\o-co-£n-°p∂p Hcp ]mSv aps∂m-cp-°-ß-fp-ambn sN∂n-cp-∂m¬ \S-°p∂ {]{In-bb√
IYm-c-N-\. F∂m¬ Hcp aps∂m-cp-°-an-√m-sXbpw Xn-I®pw A¤p-X-I-c-ambpw AXv {]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-
Ibpw sNbv t X- ° mw. kplr- Ø p- ° - f p- s Sbpw ]{X- ° m- c p- s Sbpw \n¿_- ‘ - h pw, kΩ¿±hpw,
{]tem-`-\hpw H∂pw cN-\bv°v klm-b-I-am-I-W-sa-∂n-√. ]et∏mgpw Fgp-X-W-sa∂v Btem-Nn-°pI
t]mepw sNømØ ka-b-Øm-bn-cn°pw Fgp-Øns‚ an∂¬ ]nW-cp-Iƒ cq]w sIm≈p-∂Xv. Xs‚ ]e
IY-Ifpw Cßns\ Ahn-Nm-cn-X-ambn cNn-°-s∏-´-Xm-sW∂v Fw.-Sn.-\n-co-£n-°p-∂p-≠v.
Fgp-Øm-cw-`n-°p-∂-Xn-\v apºp Xs∂ IYsb ]q¿Æ-ambn ImWm≥ Ign-b-W-sa∂v Fw.-Sn.-]-d-
bp-∂p. IYm-]m-{X-ßƒ, kw`m-j-W-ßƒ, Np‰p-]m-Sp-Iƒ, `mh-ßƒ Ch-sb-°p-dn-s®√mw hy‡-am-sbmcp
[mc-W-bp-≠m-bn-cn-°-Ww. XpS-°-hpw, Ah-km-\-hpw, IYbpsS t]cpw IqSn Xocp-am-\n® tij-am-sW-
¶n¬ ]ns∂ ]I¿Øn Fgp-Øns‚ {]iv\w am{Xta D≠m-Ip-∂p-≈q. CXn-\n-S-bnepw s]s´-∂p≈
t{]c-W-sIm≠v Nne am‰-ßƒ kw`-hn-°p-∂Xpw km[m-c-W-am-Wv. CØcw `mK-ß-fm-bn-cn°pw ]n∂oSv
Gsd {i≤n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-h-bm-bn-Øo-cp-∂-Xv.
Fw.-Sn-bpsS A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬ IY-sb-gp-Øn\v kmam-\y-amb Hcp \nb-ahpw C√. \n›-bn-®p-d-∏n-
°-s∏´ ka-b-tam, ]≤-Xntbm H∂pw IY-sb-gp-Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ ]men-°-s∏-ńń√. "A°¬Zm-a-bn¬
]q°ƒ hnS- c p- t ºmƒ' F∂ IY- s b- g p- X nb ]›m- Ø ew Fw.- S n.- h n- h - c n- ° p- ∂ p- ≠ v . ss__nƒ
kzm[o-\Ø- n¬ Fgp-Xnb IY-bmWXv. ss__nƒ hmbn-°p∂ ka-bØv IY-sb-gp-Øn-s\-°p-dn-s®m∂pw
Btem-Nn-®n-cp-∂n-√. ]n∂o-SmWv ssZh-]p-{X\pw, bqZmkpw I≠p-ap-ń-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬ F∂ Btem-N\
D≠m- h p- ∂ - X v . Aßs\ XnI®pw bmZr- — n- I - a mbn Fgp- X nØo¿∂ IY- b mWv AsX∂v Fw.Sn
Hm¿Ωn-°p-∂p.
Iptý-SØn, Ccp-ńs‚ Bflmhv F∂o {]kn≤ IY-I-fpsS ]›m-Ø-e-sØ-∏-‰nbpw kmµ¿`n-I-
am-bn- Fw.-Sn. kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p-≠v. henb A[zm-\-sam∂pw IqSmsX Ffp-∏-Øn¬ Fgp-Xn-Øo¿Ø IY-
bmWv Iptý-S-Øn. henb {]tNm-Z-\-sam∂pw AXn-\p-≠m-bn-ń-√. {]tNm-Z\w Hc¿∞-Øn¬ I≈-\m-W-
b-am-sW∂mWv Fw.-Sn-bpsS ]£w. shdpsX kz¥w {Kma-sØ-°p-dn-®m-tem-Nn-°n-cn-°p-tºmƒ Xd-hmSn¬
\n∂v ]≠v Bfl- l Xy sNbv X ao\m- £ n- t b- S - Ø nsb Hm¿Øp. Aßn-s\-bp-≠mb IY-bmWv
Iptý-SØ
- n.
Xs‚ IYm-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ Gsd thZ-\n-∏n-°p-Ibpw Fgp-Xn-°-gn-™-t∏mƒ Ic-bn-∏n-°p-Ibpw
sNbvX Hcp IY am{X-ta-bp≈q F∂v Fw.Sn ]d-bp-∂p-≠v. kz¥w Pohn-XØn¬ \n∂pw No¥n-sb-
SpØ tNmc s]mSn-bp∂ Hmtc-Sm-bn-´mWv "\ns‚ Hm¿Ωbv°v' F∂ IYsb Fw.-Sn. -C-∂p-tam¿Ωn-°p-
∂Xv. ktlm-Z-cn-am-cn-√msX hf¿∂ Ipń-°m-eØv A—s‚ IqsS kntem-Wn¬ \n∂pw h∂ Hcp
s]Ïp-ń-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ thZ\ \nd™ Hm¿Ω-bmWv Cu IYbv°v ASn-ÿm-\w. Hcp ktlm-Zcn
h∂p Ib-dn-b-Xns‚ BÀm-Z-amWv Fw.-Sn°v D≠m-b-sX-¶n¬, hoń¬ AsXmcp `qIºw Xs∂-bm-Wp-
≠m-°n-b-Xv. Hcp Ipń-bpsS a\- n\v Dƒs°m-≈m≥ ]‰mØ Fs¥-√mtam {]iv\-ßƒ B h-c-h-n¬
Xs∂ D≠m--bn-cp∂p F∂v A—\pw AΩbpw XΩn-ep≈ hg°n¬ \n∂v a\- n-em-hp-∂p-≠v. Ipd®v
Znh-kßƒ°v tijw A—≥ t]mb-t∏mƒ B Ipńbpw Xncn-®p-t]m-bn. ]n∂o-sSm-cn-°epw Ahsf
ImWm-\nS h∂n-ń-√. Gsd h¿j-ßƒ°v tijw Hcp kvt\ln-Xs‚ ktlm-Z-cn-bpsS Ieym-W-Øn\v
t]mb ka-bØv Btcm B s]Ïp-ń-bpsS hnhmlw Ign™ IY Fw.-Sn-tbmSv ]d-bp-∂p. ]gb
Hm¿Ω-I-sf√mw CtXmsS Fw.-Sn-bn-te°v Xncn®p hcn-I-bp-≠m-bn. AtXmsS A\p-`-hn® thZ\
Fßns\sb¶nepw IYm-cq-]-Øn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-W-sa∂ Nn¥-bm-bn. Fgp-Xm≥ Bcw-`n-®-tXmsS {]bm-
k-ßfpw Bcw-`n-®p. AΩ-bpsS ImgvN-∏m-Sn-tem, s]Ïp-ń-bpsS ImgvN-∏m-Sntem BcpsS `mKØv
\n∂m-hWw IY ]d™v XpS-tß-≠Xv F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p {]iv\w. Ah-km\w IY \S-°p∂ ImesØ
Xms\∂ ]Øv hb- p-Im-cs‚ ImgvN∏ - m-Sn-eqsS {]nb-ktlm-Zc
- n°v awKfw t\¿∂p sIm≠v IY FgpXn
Ah-km-\n-∏n-°p-I-bm-Wp-≠m-b-Xv. Xs‚ a\- n¬ Hcp-]mSv Imew thZ-\n-∏n® Hcp IY-bmbn´mWv Cu
IYsb Fw.-Sn.-]-cn-Nbs∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv.
2. Fs‚ ]Wn-∏pc ˛ CS-t»cn

Imev]-\n-I-X-bpsS kz]v\-tem-I-ß-fnepw sshIm-cn-IXbpsS anYym-{`-a-ß-fnepw Ipcp-ßn-t∏mb
ae-bmf Ihn-Xsb hos≠-SpØv ho≠pw P\- Po-hn-X-Øns‚ km[m-cW ]cn-k-c-ß-fn-te°v sIm≠p
hcp-∂-Xn¬ {][m\ ]¶v hln® Ihn-bmWv CS-t»cn tKmhn-µ≥ \mb¿. PohnX {]Xn-k-‘n-Isf
t\cn- S p- ∂ - X n¬ {]I- S n- ∏ n® [oc- X bpw B¿÷- h hpw BWv CS- t »- c nsb ae- b m- f - Ø ns‚
{]nb-Ih - n-bm°nØo¿Ø-Xv.
"Ipgn-shń aqSpI thZ-\-Iƒ
IpXn-sImƒI i‡n-bn-te°p \Ωƒ' ˛ F∂ {]Jym-]\w At±-lsØ i‡n-bpsS Ihn F∂
hnti-j-W-Øn\v A¿l-\m-°n-Øo¿°p-∂p. hbepw hb¬°-cbpw, ]qXhpw, ]qØ-amhpw sXø-t°m-
e-ßfpw Imh¬ \n¬°p∂ {Kmao-W-Pn-hn-X-am-bn-cp∂p CS-t»cn Ihn-X-I-fpsS Du¿÷w. kz¥w
Ihn-Xm-c-N-\-bpsS hnhn[ L´-ß-fpsS khn-ti-j-X-Isf Ah-tem-I\w sNøp∂ teJ-\-amWv "Fs‚
]Wn-∏pc-'.
D≈n¬ X´p∂ GX-\p-`hhpw Ihn-Xbv°v Imc-W-amhmw. bp‡n-sb-°m-tfsd, Abp-‡n-°pw,
`mh-\-bv°p-amWv Cu L´-Øn¬ {]m[m-\yw. A¥¿ap-J-Xzhpw GIm-¥-X-bp-amWv Cu kµ¿`-Øn¬
Ihnsb `cn-°p-∂-Xv. "a[p-c-amb thZ-\-bpsSbpw, Bkzm-Zy-amb Zp:JØn-s‚bpw Imew' F∂mWv
CS-t»cn Cu L´sØ hnfn-°p-∂-Xv. a\kv hnIm-c-`-cn-X-am-b-Xp-sIm≠p am{Xw Ihn-Xm-c-N\ km[y-am-
I- W - s a- ∂ n- √ . IhnX Fgp- X - W - s a∂ C—m- i ‡n IqsS Ds≠- ¶ n¬ am{Xta IhnXm cN\
km[y-am-hp-I-bp≈q F∂v CS-t»cn Iqń-t®¿°p-∂p.
GtXm AKm-[-Xbn¬ \n∂v hmcnsbSpØ Abn¿a-Æp-ambn Ihn Xs‚ ]Wn-∏p-c-bn¬ {]th-in-
°p-I-bm-Wv. ]n∂oSv as‰mcp Imcy-Ønepw {i≤ \¬ImsX Abn¿a-Æns\ ]mIs∏Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-em-bn-
cn°pw Ihn-bpsS GIm-{K-X. Cu L´-Øn¬ as‰m∂pw Ihnsb Atemk-c-s∏SpØp∂n-√. hmcn-sb-
SpØ Abn¿a-Æn¬ IhnXbv°p th≠ Aev]w Awi-ßƒ D≠m-bn-cn-°pw. Ahy-‡amb cq]hpw
Fgp-Xm≥ t]mIp-∂-Xns‚ GI-tZi `mh-ßfpw CXn¬ Dƒt®¿∂n-cn°pw.
"]pØ≥ Iehpw Acn-hmfpw' F∂ Xs‚ IhnXbpsS cq]-s∏-S¬ Fßns\ Bbn-cp∂p F∂v
Ihn Btem-Nn-°p-∂p-≠v. c≠v tNmZy-ßf - m-bn-cp∂p Cu Ihn-Xb
- psS Dev]Ø
- n°v \nZm-\w. Bcv hnX®p?
Bcv sImbvXp? Cu c≠v tNmZy-ßƒ Hcp-]mSv Imew Ihn-bpsS a\- n¬ apg-ßn-s°m-≠n-cp-∂p.
]n∂o-SmWv Ahbv°v Xmfhpw `m-hhpw IYm-]m-{X-kz-`m-h-ßfpw ]I¿∂v C∂sØ \nebn¬
{]kn-≤a - m-hp-∂X - v.
t_m[-]q¿∆-a√msX Hcp Ihn-Xbpw Xm≥ Fgp-Xn-bn-ń-s√∂v CS-t»cn ]d-bp-∂p-≠v. AYhm
Fgp-Xn-t∏m-bm¬ Xs∂ t_m[-]q¿∆w ]cn-tim-[n®pw an\p-k-s∏-Sp-Ønbpw \ncq-]Ww sNbvXpw am{Xta
hmb-\-°m¿°v apºn¬ FØn-°m-dp-≈q.
Fgp-Xn-°g- n™ Ihn-Xb- n¬ \ncq-]W
- _
- p≤n {]tbm-Kn-°p-∂X
- n-t\mSv CS-t»-cn°v A[nIw tbmPn-
∏n-√. Ipfn-∏n®v Ipfn-∏n®v Ipńsb C√m-Xm-°p∂ KXn hc-cpXv F∂mWv Cu hnj-b-Øn¬ At±-l-
Øn\v ]d-bm-\p-≈-Xv. IhnXm \n¿Ωm-W-th-f-bn¬ Ipd®v \ncq-]-W-_p≤n sNep-Øm≥ Ihn-sb
t{]cn-∏n-®Xv Nne \√ kplr-Øp-°fmsW∂v Ihn Hm¿°p∂p. F¥m-bmepw \ncq-]-W-Øns‚
Imcy-Øn¬ Hcp a[y-h¿ØnXzw kzoI-cn-°p-∂-XmWv \√-sX∂v At±-l-Øn\v A`n-{]m-b-ap-≠v.
Ihn-Xbv°v cq]-amtWm `mh-amtWm BZyw D≠m-hp-∂Xv F∂-Xn\v IrXy-ambn DØcw
]d-bm-\m-hn√ F∂mWv kzm\p-`-h-Øn¬ \n∂v At±lw ]d-bp-∂-Xv. cq]-Øn\v th≠ `mh-tam, `mh-
Øn\v th≠ cq]-tam, kzbw hm¿∂p-ho-Wp-sIm≈pw F∂mWv At±-l-Øns‚ A\p-`-hw.
Xs‚ IhnXm cN-\-bpsS ]Wn-∏pcsb \m´p-ºp-dsØ "Icp-hms‚ Be'-tbm-SmWv Ihn kmZr-
iy-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv. Be-bn¬ {i≤m-]q¿∆w ]Wn-sX-SpØ Hcp t]\m-°Øn Xs‚ Icp-hm-Ønsb
ImWn-°p-∂p. Ah-cXv Xncn®pw adn®pw ]cn-tim-[n®v \∂m-bn-´p≠v F∂-`n-{]mbw ]d-bp-∂p. kwXr-]vX-
\mb Ihn c≠v XpS-bv°¬ IqSn XpS®v AXv Bh-iy-°m¿°v \¬Ip-I-bm-Wv. Cßs\ Xnf-°hpw
aq¿®bpw `wKn-bp-ap≈ Hcp IØn Icp-hms‚ Be-bn¬ \n∂v, \n¿Ωn-°-s∏Spw t]mse-bmWv kz]v\-
ßƒ°v ta¬ X] v sNbvXv ]Xw hcp-Øn Xm≥ IhnX sa\-s™-Sp-°p-∂s - X∂v CS-t»cn hy‡-am-°p-
I-bm-W.v
3. cwK-{]-km-[\w ˛ Hcp Ie- -˛ Pn.-i-¶-c-∏n≈

ae-bmf \mS-I-th-Zn-bn¬ `mh-cq] Ah-X-c-W-ß-fpsS Imcy-Øn¬ ]co-£-W-ß-fpsS Ime-am-bn-
cp-∂p. Pn.-i-¶-c-]n-≈-bpsS Imew: \mS-I-c-N-\-bnepw, kwhn-[m-\-Ønepw Gsd ]cn-N-b-ap≈ At±lw
ae-bm-fn-I-fpsS Zriy-t_m-[sØ kmc-ambn kzm[o-\n® \mS-I-{]-h¿Ø-I-\mWv. \mtSm-Sn-°-Y-I-fpw,
]pcm-WI - Y- I
- fpw h¿Ø-am\ PohnX ]cn-kc - Øv ]p\¿hm-b\ - bv°v hnt[-ba- m-°p-Ibpw Aßs\ ImenI
{]k-‡n-bp≈ Ht´sd hnj-b-ßsf cwK-th-Zn-bn-se-Øn-°pIbpw sNbvXn-´p-≠v. Xs‚ \mS-Im-\p-`-h-
ßsf ap≥\n¿Øn \mS-I-c-N-\bpw, Ah-X-c-Whpw hni-Z-am-°p∂ [mcmfw teJ-\-ßƒ At±-l-Øn-
s‚-Xm-bn-´p-≠v. At±-l-Øns‚ "\mS-I-Z¿i\w' F∂ {KŸ-Øn¬ \ns∂-Sp-Øn-´p-≈-XmWv "cwK-{]-km-
[\-w˛ Hcp Ie' F∂ teJ-\w. IYm-c-N-\bpw Ihn-X-sb-gpØpw t]mse Xs∂ \mS-I-kw-hn-[m-\hpw
Hcp k¿§m- fl I {]h¿Ø- \ - a m- s W∂v ÿm]n- ° m\pw, Hcp \√ \mS- I - Ø ns‚ krjv S n°v
Bfl-t_m-[-ap≈ Hcp kwhn-[m-b-Is‚ klmbw A\n-hm-cyamsW∂v hy‡-am-°m-\p-amWv Cu
teJ-\-Øn¬ At±lw {ian°p-∂-Xv.
\mSIw Hcp Zriy-Ie - b
- m-Wv. cwKm-hX- c
- W
- h
- p-ambn _‘-s∏-´mWv AXv \ne-\n¬°p-∂X - v. F∂m¬
\mSI cN\ Hcp k¿§m-flI Ie-bm-sW∂v kΩ-Xn-°p-∂-h¿ t]mepw cwKm-h-X-cWw shdpw Iuiew
am{X-am-bn-´mWv ]cn-K-Wn-°p-∂-Xv. Fgp-Øp-Im-cs\ At]-£n®v c≠mw ÿm\w am{Xta kwhn-[m-b-I\v
e`n- ® n´p≈q. cwK- { ]- k m- [ \w Hcp kzX- { ¥- I - e - b m- s W∂v \ncq- ] - I ¿ Bcpw kΩ- X n- ® - X mbn
Adn-hn-√. \mS-I-Øns‚ Poh≥ Ah-X-c-W-Øn-em-sW∂pw cwK-{]-km-[\w Hcp Ie-bm-sW-∂pw
hy‡-am-°p-I-bmWv Cu teJ-\-Øns‚ e£yw.
cwK-thZn \So-\-S-∑m¿°v kw`m-j-W-ßƒ hnfn®p ]d-bm-t\m, Ae-¶m-c-∏Wn sIm≠v tamSn-
]nSn∏n°mt\m D≈ Hcp CSw am{X-a-√. AXn\p Poh\pw ssNX-\yhpw `mj-bp-ap-≠v. thZn-bpsS Cu
khn-ti-jX Xncn-®-dn™v AXns\ Bflm-hn-jvIm-cØns‚ am[y-a-am°nØo¿°p-I-bmWv cwK-{]-km-
[\w F∂ Ie.
"tπ s{]mU-£≥' F∂ IrXn-bn¬ an¬´¨ kvanØmWv cwK-{]-km-[-\sØ hy‡-ambn \n¿h-
Nn-°p-∂-Xv At±-l-Øns‚ A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬ "kv{In]v‰v tπ Bbn-Øo-cp∂ {]{In-b-bmWv cwK
-{]-km-[\w'. kwhn-[m-b-I≥, \mS-I-Ir-Øv, cwK-th-Zn, \S≥ F∂n-h-cpsS HØp tNc-en-emWv cwKm-h-X-
c-Ww ]q¿Æ-X-bn-se-Øp-∂-Xv. \mS-I-c-N-bn-Xm-hns‚ `mh-\-bn¬ cq]w sIm≠ Hcp kz]v\-tem-IsØ
t{]£-I\v apºn¬ {]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ Ie-bmWXv. Cu Ie-bn¬ Fgp-X-s∏´ \mS-Iw, \So-\-S-∑m¿,

thZn-bpsS km[y-X-Iƒ F∂n-h-sb√mw tNcpw-]Sn tN¿°p∂ Hcp kwLm-S-I-\mWv kwhn-[m-b-I≥.
\mSIw D≠mb Imew apX¬ Xs∂ Cu kwLm-S-I\pw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. {]mNo\ `mc-Xob \mS-I-ß-
fn¬ kq{X-[m-cs‚ ]¶v cwKm-h-X-cW kwLm-S-\-am-bn-cp∂p F∂v teJ-I≥ \nco£n°p-∂p-≠v.
dnb-en-ÃnIv Ime-L-´-Øn-emWv kwhn-[m-b-Is‚ Bh-iy-I-X-sb-°p-dn®v IqSp-X¬ [mcW D≠m-
hp-∂-Xv. AtXm-sS Ah-X-cWw shdpw Iui-e-am-sW∂ ImgvN-∏mSv amdn. Iem-Im-cs‚ AXo-{µn-b-kz-`m-
htØmsS {]h¿Øn°p∂h-\mWv kwhn-[m-b-I≥ F∂ ImgvN-∏mSv cq]-s∏-´p. kz¥w k¿§-i-‡n-
bpsS Awiw Ie¿Øn cN-\sb ]p\:kwL-Sn-∏n-°p∂ Iem-Im-c-\mWv kwhn-[m-b-I≥ F∂v hy‡-am-
°-s∏-´p.
Hcp \√ kwhn-[m-b-Is‚ khn-ti-j-X-I-Xƒ Fs¥-√m-am-sW∂v teJ-I≥ hy‡-am-°p-∂p-≠v.
Fgp-Øp-Im-cs‚ {]Xn-`bpw, kwLm-S-I-i-‡nbpw, \mS-Im-h-X-c-W-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ \√ t_m[hpw
Abmƒ°p-≠m-h-Ww. Hcp \mSIw Xs∂ hyXykvX kwhn-[m-b-I¿ hyXykvX coXn-bn-emWv cwKØv
Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. kmln-Xy-IrXn \√ coXn-bn¬ a\- n-em-°nb tijta Abm-ƒ cwKm-h-X-c-W-
Øn\v Xøm-dm-hm≥ ]mSp-≈q. CXn\v \mev L´-ß-fm-Wp-≈-Xv. [ym\-L´w, Bkq-{X-W-L-´w, in£-W-
L-´w, {]tbm-K-L´w F∂n-h-bm-W-h. cN-\m-th-f-bn¬ kw`-hn-°p∂ am\-kn-I-{]-{In-b-Iƒ Xs∂-bmWv
Ah-X-c-WL´Ønepw kw`-hn-°p-∂Xv F∂v [ym\-L´w ]cn-tim-[n-®m¬ a\- n-em-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
\mS-I-amWv kwhn-[m-b-Is‚ Akw-kvIrX hkvXp. AXp-sIm≠v Xs∂ Ah-X-c-W-Øn-\p≈ -
\mSIw sXc-s™-Sp-°p-tºmƒ Abmƒ Nne Imcy-ßƒ {i≤n-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. Xs‚ Nn¥m-]-≤-Xn-°-\p-
tbm-Py-amb Hcp \mS-I-am-bn-cn-°Ww AXv. Ah-X-c-W-s®-ehv˛]cn-io-e-\-Øn-\p≈ kabw F∂nh
t\csØ Xocp-am-\n-®n-cn-°-Ww. F√m-‰n-\p-ap-]cn \mSIw ImWm-s\-Øp-∂-hsc°pdn-®p≈ Hcp kmam-
\y- [m-c-Wbpw D≠m-bn-cn-°Ww. \mSIw sXc-s™-SpØp Ign-™m-¬ Ah-X-c-W-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈
Btem-N-\-bmWv. Hcp \mS-I-Øn¬ {][m-\-ambpw c≠w-i-ß-fmWp≈-Xv. cN-\-bn¬ shfn-s∏-Sp∂ \mS-
I-Øns‚ k¶ev]w, kwhn-[m-\-Øn¬ {]Xy-£-s∏-Sp∂ kwhn-[m-b-Is‚ k¶ev]w. Hcp \mS-I-Øn\v
CXp c≠pw {][m-\-amWv
\√ cN-\bpw \√ cwK-{]-[m-\hpw Hcp \mS-I-Øns‚ hnP-b-Øn\v {][m-\-amWv. IrXn-bnse
ASn-ÿm-\m-ibw Nne-t∏mƒ {]Xy-£hpw Nne-t∏mƒ ]tcm-£hpw Bbn-cn-°mw. NneXv ]e Xcw
hyJym-\-ßƒ°pw CS \¬Ip-∂-Xm-bn-cn-°pw. CXn¬ G‰hpw bp‡hpw, lrZ-b-kv]¿in-bp-amb
Bibw Is≠Øn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-emWv kwhn-[m-b-Is‚ hnP-bw. \mS-IsØ Adn-b-emWv kwhn-
[m-b-Is‚ [¿Ωw. \mS-I-Øns‚ Bflmhv Is≠-Øn-bm¬ as‰√mw Xmt\ cq]-s∏-´p-sIm≈pw F∂mWv
teJ-Is‚ A\p-`-hw.
IY-b-dn™v [mc-W-bn-se-Øn-bm¬ kwhn-[m-b-I≥ Bkq-{X-W-Øn-te°v Xncn-bp-I-bm-bn. Hcp
hnImcw hf¿∂v hnI-kn®v kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-bm-bn-Øo-cp-∂-Xn\v XpeyamWv Cu L´w.
CsX√mw sXfn-bn-°p-∂Xv at‰-sXmcp k¿§m-flI {]h¿Ø\w t]mse Xs∂-bmWv cwK-{]-km-
[-\hpw F∂-m-Wv. ]t£ C∂pw \mS-I-thZn Fgp-Øp-Im-c-s‚bpw, \S-s‚bpw, amt\-P-cp-sSbpw am{X-
amWv. cwK-{]-km-[-\sØ Ie-bmbn AwKo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw. kwhn-[m-b-Is\ Iem-Im-c-\m°n kzoI-cn-°p-
Ibpw sNøp-tºmƒ am{Xta \√ \mS-I-ßƒ D≠m-hp-Ib - p≈q F∂mWv teJ-I≥ A`n-{]m-bs- ∏-Sp-∂X
- .v
4. IY-bn¬ \n∂v Xnc-°-Y-bn-te°v ˛ B¿.-hn.-Fw.-Zn-hm-I-c≥
B[p-\nI kmt¶-XnI hnZy-bpsS Iem-cq-]-amWv kn\n-a. hmb-\m-\p-`-h-Øn¬ \n∂v XnI®pw
hyXy-kvX-amb A\p-`-h-amWv kn\n-a-bnse Zriym-\p-`hw \¬Ip∂-Xv. Zriym-\p-`-h-ßƒ°v ]n∂n¬
{]h¿Øn-°p∂ kmln-Xym-\p-`-h-sØ-°p-dn-®mWv Cu teJ\w N¿® sNøp-∂-Xv. kmlnXy cN-\-Isf
ASn-ÿm-\-am°n kn\n-a-Iƒ sNøp-tºmƒ {][m\ D]m-[n-bmbn hcp-∂Xv Xnc-°-Y-I-fm-Wv. kmln-Xy-
IrXn Xnc-°-Y-bm-hp-tºmƒ bp‡-amb am‰-ßƒ \n¿t±-in-°-s∏-Sm-dp-≠v. C∂v Xnc-°-Y-I-fpw kmln-Xy-
cq-]-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw hmb-\-°msc BI¿jn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p-≠v. Fw.-Sn.-
hm-kp-tZ-h≥ \mb-cpsS {][m\ Xnc-°-Y-Isf ASn-ÿm-\-am°n kmln-Xy-`mj Fßns\ Zriy-`m-j-
bmbnØocp∂p F∂v ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I-bmWv teJ-I≥.
Ae≥ sds\, sKmZm¿Zv XpS-ßnb temtIm-Øc kwhn-[m-b-I¿s°m∂pw Xs∂ t\mh¬
kn\n-a-bm°n am‰p-∂-Xn-t\mSv tbmPn-∏n-√. "XWpØ `£Ww ho≠pw NqSm°n Ign-°p-∂-Xn-'t\m-SmWv
A\p-I-ev]\w F∂ {]{In-bsb Ae-≥ sds\ kmZr-iy-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv. F¶nepw BZy-Im-e-ß-fn¬ Xs∂

{]i-kvX-ß-fmb ]e kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-Ifpw kn\n-am-cq]w ssIs°m-≠-Xmbn ImWp-∂p-≠v. kmln-Xy-
IrXn kn\n-a-bm-hp-tºmƒ kw-hn-[mbIs\-°mƒ DØ-c-hm-ZnXzw Xnc-°-Ym-Ir-Øn-\m-sW∂v teJ-I≥
]d-bp-∂p. AXp sIm≠m-bn-cn-°Ww BZy-Im-e-ß-fn¬ kmln-Xy-Øn¬ Adn-b-s∏-´-h¿ Xs∂bmWv
Xnc-°-Ym-Ir-Øp-°-fmbn Adn-b-s∏-´-Xpw. ]pXnb ImeØv Xnc-°Ym cN\ Hcp kvIn¬Uv tPm_m-
sW∂ \ne-bn¬ B¿°p-sa-gp-Xm-hp∂ H∂mbn amdn-bn-´p-≠v. Xnc-°Ym cN-\-bv°p≈ tkm^v‰vthdp-
Ifpw C∂v am¿°-‰n¬ e`n-°p-∂p-≠v.
Xnc-°Ym cN-\bv°v a‰v kmln-Xy-cq-]-ß-fn¬ \n∂p≈ {][m\ hyXym-k-ambn ImWp-∂-Xv,
Fgp-Øp-Im-cs‚ kzmX-{¥y-°p-dh - mWv. kwhn-[m-bI- s‚, \n¿Ωm-Xm-hns‚, A`n-t\-Xm-hn-s‚-sb√mw Xm¬]-
cy-ßƒ Abmƒ ]cn-K-Wn-t°≠n hcpw. IqSmsX am[ya-Øns‚ ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ Abmƒ \√ coXn-bn¬
a\- n-em-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.
kmlnXyIrXn kn\n-a-bm-°p-tºmƒ Xnc-°-Ym-Ir-Øn\v [mcmfw km[y-X-I-fp-≠v. A\p-I-ev]\w
Hcp Xcw kmln-Xy-hn-a¿i-\-am-sW∂p hsc A`n-{]m-b-ap-≠v. t\mh-en¬ ]e-Xcw IYm-L-S-\-Iƒ \ne-
\n¬t° X\n°v BI¿j-Wo-b-ambn tXm∂nb IYm-K-Xnsb Ah-ew-_n-®mWv Abmƒ Xnc-°Y Xøm-
dm-°p-∂-Xv. X¿÷-a-bn¬ \jvS-s∏-Sp-∂-XmWv IhnX F∂v hnh¿Ø-\-sØ-°p-dn®v t{^mÃv ]d-™Xv
A\p-I-ev]-\-sØ-°p-dn®pw icn-bm-Wv. ]e-t∏mgpw aqe-Ir-Xn-bn¬ [mcmfw hyXn-bm-\-ßƒ, {]tXy-In®v
Zriy-Øn\v {]m[m\yw \¬Ip-∂h hcp-Øn-bmWv Xnc-°Y Xøm-dm°p-∂-Xv.
tPm¿÷v ªqkvt‰m-Wns‚ "t\mh¬kv C‚p ^nenw' F∂ A\p-I-ev]-\-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ IrXn-
bn¬ Hcp t\mhepw A∏msS Xnc-°-Y-bm-°m≥ Ign-bn√ F∂p ]d-bp-∂p-≠v. Ht´sd IYm-]m-{X-ßfpw
A\-h[n D]-I-Y-Ifpw Hs°-bp≈ kmln-Xy-km-K-c-amb t\mh-ep-Iƒ BZyw Npcp-°n-sb-gp-Xn-b-Xn\v
tijta Xnc-°Ym cq]-Øn¬ ]cn-h¿Ø-\s - ∏-Sp-Ømhq F∂v \n¿t±-in-°p-∂p-≠v. sNdp-IY - b
- mWv kzoI-
cn-°p-∂-sX-¶n¬ Iqń-t®¿°-ep-I-fmWv th≠n -h-cp-∂-Xv. ae-bm-f-Øn¬ Gsd {i≤ ]nSn®p ]‰nb Xnc-
°-Y-Iƒ Fgp-Xnb Fw.-Sn°v sNdp-I-Y-I-fmWv IqSp-X¬ kzoIm-cy-ambn tXm∂n-bn-´p-≈-Xv. kz¥w IY-
Isf IqSmsX Fkv.-sI, sNdp-Im-Sv, F≥.-F≥. ]njm-cSn F∂n-h-cpsS IY-Iƒ°pw At±lw Xnc-°-Y-
Iƒ Fgp-Xn-bn-´p-≠v.
Fw.Sn Fgp-Xnb Xnc-°-Y-I-fn-te-sdbpw kz¥w IY-Isf Bkv]-Z-am-°n-bmWv. kz¥w Pohn-Xm-
\p-`-h-ßfpw X\n°p Np‰p-ap≈ temI-hp-am-bn-cp∂p At±-l-Øns‚ hnj-b-ßƒ. Xs‚ {Kma-Ønse
thembp[≥ F∂ {`m¥s‚ IY-bmWv "Ccp-ńs‚ Bflmhv.' them-bp-[≥ ImWp∂ temI-amWv IY-
bpsS hnj-bw. them-bp-[s‚ Afl-K-X-amWv IY-bpsS `mj. CXv Xnc-°-Y-bm-b-t∏mƒ them-bp-[s\
\nco-£n-°p∂ a‰p-≈-h-cpsS IÆn-eq-sS-bmWv IY hnI-kn-°p-∂-Xv. IY-bn¬ Ahs‚ {`m¥mWv hnj-
b-sa-¶n¬ Xnc-°-Y-bn¬ F√m-hcpw tN¿∂v Ahs\ {`m¥-\m-°p-I-bmWv sNøp-∂-Xv.
Hcp Ipń-bpsS IÆn-eqsS temIsØ ImWp∂ Hmt∏mƒ F∂ IY Xnc-°-Y-bm-b-t∏mgpw
Fw.Sn Nne am‰-ßƒ hcp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. IY-bn¬ A∏p ImWp∂ temI-am-sW-¶n¬, kn\n-a-bn¬ A∏p-
hns‚ temIsØ \ap°v ImWn®p Xcn-I-bmWv Xnc°YmIrØv sNøp-∂-Xv. am{X-a√ IY-bn¬ \n∂v
hyXy-kvX-ambn [mcmfw Iqń-t®¿°-ep-Ifpw Xnc-°-Y-bn¬ \S-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. A∏p Ieym-W-Øn¬ ]s¶-
Sp-°p-∂Xpw, Hmt∏m-fpsS H∏w hb-\m-ń-te°v t]mIp-∂Xpw, A∏p Xs‚ aI-\m-sW∂v amfp tKmhn-
µ≥Ipń°v apºn¬ shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xp-sa√mw kn\n-a-bv°m-h-iy-amb Iqń-t®¿°-ep-Iƒ BWv.
Iptý-SØn X\n°v IpSpw-_-Øn¬ ]cn-N-b-ap≈ ao\m-£n-tb-S-Øn-bpsS IY-bm-Wv. kuµ-cy-
an-√m-ØXp sIm≠v am{Xw Ah-K-Wn-°-s∏´v Ah-km\w Bfl-l-Xy sNtø≠n h∂ IYm-]m-{X-am-W-
h¿. Xnc-°-Y-bn¬ Hc-Zr-iy-k-©m-cn-bpsS ho£-W-Øn¬ ^vfmjv_m°nemWv IY \S-°p-∂-Xv. Iptý-
SØn acn®p F∂ IY-]-d-®n-en¬ \n∂mWv kn\n-a-bm-cw-`n-°p-∂-Xv.
AXp-t]mse "]≈n-hmfpw Im¬®n-eºpw' F∂ IY "\n¿ameyw' F∂ kn\n-abmbt∏mgpw Hcp
]mSv am‰-ßƒ hcp-Øn-b-Xmbn ImWmw. hncp-≤-_nw-_-ßsf tN¿Øv kn\n-a-bv°m-h-iy-amb kvs]j¬
C^-IvSp-Iƒ krjvSn°m\pw Fw.Sn {i≤n-®n-´p-≠v.
Fkv.-sI.-s]m-‰-°m-Sns‚ "IShv tXmWn' F∂ IY "IShv' F∂ t]cn¬ Ne-®n-{X-am-°n-b-
t∏mgpw [mcmfw am‰-ßƒ°v hnt[-b-am-bn-´p-≠v. XnI®pw Hcp ]pXnb IY Xs∂-bm-bn-Øo-cp∂p
IS-hv.IY-bn¬ tXmWn-°mWv {][m-\y-sa-¶n¬ kn\n-a-bn¬ IS-hn-\mWv {]m[m\yw e`n-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv.

IYsb bp‡n`{Z-am-°pIbmWv Xnc-°-Y-bn¬ sNbvX-Xv. I≠p ]cn-N-b-s∏-´- Hcp s]Ïp-ńtbbp
a-t\z-jn®v t]mIp∂ HcmÏp-ń-bpsS IY-bm-bn-´mWv Fw.-Sn. Cu IY ]cn-jvI-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
t\csØ Xm≥ Xs∂ Fgp-Xnb Hcp IY Xnc-°-Y-bm°n am‰n Fgp-Xp-tºmƒ Hcm-fl-hn-a¿i\w
IqSn \S-°p-∂p-≠v. kmln-Xy-am-[y-a-Øn¬ \n∂v Zriy-am-[y-a-Øn-te°v hcp-tºm-gp≈ F√m sshhn-[y-
ßfpw Dd-∏m-°-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v. "i{Xp' F∂ IY "kZbw' F∂ kn\n-a-bm-b-t∏mƒ D≠mb am‰hpw CXv
Xs∂-bm-Wv. Xq°p-acw ImØn-cn-°p∂ Hcp Pbn¬∏p-≈n-bpw, Pbn¬ kµ¿in-°m-s\-Øp∂
Hcm-fns‚ A\p-`-h-ß-fp-amWv IY-bpsS hnj-b-sa-¶n¬, Xs‚ aIs\ sIm∂ sIme-bm-fn-bpsS Xq°p-
a-cWw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øm≥ {Sm≥kv^¿ hmßn-sb-Øp∂ Hcp tUmIvSdpsS {]Xn-I-c-W-ß-fneqsS-bmWv
kn\n-a-bnse IY Npcp-fgnbp∂Xv. Ah-km\w sIme-]m-X-I-Øns‚ kXymwiw a\- n-em-hp-∂-tXmsS,
sIme-]m-X-In-sb-°mƒ \nIr-jvS-\mWv sIm√-s∏´ Xs‚ aI≥ F∂v Xncn-®-dnbptºmƒ tUmIvS¿°p-
≠m-hp∂ a\w-am-‰hpw thZ-\-bp-amWv kn\n-a-bn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.
Fw.-Sn-bpsS IYm-`m-jbpw Xnc-°Y `mjbpw XΩn¬ hyXym-k-ap-≠v. kn\n-am-‰n-°m-hm≥ Ah-
iy-amb LS-\m-]-c-amb `mj, Xnc-°Y kn\n-a-bm-°m≥ th≠ \n¿t±-i-ßƒ \¬Ip∂ `mj, Xnc-°-Y-
bnse kw`m-j-W-`mj ˛ Ch aq∂pw tN¿∂-XmWv Xnc-°-Y-bpsS `mj. Xnc-°-Ybv°v kmln-Xy-
Øns‚ cq]-`m-h-ßƒ th≠. Nn{Xo-I-c-W-£-a-a-√m-ØXv Xnc-°-Y-bn¬ h∂n´v Imcy-an-√. F¶nepw Fw.-
Sn-bpsS Xnc-°-Ym-`m-j-bn¬ kmln-Xy-`mj \√ coXn-bn¬ kzm[o\w sNep-Øp-∂-Xmbn ImWmw.
DZm: tNmZy-Nn”w t]mse Abmƒ \n∂p.
kwKoXw Ab-hn-d-°p∂ \Zo-Xo-cw.
CØcw Nn{Xo-I-c-W-£-a-a-√mØ Imcy-ßƒ bYm¿∞-Øn¬ kwhn-[m-b-I-\p≈ \n¿t±-i-ßƒ
Xs∂-bm-Wv. Iyma-d, shfn-®w, i_vZw, kwKoXw F∂nh D]-tbm-Kn®v kwhn-[m-b-I≥ Cu aqUv kn\n-
a-bn-te°v sIm≠p htc-≠-Xp-≠v.

samUyqƒ-˛2.
cN\m ]cn-io-e\w
A ô®¿ ssd‰nwKv:
B\p-Im-en-I-ß-fn¬ hmb-\-°m-cpsS khn-tij {i≤ ]nSn-®p-]-‰p∂XmWv ô®-dp-Iƒ. ô®-dp-
Iƒ Hcp Xc-Øn¬ h¿Ø-Iƒ Xs∂-bm-Wv. `mj-bnepw Ah-Xc - W- Ø
- n-ep-amWv hyXym-ka
- p-≈X - v. hm¿Ø-
Iƒ kw`-h-Øns‚ tI{µm-ibsØ am{Xw Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-tºmƒ ô®¿ ka{K Nn{Xo-I-c-W-amWv \S-
Øp-∂-Xv. teJ-Is‚ \nco-£-W-]m-Shhpw, s]mXp-hn-⁄m-\hpw hkvXp-X-Iƒ hni-I-e\w sNbvXv
BI¿j-I-ambn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m-\p≈ Ign-hp-amWv ô®-dns\ hyXy-kvX-am-°p-∂-Xv. ChnsS teJ-Is‚
hy‡n-]-c-ambn Ign-hp-Iƒ°v Gsd {]m[m-\y-ap-≠v. hen®p \oń Fgp-Xp∂ hm¿Ø-b√ ô®¿; AXv
IYtbm teJ-\tam A√, CXn-s‚-sb-√mw tNcp-h-Iƒ ô®-dn¬ D≠p-Xm-\pw. ""hm¿Ø-Iƒ°v ]n∂nse
ck-I-chpw hn⁄m-\-{]-Z-hp-amb Imcy-ßƒ hm¿Øm-cq-]-Øne-√msX IYm-cq-]-Øntem Be-¶m-cn-I-
amtbm Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\mWv ô®¿ F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xv.'' ô®-dp-Iƒ°v GsX-¶nepw hm¿Ø-I-fp-
ambn _‘-ap-≠m-bn-cn-°pw. IYm-kz-`m-h-ap-s≠-¶nepw CXv shdpw IY-b-√. IY-Iƒ km¶-ev]n-I-am-bn-cn-
°pw. ô®-dp-Iƒ bmYm¿∞y-hp-am-bmWv _‘-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.
teJ-\-kz-`m-h-ap-s≠-¶nepw km[m-cW A¿∞-Øn¬ teJ-\-ß-f√ Ch. teJ\w Hcp ImgvN-
∏m-Sns‚ Ah-X-c-W-am-Wv. AXv efn-X-am-h-W-sa-∂n-√. ô®-dp-Iƒ efn-Xhpw ck-I-c-hp-am-bn-cn-°-W-
sa∂v \n¿_-‘-am-Wv.
hm¿Ø-I-fmWv ô®-dp-I-fpsS {]`-h-tI-{µ-sa-¶nepw Ah shdpw hm¿Øm-h-X-c-W-a√ \S-Øp-
∂-Xv. hm¿Ø-I-sf-°mƒ hmb-\-£-aX ô®-dp-Iƒ°p-≠m-h-Ww. hm¿Ø-Iƒ Bcpw \n¿_-‘n-∏n®v
hmbn-∏n-t°-≠-Xn-√. F∂m¬ ô®-dp-I-fn-te°v hmb-\-°m-cs‚ {i≤ BI¿jn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. hm¿Ø-
Iƒ t]mse ka-b_ - ‘
- n-Xa- m-bn-cn-°n√ ô-®d- p-Iƒ. hm¿Ø-Iƒ°v B ka-bsØ aqeyw am{Xtabp≈q.
ô®-dp-Iƒ Aßn-s\-b-√. AsXt∏mgpw {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
ô®-dp-I-fpsS khn-ti-j-X-Isf Cßs\ Npcp-°mw ˛ efn-X-am-bn-cn-°-Ww, ck-I-c-am-bn-cn-°-
Ww, hn⁄m-\-{]-Z-am-bn-cn-°-Ww, sshIm-cn-I-am-bn-cn-°-Ww, {]m[m-\y-ap≈ hnj-b-sØ-∏‰nbmh-Ww.
km[m-cW hmb-\-°msc ap∂n¬ I-≠mWv ^n®¿ cN\ \S-tØ-≠-Xv. efn-X-ambpw ck-I-c-ambpw
BI¿j-Wo-b-ambpw kwhn-[m\w sNbvXm¬ am{Xta Bfp-I-fpsS {i≤ ]nSn-®p-]-‰m≥ km[n-°p-I-bp-
≈q. t]Pp-Iƒ adn-°p-tºmƒ hmb-\-°m-cs‚ IÆp-Isf ]nSn®p \ndp-Øm≥ Ign-bp∂ hn[w Nn{X-
ßƒ, t^mt´m-Iƒ, sNdnb Ce-kvt{S-j\ - p-Iƒ, Im¿´q-Wp-Iƒ, {Km^p-Iƒ F∂nh ô®-dp-If - n¬ Dƒs∏-
Sp-tØ-≠-Xp-≠v.
hnhn-[-Xcw ô®-dp-Iƒ
F. hm¿Øm-ô-®-dp-Iƒ: hm¿Ø-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-´p-≠m-Ip∂ ô®-dp-I-fm-Wn-h. hm¿Ø-bv°p-]n-
∂nse bYm¿∞ Imc-W-ß-fpw, AXns‚ Ncn-{X-hpw, ZrIvkm-£n-hn-h-c-W-ßfpw F√mw CXn¬ hcpw.
DZm-l-c-W-ambn Hcp hnam-\m-]-ISw \S∂p F∂ hm¿Ø h∂m¬ IqSp-X¬ Bfp-Iƒ ac-W-a-S-
bp--∂-tXmsS AXv {]m[m-\y-ta-dnb hm¿Ø-bm-hp-∂p. F∂m¬ A]-I-Sw \S∂ ÿew, AXns‚ hnh-c-
Ww, hnam-\-°-º-\n, b{¥-Ø-I-cm-dv, Ah-cpsS a‰v hnam-\-ß-fpsS ÿnXn, ap≥]v CtX t]mse \S∂
hnam-\m-]-I-S-ß-fpsS Ncn-{Xw, kw`hw \S∂ XnøXn°p≈ {]m[m-\yw, ]cp°v ]‰n-b-h-cp-am-bp≈
C‚¿hyq-Iƒ, ZrIvkm£n hnh-c-Ww, t^mt´m-Iƒ, A[n-Im-cn-I-fpsS A{i-≤, ]cn-lm-c-\n¿t±-i-ßƒ
F√mw tN¿∂-Xm-bn-cn°pw ô®-dns‚ LS-\. \mS-Io-b-Xbpw sshIm-cn-I-Xbpw, CØcw A]-I-S-ßƒ
Bh¿Øn-°-s∏-Sm-Xn-cn-°m-\p≈ k∑--\-kp-sa√mw ô®-dns‚ khn-ti-j-X-I-fm-bn-cn-°-Ww.
hm¿Ømô®-dns‚ as‰mcp apJ-amWv "I¿´¨ sdbvk¿' ô®-dp-Iƒ. DZm-l-c-W-ambn temI-
I∏v ^pSvt_mƒ XnøXn {]Jym-]n-°s∏´p Ign-™m¬ Ifn XpSßp∂Xns‚ Ht∂m ct≠m Znh-kw-
apºv ]{X-ß-fn¬ ]gb Ifn-I-fp-sSbpw Ifn-°m-cp-sSbpw A]q¿hNn-{X-ßƒ klnXw ô®-dp-Iƒ {]kn-
≤o-I-cn-°pw. CXmWv I¿´¨ sdbvk¿ ô®-dp-Iƒ.
_n. B\nth-gvkdn ô®-dp-Iƒ: h¿jw-tXmdpw Bh¿Øn-°-s∏--Sp∂ D’-h-ßƒ, BtLm-j-ßƒ,

hnti-j-Zn-h-k-ßƒ F∂n-hbv°v ]nd-Inse kw`-h-K-Xn-I-fpsS ck-I-c-amb Nn{Xo-I-c-W-ß-fmWv Ch.
HmWw, ]pXp-h-’-cw, _{Io-Zv, kzmX-{¥y-Zn-\w, Km‘nPb¥n, Xriq¿]qcw F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ ô®-
dp-Iƒ CØ-c-Øn-ep-≈-Xm-Wv. F√m h¿jhpw {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ Hmtcm h¿jhpw sshhn-[y-
ß-fmWv ô®-dp-I-fpsS BI¿j-Wo-b-X. t\csØ Xs∂ Xøm¿ sNbvXp sh°mw F∂-XmWv Cu
ô®-dp-I-fpsS {]tXy-I-X. CØcw ô®-dp-Iƒ Xøm--dm-°m≥ sshZ-KvZy-ap≈ {]tXyIw teJ-I¿ Xs∂
Hmtcm ]{X-ÿm-]-\-ß-fnepw D≠m-bn-cn-°pw.
kn. lyqa¿ C‚-dÃv ô®¿: hmb-\-°m-cn¬ kl-Xm-]hpw sshIm-cn-I-Xbpw krjvSn-°p-I-bmWv

CØcw ô®-dp-Iƒ sNøp-∂-Xv. henb {]Ir-Xn-Zp-c-¥-ßƒ, A-]-I-S-ßƒ, IÆo-cns‚ IY-Iƒ F∂nh
CØcw ô®-dp-I-ƒ°v hnj-b-am-bn-Øo-cp-∂p. DZm-l-c-W-ambn BZn-hmkn taJ-e-I-fnse ]ńWn ac-W-
ßƒ, F≥tUm-kƒ^m≥ Zpcn-X-_m-[n-X¿, km[m-c-W-°m¿ t\cn-tS≠n hcp∂ ASn-®-a¿Ø-ep-Iƒ
F∂nh lyqa¨ C‚-dÃv ô®-dp-I-fmbn {]Xy-£-s∏-Sm-dp-≠v.
Un. hnt\mZ ô®dpIƒ: hmb\°msc ckn-∏n-°m\pw, hnt\m-Zn-∏n-°m\pw th≠n am{X-ap-≈-h-bmWv

Ch. Fgp-Øp-Im-cs‚ \¿Ω-t_m-[hpw, GXv hnj-b-sØbpw Xam-i-bm°n Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m-\p-ap≈ Ign-
hp-amWv CXn-\-Sn-ÿm-\w. Bt£-]-lmkyw CØcw ô®-dp-I-fpsS {][m-\- k-hn-ti-j-X-bm-Wv.
C. t]gvk-Wm-en‰n ô®¿: Hm¿Ωn-°-s∏-tS≠ {]kn≤ hy‡n-I-fpsS Pohn-X-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ Nn{Xo-I-

c-W-am-Wn-h. imkv{X-⁄-∑m¿, kmaq-ly-˛-cm-jv{Sob taJ-e-I-fnse {]apJ hy‡n-Xz-ßƒ F-∂n-hsc
A\p-kva-cn-t®m, PohnX L-´-Øn¬ A`n-apJw \S-Øntbm Xømdm-°p∂ ô®-dp-I-fm-Wn-h. hy‡n-I-
fpsS t\´-ßƒ, Ah-cpsS kw`m-h-\-Iƒ F∂nh ]pXnb Xe-ap-dbv°v ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-ØpI F∂ e£yw
IqSn CØcw ô®-dp-Iƒ°p-≠v.
F^v. A\-en-‰n-°¬ ô®¿: Kuc-h-s∏´ hnj-b-ßsf°pdn®p≈ Bg-ta-dnb ]T-\-ß-fmWv Ch.

kmº-ØnI cmjv{Sob imkv{X taJ-e-I-fnse Nne {][m-\-hn-j-b-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ \nco-£-W-ßfpw
]cn-lm-c-am¿§-ßfpw Bb Ch hnt\m-Z-hm-b-\bv°v th≠n D≈-h-b-√.
Pn. sskUv _m¿ ô®¿: Hcp {][m\ hm¿Ø-tbm-sSm∏w htc≠ Imcy-ßƒ AXn¬ t\cn´v Dƒs∏-
Sp-Øm≥ Ign-bmsX hcp-tºmƒ hm¿Øm-a-[y-Øn-tem, hm¿Øm-`m-K-ß-fn-tem, {]tXy-Iw-t_m-Ivkp-I-
fntem, \ndw amdntbm tN¿°p-∂-h-bm-Wn-h. hm¿Ø-I-sf-°mƒ Bfp-Iƒ°v Xm¬]cyw Cu t_mIvkv
tImf-ß-fn-em-bn-cn-°pw.
F®v. ss{_‰v ô®¿: s]s´∂v hmb-\°
- msc BI¿jn∏n°pw hn[w \nd-ßf
- n-tem, Nn{X-ßƒ tN¿tØm,
t_mIvkp-I-fntem \¬Ip∂ sNdnb ô®-dp-I-fm-Wn-h. ]e-t∏mgpw hnkva-b-I-c-amb kw`-h-ß-fm-bn-
cn°pw Ch-bpsS hnj-bw.
sF. t^mt´m ô®¿: Hcp hnti-j-hy-‡nsb A\p-kva-cn°¬, {][m\ BtLmjßƒ, F∂n-hsb
\nc-h[n t^mt´m-I-fn-eqsS Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂XmWv t^mt´m ô®¿. Hcp {]kn≤ hy‡n acn-®m¬ At±-
l-Øns‚ PohnX Nn{Xo-I-cWw t^mt´m-I-fn-eqsS Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂Xv ]{X-ß-fn¬ km-[m-c-W-amWv
AXp- t ]mse {]kn- ≤ - ß - f mb BtLm- j - ß - f pw, D’- h - ß - f pw, t^mt´m- I - f n- e qsS
Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m-dp-≠v.
sP. tImºn-t\-j≥ ô®¿: ô®dpw t^mt´mô®dpw tN¿tØm, As√-¶n¬ H∂n-tesd ô®-dp-I-
fmtbm tImºn-t\-j≥ ô®-dp-Iƒ D≠m-hmw. Iqń-bn-W°n Xøm-dm-°-s∏-Sp-∂-h-bmWv tImºn-t\-j≥
ô®-dp-Iƒ.

ô®¿ cN\: ô®¿ cN-\bv°v BZyw th≠Xv km[y-X-bp≈ Hcp hnjbw Is≠-Øp-I-bm-Wv.
hnjbw e`n-®m¬ AXns\-°p-dn®v In´m-hp∂ F√m hnh-c-ßfpw tiJ-cn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. t^mt´m-Iƒ,
Nn{X-ßƒ, A`n-ap-J-ßƒ Cßs\ Bh-iy-ap-≈-sX√mw tiJ-cn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.
hmb-\-°msc BI¿jn--°p∂ B-ap-J-amWv ô®-dns‚ {][m-\-`m-Kw. AXp hmbn-®m¬ ô®¿
apgp-h≥ hmbn-°m-\p≈ B{Klw hmb-\-°m-c-\p-≠m-h-Ww. Hcp IY-bn-eq-sS-tbm, D≤-c-Wn-bn-eq-sS-
tbm, Hcp tNmZy-Øn-eq-sS-tbm, Ihn-Xm-i-I-e-Øn-eq-sStbm BapJw Bcw-`n-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
BapJw Ign-™m¬ ô®¿ ico-ca - m-bn. hmb\ XpS-cm≥ t{]cn-∏n-°p∂ BImw£ \ne-\n¿Øm≥
ico-cØ- n\v Ign-bW
- w. ]n∂oSv D]-kw-lm-ca
- m-Wv. hmbn® ô®-dns\ Aev]Z- n-hktØs°-¶nepw Hm¿Ω-
bn¬ \ne-\n¿Øm≥ Ign-bp∂ coXn-bn-em-hWw AXns‚ D]-kw-lm-cw. A\m-h-iy-amb ]Z-ßfpw
Bh¿Ø\ hnc-k-amb ssien-Ifpw a\w aSp-∏n-°p∂ {]tbm-K-hn-ti-j-ßfpw ô®¿ cN-\-bn¬ Hcn-
SØpw D≠m-bn-cn-°-cpXv F∂Xv Hm¿Ωn-t°≠ Imcy-am-Wv.
tdUntbm ô®¿: tdUntbm ô®-dp-Iƒ s]mXpsh Nn{Xo-I-c-W-ßƒF∂m-W-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. hkvXp-
X-Isf \mS-Io-b-ambn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m≥ Ign-bp∂p F∂Xpw, sdt°mUv sNøm-hp∂ F¥pw i_vZ-hn-
\ym-k-Øn-eqsS Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m-sa-∂Xpw CXns‚ ta∑-bm-Wv. BIm-i-hm-Wn-bn¬ hbepw hoSpw,
hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°p th≠n, A≤ym-]-I¿°v th≠n F∂n-h-bn-se√mw ô®-dp-Iƒ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m-dp-≠v.
Ipam-c\
- m-im-s\-∏‰- n-bp≈ Hcp {]`m-jWw A[n-It- \cw tIńcn-°pI aSp-∏p-fh
- m-°n-tb-°mw. Hcp hy‡n-
Xs∂ kzc-t`-Za - n-√msX Aßns\ kwkm-cn-®p-t]m-Ip-∂X - m-Wn-Xv. F∂m¬ Bim-s\-∏‰- n-bp≈ Hcp ô®¿
hfsc BI¿j-Iambpw D≈n¬X´pw hn[hpw Ah-Xc-- n-∏n-°mw. Hcp Ipń Bims‚ Ihn-Xm-`mKw
sNm√n-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-tºmƒ AXp-tI´v sIm≠p-hcp∂ Hcmƒ AXn-s\-°p-dn®v XpS-ßp∂ kwi-b-
Øntem, tNmZy-Øn-tem, A`n-{]m-b-Øntem AXv Bcw-`n-°mw. ]ns∂ Iq´mb N¿®-I-fpw, thsdbpw
IYm]m{X-ßfpw kw`m-j-W-ß-fp-sa√mw k∂n-th-in-∏n-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. sshhn-[y-am¿∂ i_vZßfpw
]›m-Ø-e-kw-Ko-Xhpw Adn-hns‚ Bg-hp-sa√mw tdUntbm ô®-dns\ \√ co-Xn-bn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m≥
klm-b-I-am-Ip∂ LS-I-ß-fm-Wv.
C. eLp-teJ:
I®-hS tI{µn-Xa
- mb am[y-ak
- a
- qlw P\-km-am-\yØns‚ ASn-ÿm-\{- ]-iv\ß
- ƒ a-d∂v sk≥tk-
j-\¬ \yqkp-Iƒ°v ]n∂mse t]mIp-tºmƒ AXns\ {]Xn-tcm-[n-°m≥ th≠n cq]w sIm≈p-∂-
XmWv eLp-te-J-b-S-°-ap≈ kam-¥c am[y-a-{]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ. P\-k-aq-l-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm\ {]iv\-
ß-fn-te°v s]mXp-k-ΩXn B¿÷n-°m≥ th≠n-bmWv eLp-te-J-Iƒ {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Hcp
{]tXy-I-{]iv\w ap≥\n¿Øn GsX-¶nepw cmjv{So-b, kmkvIm-cnI thZn-I-tfm, kwL-S-\-Itfm ]p-
dØnd°p-∂-h-bmWv CXn-te-sd-bpw. kuP-\y-am-tbm, \n m-c- XpI kw`mh-\-bmbn kzoI-cnt®m eLp-
te-J-Iƒ hnX-cWw sNøm-dp-≠v.
\√ ]T-\-hpw, Kuc-h-ta-dnb kao-]-\hpw GsXmcp eLp-te-J-bp-sSbpw khn-ti-j-X-I-fm-Wv.
km[m-c-W-°m¿°v ]nSn-In-´mØ Hfn-™p-In-S-°p∂ hnj-b-ßƒ ]pd-sØ-SpØv N¿®m-hn-j-b-am-°n-
Øo¿°m≥ Ch \s√mcp D]m-[n-bm-Wv. P\m-[n-]-Xy-hy-h-ÿ-bn¬ A`n-{]m-b-kzm-X-{¥y-Øns‚ \√
thZn-I-fmWv Ch.
eLp-te-J-bpsS {]h¿Ø\ Ncn-{X-Øn¬ hnkva-cn-°m-\m-hmØ \ma-amWv tXmakv s]bn-\n-t‚-
Xv. Cw•-≠nepw Ata-cn-°-bnepw sXmgn¬]-c-amb ASn-®-a¿Ø-en-s\-Xn-cmbn s]bn≥ ]pd-Øn-d-°nb
eLp-te-J-Iƒ `c-WIqSØns‚ \ne-\n-ev]ns\ Xs∂ tNmZyw sNøp-∂-h-bm-bn-cp-∂p. At±-l-Øns‚
"tIma¨sk≥kv', ssd‰vkv Hm^v am≥', "GPv Hm^v dok¨' XpS-ßnb eLp-te-J-Iƒ eLp-te-Jm-N-
cn-{X-Ønse al-Ømb kw`m-h-\-I-fmbn Icp-X-s∏-Sp-∂p. \ntcm-[n-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw, tPmen-bn¬ \n∂v ]ncn-
®p-hn-Ss
- ∏-Sp-Ibpw, ]e h´w Pbn¬in-£bv°v hnt[-b\
- m-bnØo-cp-Ibpw sNbvsX-¶nepw s]bv≥ eLpteJ-
Iƒ hgn `c-W-Iq-S-Øn-t\mSv Xs‚ kacw XpS-cpI Xs∂ sNøp-∂p-≠v.

C∂pw P\-Po-hn-XsØ _m[n-°p∂ ASn-ÿm-\-{]-iv\-ßƒ ]cn-l-cn-°m≥ A`n-{]m-b-cq-]o-I-

cWw \S-Øp-∂-Xn¬ eLp-te-J-Iƒ°v henb ]¶p-≠v. cmjv{So-b-]m¿ń-I-fpsS sXc-s™-Sp∏v {]I-S-\-
]-{Xn-IIƒ C°q-´Ø
- n¬ hcp-∂h
- b
- m-Wv. sske‚ vhmen, πm®n-aS- , BZn-hmkn `qan, F≥tUm-kƒ^m≥
XpS-ßnb P\-Po-hn-XsØ _m[n-°p∂ {]iv\-ßƒs°√mw i‡-amb sh-√p-hn-fn-bp-b¿Øm≥ eLp-
te-J-Iƒ°v Ign-™n-´p-≠v.
D en‰n¬ amK-kn-\p-Iƒ
Hcp sNdnb hmb-\m-hrµw am{X-ap-≈Xpw, I®-h-S-Xm-ev]-cy-ßƒ°-Xo-X-ambn F√m-Øcw

A[n-Im-c-L-S-\-Iƒ°pw, FÃm-ªn-jvsa‚p-Iƒ°pw FXn-cmb ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ sh®p ]pe¿Øp∂Xp-
amb sNøp∂ kam-¥c cN-\-I-fmWv en‰n¬ amK-kn-\p-Iƒ. apJy-[mcm am[y-a-ß-fpsS I®-hS Xmev]-
cy-ßƒs°-Xn-cmbmWv en‰n¬ amK-kn-\p-Iƒ cq]w sIm≠-Xv. \S∂p ]g-Inb hgn-Is - f-bpw, Bh¿Ø\hn-
c-k-amb Bhn-jvI-cW k{º-Zm-b-ß-sfbpw ]cn-jvI-cn-°-W-sa∂v A{K-ln-®n-cp∂ F√m temI-ß-
fnepw en‰n¬ amK-kn-\p-Iƒ D≠m-bn-´p-≠v. Cw•ojv B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS h‡m-hmb Sn.-Fkv.F-en-b-‰v,
F^v.-B¿ ehokv F∂n-h¿ Ah-cpsS ImeØv en‰n¬ amK-kn-\p-Iƒ {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®n-cp-∂p.
Fw.-hn.-tZ-hs‚ ]{Xm-[n-]X
- y-Øn¬ 1950-If
- n¬ ]pd-Øn-dß
- nb \h-km-ln-Xn-bmWv ae-bm-fØ
- nse
BZy en‰n¬ amKkn≥. A∂sØ {]kn≤ Ihn-I-fmb CS-t»-cn, F≥.hn F∂n-h¿ CXns‚ ]{Xm-[n]
kanXnbnep-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. \mS-I-IrØpw kzX-{¥-Nn-¥-I\pambn-cp∂ kn.-sP.-tXm-a-kns‚ c£m-[n-Im-c-
Øn¬ ]pd-Øn-d-ßnb "tKm]pcw' hfsc {]kn-≤-am-bn-cp-∂p. _jo-dns‚ "]mØp-Ω-bpsS BSv'
tKm]p-c-Øn-emWv BZyw {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®-Xv.
ae-bm-f-Ønse F°m-e-sØbpw al-Ømb en‰n¬ amK-kn≥ Nn¥-I\pw lyqa-\n-Ãp-amb Fw.-
tKm-hn-µs‚ ]{Xm[n]-Xy-Øn¬ ]pd-Øn-d-ßnb "kao£' Bbn-cp∂p. B\-µns‚ "ac-W-k¿ń-^n-°-‰v,
kn.-F≥ s‚ "Ien' F∂nh BZyw {]kn-≤o-I-cn°p∂Xv CXn-em-Wv. CXn¬ \ncq-]-Ww, Ihn-X, Nn{X-Ie
F∂- n hbv ° mbn {]tXyI ]w‡n- I fpw, kv s ]jy¬ ]Xn- ∏ p- I fpw D≠m- b n- c p- ∂ p. 1960 Ifn¬
a-e-bmf kmln-Xy-Øn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂ kzX-{¥-Nn-¥-I-cp-sSbpw, Iem-Im-c-∑m-cp-sSbpw \√ coXn-bn-
ep≈ kl-I-cWw kao-£bv°v e`n-®n-cp-∂p.
Aø-∏-∏Wn°cpsS "tIc-f-I-hnX-, F.-A-ø-∏s‚ "A£cw', k®n-Zm-\-µs‚ "Pzme' XpS-ßn-bh
Kuc-h-ta-dnb hmb-\bv°pw Nn¥bv°pw {]m[m\yw \¬In. t_m[n, t{]c-W, sb\m≥, kw{I-aWw,
]mT-t`Zw F∂n-hbpw AA-°m-e-L-´-Øn¬ hnπ-h-I-c-amb Nph-Sp-Iƒ sh® en‰n¬ amK-kn-\p-I-fm-bn-
cp-∂p. bmYm-ÿn-Xn-IX - z-Øns‚ XS-hd- b
- n¬ Ipcp-ßn-t∏mb `mj-sbbpw, Bhn-jvIc - W ]≤-Xn-Is- fbpw
]pXp-°n-∏-Wn-bp-∂-Xn¬ en‰n¬ amK-kn-\p-Iƒ hln® ]¶v hfsc hep-Xm--bn-cp-∂p.
E Npa¿amK-kn-\p-Iƒ: t\mó-kp-Ifpw, t]mkv‰-dp-I-fp-ambncn°Ww Npa¿amK-kn-\p-I-fpsS

ap≥Kman-Iƒ. Bfp-Iƒ Adn-b-W-sa∂p tXm∂p∂ Imcy-ßƒ Hcp IS-em-kn-se-gpXn Nph-cn¬ ]Xn-
°pI F∂-Xm-Wn-Xns‚ coXn. ]{X-ßƒ hcp-∂-Xn\v apºv Xs∂ CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ Bi-b-{]-N-cW
k{º-Zm-b-ßƒ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. kvIqfp-I-fnepw tImtfPv Imº-kp-I-fnepw hmb\m-aq-e-Ifpw AhnsS
Nph¿ amK-kn-\p-Ifpw ImWm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. sNehv Ipd™ coXn-bn¬ Imcy-ßƒ hmb-\-°m-cn¬ FØn-
°pI F∂-XmWv CXv e£yw sh°p-∂-Xv. temI-Ønse G‰hpw henb Npa¿]-{X-ambn Adn-b-s∏-Sp-
∂Xv tImgn-t°mSv ae-_m¿ {InkvXy≥ tImtf-Pnse tP¿W-enkw ¢_v {]Z¿in-∏n® "HUo nbmWv.
Cu ]{Xw IS-em-kn-e√ XpWn-bn-em-Wv \n¿Ωn®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
F A`n-ap-J-ßƒ: ]{X-am-[y-a-ßsf kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw A`n-ap-J-ßƒ kp{]-[m-\-am-Wv. A`n-ap-

J-Øn\v Xøm-sd-Sp-°p∂ teJ-I\v Xm≥ A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-°p∂ hy‡n-sb-°p-dn®pw At±-l-Øns‚ {]h-
¿-Ø\ taJ-e-sb-°p-dn®pw \√ Adnhv D≠m-bn-cn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. Nn{X-Im-c-t\m, Ihn-tbm, ImbnI Xmc-
tam, kn\nam Xmc-tam, cmjv{So-b- km-aq-ly-{]-h¿Ø-It\m Bcm-bmepw At±-l-Øns‚ {]h¿Ø-\-ta-
J-es
- b-∏‰n s]mXp-hmb Adn-hn-√mØ Bƒ A`n-ap-JØ - n\v t]mIm-Xn-cn-°p-∂X
- mWv \√-Xv. Nne {]tXyI
hnj-bß - f
- n¬ Hcmƒ°p≈ A`n-{]m-bß - ƒ, hntbm-Pn-∏p-Iƒ, \ne-]m-Sp-Iƒ F∂nh s]mXp-P\ ka£w
Adn-bn-°p-I-bmWv A`n-ap-J-Øns‚ e£yw. A`n-ap-J-Øn\v hnt[-b-\m-Ip∂ Bƒ GsX-¶nepw taJ-e-
bn¬ {]h¿Ø sshZKv[yw sXfn-bn® hy‡n-bm-bn-cn-°pw. At±-l-Øn\v X\n-°-dn-tb≠ Nne hnj-b-
ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Nne tNmZy-ßƒ°v DØ-c-apt≠m F∂mWv tNmZy-I¿Øm-hn-\-dn-tb-≠-Xv. AXp-
sIm≠v Xs∂ tNmZy-I¿Øm-hns‚ A`n-{]m-b-ßƒ°v ChnsS Hcp {]k-‡n-bp-an√ F∂v a\- n-em-°-
Ww. A`n-apJw Hcn-°epw Hcp N¿®-b-√, tNmZy-I¿Øm-hns‚ Adnhv {]I-Sn-∏n-°m-\p≈ thZn-bp-a-√.
A[n-Im-c-a-√, hn\-b-amWv ChnsS {]I-S-am-tI-≠-Xv. "Rm≥' F∂ Hcp ]Zw tNmZy-I¿Øm-hns‚ ]Zm-h-
en-bn¬ t]mepw D≠m-hm≥ ]mSn-s√-∂mWv hnZ-KvZ\ - n-co-£W
- w. kw`m-jW- °
- m-c\
- m-b√
- - \s√mcp tIƒhn-
°m-c-\m-bmWv tNmZy-I¿Ømhv CS-s]-tS-≠-Xv. temI-{]-kn-≤-cmb ]e ]{X-{]-h¿Ø-Icpw Ncn-{X-Øn-
enSw t\Sn-bXv Xß-fpsS A`n-apJ dnt∏m¿ńwKv hgn-bm-bn-cp-∂p. tXm°n\v apºn¬ `b-s∏-SmsX Xo{h-
hmZn tI{µ-ß-fnepw a‰pw t]mbn Ah-cpsS t\Xr-XzsØ C‚¿hyq sNbvXv {]kn-≤-cmbh¿ \ΩpsS
]{X-{]-h¿Ø-\-cw-KØpw D≠v. X{¥-]-c-Xbpw, hnthIhpw \b-]-c-amb kao-]-\hpw teJ-I\v D≠m-bn-
cn-°-Ww. Abm-fpsS kao-]-\-amWv C‚¿hyq-hns‚ hnP-b-Øn-\-Sn-ÿm-\w.
A`n-ap-J-ßƒ aq∂p hn[-Øn-em-Wp-≈Xv

C≥^¿ta-j≥ C‚¿hyq
H∏o-\n-b≥ C‚¿hyq
ô®¿ C‚¿hyq
C≥^¿ta-j≥ C‚¿hyq hnh-c-ßƒ \¬Im≥ th≠n-bp-≈-Xm-Wv. {]tXy-In®v aps∂m-cp-°-

ßƒ H∂p-an-√m-sXbpw CXv th≠n hcm-dp-≠v. DZm-l-c-W-ambn Hcp _ -]-ISw \S∂ CSØv teJ-I≥
FØn-t®-cp-tºmƒ hnh-c-ti-J-c-W-Øn-\mbn Abmƒ ]e-scbpw kao-]n-t°≠n hcpw. ZrIvkm-£n-
Iƒ, bm{X-°m¿, t]meo-kp-tZym-K-ÿ-∑m¿, Bip-]{Xn Poh-\-°m¿ Cßs\ ]e-scbpw kao-]n-®mWv
Abmƒ hnh-c-ßƒ tiJ-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
k¿°m¿ Xe-Øn-ep≈ Nne hnh--c-ßƒ Adn-bm≥ D∂-tXm-tZym-K-ÿsc kao-]n-°p-∂Xpw
CØcw C‚¿hyq-hn¬s]-Sp-∂p. ChnsS Adn-tb≠ hnh-c-ßƒ-F-s¥-√m-am-sW∂v t\csØ A[n-Im-cn-
Isf [cn-∏n-t°≠n hcpw.
H∏o-\n-b≥ C‚¿hyqIƒ Nne {]tXyI hnj-b-ßsf kw_-‘n-®p≈ A`n-{]m-b-cq-]o-I-c-W-
Øns‚ `mK-ambn \S-Øp-∂-Xm-Wv. k¿°m-cns‚ Hcp {]tXyI t]mfn-kn-sb-°p-dn®v {]Xn-]-£-t\-Xm-hv,
hnZym¿∞n kwL-S-\-Iƒ, sXmgn-emfn kwL-S-\-Iƒ F∂n-h-cn¬ \n∂v A`n-apJw hgn-bmbn A`n-{]mbw
tiJ-cn-°p-∂Xv am[y-a-ß-fn¬ km[m-c-W-am-Wv.
ô®¿ C‚¿hyqIfmWv bYm¿∞ A`n-ap-J-ß-fpsS kz`mhw {]Z¿in-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. ChnsS Adn-
tb≠ Imcy-ßƒ tNmZy-I¿Ømhv hnh-c-Zm-b-I\v apºn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw IrXy-amb t\mSvkp-I-
fn-eq-sSbpw sdt°m-Unw-Kn-eq-sSbpw ]n∂oSv ]I¿Øn-sb-SpØv {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-IbpamWv sNøp∂Xv.
CØcw C‚¿hyq-I-fn¬ teJ-Is‚ kmln-Xy-]-cn-N-bw, h¿Æ-\m-t_m-[w, at\m-[¿Ωw F∂n-hbv°p
IqSn kmwK-Xy-ap-≠v. hy‡n-bpsS t^mt´m-Iƒ, Pohn-X-Ønse hnhn[ kµ¿`-ßƒ F∂nh C‚¿hyq-
hns‚ `mK-ambn sImSp-Øn-cn-°pw.
A`n-ap-J-ß-fn¬ kw`m-j-Is‚ hnizmkw B¿÷n-°m-\mWv tNmZy-I¿Ømhv {ian-t°-≠-Xv.
Cbmƒ Ipg-∏-an√ F∂p tXm∂n-bm¬ tNmZn-°m-Ø-Xn\pw Bbmƒ adp-]Sn ]d-s™-∂n-cn-°pw. Cßs\
X\n°p th≠-sX√mw hy‡-ambpw kXy-k-‘-ambpw cq]o-I-cn-°m-\p≈ Hcp kµ¿`-ambn tNmZy-
I¿Ømhv A`n-ap-J-ßsf D]-tbm-Kn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.
\mSIw tdUn-tbm-hn¬
kmln-Xy-IrXn tdUn-tbm-hn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-tºmƒ Ipsd-°m-cy-ßƒ {i≤n-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. hmb-
\m-\p-`-hsØ shdpw {ihy-ambn am{Xw kzoI-cn-°p-tºmƒ Hcp-]m-Sv am‰-ßƒ IrXn°v hcp-tØ-≠-Xp-
≠v. km[m-c-W-bmbn tÃPn¬ \mw ImWp∂ \mSIw F∂ Iem-cq-]-sØ-bmWv tdUn-tbm-hn-te°v
sIm≠p-t]m-Ip-∂s - X-¶n¬ NXp¿hn-[m-`n-\b
- ß
- f
- n¬ hmNnIw am{X-amWv kzoI-cn-°p-∂X
- v. kw`m-jW
- hpw
ku≠v C^-IvSp-Ifpw am{Xw B{i-bn®v ]›m-Ø-ehpw IYm-Jym-\hpw km[n-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. Cu ]cn-an-
Xn-Iƒ D≈-t∏mƒ Xs∂ as‰mcp am[y-a-Øn-\p-an-√mØ Ipsd km[y-X-Ifpw tdUn-tbm-hn-\p-≠v. temI-
Øn-se-hn-sSbpw D≈ IY F∂ \ne-bn¬ ˛ Ic-bn-tem, IS-en-tem, BIm-i-tØm, I∏-entem, hnam-\-
Øn-tem˛ Fhn-sS-bm-bmepw D≈ cwK-ßƒ \njv{]-bmkw tdUntbm \mS-I-Øn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m≥
km[n-°pw.
tÃPv \mSIw IÆns‚ Ie--bm-sW-¶n¬ tdUntbm \mSIw ImXns‚ Ie-bm-Wv. tÃPv \mS-I-
Øn¬ F√mw IÆns‚ ap∂n¬ {]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ tdUn-tbm-hn¬ F√mw ku≠v C^-IvSp-I-
fn-eqsS t{]£I a\- n¬ tXm∂n-∏n-°p-I-bmWv sNøp-∂-Xv.
tÃPv \mS-I-Øn¬ F√mw t\cn´v I≠v a\- n-em-°m≥ Ign-bp-sa-¶n¬ tdUntbm \mS-I-Øn¬
hm°p-I-fn-eqsS am{Xta a\- n-em-hp-I-bp-≈q. IØn-bp-ambn A{Ian-°m≥ hcp∂ Hcmsf cwKØv
ImWn-°m≥ Ffp-∏-am-Wv. tdUn-tbm-hn¬ " B IØn Xmsg CSq' F∂p ]d-™m¬ am{Xta A{I-an-
bpsS Iøn¬ IØn-bp-s≠∂v a\- n-em-hp-Ib - p-≈q. AXp-t]mse IYm-]m-{X _‘ßƒ, AIew ASp∏w
F∂n-hbpw kw`m-j-W-Øn-eq-sSbpw {]tXyI i_vZ hy\ym-k-Øn-eqsSbpamWv tdUntbm \mS-I-ß-
fn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. Zriy-_nw-_-ßsf apgph≥ i_vZ-_nw-_-ß-fm°n am‰n-s°m≠v am{Xta \mS-
I-a-S-°-ap≈ kmln-Xy-cq-]-ßsf tdUn-tbm-hn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m≥ Ign-bp-I-bp-≈q.
hni-Z-]-T\w: 1. D®m-c-Ww˛ F.-B¿ cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω
ae-bm-f kmlnXy-hn-Zym¿∞n-Iƒ°pw, `mjimkv{Xm hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°pw Ahn-kva-c-Wo-b-amb

\ma-amWv F.-B¿.-cm-Pc
- m-Ph
- ¿ΩbptS-Xv. `mjm imkv{X-Ønepw, hymI-cW
- Ø
- n-epw, `mjm Ncn-{X-Ønepw
At±-l-Øns‚ imkv{Xo-bhpw kq£va-hp-amb Z¿i\w hym]cn-®-Xns‚ A\-iz-c-amb amXr-I-bmWv
"tIc-f-]m-Wn-\obw' F∂ hymI-cW {KŸw. cNn-°-s∏´v \qtdmfw h¿j-ßƒ Ign-s™-¶nepw AXns‚
amlm-fly-sØbpw, A{]-am-Zn-Xz-sØbpw adn-I-S-°m≥ Ign-bp∂ Hcp hymI-c-W-{K-Ÿhpw ae-bm-f-°-c-
bn¬ D≠m-bn-ń-√. IhnXm kw_-‘-amb hnj-b-ß-fn¬ At±-l-Øns‚ hna¿i-\m-flI ZrjvSn-Iƒ
]Xn-™-Xns‚ al-Ømb kw`m-h-\-I-fmWv hrØ-RvP-cnbpw, `mjm-`q-j-W-hpw. hrØ-kw-_-‘-amb
{]iv\-ßƒ°v C∂pw B[n-Im-cnIw hrØ-a-RvPcn BbXp t]mse Ae-¶mc kn≤m-¥-Øns‚ ASn-Ø-
d-bmbn \n¬°m≥ `mjm-`q-j-W-Øn\pw Ign-bp-∂p-≠v. kmln-Xy-A-°m-Zan {]kn-≤o-I-cn® "{]_-‘-kw-
{Klw' F∂ F.-B-dns‚ IrXn-bn¬ \ns∂-Sp-Øn-´p-≈-XmWv "D®m-cWw' F∂ `mKw. D®m-c-W-hn-j-b-
Øn¬ imkv{Xo-b-Xbpw auen-I-Xbpw Hmtcm `mjbpw ImØp-kq-£n-t°-≠-Xns‚ Bh-iy-I-X-bmWv
At±lw Cu `mKØv N¿® sNøp-∂-Xv. Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-amWv `mj-bpsS e£y-sa-∂n-cn-s°, A¿∞-hn-
\n-a-b-Øns‚ Hcp {][m\ ASn-ÿm\w ]tZm-®m-cWw Xs∂-bm-sW∂v At±lw ChnsS hy‡-am-°p-I-
bm-Wv. Cw•ojv, kwkvIrXw t]mep≈ `mj-I-fn¬ `mjm ]T-\-tØm-sSm∏w Xs∂ D®m-cW ]T-\-
Øn\pw {]m[m\yw \¬Ip-∂Xv C°m-c-W-Øm-em-Wv.
Hcp `mj {]uV-`m-j-bm-I-W-sa-¶n¬ AXn¬ en]nbpw kmln-Xyhpw Bh-iy-am-Wv. en]nbpw
kmln-Xyhpw D≠m-Ip-∂Xv hsc D®m-c-W-ßƒ°v hyhÿbp≠m-hp-I-bn-√.- \√ cq]-ßƒ Is≠Øn
kmln-Xy-`m-j-bn¬ am\-Io-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xp-hsc {]Xn-Zn\w D®m-cWw hyXym-k-s∏-´p-sIm-≠n-cn-°pw.
]ucm-WnI kwkvIr-X-Øn¬ sshZn-I-kw-kvIr-X-sa∂pw euInI kwkvIr-X-sa∂pw c≠pƒ]n-
cn-hp-Iƒ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. thZ-ß-fnepw {_m“-W-ß-fnepw ImWp∂ `mj sshZn-I-hpw ImfnZm-k-s\-
t∏m-ep≈ Ihn-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-®Xv euInI kwkvIr-X-hp-am-Wv. thZ-ß-fn¬ D®m-c-W-ßƒ°v {]tXyI
ÿm\-ap-≠v. EtKz-Z-Øn¬ "U'Im-csØ "f' F∂pw "V' sb "fvl' F∂pw D®-cn-°-Ww. bPp¿th-Z-
Øn¬ "^'bv°v F s‚ D®m-c-W-am-Wp≈-Xv. A\p-kzm-csØ "Kvw' F∂m-Wp-®-cn-t°-≠-Xv. CØcw
D®m-cW hnti-j-ß-sf√mw hy‡-am-°n-s°m≠v Ah-X-cn-∏n-®n-´p≈ {]mNo\ D®m-c-W-im-kv{X-{K-Ÿ-
ß-fmWv "{]mXn-im-Jy-ßƒ'.
D®m-c-W-Øn¬ {i≤n-t°≠ as‰mcp Imcyw Cw•o-jn¬ accent F∂p hnfn-°p∂ bXv\-t`-Z-
am-Wv. Hcp ]Z-Ønse F√m A£-c-ß-sfbpw Htc _e-Øn-e√ D®-cn-t°-≠-Xv. {][m\ A£-c-ßsf
\√ _e-Øn¬ D®-cn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. {]Ir-Xn-{]-Xyb-ßƒ tNcp-∂n-SØv {]Ir-Xn°v IqSp-X¬ Du∂¬
\¬tI-≠-Xp-≠v. Cw•ojv t]mep≈ `mj-I-fn¬ \masØ {Inb-bm°m-\pw, Ime-t`Zw ImWn-°m\pw,
A¿∞-hy-Xymkap≠m-°m-\p-sa√mw D®m-c-W-Zm¿Uyw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p-≠v. kwkvIr-X-Øn¬ CØcw
D®m-cW hyXym-k-ßsf s]mXpsh "kzcw' F∂p ]d-bp-∂p. DZm-Øw, A\p-Zm-Øw, kzcnXw F∂n-
ßs\ aq∂p kzc-hy-Xn-bm-\-ß-fm-Wp-≈-Xv. {]IrXn {]Xy-b-ß-fn¬ {][m-\amb {]IrXnsb Db¿∂
ÿmbn-bnepw A{][m\-amb {]Xy-bsØ Xmgv∂ ÿmbn-bn-ep-amWv D®-cn-°p-∂-Xv. CXmWv kzc-t`Zw
F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xv.
kwkvIr-X-Ønse as‰mcp D®m-c-W-hn-tijw _mWn AYhm CuWw BWv. Hmtcm `mj-
Iƒ°pw D®m-c-W-Øn¬ AXn-s‚-Xmb CuWw D≠m-bn-cn-°pw. ae-bmfnIsf kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw
Xangv kwkvIrX _‘w D≈-Xn-\m¬ temI-Ønse GXv ]Zßfpw D®-cn-°p-∂-Xn¬ Hcp {]bm-k-hp-an-
s√-∂v F.-B¿ \nco-£n-°p-∂p. Cusbmcp Imcy-Øn¬ ae-bm-fn-Iƒ `mKy-hm-∑m-cm-sW-∂mWv At±-l-
Øns‚ kpNn-¥n-Xm-`n-{]m-bw.
]e `mj-Iƒ°pw Ah-cp-tS-Xmb D®m-c-W-hn-ti-j-ßƒ D≠v. _wKm-fn-Iƒ "h' F√mw "_'
BbmWv D®-cn-°p-I. Xan-gn¬ tLmj-i-_vZ-ßƒ°v D®m-c-W-an-√, arZp-hm-bn-´mWv D®m-c-Ww. ae-bm-f-
Ønepw Nne D®m-cW hne£-W-ßƒ D≠v. Nµ-\sØ N∂hpw, KW-]-Xnsb sKW-]-Xn-bpw, D’m-
lsØ Devkm-l-ambpw BWv ae-bm-fn-Iƒ D®-cn-°p-∂-Xv. CØcw D®m-c-W-ßƒs°√mw Xs∂ Ncn-
{X-]-c-amb Imc-W-ßƒ D≠m-bn-cn°pw F∂mWv F.-B-dns‚ hnZKv≤ \nco-£-Ww.
hni-Z-]-T\w:2 ae-bmf ssien (H-∂m-a-[ym-bw): Ipń-Ir-jvW-am-cm¿
ae-bm-f kmlnXy-Ncn-{X-Øn¬ A¿∞-h-Ømb hm°p-sIm≠pw Nn¥-sIm≠pw A\-izc kw`m-

h-\-Iƒ \¬Inb t]mb Xe-ap-d-bnse \ncq-]-I-\mWv Ipń-Ir-jvW-am-cm¿. ae-bmf kmln-Xy-Øn¬
tbmPn-∏n-s‚bpw hntbm-Pn-∏n-s‚bpw `mj sIm≠v At±lw krjvSn® kuµ-cy-a-WvUew kqcy-tX-P-
t msS C∂pw {]Imiw ]cØn \n¬°p-∂p.
Fgp-Øn\pw hm°n\pw kw`-hn-°p∂ t_m[-]q¿∆tam A√m-ØtXm Bb sshI-ey-ß-sf-°p-
dn®v F√m-bvt∏mgpw Akz-ÿ-X-bpw, BIp-e-Xbpw sh®v ]pe¿Ønbp-cp∂ `mjm-kvt\-ln-bm-bncp∂p
amcm¿. kz¥w `mj-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ A⁄X sImt≠m, hntZ-i-`m-j-I-tfm-Sp≈ Aan-Xm-Z-chv sImt≠m
ae-bm-f-sa-gp-Xp-tºmƒ kw`-hn-°p∂ h≥ho-gvN-Isf AwKo-Ic-- n-°m≥ Ign-bp∂ a\- m-bn-cp-∂n√ amcm-
cp-tS-Xv. ae-bmf ssien F∂ {KŸw Cu hgn-°p≈ At\z-j-W-^-e-amWv. sX‰n-√mØ ae-bmfw F∂
ImgvN-∏m-Sns‚ B[n-Im-cn-I-hpw auen-I-hp-amb BZy i_vZw Xs∂-bmWv Cu IrXn.
`mj-bn¬ kw`-hn-°p∂ ]ptcm-K-Xn-sbbpw hnIm-k-sØbpw kwi-b-ZrjvSym t\m°n-°m-Wp∂
\ncq-]-I-\√ amcm-cv. cma-N-cnXw apX-en-tßm-´p≈ enJnX kmln-Xy-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm\Øn¬ `mjm
]ptcm-KXn hne-bn-cp-Øp-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ hºn® am‰-ßƒ°v hnt[-b-am-bn-Øo¿∂ `mj-bmWv a-e-bm-fw.
cma-N-cn-Xw, IÆ-»-cm-am-bWw Ch-bnse `mj C∂sØ ae-bm-fn°v a\- n-em-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂-X-√.
Hcp `mj-bn-ep-≠m-Ip∂ ]cn-Wm-a-ßsf c≠p-X-c-Øn¬ ImWm-sa∂v At±lw ]d-bp-∂p. H∂v
\nco-£n-°p-∂p. AXv kwkm-cn-°p∂ P\-ß-fpsS kuI-cyhpw Ffp-∏hpw ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bp≈ am‰-
am-sW-¶n¬, at‰Xv Fgp-Xp-∂-Xp-h-cp-sSbpw kwkm-cn-°p-∂-h-cp-sSbpw Adn-hn-√m-bva-bn¬ \n∂v DS-se-
Sp-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. "ImWp-hm≥' F∂Xv "ImWm≥' F∂p Npcp-ßp-∂Xv kuI-cy-am-sW-¶n¬, "Im-Wp-∂-Xn-
tebv°v' Fs∂m-cmƒ ]d-bp∂Xv Adn-hn-√mbva sIm≠m-sW∂v At±lw \nco-£n°p∂p. k¶o¿Æ-X-
bn¬ \n∂v emfn-Xy-Øn-te-°mWv `mj ]ptcm-K-an-t°-≠-Xv. ]Icw k¶o¿Æ-Xbpw ÿqe-Xbpw h¿≤n-
°p-∂Xv Hcn-°epw `mjbv°v \√-X-√.
a‰p `mj-I-fn¬ {]tXyIn®v Cw•o-jv, kwkvIrXw F∂n-h-bn¬ Adnhp t\Sn-b-h¿°v kz¥w
`mj-tbmSv tXm∂p∂ A\m-Z-c-hmWv `mjm ]ptcm-K-Xn°v henb XS- -ambn \n¬°p-∂-sX∂v DZm-l-
cW klnXw At±lw hni-Z-am-°p-∂p.- a-ebmf `mjbv°v a‰p ]e `mj-I-tfm-sSm∏w \nev°m≥ i‡n
t]mc F∂ [mc-W-bmWv ]e Fgp-Øp-Imcpw kq£n-°p-∂-Xv. Cu [mcW icn-b-√ F∂ A`n-{]m-b-
amWv teJ-I-\p-≈-Xv. ]e hniz-a-lm-{K-Ÿ-ß-sfbpw hnh¿Ø\w sNøm≥ Ign™ ae--bm-f-Øn\v at‰Xv
`mj-bvs°m-∏hpw \n¬°m-\p≈ {]mam-Wyhpw {]m[m-\yhpw Ds≠-∂mWv At±lw hy‡-am-°p-∂-Xv.
apºv kwkvIrX ]WvUn-X-∑m-cm-bn-cp∂p `mjsb XmgvØn--s°-´m≥ {ian-®n-cp-∂-sX-¶n¬ C∂v

Cw•ojv ]Tn-®-h-cn¬ \n∂mWv `mjbv°v Gsd ]cp-°p-Iƒ Gevt°≠n hcp-∂-Xv. Ah¿ Cw•ojv ań¬
ae-bmfw Fgp-Xp-∂Xp sIm≠v kw`-hn-°p∂ XI-cm-dp-Iƒ sNdp-X√
- F∂v At±lw hni-Za - m-°p-∂p.
{]Ir-Xn-°p-ta¬ {]Xybw tN¿Øp-≠m-°p∂ `mj-bmWv ae-bm-fw. AXpsIm≠v Xs∂ btYm-
NnXw {]Xy-b-ßƒ tN¿Øp-am-{Xta D]-tbm-Kn-°m\pw ]mSp-≈q. as‰mcp {][m-\-{]iv\w Cw•o-jns\
A\p-I-cn-®p-sIm≠v A\m-h-iy-ambn \e-bm-f-Øn¬ Bh¿Øn-°p∂ "Hcp' BWv.
DZm: cmas\ Hcp ]mºp ISn-®p. Chn-sS-sbms° Cw•ojv \nb-a-amWv ae-bm-f-Ønse Fgp-Øp-
Im¿ A\m-h-iy-ambn ]n¥p-S-cp-∂Xv F∂v amcm¿°v A`n-{]m-b-ap-≠v.
Cw•o-jns\ A\p-Ic - n®v ae-bm-fØ
- nep≠mb as‰mcp hne-£W
- X
- b
- mWv A\m-hi
- y-ambn I¿Øm-
hns\ hmIy-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-ØpI F∂-Xv. DZm: B ]gb hoSn\p Np‰pw Ct∏mgpw Ipsd hmg-Iƒ
\n¬°p-∂Xv Hcp kµ¿i-I\v ImWmw. ChnsS kµ¿i-I≥ F∂p tN¿°msX Xs∂ ae-bm-f-Øn¬
A¿∞-]q¿Øn h∂p sIm≈pw. A\m-h-iy-ambn sIm≠v, th≠n F∂o KXn-Isf hmIy-Øn¬ LSn-∏n-
°p-∂Xv C∂v BVw-_cw t]mse h∂n-cn-°p-∂Xpw Cw•ojv hnh¿Ø-I-∑m¿ D≠m-°nb Ipg-∏-am-
sW∂v amcm¿ Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p-∂p. AXp-t]mse H‰-∏Z-ambn Npcp-°m-hp∂ ]eXpw hnkvX-cn-s®-gp-Xp-
∂Xpw Cßs\ kw`-hn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. Ch-bmWv bYm¿∞-Øn¬ ssieo-`w-K-ßƒ F∂v amcm¿ hna¿in-
°p-∂p-≠v. `mj P\-Po-hn-X-Øns‚ krjvSn-bm-Wv. ]pdta hcpØp∂ Nn√d ]cn-jvIm-c-ßƒ sIm≠v
`mjsb am‰m≥ Ign-bn-√. B \nebv°v ]g-bXpw ]pXn-bXpw Xmc-Xayw sNbvXv `mjbv°v KpWw
sNøp∂Xv am{Xw kzoI-cn-°m-\mWv amcm¿ Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.

samUyqƒ ˛ 3
ae-bm-fhpw P\-{]n-b-am-[y-a-ßfpw
P\-{]-n-bkw-kvImcw: P\-ßƒ°v CjvS-ap-≈Xv F∂ A¿∞-Øn¬ P\-{]n-b-Xsb \n¿∆-Nn-°m-hp-
∂-Xm-Wv. GsXmcp kaq-l-Øn-sebpw P\-ßƒ Nn¥-bp-sSbpw Bkzm-Z\-Øn-s‚bpw Bhn-jvI-c-W-
Øn-s‚bpw Imcy-ß-fn¬ Htc \ne-hmcw ]pe¿Øp-∂-h-cm-bn-cn-°-W-sa-∂n-√. Hmtcm hy‡n-bp-sSbpw
A`n-cp-Nn-Iƒ \n¿Æ-bn-°p-∂Xv Abm-fpsS hnZym-`ym-kw, kmwkv-ImcnI ]›m-Ø-ew, a‰v ùXnI kml-
N-cy-ßƒ F∂n-h-bm-Wv. CXns‚ G‰-°p-d-®n-ep-Iƒ Ah-cpsS Xm¬]-cy-ß-sfbpw _m[n-°p-∂p. Btcm-
Ky-Øn-s‚bpw hnZym-`ym-k-Øn-s‚bpw Imcy-Øn¬ C¥y-bnse at‰Xv kwÿm-\-sØ-°mfpw ap≥]-¥n-
bn-emWv tIc-fw. _mey-Øn¬ hnZym-`ym-k-Øn\v kuIcyw e`n-°m-Ø-h¿°v t]mepw htbm-P-\-hn-Zym-
`ym-kw, km£-c-Xm-{]-h¿Ø\w F∂n-h-bn-eqsS ]n¬°mew hmb-\-bn-te°pw Fgp-Øn-te°pw IS∂p
hcm-\p≈ kuI-cy-ßƒ Chn-sS-bp-≠v. tIc-f-Øn¬ \S∂ ]cn-jvI-c-W-{]-h¿Ø-\-ßfpw \thm-∞m-\-
{]-ÿm-\-ßfpw ae-bm-fn-bpsS temI-ho-£WsØ Xs∂ am‰n-a-dn-°p-∂p-≠v. {KŸ-im-em -{]-ÿm-\hpw
{KmaoW hmb-\i - m-eI
- fpw hmb-\b
- psS Hcp ]pXnb N{I-hmfw ChnsS hnI-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-Øn-cp-∂p. hkv{Xw,
]m¿∏n-Sw, XpS-ßnb ASn-ÿm-\m-hi - y-ßƒ°v Xpey-ambn hnZym-`ym-ks
- Øbpw I≠-hc - mWv ae-bm-fn-Iƒ.
GsXmcp P\-X-bp-sSbpw Pohn-X-ho-£Ww cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xnepw, [mc-W-Isf am‰nØo¿°p-
∂-Xnepw Ahn-sS-bp≈ am[y-a-ßƒ°pw ]pkvX-I-ßƒ°pw ]eXpw sNøm-\p-≠v. ]pkvX-I-ßƒ P\-
k-aq-l-ß-sf-bpw, km{am-Py-ß-sfbpw krjvSn-°m≥ Icp-Øp-≈-h-bm-Wv. aX-{K-Ÿ-ßƒ°v ]n∂n¬
hnizm-kn-Iƒ AWn-\n-c-°p-∂Xpw cm{„o-b-X-Xz-im-kv{X-Ir-Xn-Iƒ°v ]n∂n¬ A\p-bm-bn-Iƒ Bthiw
sIm≈p-∂Xpw A£-c-ß-fpsS i‡n shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. "IpXn-c-sb-°mƒ thK-Xbpw Aºn-s\-°mƒ
aq¿®-bp-ap≠v D®-cn-°-s∏´ hm°p-Iƒ°v' F∂ {]kvXm-h-\bpw "c‡-km-£n-I-fpsS c‡-sØ-°mƒ
hne-s∏-´-XmWv t]\-bnse ajn' F∂ sNm√pw Fgp-Øn-s‚bpw hm°n-s‚bpw i‡nbpw \n›-b-
Zm¿Vyhpw shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. F∂m¬ hmb-\bpw Nn¥bpw icn-bmb Zni-bn¬ Xs∂-bmtWm F∂v
Atem-Nn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ hmb-\-°m-cp≈ {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ß-fpw, G‰hpw IqSp-X¬
Bfp-Iƒ ImWp∂ kocn-bepIfpw F¥mWv sNøp-∂Xv F∂v ]cn-tim-[n-°p-tºmƒ P\-{]n-bX F∂Xv
F¥m-sW∂v N¿® sNø-s∏-tS-≠-Xp-≠v. D]t-`mK--kw-kvImcØn¬ P\-{]n-b-X I®-h-S-tI-{µn-X-am-bn-
Øo-cp-Ibpw Itºm-f-Øn-te°v Bfp-Isf FØn-°m-\p≈ ]c-ky-hm-l-I-cmbn Iem-km-ln-Xy-ßƒ
amdp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂p. `c-W-Iq-S-Øns‚ Bi-b-]-c-amb a¿±-t\m-]m-[n-Iƒ F∂mWv Itºm-f-I-
esb A¬Øp-k¿ hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.
ss]¶nfn kmlnXyw: ap´Øv h¿°n-bpsS "]mSmØ ss]¶nfn' F∂ t\mh¬ {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®-tXm-
sS-bmWv sshIm-cn-Imwiw IqSp-X-ep≈ IrXn-Isf ss]¶nfn kmlnXyw F∂p hnfn-°m≥ XpS-ßn-b-Xv.
Iem-km-ln-Xy-ß-fpsS taJ-e-bn¬ sse‰v B¿s´∂pw kocn-bkv B¿s´∂pw D≈ hn`-P\w GsXmcp
`mjm-k-aq-l-Ønepw D≠v. shdpw Xam-ibvt°m t\cwt]m°nt\m th≠n am{X-ap≈ Iem-kr-jvSn-I-
fmWv sse‰v B¿´p-Iƒ. hy‡n-Iƒ°v kmaqlyPohn-X-Øn-\m-h-iy-amb Ah-t_m[w D≠m-°pI F∂
e£y-tØmsS Kuc-h-ta-dnb A\p-`-h-ßsf Bhn-jvI-cn-°p-∂-h-cmWv kocn-bkv B¿´p-Iƒ. a.-{]-kn-
≤o-I-c-W-ßfpw, ss]¶nfn t\mh-ep-Ifpw tkm∏v kn\n-a-Ifpw IÆo-c-Wn-bn-°p∂ saKm-ko-cn-b-ep-Ifpw
sse‰v B¿ńs‚ ]cn-[n-bn-emWv hcp-∂-Xv. Ch hy‡-amb PohnX-e-£y-ßƒ H∂pw Ahn-jvI-cn-°m≥
th≠n D≠m-Ip-∂-X-√. a\p-jy-a-\- nse Xmgv∂ -Xcw hnIm-c-ßƒ°mWv Ch {]m[m\yw \¬Ip-∂-Xv.
I®-hS- k
- w-kvIm-cØ
- ns‚ ]pXn-bI- m-eØv D¬∏-∂ß- ƒ hn¬°m-\p≈ kq{X-hm-Iy-ßf - mbn Iem-
cq-]ß- ƒ amdptºmƒ AXv P\-hn-cp-≤a - m-bmWv amdp∂Xv. ss]¶nfn kmln-Xy-Øns‚ Hcp {][m\ {]tXy-
IX AXns‚ D≈-S-°-Øns‚ \ne-hm-c-an-√m-bva-bm-Wv. CS-Xp-]-£- _p≤nPohn-Ifpw ]ptcm-K-a-\-km-ln-
Xy-Im-c-∑mcpw ss]¶nfnkmln-Xy-Øn\pw AXns‚ P\-{]n-b-X-b°pw FXn-cm-bn-cp-∂p. Ch-cpsS \nc-¥-
c-hn-a¿i\w ae-bm-f-km-ln-XysØ c≠p X´p-I-fn-em-°n-Øo¿Øp. Kuc-h-ap≈ hmb\ Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp-
∂-hbpw t\cw-t]m-°n-\p-≈-h-bpw. ss]¶nfn {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ßƒs°√mw Nne s]mXp kz`mh-ßƒ

D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. "a' F∂ A£-c-Øn-em-bn-cp∂p Ch-bn¬ ]e-Xn-s‚bpw t]cp-Iƒ. F∂m¬ "a'bn¬

XpS-ßp∂XpsIm≠p am{Xw Hcp {]kn-≤o-c-Whpw ss]¶n-fn-bm-h-W-sa-∂n-√. ss]¶nfn kmln-Xy-Øns‚
D≈S°w ]e-t∏mgpw Htc kz`mhw {]I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂p. Ht∂m ct≠m t\mh-ep-Iƒ, Hcp Ip‰m-t\z-jW
t\mh¬, Hcp a{¥-hmZ t\mh¬, tUmIvS-tdmSv tNmZn-°p-I, a\:imkv{X-⁄-t\mSv tNmZn-°p-I, Pohn-
XZp:Jw, IÆo-cns‚ IY, efnX ]mN-Iw, ên-Xw, ]mc-Un-Iƒ, ka-kym-]q-cWw F∂nh ss]¶nfn
{]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ß-fnse ÿncw ]w‡n-IfmWv.
P\-{]n-b-{]-kn-≤o-I-c-W-ß-fpsS cq]-`m-h-ß-fn¬ Imem-\p-kr-X-amb am‰-ßƒ D≠m-hm-dp-≠v.
Hmtcm ImeØpw ]c-am-h[n hmb-\° - m-cpsS IÆo-cmWv Ch e£yw shbv°p-∂X - v. 1950Ifnepw 60Ifnepw
BZ¿i {]W-b-am-bn-cp∂p {][m\ hnj-bw. kmº-Øn-I-ambn c≠p {[ph-ß-fn-ep≈ \mbn-Im-\m-b-I-
∑m¿ {]W-b_ - ≤ - c
- m-Ip-∂Xpw Ah-km\w {]Xn-_‘- ß- sf XcWw sNbvXv hnhm-ln-Xc - m-hp-∂Xpw ÿncw
{]ta-b-am-bn-cp-∂p. Nne-t∏mƒ hn√-∑mcpw a‰v Nne-t∏mƒ IpSpw-_mw-K-ßfpw kvt\l-Øn\v XS -ambn
hcp-∂p. F¥pw kw`-hn-°m-hp∂ Znh-kß - ƒ. JWvUi - b
- mbn {]kn-≤o-Ic
- n-°p∂ t\mh-ep-If - n¬ Hmtcm
BgvNbpw {]Xo£tbmsS hmb\°m¿ ImØn-cn-°p-∂p. Ah-km\w \mbn-Im-\m-b-I-∑m¿ hnhm-ln-X-
cm-hp-∂-tXmsS hmb-\m-°m¿°pw kam-[m-\-am-bn. Ime-L-´-Øns‚ P\-a-\ v Bh-iy-s∏-Sp∂ coXn-
bn¬ {]ta-b-ßƒ amdnsIm≠n-cp∂p. ]e hmcn-I-I-fnepw Hcmƒ Xs∂ hnhn[ t]cp-I-fn¬ t\mh-ep-Iƒ
Fgp-Xn, IYm-]m-{X-ß-fpsS t]cn-tem, ]›m-Ø-e-Øn-tem- am{Xw hyXym-k-ap≈ IY-Iƒ Bhn-jvI-cn-
®p. Ct∏mƒ Imº-kp-Iƒ tI{µ-am-°nbpw sF.-Sn.-]m¿°p-Iƒ ]›m-Ø-e-am-°nbpw, Zmº-Xy-X-I¿®-
Isf ASn-ÿm-\-am°nbpw G‰hpw ]pXn-b-Xmbn Izt´-j≥ kwL-ßsf Dƒs∏-Sp-Ønbpw hf¿∂p
sIm≠n-cn-°p∂p ss]¶nfn kmln-Xyw.
t^m¿ape ssd‰nwKv: P\-{]nb hmcn-I-I-fnse G‰hpw {][m\ BI¿jW tI{µw XpS¿t\m-h-ep-I-fm-

Wv. Hmtcm BgvN-bnepw IY CXp-hsc F∂v Npcp°w sImSp-Øn-cn-°pw. Nn{X-ßƒ If-dnepw ]c-am-
h[n an\p-ks∏-Sp-Ønbpw, icoc hSnhv hy‡-am-°p∂ hn[-Øn-ep-am-bn-cn°pw. ASpØ e°w F¥m-bn-
cn°pw F∂ BImw£ \ne-\n-dp-Øn-bmWv Hmtcm e°hpw Ah-km-\n-°p-∂-Xv. kw`m-j-W-ßfpw \mS-
Io-bX
- b- p-amWv sshIm-cn-IX krjvSn-°m-\p- ≈ am¿§-ambn kzoI-cn-°p-∂X- v. t\mh-ep-Iƒ°v t]cv \¬Ip-
∂Xv t\mh-en-Ãm-bn-cn-°n-√, Hmtcm Ime-Øn-s‚bpw P\-a\ -
- d- n™ ]{Xm-[n-]k
- a
- nXn Xs∂-bm-bn-cn°pw.
hmb-\-°m-cpsS Xmev]-cy-a-\p-k-cn®v IY-bnepw am‰-ßƒ hcmw. CsXm∂pw t\mh-en-Ãns‚ hcp-Xn-bn-
em-h-W-sa-∂n-√. I®-h-S-em`w am{Xw ap∂n¬ I≠v ÿm]-\-Øns‚ \n¿t±-i-{]-Imcw Nne {]tXyI am\-
Z-WvUß- ƒ A\p-kc - n®v cN\ \n¿∆-ln-°p-∂X - n-\mWv t^m¿ape ssd‰nwKv F∂p ]d-bp-∂X - v.
hnhn[ P\-{]nb amkn-I-Iƒ

h\nXm amkn-I-Iƒ: P\-{]n-b-{]-kn-≤o-I-c-W-ß-fn¬ {]-[m-\-amb ÿm\w h\nXm amkn-I-Iƒ°p-≠v.
kv{XoIƒ°v th≠n F∂ {]N-c-W-tØmsS ae-bm-f-Øn¬ ]pd-Øn-d-ßp∂ h\n-X, Krl-e-£van, kJn,
aln-fm-N-{µn-I, aln-fm-c-Xv\w, kvt\ln-X, kv{Xo F∂n-h-bmWv {][m\ h\nXm {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ßƒ.
D≈-S-°-Ønepw sIńepw ańepw Ch GXm-s≠√mw Htc t]mse Xs∂-bmWv. ]c-ky-ß-fmWv Chsb
Xmßn \n¿Øp-∂-Xv. kv{XoI-fpsS kuµ-cy-h¿≤I hkvXp-°-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ ]c-ky-ß-fmWv Ch-bn¬
Gsdbpw D≠m-bn-cn-°p-I.
kv{XoIƒ°p th≠n-bp≈ {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-am-sW∂pw kv{Xo{]-iv\-ß-fmWv CXn¬ N¿® sNøp-
∂Xv F∂p-amWv s]mXpsh Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ kv{Xo ]pcp-js\ BI¿jn-°m-\p≈ Hcp
kpµ-c-hkvXp am{X-am-sW∂pw Ah-sfmcp icocw am{X-am-sW∂pw {]N-cn-∏n°pIbmWv ê-Øn¬
sNøp-∂-Xv. hÆw Ipd-bv°m-\p≈ am¿§-ßƒ, hnhn[ Xcw hymbma apd-Iƒ, DS-ens‚ Hmtcm `mKhpw
Fßns\ BI¿j-I-am-°mw XpS-ßnbhsb-°p-dn®v ÿncw ]w‡n-Iƒ Xs∂-bp-≠v. bm{Xm-\p-`-h-
ßƒ, tjm∏nw-Kv, IuXp-I-hm¿Ø-Iƒ, ]W-ap-≠m-°m-\p≈ Ffp-∏-h-gn-Iƒ, kpc-£n-X-amb Zmº-Xyw,
IÆo¿°-S¬ Xm≠n-b-h¿, kn\nam hm¿Ø-Iƒ, hf¿Øp-ar-K-ß-fpsS ]cn-N-c-Ww, hoSv hyØn-bmbn
kq£n-°¬ F∂nh F√m e°-ß-fnepw D≠m-hpw.

P\-{]n-bk
- m-ln-Xy-Øns‚ hn`m-Ka
- mWv h\nXm amkn-II - ƒ. Imcy-ßsf hkvXp-\n-jvTa
- mbn ImWp-
∂-Xn\v ]Icw sshIm-cn-I-amb kao-]-\-amWv Ch¿ CjvS-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. kv{XobpsS _p≤n-]-c-X-bvt°m,
kzX-{¥-Nn-¥bvt°m CXn¬ ÿm\-an-√. kv{Xokzm-X{¥yw, s]sÆ-gpØv XpS-ßnb Zm¿i-\nI kwhm-Z-
ß-fn¬ \n∂pw IrXy-amb AIew ]men-°p-I-bm-Wn-h¿. shfp-∏mWv kuµ-cy-sa∂pw shfp-°m-\p≈
D]m-[n-Iƒ Fs¥-√m-am-sW-∂p-amWv {][m-\N - n-¥m-hn-jb- w. BZn-hmkn, sXcp-hnse PohnXw, ]cn-ÿnXn
aen-\o-I-cWw CsXm∂pw ChcpsS {]iv\-ta-b-√. Hcn\w cmjv{So-bhpw kmwkvIm-cn-Ihpamb N¿®m-hn-
j-b-ß-sfm∂pw CØcw amkn-I-I-fn¬ ImWm-dn-√. _p≤n-]-cX ]pcp-js‚ temI-am-sW∂v kΩ-Xn®v
kv{Xosb AXn¬ \n∂v AI‰n \ndp-Øp-I-bmWv sNøp-∂-Xv. BtKm-f-Xm-]\w sXmen-bpsS shfp-∏ns\
_m[n-°ptam F∂Xp-amWv Ch-cpsS Nn¥m-hn-j-bw. a[y-h¿K-k-aq-l-ß-fnse kv{XoI-fpsS A`n-cp-Nn-
Iƒ°pw s]mß-®-ßƒ°pw t{]m’m-l\w \¬In Ahsc am¿°-‰n-te-s°-Øn-°pI F∂-XmWv Ch-
cpsS {][m\ I®-hS X{¥w. hnev]-\bpw em`hpw am{X-amWv Ch-bpsS e£yw. AXv h¿≤n-∏n-°m-
\p≈ X{¥-ß-fmWv Bhn-jvI-cn-°p-∂-Xv. {][m-\-ambpw ho´-Ωamcmb kv{XoI-sf-bmWv Ch¿ {]Xo-£n-
°p-∂-Xv. Nne {]tXyI hnj-b-ßƒ°v Ch¿ Du∂¬ \¬Ip-∂p-≠v. BI¿j-I-amb ]pdwN´ \n¿_-‘-
amWv. D≈-S-°-Øn¬ t\mh¬, IY, ên-Xw, tUmIvS-tdmSv tNmZn-°p-I, a\:imkv{X-⁄-t\mSv tNmZn-
°p-I, Pohn-XZp:Jw, efn-X-]m-N-Iw, Iznkv, ]mc-Un-Iƒ F∂nh ÿncw ]w‡n-I-fm-bn-cn-°pw. H∂mw
t]Pn¬ Xs∂ al-ZvhN-\ß - fpw "C∂sØ Nn¥m-hn-jb - hpw' D≠mhpw, GsX-¶nepw BNm-cy≥ \¬Ip∂
DØcw t]mse-bm-Wnh hcp-∂-sX-¶nepw ]e-t∏mgpw tNmZyhpw DØ-chpw Hcmfns‚ Xs∂-bm-bn-cn-bn-
cn-°pw. ]pXnb ImeØv "Fwt{_m-bvU-dn, kuµcykwc-£-Ww, \£-{X-êw F∂nh IqSn Dƒs∏-Sp-
∂p-≠v. hmb-\-°m-cpsS IØp-Iƒ ÿncw ]w‡n-bmbn Dƒs∏-Sp-Øm-dp-≠v.
Btcm-Ky-am-kn-I-Iƒ : P\-{]-nb {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ß-fpsS Iq´-Øn¬ Xs∂-bmWv Btcm-Ky-am-kn-I-

Ifpw hcp-∂-Xv. kao-]-Im-e-Ømbn ae-bm-f-Ønse F√m apJy-[mcm ]{X-ßƒ°pw Btcm-Ky-am-kn-I-
Iƒ ]pd-Øn-d-ßn-°-gn-™n-´p-≠v. a[y-h¿K Pohn-X-Øn¬ ac-W-`bw h¿≤n-°p-Ipbw ac-W-Øn\v tcmK-
ßƒ Hcp Imc-W-am-sW∂v hcn-Ibpw sNbvX-tXmsS Bip-]-{Xn-Ifpw acp-∂p-Ifpw G‰hpw \√ aqe-[-
\-\n-t£] tI{µ-ßf - mbn hfcp∂ ImgvNb - mWv ImWp-∂X - v. Hmtcm Ah-bh
- Ø
- n\pw {]tXyIw {]tXyIw
]cn-N-c-Whpw AXn-\mbn kvs]jyen-Ãp-Ifpw D≠m-bn-Øp-S-ßn. IqWp-Iƒ t]mse kq∏¿ kvs]jym-
en‰n tlmkv]n-‰-ep-Iƒ {Kmaßfn¬ t]mepw Db¿∂p hcm≥ XpS-ßn. Btcm-KysØ kw_-‘n®
hy‡n-I-fpsS hºn® D¬°-WvT-Iƒ NqjWw sNøm-\p≈ Hcp hgn-bmbn amdn sshZy-im-kv{XcwKw.
Cu Np‰p-]m-Sn-emWv Btcm-Ky-am-kn-I-I-fpsS {]N-cWw a\- n-em-t°-≠-Xv. ]e Akp-J-ßfpw
sX‰mb Pohn-X-co-Xn-sIm-≠pw, `£-W-{Iaw sIm≠pw, A\m-h-iy-amb acp-∂p-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xp-
sIm≠pw D≠m-hp∂p F∂-XmWv bmYm¿∞yw. F∂m¬ Cu hkvXpX X{¥-]-c-ambn ad-®p-sh-°-s∏-
Sp-Ibpw DS-en¬ ImWp∂ Hcp ]mSv, Hcp XSn-∏v, Hcp InX∏v F∂n-hbn¬ `b-s∏-SpØn Bfp-Isf Bip-
]-{Xn-bn-te°v HmSn-°p-IbpamWv CØcw {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ßƒ sNøp-∂-Xv.
GsX-¶nepw Hcp {][m\ tcmK-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ kvs]jy¬ ]Xn-∏m-bmWv Btcm-Ky-am-kn-I-Iƒ
]pd-Øn-d-ßp-∂-Xv. apJ-Nn{Xw an°-hmdpw GsX-¶nepw kn\nam \Sn-bp-sStbm at‰m Bbn-cn-°pw. a™-
∏n-Øw, {]ta-lw, ªUv{]-j¿, lm¿´v A‰m°v XpS-ßnb tcmK-ß-fm-bn-cn-°pw Ih¿t]Pn¬ Xs∂
kqNn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp∂ N¿®m-hn-j-bw. CØcw tcmK-ß-sf-°p-dn®v hnhn[ tUmIvS¿am¿ \S-Øp∂ A`n-
{]m-b-ßfpw NnIn’m coXn-Ifpw Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. Atem-∏-Xn, Bbq¿thZw, tlmantbm, \m´p-
sshZyw F∂o taJ-e-I-fn-se-√m-ap≈ NnIn-’-I-∑m¿ tcmKsØ°pdn®v hni-Z-am-b \nco-£-W-ßƒ \S-
Øp-Ibpw ]cn-lm-c-ßƒ \n¿t±-in-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p-≠v. hmb-\-°m¿°v Bscbpw kzoI-cn-°m-hp-∂-
Xm-Wv. Atem-∏Xn acp∂pIƒ henb tXmXn¬ sskUv CÎvSpIƒ D≠m-°p∂p F∂ {]N-cWw \ne-
\n¬°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ ]mc-º-cy-\m´p NnIn-’m-]-≤-Xn-Ifpw henb tXmXn¬ hmWn-Py-h-XvI-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.
sl¿_¬ Bbn e`n-°mØ acp-∂p-Iƒ H∂pw Xs∂-bn-√.
Btcm-Ky-am-kn-I-bn¬ ÿnc-ambn N¿® sNø-s∏-Sp∂ Hcp tcmKw ssewKn-I-{]-iv\-ß-fmWv.
skIvkv ASn-®-a¿Øn kq£n-°p∂ \Ωp-sSXv t]mep≈ Hcp kaq-l-Øn¬ AXn-s\-°p-dn-®p≈ GXv
N¿®bpw Bth-i-I-c-ambn hmbn-°-s∏-Spw F∂p-d-∏p-≠v. K¿`-[m-c-Ww, {]khw F∂n-hbpw Zo¿L-

\mƒ NnIn-’- sN-tø≠ amcItcmK-ßƒ F∂ \ne-bn-emWv CØcw amkn-I-I-fn¬ {]Xy£s∏Sp-∂-
Xv. ssewKn-I-X-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ sX‰mb [mc-W-Iƒ \√ coXn-bn¬ NqjWw sNøm\pw Ch¿°v km[n-
°p-∂p. Btcm-Ky-am-kn-I-I-fn¬ ÿncw ]w‡n-I-fmbn a‰v P\-{]n-b-am-kn-I-I-fn¬ hcp∂ tUmIvS-tdmSv
tNmZn-°mw. a\:imkv{X-⁄-t\mSv tNmZn°mw F∂nh Ipsd-°qSn hnim-e-ambn \evIn-b-Xmbn ImWmw.
sNdp- I - Y , t\mh¬, kn\n- a m jqńw- K ns‚ hnh- c - W - ß ƒ F∂n- h bpw Ch- b n¬ km[m- c W
ImWm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
kn\n-am-{]-kn-≤o-I-c-W-ßƒ:
G‰hpw P\-Io-b-ambn Iem-cq]w F∂ \nebv°v kn\n-abv°v kaq-l-Øn¬ Db¿∂ ÿm\-
amWp≈-Xv. at‰Xv am[y-a-ßs-- f-°mfpw kzoIm-cyX kn\na t\Sp-∂-Xn¬ [mcmfw Imc-Wßfp-≠v.
]pcp-jm-[n-]-Xy-tem-IØv ]pcp-js‚ ImgvNb-sbbpw Xmev]-cy-ß-sfbpw ]c-am-h[n kwc-£n-°m≥
Itºmf kn\na Xøm-dm-hp∂p F∂-XmWv Hcp Imc-Ww. Xmtcm-Z-b-ßƒ°v apºn¬ \ng-ep-t]mse
am{Xw \n¬°p-∂-XmWv kn\n-a-bnse kv{Xo. AXm-hs´ ]pcp-j-ssew-Ko-I-X-bpsS ]q¿Øo-I-cW D]m[n
F∂ \ne-bn¬ shdpw ico-c-ambn am{Xhpw. Xntb-‰-dp-I-fn¬ ImgvN-°m-cmbn FØp-∂-h-cn¬ Gsdbpw
]pcp-j-∑m-cmWv AXn¬ Xs∂ Iuam-c-{]m-b-°m-cmb BÏp-ń-I-fmWv. Ahsc BI¿jn-°m\pw
hcp- X n- b n¬ \ndp- Ø p- h m\pw Bh- i y- a mb akm- e - ° q- ´ p- I ƒ \n¿tem`w Itºm- f - k n- \ n- a - b n¬
D]-tbm-Kn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.
sh≈n-Øn-c-bn¬ A¤p-X-amsbØp∂ kn\n-a-bpsS ]n∂m-ºp-d-ß-sf-∏‰n Adn-bm-\p≈ hy{K-X-
I-fmWv kn\nam amkn-I-°m¿ NqjWw sN-øp-∂Xv. Ign™ A≥]Xv h¿j-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ am{Xw
ap∏-tXmfw kn\n-am {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ßƒ ae-bm-f-Øn-ep≠mbn-´p-≠v. ]eXpw Aev]m-bp- m-bn-cp-s∂-
¶nepw C∂pw hnP-b-I-c-ambn ap-t∂m´v t]mIp-∂-h-bp-ap-≠v. \m\, Nn{X-`q-an, sh≈n-\-£-{Xw, Ne-®n-{Xw
F∂nh Ch-bn¬ {][m-\-s∏-´-h-bm-Wv.
kn\nam {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ß-fp-sSsb√mw D≈-S°w GXm-s≠mcp t]mse-bmWv. A®-Sn-tb-°mƒ
t^mt´m-Iƒ°mWv Ch-bn¬ {]m[m-\yw. \So-\-S-∑m-cpsS hnhn[ t]mkn-ep≈ t^mt´m-Iƒ sIm≠v
t]Pp-Iƒ \nd™p InS-°p-∂p. jqńwKv hnti-j-ßƒ, semt°-j-\p-Iƒ, Xam-i-Iƒ, \So-\-S-∑m-cpsS
kzIm-cy-Po-hnXw, IpSpw-_-Po-hn-Xw, {]W-bw, F∂n-h-sb√mw hni-Z-ambn N¿® sNø-s∏-Sp-∂p. dneokv
sNøm≥ t]mIp∂ ]S-ß-sf-∏‰n hni-Z-ambnØs∂ hnh-c-W-ß-fp-≠mIpw. Bcp-a-dn-bmØ cl-ky-
ßƒ ]¶p shbv°p∂ tKmkn-∏p-I-fmWv kn\n-am-{]-kn-≤o-I-c-W-ßfnse NqtS-dnb as‰mcp hn`-hw.
CsX√mw ÿnc-ambn hmbn-°p-I-bpw, CXn-se√mw Bflm¿∞-ambn hniz-kn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂
hnZym-k-º-∂cmb bphm-°ƒ t]mep-ap-≠v F∂-XmWv AXn-i-b-I-c-amb hkvXp-X.
_me-am-kn-I-I-ƒ:
Ipń-°mew hmb-\-bpsS BtLm-j-°m-e-am-Wv. temI-Øn¬ G‰hpw A[nIw hmb-\-
°m-cp-≈Xv Ipń-I-fpsS temI-Øm-Wv. apXn¿∂-h¿ PohnX {]bm-k-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ hmb-\-bn¬ \n∂v
AI∂p t]mIp-tºmƒ CØcw {]iv\-ßƒ Im-cy-ambn _m[n-°mØ Ipń-Iƒ hmb-\-bpsS temIØv
B\µw Is≠-Øp-I-bmWv. Ipń-Iƒ F√m-bvt∏mgpw kz]v\-tem-I-Øm-Wv. k¶-ev]hpw bmYm¿∞yhpw
XΩn¬ Ah¿°v AXn¿ hc-ºp-I-fn-√. b£n-°-Y-I-fpw, ]£n-ar-Km-Zn-Iƒ IYm-]m-{X-ß-fmbn hcp∂
IY-Ifpw kwi-b-sam-∂p-an-√msX hmbn®p ckn-°m≥ Ah¿°v Ign-bpw.
IY-Iƒ, Fgp-X-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn\v apºv Xs∂ hmsam-gn-bmbn {]N-cn-®n-cp-∂p. {]mNo-\-`m-cXw IY-I-
fpsS alm-{]-]-©-am-bn-cp-∂p. ]©-X-{¥-I-Y-Iƒ, hn{Ia-am-Zn-Xy-I-Y-Iƒ, IYm-k-cn-’m-K-cw, PmX-I-I-Y-
Iƒ F∂nh temI-Øn\v Xs∂ \nXym-¤p-X-ß-fmbn \ne-sIm-≈p-∂p. ]m›mXy-\m-Sp-I-fn¬ \n∂p-h∂
Cutkm-∏p-I-Y-Iƒ Ad-_n-\m-Sp-I-fpsS kw`m-h-\-bmb Bbn-c-sØm∂p cmhp-Iƒ F∂n-hbpw Ipń-
Iƒ°v th≠n-bp-≈-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. Ch-bn¬ ]eXpw KpW-]m-T-I-Y-I-tfm, A\ym-]-tZ-i-I-Y-Itfm Bbn
{]kn-≤ß- f-- mb-hb
- m-Wv. alm-cm-Pmhns‚ a°sf temI-\oXn ]Tn-∏n-°p-hm≥ hnjvWp i¿a F∂ {_m“-
W≥ Fgp-Xn-b-XmWv ]©-X-{¥w. CXn¬ ]£n-ar-Km-Zn-Iƒ a\pjy-kz-`m-h-Øns‚ {]Xn-\n-[n-I-fm-bmWv
{]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.

ae-bm-f-Øn¬ BZy-an-d-ßnb _me-{]-kn-≤o-I-cWw "_me≥' F∂ hmcn-I-bmWv. Cutkm-∏p-I-

Y-Iƒ BZyw hcp-∂-Xv CXn-emWv. Fkv.-]n.-kn.-Fkv _me-km-ln-Xy-Øn-te°v Xncn-™-tXm-sS- Ip-ń-I-
fpsS {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-Øns‚ c≠mw L´w Bcw--`n-®p. temI-`m-j-I-fn¬ \ns∂√mw IY-Iƒ X¿÷a
sNbvXv {]kn-≤o-I-cn°m≥ XpS-ßnbXv At∏m-gm-Wv.
ae-bm-f-Øn¬ hmb-\-bpsS Imcy-Øn¬ hnPbw t\Snb Ipń-I-fpsS BZy-am-knI Zo]nI ]pd-
Øn--d-°nb "Ip-ń-I-fpsS Zo]nI' BWv. Aa¿Nn{X-I-Y-I-fpsSbpw Im¿´q¨ amkn-I-I-fp-sSbpw Ime-am-
b-tXmsS Ipń-I-fpsS {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-Øns‚ hk-¥-Im-e-amb aq∂mw L´-am-bn. `mc-Xob ]pcm-tW-Xn-
lm-k-ß-fnse IYm-]m-{X-ßsf Ipń-Isf ]cn-N-b-s∏-SpØpI F∂ e£ytØmsS A\¥v ss]
XpSßnsh® Aa¿Nn-{X-I-Y-Iƒ hmb-\-bpsS temIØv Hcp hnπhw Xs∂ krjvSn-®p. At±l-amWv
ae-bm-f-Ønse F°m-e-sØbpw {]Nm-c-ap≈ Ipń-I-fpsS {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-amb ]qºm-‰bv°v XpS-°-an-Sp-
∂-Xv. 1970-I-tfmsS h≥In-S-]-{X-ßƒ _me-{]kn≤oI-c-W-ß-fn¬ {i≤n-°m≥ Xp-S-ßn. _me-c-a, _me-`q-
an, _me-aw-Kw-fw F∂nh Cßs\ {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°-s∏-´-Xm-Wv. Ipń-Isf BI¿jn--°m\pw hmb-\-bn¬
Dd-∏n®p \ndp-Øp-hm\pamh-iy-amb X{¥-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v henb a’cw Xs∂ Cu cwKØv \S-°p-
∂p-≠v. {]n˛-ss{]-adn Ipń-Iƒ°m-bp≈ Ifn-s®-∏v, Ifn-°p-Sp-°, Ipń-I-fn¬ imkv{Xo-bm-`n-cpNn e£yw
sh®p-≠mb bpdo-°, imkv{X-tI-c-fw, imkv{X-KXn F∂nh \√ {]Nm-c-ap≈ {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ß-fm-bn-
cp-∂p.
Fgp-Øp-Im-cs‚ cN-\m-X-{¥-ßfpw, Nn{X-Im-cs‚ Akm-am\y `mh-\bpw Iq´p-tN¿∂mte
\s√mcp _me-km-ln-Xy-{]-kn-≤o-I-cWw P∑w sIm≈pIbp-≈q. A¤p-X-ß-fpsS temIØv IÆpw-\-ń-
cn-°p∂ IpńIƒ°v A¤p-X-I-c-ambn A\p-`-h-s∏-´mse AXv kzoIm-cy-am-hp-I-bp-≈p F∂-XmWv
bmYm¿∞yw.
]c-ky-c-N\
apX-em-fnØ Ime-L-´-Øn¬ a’-c-hn-]-Wnsb kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw ]c-ky-ßƒ A¥y-¥m-

t]-£n-X-am-Wv. Htc Xcw hkvXp-°ƒ hyXykvX \nd-ß-fnepw aW-ß-fnepw {_m≥Up-I-fnepw hn]-Wn-
bn-se-Øp-tºmƒ Htcm-∂n-s‚bpw khn-ti-j-X-I-sf-∏‰n D]-t`m-‡m-hns\ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xv ]c-
ky-ß-fm-Wv. I®-hS kwkvIm-csØ \ne-\n-dp-Øp-∂-Xnepw apt∂m´v sIm≠p-t]m-hp-∂-Xnepw ]c-ky-
ßƒ°v \√ ]¶p-≠v. ]e h≥InS Iº-\n-Ifpw Ah-cpsS apS-°p-ap-X-ens‚ `qcn-`m-Kw iX-am\hpw ]c-
ky-ßƒ°mWv \o°n-sh-bv°p-∂-Xv. Dev]∂w hn]-Wn-bn-seØpw apºv ]c-ky-ß-fm-sW-Øp-∂-Xv.
Dev]-∂-ßƒ°v am{X-a√ tkh-\-ßƒ°pw Bi-b-ßƒ°p-sa√mw ]c-ky-ßƒ AXymh-iy-am-Wv.
""km[-\-ßƒ, tkh-\-ßƒ, Bi-b-ßƒ F∂nhsb-∏‰n D]-t`m-‡m-hns\ Adn-bn-°m-\p≈
D]m-[n-I-fmWv ]c-ky-ßƒ'' F∂p \n¿∆Nn-°mw. D]-t`m-‡m-hns\ GsX-¶nepw \ne-bn¬ hio-I-cn®v
hn]- W n- b n- s e- Ø n- t °- ≠ - X p- s Im≠p Xs∂ ]ckyw kwhn- [ m\w sNøp- ∂ Xv as‰- ¥ n- s \- ° mƒ
{i≤m-]q¿∆w Bbn-cn-°-Ww. ]ckyw Hcp am[y-a-amWv. am[y-a-Øn\v Hcp `mj D≠m-bn-cn-°pw. ]c-ky-
`mj kw`m-j-W-Øn-s‚tbm Fgp-Øn-s‚tbm am{X-a√; Ie-bp-sSbpw kmln-Xy-Øn-s‚bpw k¿∆-km-
[y-X-Ifpw D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØn s°m≠mWv \ne-\n¬°p-∂-Xv. ]cn-an-X-amb ÿehpw, ka-bhpw
ap∂n¬I≠v ]c-am-h[n D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ Ign-bp∂ coXn-bn-emWv ]c-ky-ßƒ {]Xy-£s - ∏-Sp-∂X
- v. G‰hpw
efn-Xhpw Imhym-fl-I-hp-amb `mj ]c-ky-ßfp-sS-Xm-Wv. Hcp XhW tI´m¬ Hcn-°epw ad-°m≥ Ign-
bmØXm-bn-cn-°Ww ]c-ky-hm-N-I-ßƒ. ]c-ky-hm-N-I-sa-gpØv Hcp ]T-\-im-J-bmbnt∏mepw hf¿∂n-
cn-°p-∂p. kµ¿`-Øn\v A\p-kr-X-amb hmIy-ßƒ Fgp-Xm≥ imkv{Xo-b-]-cn-io-e\w e`n® hnZ-KvZ-kw-
L-ßƒ hsc Cu taJ-e-bn¬ D≠v.
a\p-jy-kz-`m-h-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ [mc-W, `mjm-]-cn-⁄m-\w, Iem-t_m[w F∂n-h-bp≈ Hcm-
fn\p am{Xta \√ ]c-ky-c-N-bn-Xm-hm-Im≥ Ign-bp-I-bp-≈q. F{X ap∂-dn-bn-∏p-Iƒ D≠m-bn´pw C∂pw
]pI-hen XpS-cp-∂-Xns‚ {][m\ Imc-W-ambn Hcp ]T\w ]d-bp-∂Xv hn¬kv Iº-\n-bpsS "A[zm-\n-°p-
∂-h\v kwXr]vXn' F∂ ]c-ky-hm-N-I-Øns‚ kzm[o-\-^-e-am-sW-∂m-Wv. tIc-f-Ønepw H\nUm Snhn-
bpsSbpw (Neighbour’s Envy Owner’s Pride), ae-_m¿ tKmƒUn-s‚bpw (Beauty Meets Quality)
knt ¿kv knK-c-‰n-s‚bpw (Made for Each Other) sFUnb samss_-en-s‚bpw (An Idea can change
your life) kv{]nwKnƒ D∏n-s‚bpw (D-s∏∂v am{Xw ]d-bmsX kv{]nwKnƒ F∂p tNmZn®p hmßq) Gjy≥
s]bn‚ns‚bpw (]m-bte hnS, ]q∏te hnS) ]c-ky-hm-NI - ß
- ƒ D≠m-°nb XcwKw C∂pw \ne-\n¬°p-
∂p-≠v. \√ ]c-ky-hm-NI - ß
- ƒ hmb-\° - m-cs
- ‚bpw, ImgvN° - m-cs
- ‚bpw a\- n¬ Hcń-ad- n-bmWv krjvSn-
°p-∂-Xv. t]mkn-‰o-hmbn am{X-a√ s\K-‰o-hmbpw ]c-kyw kzm[o-\n-°pw F∂-Xns‚ DZm-l-c-W-amWv
H\o-U-bpsS sNIp-Øm≥.
Zriy-am-[y-a-ßƒ \ne-\n¬°p-∂Xv Xs∂ ]c-ky-h-cp-am-\-Øn-em-Wv. ImgvNsb AXn-th-K-X-bn¬
NqjWw sNøp∂p Ch. C°m-eØv a\p-jy-_-‘-ßƒ Xs∂ hn]Wn hyh-ÿ-bn-em-Wv \ne\n¬°p-
∂-Xv. C∂v k¿∆-tcm-K-kw-lm-cn-bmbn Db¿∂p \n¬°p-∂Xv tjm∏nwKv BWv. AXp-Xs∂ Hcp tcmK-
ambpw amdn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. kmaq-ly-]-Zhn tjm∏nw-Kn-eqsS t\Sm-sa∂v ]c-ky-ßƒ thymtam-ln-∏n-°p-∂p.
]pcp-jm-[n-]-Xy-tem-IØv k{Xo-tI-{µo-Ir-X-am-bn-cn-°p∂p ]c-ky-ßƒ. sam´p-kqNn apX¬ tamt´m¿
ssk°nƒ hsc hn¬°m-\p≈ ]c-ky-Nn-{X-amWv kv{Xo.
Pohn-X-Ønse Ah-iy-h-kvXp-°ƒ°v F¥n-\mWv ]ckyw F∂m-bn-cp∂p s]mXp-[m-c-W. C∂v
AXpw amdn. D∏v sXm´v I¿∏qcw hsc C∂v ]c-ky-Øns‚ ]n≥_-e-Øn-emWv hnev]-\-bvs°-Øp-∂-Xv.
D≈n-en-cp∏v F¥m-bmepw ]p©n-cn-°p∂ Hcp apJ-ap-s≠-¶n¬, AIØv F¥m-bmepw Xnf-°-ap≈ Hcp
t]∏¿ sIm≠v s]mXn-™m¬ hmß¬°m-c\v kwXr-]vXn-bm-bn. Cu at\m-`mhw \∂mbn NqjWw
sNøp-I-bmWv ]c-ky-ßƒ.
Fkv.-Fw.-F- p-Iƒ
samss_¬ t^mWp-ambn _‘-s∏´v cq]w sIm≠-XmWv tjm¿´v sat Pv k¿∆okv AYhm
Fwkv.-Fw.-F-kp-Iƒ. ktµ-i-ßƒ Ab-°pI F∂-Xn-\-∏pdw h≥P-\-°q-´-ß-fpsS ]n¥pW B¿÷n-
°pI F∂p-hsc FØn-bn-cn-°p∂p CXns‚ {]tbm-P-\w. Fkv.-Fw.-F-kns‚ I®-hS km[y-X-Iƒ
Gsd apX-se-Sp-°p∂Xv Snhn Nm\-ep-I-fmWv. Ah-cpsS ]e P\-{]n-b-]-cn-]m-Sn-Ifpw \ne \n∂p t]mIp-
∂Xv Fkv.-Fw.-F-kns‚ ]n≥_-e-Øn-em-Wv. F^v.-Fw.-td-Un-tbm-I-fpsS hcp-am\ am¿§hpw CXp Xs∂.
`mj-bnse hyh-ÿm-]n-X-amb hymI-c-W,-en]n k{º-Zm-b-ßsf Xncp-Øn-°p-dn-®p-sIm-≠mWv Fkv.-Fw.-
F-kp-Iƒ {]N-cn-°p-∂-Xv. kz¥-amb Hcp en]n, hmIy-hy-h-ÿ Xs∂ Ch-bv°p-≠v. hm°p-Iƒ°v
]Icw H‰ A£-c-ß-tfm, A°-ß-tfm, Nn”-ßtfm D]-tbm-Kn-°pI CXns‚ coXn-bm-Wv.
DZm: You - U
Okay - K
Goodnight - Gdn8
There fore - thr4
]{Xhpw ]{X-`m-jbpw
Hcp P\m-[n-]-Xy-cm-Py-Øn¬ ]{X-ßƒ°p≈ ÿm\w hfsc hep-Xm-Wv. P\m-`n-{]mbw kam-l-
cn-°m\pw, Ah-Im-i-ßƒ kwc-£n-°m-\pw, D≈n-en-cp-∏p-Iƒ ]pd-Øp-sIm-≠p-h-cp-hm\pw ]{X-ßƒ°v
]¶p-≠v. Agn-a-Xnbpw, kzP-\-]-£-]m-Xhpw, a‰p kmaq-ly-hn-cp-≤-{]-h¿Ø-\-ßfpw shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥
]{X-ßƒ kZm-Pm-K-cq-I-cm-Wv. "P\m-[n-]-Xy-Øns‚ Imh¬`-S-∑m¿' F∂-mWv ]{X-ßƒ°p≈ hnti-
j-Ww. \mhv \jvS-s∏-´-hs‚ \mhmbn AXv kaq-lsØ tkhn-°p-∂p. kmt¶-Xn-Ihn-Zy-Iƒ F{X
Xs∂ hnI-kn-®mepw ]{X-hm-b\ - b- v°p≈ ÿm\w H´pw Ipd-bp-∂n-√ F∂mWv A\p-`h - ß
- ƒ hy‡-am-°p-
∂-Xv.
B[p-\nI kmt¶-Xn-Ih - n-Zy-Iƒ ]{X-ßsf Hcp-]mSv ]cn-jvIc
- n-®n-´p≠v. ]{Xm-[n-]¿, dnt∏m¿´¿am¿,
{]n‚¿am¿ XpSßn ]{X-hn-ev]-\-°m-c≥ hsc-bp≈h-cpsS Iq´m-bva-bpsS Dev]-∂-amWv ]{X-ßƒ.-
aebmfnsb kw_-‘n-s®-Sp-tØmfw Zn\-N-cy-bpsS `mK-amWv ]{X-hm-b-\. Hcp-]mSv ]{X-ßƒ ae-bm-f-
Øn-ep-s≠-¶nepw Nne ]{X-ßƒ°v k¿°p-te-j≥ IqSpw. CXn\v ]e Imc-W-ß-fm-Wv. ]{X-`m-j, Ah-
X-c-W-co-Xn, hm¿Øm-{]m-[m-\yw, cmjv{Sob Nmbvhp-Iƒ, \njv]-£X F∂n-h-sb√mw ]{X-ß-fn-te°v
hmb- \ - ° msc BI¿jn- ° p∂ LS- I - ß - f m- W v . henb Xe- s °- ´ p- I ƒ, t_mIv k v tImf- ß ƒ,
Im¿´q-Wp-Iƒ, t^mt´m-Iƒ, {i≤m-]q¿∆w Xøm¿ sNbvX ô®-dp-Iƒ F∂nh ]{X-ß-fnse {i≤m-hn-
j-b-ß-fm-Wv. apJ-{]-kw-K-ßƒ Kuc-h-kz-`m-h-tØmsS Fgp-Xn-b-Xm-bn-cn-°-Ww.
hy‡Xbpw emfn-Xy-hp-ap≈ D]-\ymk ssien, at\m-l-c-amb BJym-\w, kw`-hm-hn-jvI-c-W-

ß-fnse \mS-Io-b-X, NSp-e-amb `mj, \√ s]mXp-hn-⁄m-\w, £a, \n¿`-bXzw F∂o -Kp-W-ßƒ ]{Xm-
[n-]¿°pw teJ-I¿°pw s]mXp-hmbn D≠m-th-≠-Xm-Wv.
Snhn-bpsS hc-thmsS ]{X-ßƒ°p≈ ÿm\w \jvS-s∏´p F∂p ]d-bm≥ Bhn-√. F∂m¬
hm¿Ø-Iƒ dnt∏m¿´v sNøp∂ Imcy-Øn¬ henb a’cw D≠m-bn-´p-≠v. a’cw h¿≤n-°p-tºmƒ
]ng-hp-Ifpw km[m-c-W-am-Wv. IqSp-X¬ {i≤ Bh-iy-amb Hcp L´-am-Wn-Xv.
hm¿Ø-Iƒ : hm¿Ø-Iƒ°v th≠n-bmWv Bfp-Iƒ ]{X-ßƒ hmbn-°p-∂-Xv. NqSm-dmØ hm¿Ø-

Iƒ hmbn-®v, kwhm-Z-ß-fn-eqsS s]mXp-A-`n-{]mbw cq]-s∏-Sp-I-bmWv sNøp-∂-Xv. kw`-h-ßƒs°√mw
Htc kz`m-h-a√ D≈-Xv. AXp-sIm≠v dnt∏m¿ńwKpw Htc coXn-bn-e-√. hml-\]IS-Øn¬ acn-°p-∂-Xpw,
{]mbm-[n-Iy-Øm¬ acn-°p-∂-Xpw, B{I-a-W-Øn¬ sIm√-s∏-Sp-∂Xpw ac-W-am-sW-¶nepw Htc coXn-bn-
e√ dnt∏m¿´v sNøp-∂-Xv. kw`-h-Øns‚ hnh-cWw AYhm Ipdn-∏mWv hm¿Ø. "temI-ÿn-Xnsb Adn-
bn- ° p- ∂ Xv ' F∂mWv i_v Z - X m- c m- h - e n- b n¬ hm¿Øbv ° v \¬Ip∂ \n¿h- N - \ w. Cw•o- j n¬
NEWS-North, East, West, South F∂n-h-bpsS Npcp-°-am-sW-∂mWv ]d-bm-dv. temI-sØ-hn-sSbpw
kw`-hn-°p∂ Imcy-ß-fpsS kw{K-l-hn-h-c-W-amWv hm¿Ø F∂p ]d-bmw.
Hcp kw`hw hm¿Ø-bm-Ip-∂Xv ]e LS-I-ßƒ tN¿∂m-Wv.
1. kw`hw \S∂ ÿew
2. Imc-W-°m-c-\mb hy‡n
3. kw`-hn® Imcyw.
ChbpsS {]m[m\yw IW-°n-se-Sp-ØmWv hm¿Øm {]m[m\yw D≠m-hp-∂-Xv. kw`hw hm¿Ø-
bm-Ip-tºmƒ Db¿∂p hcp∂ A©v tNmZy-ßƒ D≠v. Who? What? Where? When? Why? (Five Ws)
Cu tNmZy-ßƒ°p≈ DØ-c-tØm-sSm∏w How? F∂-Xn-\p≈ DØcw IqSn e`n-®m¬ hm¿Ø ]q¿Øn-
bm-hp-∂p.
]{Xw Hmô-kp-I-fn¬ km[m-c-W-bmbn Ht´sd hm¿Ø-Iƒ FØm-dp-≠v. CXn¬ ]eXpw IrXy-
amb sXfn-hn-√m-Ø-Xns‚ t]cn-tem, {]m[m-\y-an-√m-Ø-Xns‚ t]cntem \ncm-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-I-bmWv ]Xn-hv.
CØcw hm¿Ø-Isf am{Xw B{i-bn®v ]{X-Øn\v apt∂m´v t]mIm-\m-hn-√. FØn-t®-cp∂ hm¿Ø-
Isf B{i-bn-®p≈ ]{X-{]-h¿Ø\w ]m ohv tP¿W-enkw F∂m-W-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. ]{X-te-J-I-∑m¿
At\z-jW DtZym-ÿ-sc-t∏mse hm¿Ø-Iƒ tXSn-s®√pIbpw Ah-bpsS ]n∂mºpd-ß-fn¬ Ccp´v
aqSn-°n-S-°p∂ bmYm¿∞y-ßsf shfn-®Øv sIm≠p-h-cn-Ibpw sNøm-dp-≠v. CØcw kµ¿`-ß-fn¬
Poh\v t]mepw òj-Wn-Iƒ D≠m-hm-dp-≠v. Cßs\ ac-W-sØ-t∏mepw `b-s∏-SmsX hm¿Øm-ti-J-c-W-
Øn-\mbn apt∂m´v t]mIp-∂X - n-s\-bmWv At\z-jW- m-flI ]{X-{]-h¿Ø\w ’Investigative Journalism'
F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xv. Dd-hnSw shfn-s∏Sp ØmØ hm¿Ø-Ifpw D≠v. AXv ]{X-ßƒ cl-ky-ambn
kq£n-°pw.
hm¿Ø-bpsS Dd-hn-S-ßƒ :
Hcp \√ dnt∏m¿´sd kw_-‘n-s®-Sp-tØmfw F√m ImgvN-Ifpw, hy‡n-I-fpw, ÿm]-\-ß-fpw,
hkvXp-°fpw hm¿Øm-hn-X-cW tI{µ-ß-fm-Wv. HutZym-Kn-I-ambn hm¿Ø-Iƒ hnX-cWw sNøp∂
GP≥knI- I - f p- a p- ≠ v . Kh:{]kv dneo- k p- I ƒ, PTI, UNI, AFP, B.B.C, tdmbv ´ ¿, tdUn- t bm,
sh_vssk‰pIƒ F∂n-hb - n¬ \n∂v hm¿Ø-Iƒ tiJ-cn-°mw. ]{X-kt- Ω-f\-ßƒ, A`n-ap-Jß - ƒ, skan-
\m-dp-Iƒ, {]kw-K-ßƒ, ka-c-ßƒ, tImS-Xn, t]meokv tÃj-≥, Bip-]-{Xn-Iƒ, `c-W-kn-cm-tI-{µ-
ßƒ, ZrIvkm-£n-Iƒ, hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\-ßƒ, \m´p-h¿Ø-am-\-ßƒ F∂n-h-sb√mw hm¿Øm
t{kmX- p-I-fm-Wv.

hm¿Øm-hn-`-P\w:
kz`m-h-a-\p-k-cn®v hm¿Ø-Isf ]e-Xmbn hn`-Pn-°mw.
1. km{µ-hm¿Ø-Iƒ: ]{X-Ønse {][m-\- hm¿ØI-fm-Wn-h. Imcy-am-{X-{]-k‡hpw Kuchhpw \nd™
hm¿Ø-If - m-Wn-h.
DZm : tI{µ-a-{¥n-k` A[n-Im-c-Øn¬
: temIv]m¬ _n√n\v Ah-X-c-Wm-\p-aXn
: ap√-s∏-cn-bm¿ ˛ kp{]ow tImSXn hn[n
: tI{µ-_-P-‰n¬ Bbncw tImSn hnlnXw tIc-f-Øn\v
]e-t∏mgpw km[m-c-W-°m¿ CXns‚ Xe-s°´v am{Xta hmbn-°m-dp-≈q.
2. kl-Xm] hm¿Ø-Iƒ: hmb\°m-cn¬ kl-Xm-]-ap-≠m-°p∂ Xcw hm¿Ø-I-fm-Wn-h. A]-I-S-a-c-
W-ßƒ, k¶-S-I-c-amb A\p-`-h-ßƒ, Bfl-l-Xy-Iƒ F∂o hm¿Ø-Iƒ.
3. kw{`-a-hm¿Ø-Iƒ: Cu temIØn\n Pohn-°m≥ Ign-bn√ F∂p tXm∂n-∏n-°p∂ Xcw hm¿Ø-Iƒ,
{]Ir-Xn-Zp-c-¥-ßƒ, Ahn-iz-k-\ob-amb ]oV-\-ßƒ, ]I¿®-hym-[n-Iƒ-˛-C-hsb Ipdn-®p≈ hm¿Ø-
Iƒ.
4. kc-k-hm¿Ø-Iƒ: hmb-\-°m¿°v IuXp-Ihpw BÀm-Zhpw D≠m-Ip-∂-Xcw hnNn-{X-hm¿Ø-I-
fmWv Ch-bn¬ hcp-∂-Xv. ]e-t∏mgpw t^mt´m-Ifpw D≠m-bn-cn-°pw. ˛ "sshZypXn sse\n¬ IpSp-ßnb
sIm‰nsb sse≥ Hm^m°n c£n-®p', "Fenbpw ]q®bpw Nßm-Xn-am¿'.
5. Bizm-k-hm¿Ø-Iƒ: hmb-\-°m¿°v Bizmkw ]Icpw hn[-ap≈ hm¿Ø-I-fm-Wn-h.
"C-‘\ hne Ipd™-p', "\nb-a\-\n-tcm-[\w ]n≥h-en®p', "Kh¨sa‚ v k_vkn-Un-Iƒ
]p\:kvYm]n®p'.
6. kt¥m-j-hm¿Ø: a\- n\v kt¥m-jhpw kam-[m-\hpw \¬Ip∂ Xcw hm¿Ø-I-fm-Wn-h. "a’-c-hn-
P-b-hm¿Ø-Iƒ', "Ahm¿Uv {]Jym-]-\-ßƒ', "\√ hn[n {]kvXm-h-\-Iƒ' F∂nh CØcw hm¿Ø-I-
fn¬ hcpw.
7. k¥m-]-hm¿Ø-Iƒ: a\- ns\ k¶-S-Ønem-gvØp∂ hm¿Ø-I-fm-Wn-h. ac-W-hm¿Ø-Iƒ, ]cm-P-b-
hm¿Ø-Iƒ, A\p-Iq-e-a√mØ hn[n {]kvXm-h-\-Iƒ F∂nh CXn¬ hcpw.
8. Nc-a-hm¿Ø-Iƒ: ]{X-ß-fn¬ {]tXyI t]Pp-Iƒ Xs∂ CXn-\mbn \o°n sh°mdp-≠v. kwÿm\w
H´msI Adn-tb-≠-Xm-sW-¶n¬ BZy-t]-Pn¬ Xs∂ hcpw. tem°¬ Adn-bn∏p am{X-am-sW-¶n¬ Nc-a-
tIm-f-Ønte hcn-I-bp-≈q.
Hcp ]{X-te-J-I\v D≠m-bn-cn-t°≠ KpW-ßƒ:

hm¿Ø-I-fpsS Dd-hn-S-ßƒ tXSn F{X thW-sa-¶nepw k©-cn-°m-\p≈ k∂-≤X; kw`-h-hn-
Im-kß - fpw, {]Xym-Lm-Xß
- fpw ap≥Iqń I≠v tNmZy-ßƒ tNmZn-°m-\p≈ Ignhv, ka-Im-enI cmjv{Sob
kmaqly kw`-h-hn-Im-k-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ \√ [mc-W, ]c∂ hmb-\bpw s]mXp hn⁄m-\-hpw, Bh-
iy-an-√mØ Imcy-ß-fn¬ CS-s]-Sm-Xn-cn-°m-\p≈ hnth-Iw, a‰p-≈-h-cpsS hnizmkw B¿÷n-°m-\p≈
Ign-hv, H∂pw IÆ-S®v hniz-kn-°msX kz¥-amb At\z-j-W-Øn-eqsS kXym-hÿ ]pd-Øp-sIm≠p
hcm-\p≈ B¿÷hw CsXms° Hcp\√ ]{X-te-J-I-\p-≠m-bn-cn-t°≠ KpW-ß-fm-Wv.
hm¿Øm aqeyw: Hmtcm Ime-L-´hpw, Ncn{Xkmµ¿`n-I-X-I-fp-amWv hm¿Ø-bpsS {]m[m-\ysØ

\n›-bn-°p-∂-Xv. F√m kw`-h-ßfpw hm¿Ø-bm-I-W-sa-∂n-√. Cw•o-jn¬ Hcp sNm√p-≠v. Ipńsb ]ń
ISn®p F∂Xv hm¿Øm-aq-ey-ap≈ hm¿Ø-b-√. F∂m¬ ]ńsb Ipń ISn®p F∂-Xn\v {]m[m-\y-ap-≠v.
aqeyap≈ hm¿Ø-Isf Is≠-Øm≥ teJ-I¿°v Ign-b-Ww. CXmWv hm¿Ø-Iƒ ]{X-Øn¬ k÷o-I-
cn-°m≥ Ffp-∏-am°nØo¿°p-∂-Xv.

hm¿Øm-L-S\: ]{X-hm-b\ Hcp ioe-am-°n-bp≈ ae-bm-fn°v hmb-\-bn¬ Nne k{º-Zm-b-ßƒ D≠v.

]{Xw Inń-bm¬ BZyw Xpd∂p t\m°p∂Xv GXp t]PmWv F∂p hsc {]tXy-I-X-bm-Wv. Nne¿°v
t_mIvkv tImfw sF‰w-kn-emWv Xmev]-cyw. Nne¿ apgp-h≥ hmbn®p Xo¿t∂ ]{Xw \neØv hbv-°q.
Hcp hm¿Ø hmbn-°p-tºmƒ BZyw AXns‚ Xe-s°´v t\m°pw. AXn\v tijw dnt∏m¿´v
sNbvXXv Bcm-sW∂v t\m°pw. Nne-t∏mƒ AhnsS kz.-te. Ft∂m kz¥w {]Xn-\n[n Ft∂m ImWpw.
CXns\ "s{IUn‰v sse≥' F∂mWv] - bp-∂X
- v. s{IUn‰v sse\n¬ dnt∏m¿´-dpsS t]cp-s≠-¶n¬ ss_sse≥
F∂mWv ]d-bp-I. ASp-Ø-Xmbn dnt∏m¿´v sNbvX ÿe-am-bn-cn-°pw. CXn\v "tπkv sse≥' F∂mWv
]d-bp-I. ]n∂oSv hm¿Ø-bpsS BZy-J-WvUn-I-bm-Wv. ChnsS hmbn-°m-\p≈ Xmev]cyw krjvSn-°p∂
coXn-bn-em-hWw Ah-X-c-Ww. CXn\v "eoUv' As√-¶n¬ "C≥s{Sm' F∂p ]d-bpw. AXn\p ]n∂mse
hm¿Øm icocw BWv, Ah-km\w D]-kw-lmcw AYhm hm¬°jvWw F∂p ]d-bpw. Xe-s°-´p-
apX¬ XpSßn {]m[m\yw Ipd-™v, Xn-cn®p sh® Hcp ]nc-anUv t]mse-bmWv hm¿Øm-L-S\ F∂p ]d-
bm-dp-≠v.
Xe-s°´v: ]{X-ÿm-]-\-ß-fn¬ hm¿Ø-Iƒ°v Xe-s°´v \¬Ip-hm≥ {]tXyIw XkvXnIIƒ Xs∂-

bp-≠v. Xe-s°-ń-eq-sS-bmWv Ae-k-ambn hmbn-°p-∂-hsc hmb-\-bn-te°v £Wn-®p-sIm≠p t]mth-
≠-Xv. Hcp Xe-s°-ń\v Xmsg ]d-bp∂ KpW-ßƒ D≠m-bn-cn-°-Ww.
a) hm¿Ø-bn-te°v BI¿jn-°m≥ Ign-bWw

b) hm¿ØbpsS kmcmwiw Dƒs°m-≈p-∂-Xm-bn-cn-°Ww
c) hm¿ØbpsS kz`mhw D≠m-bn-cn-°Ww
d) \ne-hm-c-ap-≈-Xm-bn-cn°Ww
e) \n›n-X- ÿeØv HXp-°m-hp-∂-Xm-hWw
f) GsX-¶nepw ]£-]m-Xn-Xz-ßƒ C√m-Ø-XmhWw
hni-Z-]-T\w: teJ-\-ßƒ
1. kmln-Xyhpw am[y-a-ßfpw: tUm:jmPn tP°_v
amdn amdn hcp∂ am[y-aß - f
- psS kzm[o\w Iem-km-ln-Xy-ßf- n¬ F{X-tØmfw {]Xn-ê - n-°p∂p
F∂v ae-bmf kmln-XysØ ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-s°m-≠p≈ At\z-j-W-amWv tUm:jmPn tP°_v \S-
Øn-bn-´p-≈-Xv. kmt¶-XnI hnZybpsS hnImk Ncn-{X-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-´mWv am[y-a-ß-fpsS hnIm-k-]p-
tcm-K-Xn-Iƒ \ne-\n¬°p-∂-Xv. a\p-jy-Po-hnX Ncn-{X-Øns‚ A¿∞-h-Ømb {]Xn-I-cWw F∂ \ne-
bn¬ Iem-km-ln-Xy-ßƒ {]m[m\yw ]nSn®p ]‰p-∂p. Hmtcm Ime-L-´-Øn-sebpw kmt¶-XnI hnZy-Ifpw
am[y-a-kw-kvIm-chpw {]Xo-£-I-fm-tbm, DXvI-WvT-I-fmtbm a\p-jy-Po-hn-X-Øns\ ]n≥Xp-S¿∂n-cp∂p
F∂-Xn-\p≈ A\p-`-h-km-£y-ß-fmWv Iem-km-ln-Xy-ß-fn¬ {]Xn-^-en-°p∂ am[y-a-Nn-¥-Iƒ F∂v
Nne DZm-l-c-W-ß-fn-eqsS shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bmWv teJ-I-≥.
en]nbpw kmln-Xyhpw \ne-\n¬°p∂ `mjmkaq-l-ß-fn¬ BZyw cq]w-sIm≠ am[y-a-ßƒ
]{X-am-[y-aß
- f- m-bn-cp-∂p. hyh-kmb hnπ-hhpw A®-Sn-bpsS {]Nm-chpw ]{Xam[yaß-fpsS hf¿®bv°pw
kmln-Xy-Øns‚ hf-®bv°pw Htc t]mse {]tbm-P-\-s∏-ń-´p-≠v. F∂m¬ ]{X-{]-h¿Ø-\hpw kmln-
Xyhpw XΩn¬ _‘-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ Xs∂, ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-ambn a\p-jy-k-aq-l-Øns‚ c≠p Xe-ß-fnse
A\p-`-hm-hn-jvIm-c-ß-fmWv Ah ssIImcyw sNbvXn-cp-∂-Xv. H∂v bYm¿∞y-Øns‚Xmbn-cp-s∂-¶n¬
at‰Xv `mh-\-bpsSbpw kz]v\-Øn-s‚-bp-ambncp∂p. B[p-\nI temI-Øns‚ cmjv{So-b-]-cn-kcw \n¿W-
bn-®Xv {][m-\-ambpw _lp-P-\-am-[y-a-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p. B[p-\nI t\mh-en¬ cmjv{Sob hnh-£-Iƒ C{]-
Imcw am[y-a-_-‘-Øn¬ \n∂v cq]o-I-cn-°-s∏-´-Xm-sW∂v _jo¿, B\µv F∂o Fgp-Øp-Im-cpsS
IrXn-I-fn-eqsS teJ-I≥ hy‡-am-°p-∂p.
am[y-aß- ƒ - B[p-\nI B[p-\n-Im-¥c - I
- m-eL
- ´- Ø
- n¬ kmln-Xy-Øn¬ 3 hn[-Øn-emWv kzm[o\w
Dd-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.
1. kmln-Xy-Ønse am[y-a-kq-N-I-ßƒ, {]Xo-I-ßƒ, _nw_-ßƒ

2. am[y-ao-IrX kmln-Xy-`m-jbpw LS-\bpw
3. kn\nam kzm[o\w kmln-Xy-c-N-\-bn¬
_jo¿ kmln-Xy-Øn¬ Fgp-Øp-Im-c≥ cmjv{So-b, Ncn-{X-kz-Xz-ß-fp-ambn {]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂Xv

km[m-c-W-amWv. t{]a-te-J\w apX-ep≈ t\mh-ep-I-fn-epw, \oe-sh-fn®w Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈ IY-I-fnepw
IYm-_oPw F∂ \mS-I-Ønepw Ncn-{X-Im-cs‚ kzXz-Øn¬ {]Xy-£-am-Ip∂ Fgp-Øp-Im-cs\
Is≠Ømw. "hn\o-X-\mb Ncn-{X-Im-c≥' F∂mWv _jo-dns‚ {]Jym-]-\w. B\-µn¬ Ncn-{X-Im-cs\
Fgp-Øp-Im-c\pw Fgp-Øp-Im-cs\ Ncn-{X-Im-c-\mbpw ImWp∂ B[p-\n-Im-\-¥-c-k-ao-]-\-amWv
ImWp-∂-Xv. Fgp-Øv, Fgp-ØvIm-c≥ ]pkvX-Iw, hmb-\-ime F∂nh {]iv\-h¬°-cn-°-s∏´ [mcmfw
IrXn-Iƒ B[p-\oIm\¥-c-Im-e-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X-bm-Wv. ]{X-{]-h¿Ø\w t\cn-t´m, A√m-sX-tbm,
ae-bmf t\mh-ep-Iƒ°v hnj-b-am-Ip-∂Xpw {it≤-b-am-Wv. ]{X-te-J-I-tcm, ]{X-ÿm-]-\-ß-tfm,
kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-I-fpsS tI{µ-ÿm-\-sØ-Øp-∂Xv H.-hn.-hn-P-b≥, Fw.-ap-Ip-µ≥, Fw.-]n.-\m-cm-b-W-]n-≈,
F≥.-F-kv. am[-h≥ apX-em-b-h-cpsS IrXn-I-fn¬ [mcm-f-am-bp-≠v. X\n tIc-fob ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬
Fgp-Xnb tZhns‚ {`m¥m-e-bw, Ddq-_ns‚ kpµ-cn-Ifpw kpµ-c-∑mcpw XpS-ßnb t\mh-ep-I-fnepw
]{X-am-[y-a-ß-fpsS CS-s]-S-en-eqsS \S-°p∂ kmaq-ly-cq-]o-I-cWw sXfn™p ImWm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
]{X-am-[y-a-ß-sf-t∏mse tdUn-tbm-bpsS CS-s]-Sepw kmln-Xy-Øn¬ kPo-h-am-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.
B[p-\n-Im-\-¥-c-]-cn-kcw B[p-\n-I-X-bn¬ \n∂p≈ ]cn-t—Zw Xs∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p. AXp-hsc
ImØp kq£n® aqey-t_m-[ß - f
- pw Nn¥m-]≤
- X
- n-Ifpw Ań-ad- n-°s
- ∏-Sp-Ibpw hy‡n-hm-ZØ
- ns‚ temIw
A`n-hr-≤n-{]m-]n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Iq´m-bva-bp-sSbpw am\-hn-I-X-bp-sSbpw A¿∞w \jvS-am-hp-Ibpw
AXn-\-Sn-ÿm-\-amb Nn¥m-]-≤-Xn-Iƒ Xnc-kvI-cn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
B[p-\n-Im-\-¥c kmln-Xy-Øn¬ ]{Xw, tdUntbm F∂n-h-sb-°mƒ kzm[o\w ÿm]n-®Xv
]pXnb sSIvt\m-f-Pn-bpsS `mK-ambn h∂ Snhn, Iºyq-´¿, C‚¿s\‰v F∂n-h-bm-Wv. Snhn Nm\-ep-I-
sfbpw AXp cq]o-I-cn-°p∂ hyh-ÿ-bn-√m-bva-I-sfbpw BZyw apXte i{Xp-Xm-]-c-am-bmWv kmln-Xy-
temIw t\m°n-°-≠-Xv. kmaq-ly-Po-hn-X-Ønse F√m Po¿Æ-X-Iƒ°pw DØ-c-hm-Zn-bmbn Ah¿
sSen-hn-js\ Ah-X-cn-∏n-®p. Hmw tNcn-bpsS "{]fbw' F∂ \mS-I-Øn-emWv sSen-hn-j≥ Hcp kqN-I-
ambn BZyw IS∂p hcp-∂-Xv. h¿Ø-am\ a\p-jym-h-ÿ-bpsS ioe-ßƒ°pw k{º-Zm-b-ßƒ°pw
Imc-W-°m-c-\mb Hcp IYm-]m-{X-Øns‚ tdmfn¬ Xs∂-bmWv Snhn ChnsS {]Xy-£-am-hp-∂-Xv. ]n∂oSv
ae-bm-f-Ønse FÆ-s∏´ Fgp-Øp-Im-sc√mw kmwkvIm-cnI Pohn-XsØ aen-\-am-°p∂ hnUvVn-s∏-ń-
bmbn Snhnsb Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xmbn ImWp-∂p-≠v. A{]-Xo-£n-X-ambn amdn-t∏mb Pohn-Xhpw
AXns\m∏w k©-cn® kmt¶-XnI hnZybpw henb {]Xo-£m-\-jvS-ß-fm-bmWv Cu Fgp-Øp-Iƒ
]cn-K-Wn-°p-∂-Xv.
1990-Iƒ°v tijw ae-bmf kmln-Xy-Øn¬ C‚¿s\-‰ns‚ Ime-am-Wv. ssk_¿ kmlnXyw
F∂p hnfn-°m-hp∂ Xc-Øn¬ C≥^¿ta-j≥ sSIvt\m-fP - n-bpsS ]cn-kc
- h
- p-ambn _‘-s∏´p sIm≠p≈
kmln-Xy-c-N-\-Iƒ ]pd-Øn-d-ßp-∂Xv Cu L´-Øn-emWv. hneyw Kn]vk¨s‚ Neuromancer F∂
t\mh-emWv BZysØ ssk_¿ t\mh¬ F∂v Adn-bs - ∏-Sp-∂X- v. kb≥kv ^n£≥ B[p-\nI ImesØ
^m‚-kn-bm-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬ ssk_¿ ^n£≥ DØ-cm-[p-\n-I-X-bpsS bmYm¿∞y-am-sW-∂mWv \nco-£n-
°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. Snhn sIm®p-_m-h-bpsS "sIm°-cWn' N{µ-a-Xn-bpsS "sh_vssk‰v' F∂o IY-Iƒ
C‚¿s\‰pw Iºyq-´dpw krjvSn-°p∂ Atem-k-c-ß-sf-°p-dn®v DXvIWvT {]I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂-h-bm-Wv.
kmt¶-XnI hnZy-Iƒ im¥-am-sbm-gp-Ip∂ Xß-fpsS Np‰p-]m-Sp-Isf aen-\a
- m-°n-°f
- b
- ptam F∂
`b-Øns‚ XpS¿® Xs∂-bmWv C‚¿s\‰v `b-hp-sa∂v teJ-I≥ hy‡-am-°p-∂p. Cu `b-ß-sf-sb√mw
A-ÿm-\Øm°ns°m≠mWv C‚¿s\‰v km[y-X-Iƒ hnI-kn-°p-∂-Xv. Fgp-Øn-s‚bpw hmb-\-bp-
sSbpw temIØv ]cn-]q¿Æ-kzm-X{¥yhpw P\m-[n-]-Xyhpw \¬Ip∂ Hcp taJ-e-bmbn tªmKp-Ifpw,
C˛-hm-b-\bpw bmYm¿∞y-am-b-tXmsS kmln-Xy-temIw `b-∂-t]mse AI‰n \n¿tØ≠ H∂√ Cu
kmt¶-XnI hnZy F∂v C∂v hy‡-am-bn-´p-≠v.

kn\nam kzm[o\w kmln-Xy-Øn¬ IS-∂p-h-cp-∂-XmWv 3m-asØ L´w. kn\n-abpw kmln-Xy-hp-

am-bp≈ _‘-sØ-∏‰n [mcmfw ]T-\-ßƒ \S∂p Ign-™n-´p-≠v. slanwKvth apX¬ am¿tIkv hsc-
bp≈ t\mh-en-Ãp-Iƒ Xß-fpsS cN-\-I-fn¬ kn\n-a-bnse thK-X-Ifpw A¤p-X-km-[y-X-Ifpw {]tbm-
P-\s- ∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. ae-bm-fk
- m-ln-Xy-Ønepw henb tXmXn¬ kn\n-ab
- psS Bhn-jvIc
- W
- c
- oXn IS∂p
h∂n-´p-≠v. Zriy-ßƒ°pw Zriy-_nw-_-ßƒ°pw ssIh∂ {]m[m-\yw, Iyma-d-°-Æn-eqsSbp≈ temI-
ho-£Ww F∂n-h-bmbn kmln-Xy-Øn¬ CXv {]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂p.
hni-Z-]-T\w: teJ-\-ßƒ
2. ]c-kyhpw D]-t`m-K-Xz-cbpw: kn.-Ku-co-Zm-k≥ \mb¿
B[p-\nI temI-Øns‚ I®-hS kwkvIm-c-Øn\v AXy-¥m-t]-£n-X-amb ]c-ky-ßƒ krjvSn-

°p∂ kwth-Z-\-]-cn-k-c-sØ-°p-dn-®mWv kn.-Ku-co-Zm-k≥ \mb-cpsS teJ-\w. Iº-\n-Iƒ Ah-cpsS
apS-°p-ap-X-ens‚ hen-sbmcp iX-am\w \o°n-sh-bv°p-∂Xv ]c-ky-ßƒ°m-Wv. Dev]∂w hn]-Wn-bn-
seØpw apºv ]c-ky-ßƒ {]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂p. Cßs\ k¿∆-hym-]n-bmbnØo¿∂ ]c-ky-ßƒ Itºm-
f-kw-kvIm-c-Øn¬ A\p-jvTn-°p-∂-sX-s¥∂v hy‡-am-°p-I-bmWv teJ-I≥.
kz¥-am-sbmcp `mjbpw kn≤m-¥-hy-h-ÿbpw D≈ taJ-e-bmbn ]c-ky-ßƒ amdn-bn-cn-°p∂p.
tIm∏n ssd‰nwKv F∂ Hcp ]T-\-imJ Xs∂ ]c-ky-hp-ambn _‘s∏´v D≠m-bn-´p-≠v. a\p-jy-a-\- nse
D]-t`mK hmk-\-Isf \ne-\n-dp-Øp-∂-Xnepw, Xzcn-X-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xnepw ]ckyw hln-°p∂ ]¶n-s\-∏‰n
[mcmfw ]T-\-ßƒ \S∂p Ign-™n-´p-≠v.
C∂v Bh-iy-ßƒ kzm`m-hn-Ia - m-bp-≠m-Ip-∂X
- √
- , ]c-ky-ßƒ hgn D≠m-°s
- ∏-Sp-∂X
- m-Wv. th≠
km[-\-ßƒ am{X-a√ A\m-h-iy-ambpw Bfp-Iƒ km[-\-ßƒ hmßn-°q-´p∂ Hcp {]Xn-`mkw ]c-ky-
kr-jvSn-bm-Wv. tjm∏nwKv Hcp tcmKw t]mse hym]n∏n°p∂Xn¬ ]c-ky-ßƒ hln-°p∂ ]¶v sNdp-X√ - .
Bfp-I-fpsS am\-kn-Im-hÿ I≠-dn™v hnhn[ X{¥-ß-fn-eqsS AXv Xßƒ°-\p-Iq-e-am°n
]cn-h¿Ø-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bmWv ]c-ky-ß-fpsS [¿Ωw. ]e-t∏mgpw H∂p ]d-bp-Ibpw as‰m∂p kqNn-∏n-
°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ coXn-bmWv ]c-ky-ß-fp-tS-Xv. Hcn-°epw D]-t`m-‡mhv CXn¬ ]cm-Xn-s∏-Sp-∂n√
F∂-XmWv A¤p-Xw. ]c-ky-Øn¬ ]d-bp-∂-Xp-t]mse Dev]-∂-ßƒ KpW-\n-e-hmcw {]I-Sn-∏n-®n-s√-
¶nepw hmß¬°m-c\v AXn¬ ]cm-Xn-sbm-∂p-an-√. CXv \∂mbn NqjWw sNbv-XmWv ]c-ky-ßƒ
\ne-\n¬°p-∂-Xv. ]c-ky-Øns‚ sIWn-bn¬ \n -lm-b-cm-bn-t∏m-Ip∂ P\-k-aq-l-amWv Itºm-f-kw-
kvIm-c-Øns‚ Cc-I-fmbn \ap°v apºn¬ Pohn-°p-∂-Xv.
amdn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ A`n-cp-Nn-Is
- f-°p-dn®pw, P\-ßf
- psS t_m[-\\
- n-eh
- m-cs
- Ø-°p-dn®psa√mw
hni-Z-amb ]T-\-ß-fmWv Iº-\n-Iƒ \S-Øp-∂-Xv. CØcw ]T-\-ßƒ°v tij-amWv GXv ImeØv GXp-
ev]∂w, AXn\v GXv Xcw ]ckyw F∂-h¿ Xocp-am-\n-°p-∂-Xv.
BtKm-f-h¬°-cWhpw I®-h-S-kw-kvIm-chpw F√m-‰n-s\bpw I®-h-S-®-c-°m°n am‰n-°-gn-™p.
]gb tkh-\-ßƒ t]mepw C∂v Dev]-∂-ß-fmbn amdn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. IpSn-sh≈w Ah-Im-i-am-bn-cp-s∂-
¶n¬ C∂v hne sImSp-Øp-hm-tß≠n hcp∂ Dev]-∂-am-Wv. kwkvImcw t]mepw hyh-km-b-ambn
amdn-°-gn™ ]pXnb ImeØv Dev]-∂-ßsf hn]-Wn-bn¬ kwi-b-te-i-at\y sXc-s™-Sp-°m≥
]c-ky-ßƒ a’-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. F√m ]c-ky-ßfpw ]d-bp-∂Xv Hcp Imcyw Xs∂-bm-Wv. Xßƒ ]cn-N-
b-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ Dev]-∂-Øns‚ A\-\y-Xbpw, B[n-Im-cn-I-X-bpw. D≈-S°w H∂m-sW-¶nepw \nd-Ønepw
aW-Ønepw cq]-Ønepw {_m≥Unepw hyXy-ÿ-ß-fmbn {]Xy-£-s∏-Sp∂ Dev]∂-ßƒ°v D]-t`m-‡m-
hns‚ a\- n¬ ambmØ HcnSw AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bmWv ]c-ky-ßƒ.
apºv Ahiy-h-kvXp-°ƒ°v ]ckyw ths≠-∂m-bn-cp-∂p Icp-Xn-bn-cp-∂-Xv. C∂v D∏n\pw
apf-In\pw hsc ]c-ky-am-Wv. A\m-h-iy-ß-sf-t∏mepw Bh-iy-ß-fm-°m≥ ]c-ky-ßƒ°v km[n-°p-
∂p. hkv{Xw hy‡nXzØns‚ e£-W-ambn, SqØv t]Ãv {]W-b-Øns‚ am[y-a-ambn ]ckyw am‰p-∂p.

Hcp kvt{] Xfn-®m¬ ]ucpjw e`n-°p-sa∂pw Hcp tkm∏v D]-tbm-Kn-®m¬ kv{XoIƒ ]n∂mse
hcp--sa∂pw AXv ]pcp-j-t\mSv ]d-bp-∂p.
ico-c-Øns‚ BtLm-j-amWv ]c-ky-ß-fpsS as‰mcp khn-ti-j-X. AXpw kv{Xo ico-c-Øn¬
ad®pw adbv°m-sX-bpap≈ Ah-X-c-Ww. sam´p kqNn apX¬ tamt´m¿ ssk°nƒ hsc hnev°m-\p≈
]c-ky-Nn-{X-amWv kv{Xoi-co-cw. t]mkn-‰ohv sk≥kn¬ am{X-a√ s\K-‰ohv sk≥knepw ]c-ky-ßƒ
C∂v {]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v. ImgvN-°m-c\v Bfl-\nµ tXm∂n-∏n°pw hn[w ]c-ky-ßƒ s]cp-am-dp-∂p.
A[-a-t_m-[-Øn¬ \n∂v c£ t\Sm-\p≈ D]m[n Ah¿ \n¿t±in°p∂ Dev]∂w kz¥-am-°p-I-bm-Wv.
]cn-lm-k-hpw, Bt£-]-lm-kyhpsa√mw CØcw ]c-ky-ß-fpsS apJ-ap-{Z-I-fm-Wv.
Iºyq-´¿ bpK-Øn¬ ]c-ky-ßƒ C‚¿s\-‰nepw Ib-dn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Hcmƒ°q-´-sØ-bmWv am[y-

a-ß-fn¬ CXp-hsc ]c-ky-ßƒ A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-®n-cp-∂-sX-¶n¬ C‚¿s\-‰n¬ Hcp hy‡n-sb-bmWv A`n-
ap-Jo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xv. ]c-ky-tem-IØv hºn® Ań-a-dn-Iƒ°n-S-bm-°p-∂-Xm-bn-cn°pw Cu kao-]\w F∂
Imcy-Øn¬ kwi-b-an-√.

samUyqƒ 4.
ae-bm-fhpw hnh-c-km-t¶-Xn-I-Xbpw
ae-bmf `mj-bpsS D]-tbmKw Iºyq-´-dn¬
C‚¿s\‰v {]N-cn®v 25 h¿j-tØm-f-am-bn. ae-bmfw Iºyq-´-dn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ XpSßnbn´pw

A{X Xs∂ h¿j-ß-fm-bn. ae-bmf `mj D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv {][m-\-ambn A®-Sn-bpsS taJ-e-bn-em-Wv.
a‰p `mjm kaq-l-ßƒ Iºyq-´-dn¬ Hcp]mSv apt∂-dn-b-t∏mgpw, Un.-Sn.]n sNøm-\p≈ Hcp-]-I-cWw
F∂ \ne-bv°mWv Iºyq-´-dns\ ae-bm-fn-Iƒ I≠-Xv. F∂m¬ Cu taJ-e-bnepw BZy-Im-e-sØm∂pw
Imcy-amb ]ptcm-KXn ssIh-cn-°m≥ Ign-™n-cp-∂n-√. en]n ]cn-jvI-cWw \S-°m-ØXpw, en]n-bpsS
Imcy-Øn¬ am\-Io-I-cWw \S-°m-ØXpw henb {]iv\-ß-fmWp≠m-°n-bXv. 20-tesd hyXy-kvX-amb
F≥tIm--UnwKv hyh-ÿ-Iƒ D≠m-bn-cp-∂n´pw Ahy-hÿ Xs∂-bm-bn-cp∂p ae-bm-f-Øn¬ D≠m-bn-cp-
∂-Xv. Iºyq-´d- nse hnh-ct- i-Jc
- Ww A°-ßƒ hgn-bmWv. Hmtcm A£-cØ - n\pw {]Xn-\n-[n-bmbn Hmtcm
A°-ßƒ BWv Iºyq-´-dn¬ D≠m-hp-I. hyXy-kvX-ß-fmb F≥tIm-UnwKv hyh-ÿ-Iƒ Htc A£-
c-Øn\v Xs∂ hyXykvX A°-ßƒ \¬In-b-Xn-\m¬ 20-tesd F≥tIm-UnwKv hyh-ÿ-Iƒ D≠m-
bn´pw, Hcp hyh-ÿ-bn-se-gp-Xn-bXv as‰mcp hyh-ÿ-bn¬ hmbn-°m≥ Ign-bm-sX t]mbn. temI-Ønse
F√m `mj-I-fn-sebpw A£-c-ßƒ°v ÿnc-amb \º¿ \¬In hyh-ÿ-s∏-Sp-Ønb ssk‰mWv bq\n-
t°mUv I¨tkm¿jyw F∂ `mjm-hn-ZKvZ kwL-S\ kwhn-[m\w sNbvX bp\n-t°mUv knÃw.
bq\n-t°mUv \ne-hn¬ h∂-tXm-sS-bmWv I®-hS- m-[n-jvTn-Xa
- mb Un.-Sn.]n, ]pkvI{- ]-kn-≤o-Ic - Ww
F∂o taJ-e-Iƒ°-∏pdw Bi-b-{]-Im-i-\-Øns‚ Xe-Øn-te°v ae-bmfw Iºyq-´-nwKv hnI-kn-°p-∂-Xv.
tªmKp-I-fmWv Cu taJ-e-bn¬ G‰-hp-a-[nIw apt∂m´v h∂n-´p-≈-Xv.
Iot_m¿Un¬ hnc¬ Aa¿Øp-tºmƒ tamWn-‰-dn¬ GsXms° A£-c-ßƒ sXfn-b-W-sa∂v
Xocp-am-\n-°p∂ k¶o¿Æ-amb- {]h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ Nn´-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ am∏nwKv k{º-Zm-b-amWv F≥tIm-
UnwKv knÃw. `mjm Iºyq-ńw-Kns‚ ASn-ÿm\w CXm-Wv. BZy-Im-eß - f - n¬ hyXy-kvXß - f - mb F≥tIm-
UnwKv knÃ-ßƒ hyXykvX coXn-I-fn-em-bn-cp∂p A£-c-ßƒ°v tImUv \¬In-bncp∂Xv. Cw•o-jn\p
t]mepw Cu {]iv\w D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Hcp Iºyq-´-dn¬ D≠m-°nb ^b¬ as‰mcp Iºyq-´-dn¬ Xpd°m-
t\m hmbn-°mt\m CXp ImcWw Ign-bp-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. Cu {]iv\w ]cn-lc - n-°m≥ th≠n-bmWv F≥tIm-
Unw-Kn¬ am\-Io-Ic - v. Cß-s\-bmWv ASCII (AkvIn) American Standard
- Ww \S-∏m-°m≥ Xocp-am-\n-®X
Code for Information Interchange \ne-hn¬ h∂-Xv. ASCII \ne-hn¬ h∂-tXmsSbmWv ae-bm-f`- mj
Iºyq-´-dn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°m-\p≈ {ia-ßƒ Bcw-`n-°p-∂-Xv.
ASCII F≥tIm-UnwKns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ {]h¿Øn-°p∂ Iºyq-´-dn¬ aebmfw Fßns\
ssS∏v sNømw F∂ At\z-j-W-Øn\v c≠p L´ß-fp-≠v. t{]m{Km-a¿am¿ kzbw \n›-bn® F≥tIm-
UnwKv ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ {]h¿Øn® BZy-L-´hpw, CXv hn\n-a-b-Øn\v XS- -am-sW∂v a\- n-em-b-
t∏mƒ F≥tIm-UnwKv hyh-ÿ-Iƒ am\-Io-I-cn-°m≥ Xøm-dmb c≠mw L´-hpw. k¿°m¿ ÿm]-\-
amb ]qs\-bn¬ {]h¿Øn-°p∂ kn˛-UmIv ASCII sb ]n¥p-S¿∂v ISCII (CkvIn) Indian Standrad
Code for Information Interchange F∂ tImUnwKv hyhÿ cq]o-Ic - n-®p. C∂pw A®Sn cwKØv CkvIn-
X-s∂-bmWv kzm[o\w Dd-∏n-®n-´p-≈-Xv. ae-bmfw Iºyq-ńwKv Ncn{Xw C{]-Imcw CkvIn-]q¿∆w, CkvIn-
L-´w, bq\n-tImUv L´w F∂n-ßs\ aq-∂mbn Xncn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
ISCII L´w F∂Xv ASCII sb ]n¥p-S¿∂p≠mb-Xm-Wv. ASCII bqtdm-]y≥ `mj-Iƒ°v s]mXp-
hm-bp≠mb F≥tIm-UnwKv knÃ-am-sW-¶n¬ C¥y≥ `mjm-en-]n-Iƒ°v s]mXp-hmbn {Iao-I-cn-®-XmWv
ISCII. CkvIn F≥tIm-Unw-Kns\ ASn-ÿm-\-am°n D≠m-°nb t^m≠v tImUmWv ISFOC. C¥y≥
kv{In]v‰nwKv t^m≠v tImUv. kv{In]v‰v F∂m¬ `mj F∂m-W¿∞w. ISFOC tImUnwKns‚ ASnÿm-
\-Øn¬ t^m≠p-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°m-\mbn Xøm¿ sNbvX Iot_m¿Uv amt\-P¿ t{]m{Km-amWv I.S.M
AYhm C≥t^mIv kv{In]v‰v amt\-P¿.

kn˛-UmIv Dev]-∂-ßƒ {]N-cn-®-tXmsS 90'Iƒ BZyw Xs∂ Un.-Sn.-]n. tIcfw apgp-h≥ hym]n-
®p. C∂v thUv t{]mk- nwKn\pw, Un.-Sn.-]nbv°pw IqSp-Xepw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv kn˛-Um-°ns‚
]mt°-Pp-I-fmWv ae-bm-f-Øn¬ G‰-hp-a-[nIw t^m≠p-I-fpsS t{iWn-bpw Ch-cp-sS-Xm-Wv. tamtWm-
enw-Kz¬, Cw•ojpw D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ Ign-bp∂ ss_enw-Kz¬ t^m≠p-Iƒ, sh_vt^m-≠p-Iƒ F∂n-
ßs\ kn˛-Um-°ns‚ ]mt°-Pp-Iƒ \nc-h-[n-bm-Wv. CXn-se-√m-ap≈ Hcp {][m-\-{]iv\w D]-tbm-Kn®
en]n ]pXnb en]n Bbn-cp∂p F∂-Xm-Wv. Iq´-£-c-ßsf N{µ-°-e-bn´v th¿s]--Sp-Ønbpw a‰pw AXv
henb Akzm`m-hn-I-XI ƒ krjvSn-®p. ]qs\-bnse Xs∂ tamUp-e¿ C≥t^m-sSIv "{ioen]n' F∂
]mt°-Pp-ambn h∂-tXmsS Cu {]iv\-Øn\v Hc-f-thmfw ]cn-lm-c-am-hp-∂p-≠v.
Cu kµ¿`-Øn¬ hn≥tUmkv Hcp Hm∏-td-‰nwKv knÃw F∂ \ne-bn¬ ae-bm-fn-Iƒ°pw kzoIm-
cy-am-bn-Øo-cp-∂p-≠v. IqSmsX en\-Ivknepw ae-bmf km∂n[yw {]Xy-£-s∏-Sm≥ XpS-ßn. ssat{Im-
tkm-^v‰ns‚ tkz—m-[n-]-Xy-Øn¬ hntbm-Pn-∏p-≠mb Nne¿ tN¿∂v ae-bmfw en\Ivkv F∂ t]cn¬
Hcp kzX{¥ kwhn-[m\w Xs∂ D≠m-°p-∂Xpw Cu kµ¿`-Øn-em-Wv.
ae-bm-f-Ønse A£-c-kwJy Iºyq-´-dn¬ {]mh¿Øn-I-am-°m≥ Ign-bn√ F∂pw AXv ]cn-jvI-
cn-°-W-sa-∂p-ap≈ hmZ-ßƒ C\nbpw Ah-km-\n-®n-ń-√. ]cn-jvI-cn-°p-t¥mdpw hyh-ÿ-bn-√m-Xm-hp-I-
bmWv F∂ bmYm¿∞yw Adn-bp-∂-h¿ Xs∂-bmWv Cu hmZw D∂-bn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂Xpw CØcw
hmZ-ß-fnse Akw-_‘w Xpd∂v Imń-s°m-≠mWv X\Xp en]n-°p-th-≠n-bp≈ Iq´mb ]cn-{iaw
F∂ \ne-bn¬ cN\ A£-c-thZn cq]s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv. ae-bmfw Iºyq-ńw-Kn\v G‰hpw tbmPn-®Xv ]gb
en]n Xs∂-bm-sW∂v CXv hy‡-am-°p-∂p. ae-bm-f-Ønse GXm-s≠√m Fgp-Øp-Imcpw cN-\-bpsS
{ia-ßƒ°v sFIy-Zm¿Uyw {]Jym-]n-®n-cp-∂p
ae-bmfw bq\n-t°mUv: ae-bmfw Iºyq-ń-ßns‚ B[p-\nI Ncn{Xw bq\nt°mUpambn _‘-s∏-

´-Xm-Wv. temI-`m-jI
- f
- psS ]pXnb Ãm≥tU¿Umbn bq\n-t°mUv kzoI-cn-°s - ∏-Sp-Ibpw Xqen-I, ARvPen
F∂o t^m≠p-Iƒ°p ]n∂mse cN\ bq\n-t°mUv t^m≠v IS∂p hcn-Ibpw sNbvXp. bq\n-t°mUv
kmt¶-Xn-I-X-bn¬ ]gb en]n, ]pXnb en]n F∂o th¿Xn-cn-hp-Iƒ Xs∂ hy‡-a-√. ]gb en]n-bn¬
A®-Sn-®Xv ]pXnb en]n-bnepw ]pXnb en]n-bn¬ A®-Sn-®Xv ]gb en]n-bnepw hmbn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. ae-
bmfw bq\n-t°m-Uns‚ kmt¶-XnI km[y-XI - ƒ ]q¿Æ-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv tªmKp-If - m-Wv. Ign™
GXm\pw h¿j-ß-fn¬ tªmKp-If-- n¬ D≠mb h¿≤\ hnkva-bm-h-l-am-Wv. C∂v C¥y-bn¬ Xs∂ G‰-
hp-a-[nIw tªmKp-I-fp≈ {]mtZ-inI `mj-bmWv \Ωp-tS-Xv.
ssl∏¿ sSIvÃv (Xn-c-sam-gn)

hmsam-gn, hc-samgn F∂n-h-bn¬ \n∂v hvXykvX-ambn \ho\ kmt¶-XnI hnZy-bpsS Ime-L-´-
Øn¬ Hcp `mjbv°v e`n-°p∂ A[nI am\-amWv ssl∏¿ sSIvÃv. Xntbm-U¿ F—v.-s\¬k¨ BWv
BZy-ambn Cu t]cv D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv. F√m hnh-c-ßfpw UnPn-‰-embn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øm-\pw, hmbn-
°m\pw Ign-bp∂ kwhn-[m-\-am-Wn-Xv. ssl∏¿sS-Ivkv‰n\v ae-bm-f-Øn¬ Xnc-samgn F∂ t]cv \¬In-
bXv Ihn. ]n.-]n.-cm-a-N-{µ-\m-Wv. Xnc-bn¬ ImWm-hp∂ samgn Ft∂m, Xnc-bn¬ ImWpw t]mse
Aÿn-c-amb samgn Ft∂m A¿∞w ]d-bmw.
kzX-{¥hpw P\m-[n-]-Xy-]-c-hp-amb CS-s]-S-epw, tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-epw, hmb-\bpw km[n°pw

F∂-XmWv ssl∏¿sS-IvÃpIfpsS khn-ti-j-X. hmb\ ChnsS sX∂n \oß-emWv. ssl∏¿
en¶p-I-fm¬ _‘n-°-s∏´ hnh-c-ß-fn¬ \n∂v hnh-c-ß-fn-te-°p≈ Hcp k©m-c-am-Wn-Xv. CjvS-ap≈
t^m≠n¬, CjvS-ap≈ tamUn¬, Nn{X-ß-fn¬, \nd-ß-fn¬ hy‡n-Xm-ev]-cy-a-\p-k-cn®v am‰-ßƒ
hcp-Øn-s°m≠v hmb-\-bpw, FgpØpw \n¿∆-ln-°m≥ Ign-bp-sa-∂Xv CXns‚ CXns‚ khn-ti-j-X-
bm-Wv. ssl∏¿ en¶p-I-fn-eqsS t]mIm≥ Ign-bp-∂-Xn\m¬ Hcp ]pkvXIw hmbn®p XpS-ßp-∂-bmƒ
as‰m- t ´sd ]pkv X I- ß - f n- e qsS k©- c n®v Ah- k m\w as‰- h n- s S- t bm, Ah- k m- \ n- ∏ n- ° p- I - b mWv
sNøp-∂-Xv. Cßns\ Fgp-Øn-s‚bpw hmb-\-bp-sSbpw temIsØ F√m A[n-Imc hyh-ÿ-I-sfbpw
Ań-a-dn-°p-∂-XmWv Xnc-sam-gn.
ae-bmfw C‚¿s\-‰n¬
C‚¿s\-‰nse ae-bm-f-Øns‚ {]Xy-£-s∏-S¬ Xmsg ]d-bp∂ taJ-e-I-fn-em-Wv.
sh_vssk‰pIƒ, t]m¿´-ep-Iƒ, C˛tP¿Wep-Iƒ, a‰v {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ßƒ, tªmKp-Iƒ.
sh_vssk-‰p-Iƒ : ae-bmfw sh_vssk-‰p-IfpsS Bcw`w bYm¿∞-Øn¬ ]{X-am-[y-a-ß-fp-ambn

_‘-s∏-´-Xm-Wv. C‚¿s\‰v km[y-X-Iƒ a\- n-em-°nb ]{X-ßƒ sh_vssk-‰p-Iƒ Bcw`n®XmWv
ae-bmfw C‚¿s\-‰ns‚ XpS-°w. Zo]nI ]{X-amWv ae-bm-f-Øn¬ BZy-ambn C‚¿s\‰v FUn-j≥
Bcw-`n-®-Xv. C∂v ae-bm-f-Ønse GXm-s≠√m ]{X-ßfpw C‚¿s\-‰n¬ hmbn-°m≥ Ignbpw.
]n∂oSv amkn-I-Ifpw hmcn-I-Ifpw C‚¿s\‰v hgn {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°m≥ XpS-ßn. ae-bm-f-Ønse
{][m\ {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ßƒ F√mw C‚¿s\‰neqsS e`n-°p-∂p-≠v. AXp IqSmsX C‚¿s\‰n¬ am{Xw
e`y-amb Nne {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ßƒ thsd-bp-ap-≠v. ]pg.-tImw BWv ae-bm-f-Ønse BZy sh_v
amK-kn≥. Nn¥, Ab-\w, Pb-tI-c-fw F∂nh hntZ-i-a-e-bm-fn-I-fpsS kwc-w`-am-sW-¶n¬ lcn-X-Iw,
Nncn-s®∏v F∂nh ae-bm-f-Øn¬ \n∂p Xs∂-bp≈ {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ß-fm-Wv.
hm¿Ø, hnt\m-Zw F∂n-hbv°v {]m[m\yw \¬Ip∂ sh_vssk ‰pIfpw Ct∏mƒ [mcm-f-ambn
cwKØv hcp-∂p-≠v. Aiz-ta-[w, kmbqPyw F∂nh CXns‚ apt∂m-Sn-I-fmbn {]Xy-£-s∏-´-h-bm-Wv.
Fw.-Sn.-hm-kp-tZ-h≥ \mb-cpsS kºq¿Æ-Ir-Xn-Iƒ sh_vssk‰n¬ {]kn≤oI-cn®XmWv as‰mcp {][m\
kw`-hw. Cµp-te-J.tImaneqsS-bmWv CXv {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®-Xv. Hcp C¥y≥ Fgp-Øp-Im-cs‚ F√m ]pkvX-
I-ßfpw C‚¿s\-‰n-se-Øp-∂Xv BZy _lp-a-Xn-bmbncp∂p. ]pkvX-Iw, Nn{X-I-e, ]mN-Iw, ^mj≥,
hoSv \n¿Ωm-Ww, hnt\m-Z-bm{X F∂o taJ-e-I-fn-se√mw {i≤ sNep-Øp∂ sh_vssk‰pIfpw C∂v
ae-bm-f-Øns‚ hI-bm-bn-´p-≠v.
t]m¿´-ep-Iƒ: "hnim-e-amb IhmSw' F∂ A¿∞-Øn-emWv t]m¿´¬ F∂ ]Zw {]tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv.

hm¿Ø-Iƒ°p-]-cn-bmbn Hcm-fns‚ Bh-iy-Øn-\p≈ F¥pw \¬Ip∂ Ihm-S-ßƒ Xs∂-bmWv Ch.
C˛-sa-bn¬, Nm‰nw-Kv, hymbm-aw, sKbn-ap-Iƒ, ]pkvX-I-ßƒ, H]o-\n-b≥ t]mƒ, tjm∏nwKv F∂n-ßs\
hyXy-kvX-ß-fmb kuIcyßƒ \¬Ip-∂- C‚-dm-IvSohv ssk‰p-I-fm-Wn-h.
ae-bm-fØ
- nse BZy-t]m¿´¬ C¥ym C≥t^m.tImw BWv.s - h-_vtemIw BWv as‰m-∂v. ae-bmfw
sk¿®v F©n-\mb At\zjn, ae-bm-fØ - n¬ sabn¬ sNøm-hp∂ C.-]{X F∂nh CXns‚ `mK-am-Wv.
C˛-tP¿W-ep-Iƒ: Xam-ibv°pw hnt\m-Z-Øn\pw, t\cw-t]m-°n-\p-amWv km[m-c-W-°m¿ s]mXpsh
ssk‰p-Iƒ kµ¿in-°p-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ hnZym-`ym-k- Imcyßƒt°m, ]-T-\Ønt\m, Kth-j-W-Ønt\m
th≠n- b p≈ Kuc- h - t a- d nb {]kn- ≤ o- I - c - W - ß - f mWv Ce- I v t {Sm- W nIv amK- k n- \ p- I ƒ. t\csØ
]W-a-S-®mWv Ch e`n-®n-cp-∂s-- X-¶n¬ kuP-\y-ambpw C∂v Ch e`n-°p-∂p-≠v.
tªmKp-I-ƒ:
kzX{¥ cN-\-bp-sSbpw Bhn-jvIm-cØns‚bpw taJ-e-bnse G‰hpw henb hnπ-h-am-bn-´mWv
tªmKp-Iƒ {]N-cn-°p-∂-Xv. ssl∏¿ en¶p-Iƒ hgn {]N-cn-°p∂ sNdnb sh_vssk-‰p-I-fm-Wn-h.
sh_vtemKv F∂Xns‚ Npcp-°-cq-]-amWv tªmKv.
ae-bmfw tªmKn-ßn\v GXm≠v A©p h¿jsØ Ncn-{X-ta-bp-≈q. ae-bmf tªmKv Iq´m-
bvasb "_qtemIw' F∂mWv hnfn-°p-∂X - v. ae-bm-fØ
- n¬ {]kn-≤o-Ic
- n® BZy tªmKv "PmeIw' BWv.
Ihn-X, IY, a‰v kmln-Xy-cq-]-ßƒ, ênXw, Im¿´q¨, ]mN-Iw, bm{Xm-hn-h-c-Ww, \ncq-]Ww, cmjv{So-
bw, Ub-dn-°p-dn-∏p-Iƒ F∂n-h-sb√mw tªmKp-I-fn¬ {]Xy£s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v.
{]n‚nwKv am[y-a-ß-fn¬ ]ªn-j-dmWv A¥na hn[nI¿Øm-sh-¶n¬ tªmKp-Iƒ Fgp-Øp-Im-c\v
]q¿Æ-kzm-X-{¥yhpw \¬Ip-∂p-≠v. tªmKp-Iƒ XpS-ßm≥ henb kmt¶-XnI ⁄m\-sam∂pw
Bh-iy-an√ F∂Xpw, ]W-s®-e-hn√ F∂Xpw Bfp-Isf CXn-te°v Ffp∏w BI¿jn-°p∂ LS-I-ß-
fm-Wv. A©p h¿j-ßƒ°p-≈n¬ C{X-tbsd {]N-cn® as‰mcp P\-Iob {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ta-J-ebpw ae-
bm-f-Øn-en-√. "PmeIw' F∂ XpS-°-Øn\v tijw hnim-e-a-\-kvI≥, cm{Xn-©-c≥, Nn{X-Im-c≥,
IS-Ø-\m-S≥, ssIX-ap-≈, IpSpw-_w- I-e-°n, k¶p-NnX a\-kvI≥ F∂n-ßs\ [mcmfw t]cp-Iƒ°v
]n∂n¬ Hfn-®n-cp∂v tªmKp-Iƒ {]N-cn-°m≥ XpS-ßn-bn-´p-≠v.
kmln-Xy-hn-j-b-Øn-emWv Gsdbpw tªmKp-Iƒ D≈-Xv. {it≤-b-amb Hcp IYm tªmKv "s]cn-
tßm-S≥' BWv. ênXw \nd™ tªmKp-I-fn¬ hnim-e-a-\-kvIs‚ "sImS-Ic ]pcmWw' {]tXyIw
{i≤n-°s - ∏-Sp-∂p. B£-ct- «m-Iß
- ƒ°v am{X-am-bp≈ Hcp tªmKv BWv "A£-ct- «mIw.-tªm-Kvkvt]m-
´v.tImw'.
en_-d¬ P\m-[n-]-Xy-Øn¬ `c-W-Iq-SsØ Hcp ]cn[nbpan-√msX hna¿in-°m-\p≈ \s√mcp
am[y-a-amWv tªmKp-Iƒ. C‚¿s\-‰n¬ sk≥k¿jn-∏p-Iƒ Cs√-∂Xv C°m-cy-Øn¬ Ah¿°v Gsd
klm-b-I-am-bn-Øo-cp-∂p-≠v. temI-sa-ºmSpw Cßns\ `c-W-Iq-Sm-[n-Im-c-Øn-s\-Xn-cmbn tªmKp-Iƒ
{]h¿Øn-°p-∂p-≠v. ae-bm-f-Øn¬ hy‡-amb cmjv{Sob \ne-]m-Sp-Iƒ kq£n-°p∂ tªmKp-Iƒ FÆ-
Øn¬ Ipd-hm-Wv. "IS-Ø-\m-S≥' F∂ t]cn¬ hy‡-amb CS-Xp-]-£, sXmgn-emfn h¿§ \ne-]mSv
ImØp-kq-£n-°p∂ Hcp tªmKv ae-bm-f-Øn¬ ImWp-∂p-≠v.
tªmKns\ ASn-ÿm-\-am-bp≠m-°p∂ ]pkvX-IsØ "ªq°v' F∂mWv hnfn-°p-∂-Xv. Cu
hn`m-K-Øn¬ BZy-tØXv "sImS-I-]p-cm-Wa-- mWv.'
sh_v Unssk-\nwKv: C‚¿s\-‰nse hnh-ct- I-{µ-ßf- mWv sh_vssk-‰p-Iƒ. hnhn-[m-hi
- y-ßƒ°mbn
hyXykvX hnj-b-ß-fn¬ ssk‰p-Iƒ \ne-hn-ep-≠v. _nkn-\-kv, B¿In-sS-Iv‰v, dnb¬ FtÃ-‰v, kmln-
Xyw, Ie, Btcm-Kyw, hnZy-`ym-kw, \nb-aw, s]bn‚nw-Kv, kwKo-Xw, ]mN-Iw, ^mj≥, kvt]m¿Svkv,
kn\na F∂n-h-sb√mw ssk‰p-I-fn¬ e`y-am-Wv. GsX-¶nepw Hcp hnj-b-sØ-°p-dn®v hnh-c-ßƒ e`y-
am-°m-\p≈ C‚¿s\‰v Bkq-{X-W-sØ-bmWv sh_vUn-ssk-\nwKv sIm≠p-t±-in-°p-∂-Xv.
Hcp ssk‰v cq]o-I-c-W-Øn\v Nne {][m-\-L-´ßfp≠v. `mh-\, Bkp-{X-Ww, D≈° cN-\, cq]-
I-ev]-\, A]vtemUnwKpw ]cn-tim-[-\bpw, cq]o-I-c-Ww, kwc-£Ww F∂n-h-bm-W-h.
Hcp sh_vssk-‰ns‚ {]m[m\yw AsX¥v Dƒs°m-≈p∂p F∂-Xm-Wv. Dƒs∏-Sp-tØ≠ hnh-
c-ß-fpsS ssS‰n-ep-Iƒ ASp°n D≈S°w Xøm-dm-°p-∂p. Ch hnhn[ t]Pp-I-fn¬ Dƒs°m-≈n®p
en¶p-Iƒ hgn tlmw t]Pp-ambn _‘n-∏n-°p-∂p. BI¿j-I-amb cq]-ap-s≠-¶n¬ am{Xta AXn-te°v
Bfp-Iƒ BI¿jn-°-s∏-Sp-I-bp-≈q. F.-F-kv.]n, Pmh XpS-ßnb t{]m{Kmw `mj-I-fmWv CXn-\m-bp-]-
tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv. ASpØ L´-Øn¬ ssk‰v GsX¶nepw {_uk-dns‚ klm-b-Øm¬ sk¿h-dn¬
tlmÃv sNøp-∂p. hnhn[ {_uk-dp-Ifn¬ ssk‰v {]h¿Øn-°p-∂pt≠m F∂v ]cn-tim-[n-°p-Ibpw
thWw. {]h¿Ø\w XpS-ßn-bm¬ kwc-£-Whpw ]cn-]m-e-\hpw AXym-h-iy-am-Wv. Imem-\p-kr-X-amb
]pXp-°-ep-Ifpw am‰-ßfpw D≠m-th-≠-Xm-Wv.
hn°n-]o-Unb
hnhn[ `mj-If - n¬ kzX-{¥hpw hnim-eh
- p-amb hniz-hn-⁄m-\t- Imiw kwhn-[m\w sNøm-\p≈
Iq´m-bva-bmWv hn°n-]o-Un-b-bpsS XpS-°w. t\c-sØ-bp≈ hn⁄m-\-tIm-i-ßƒ hnZ-KvZ-cpsS kan-Xn-
I-fpsS krjvSn-bm-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬ B¿°pw Fgp-Xm-hp-∂-Xpw, Fgp-Xn-b-Xnse sX‰p-Iƒ Nq≠n-°m-´m\pw
Xncp-Øm\pw Ign-bp-∂-Xp-amWv C‚¿s\-‰nse Cu hniz-hn-⁄m-\-tIm-i-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X. B¿°pw
Ft∏mgpw Fgp-Xm-sa-∂p-≈-Xpw, FUn‰v sNøm-sa-∂p-≈-Xp-amWv CXns‚ P\-Io-b-X-bpsS ASn-ÿm-
\w.
ae-bm-f-Ønepw C‚¿s\-‰n¬ hniz-hn-⁄m-\-tImiw {]kn-≤o-I-cn®p Ign-™n-´p-≠v. {]mtZ-in-I-
amb Adn-hp-Iƒ temI-Øns‚ hnhn[ `mK-ß-fn¬ Ign-bp∂ ae-bm-fn-Iƒ°p apºn¬ kuP-\y-ambn
FØn-°m≥ Ign-bp∂p F∂-XmWv ae-bmfw hn°n-]o-Un-b-bpsS khn-ti-j-X.
en]y-¥-cW tkm^v‰p-th-dp-Iƒ:
Hcp `mj-bnse hmIy-ßsf as‰mcp `mj-bn-se en]n D]-tbm-Kn®v Fgp-Xp-∂-XmWv en]y-¥-cWw
ChnsS en]n am{Xta amdp-∂p-≈q. D®m-cWw, A¿∞w F∂nh amdp-∂n-√.

DZm: How Are you?

lu B¿ bq? CXv en]y-¥-c-W-am-Wv. ae-bm-f-Øn¬ [mcmfw en]y-¥-cW tkm^v‰vthdp-I-fp-≠v.
hc-sam-gn, Cf-sam-gn, kz\-te-J, aw•ojv F∂nh Ah-bn¬ NneXp am{X-am-Wv. ae-bm-f-Ønse {][m\
bq\n-tImUv t^m≠p-Iƒ aoc, ARvP-en, Im¿Øn-I, XqenI F∂n-h-bm-Wv.
hni-Z-]-T\w: 1 .
ae-bmfw Iºyq-ńwKv Ncn-{Xm-h-tem-I-\w˛ tUm:atljv awK-em´v
kmaq- l y- P o- h n- X - Ø n- \ p≈ {][m\ D]m- [ n- b mbmWv a\p- j y≥ `mjsb Is≠- Ø p- ∂ - X v .

]Z-{]-tbm-Khpw ]mZ-{]-tbm-K-hp-amWv a\p-jys\ a‰v Pohn-I-fn¬ \n∂pw hyXy-kvX-am-°p∂ LS-I-ßƒ
F∂v kmaq-ly-im-kv{X-⁄¿ A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v. Hcp `mj Hcp ]mSv Imew hmsam-gn-bmbn \ne-\n-
∂-Xn\v tij-amWv AXn¬ Fgp-Xm-\m-h-iy-amb en]nbpw teJ-\-hn-Zy-Ifpw {]Xy-£-am-Ip-∂-Xv. C∂pw
`qap-J-Øp≈ `qcn-]£w `mj-Ifpw en]n-tbm, kmln-Xytam C√msX hmsam-gn-bmbn am{Xw Pohn-°p-∂-
h-bm-Wv. en]n-bpsS hnImkw kmt¶-XnI hnZy-bp-am-bmWv _‘-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. ]pXnb ImeØv hnhc
hn\n-ab kmt¶-XnI hnZy-If - n-ep-≠mb hºn® IpXn®p Nm´-ßƒ a\p-jy-cm-insb \mfn-Xp-hs
- c-bn-√mØ
]cn- h ¿Ø- \ - ß ƒ°v hnt[- b - a m- ° n- b n- c n- ° p- ∂ p. Iºyq- ´ dpw C‚¿s\‰pw AXns‚ teJ\
hnZy-I-fpw, hmsam-gn, hc-samgn F∂n-h-bv°-∏pdw Xnc-samgn F∂ aq∂m-a-sXmcpw km[yX IqSn `mj-I-
fn¬ D≠m-°n-bn-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. ssk_¿ Ime-L-´-Ønse ae-bm-f-Øns‚ km[y-X-Iƒ Fs¥∂pw
ssk_¿kvt]-kn¬ \ΩpsS `mj-bpsS hnIm-k-N-cn-{Xw Fs¥-√m-sa-∂p-ap≈ ]cn-tim-[-\-bmWv
tUm:atljv awK--em-ńs‚ aebmfw Iºyq-ńwKv Ncn-{Xm-h-tem-I\w F∂ teJ-\w. as‰mcp `mj-bn-ep-an-
√mØ hn[w k¶o¿Æ-amb ae-bm-f-Øns‚ en]n hyh-ÿbpw `mjm-I-ºyq-ńwKpw CW-°n-t®¿°m≥
hømØ IÆn-I-fmbn Icp-X-s∏´p h∂ ]gb Ime-Øn¬ \n∂v hyXy-kvX-ambn bq\n-t°mUv \S-∏m-b-
tXmsS ae-bm-f-Øn-\p-≠mb ]ptcm-KXn Fs¥∂v hni-Z-am-°m-\mWv teJ-I≥ {ian-°p-∂-Xv.
Iºyq-´¿, A®-Sn-bm-h-iy-Øn\pw Un.-Sn.-]n°pw th≠n am{X-ambncp∂p BZy-Im-e-ß-fn¬- a-e-bm-
fn-Iƒ B{i-bn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. Bi-bm-hn-jvIm-c-Øn\pw kzX-{¥-c-N-\-bv°p-ap≈ km[y-X-Iƒ a\- n-em-b-
tXmsS kz¥-amb Hcp Iºyq´¿ `mjm-]-≤-Xn-bv°m-bp≈ At\z-j-W-ßfpw Bcw-`n-°p-I-bm-bn.
`mjm Iºyq-ńw-Kns‚ ASn-ÿm\w F≥tIm-UnwKv hyh-ÿ-bm-Wv. Iot_m¿Un¬ hnc-e-a¿Øp-
t- ºmƒ tamWn-‰d- n¬ F¥p sXfn-bW - s
- a∂v Xocp-am-\n-°p-∂Xv F≥tIm-Unw-Km-Wv. Hmtcm A£-cØ - n\pw
Hmtcm tImUv \º¿ \¬IpI F∂XmWv Cu hyh-ÿ. Hmtcm Iºyq-´-dp-I-fnepw hyXy-kvX-ß-fmb
F≥tIm-UnwKv \ne-\n¬°p-∂X - n-\m¬ Iºyq-´d- p-Iƒ XΩn-ep≈ Bi-bh- n-\n-ab
- Ø
- n\v XS- a
- mbnØo¿∂p.
Hcp Iºyq-´-dn¬ sNbvX ^b¬ a-s‰m-∂n¬ Xpd-°m-t\m, hmbn-°mt\m Ign-bp-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. Cw•ojv
`mjbv°v t]mepw Cu {]iv\w t\cn-tS≠n h∂n-´p-≠v. Cu kml-N-cy-Øn-emWv bqtdm-∏n¬ Iºyq-´¿
`mjm am\-Io-I-cW {ia-ßƒ \S-°p∂-Xv. ASCII (AkvIn) American Standard Code for Information
Interchange Cu cwKØv hnP-b-am-bn-cp-∂p.
ae-bm-f-Øn¬ ASCIIbpw henb {]iv\-ßƒ krjvSn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. BZy-L-´-ß-fn¬ t{]m{Km-
a¿am¿ kz¥w \ne-bn¬ tImUnwKv \S-Øp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. CXv hnh-c-hn-\n-a-b-Øn\v H´pw klm-b-I-am-bn-
cp-∂n-√. ]qs\-bn¬ {]h¿Øn-®ncp∂ tI{µ-k¿°m-cns‚ kn˛-UmIv BWv CXn-s\mcp ]cn-lmcw \n¿t±-
in-°p-∂-Xv. ACII sb ]n¥p-S¿∂v sIm≠v Indian Standrad Code for Information Interchange ISCII
(CkvIn) F∂ Hcp tImUnwKv hyhÿ Ah¿ cq]o-I-cn-®p.ISCII bpw Ah-cpsS Ckvt^mIv (ISFOC)
F∂ t^m≠pw ae-bmfw Iºyq-ńw-Kns\ Hcp]mSv hnI-kz-c-am-°n-Øo¿°p-∂p.
ae-bm-fw Iºyq-ńwKv Ct∏mƒ bq\n-t°mUv hyh-ÿ-bn-em-Wv. temI-Ønse GXp `mjm-en-]n-
Iƒ°pw kzoIm-cy-amb F≥tIm-UnwKv hyh-ÿ-bmWv "bq\n-t°mUv I¨tkm¿jyw' F∂ `mjm
hnZ-KvZ-cpsS Iq´mbva \n¿t±-in® bq\n-t°mUv hyh-ÿ.
hn]p-ea- mb ]≤-Xn-If
- p-ambn kn˛-Um°v cwK-{]-thiw sNbvXt- XmsS tIc-fØ - n¬ Un.-Sn.]n hym]-
I-ambn {]N-cn-®p. thUv t{]mk-knwKv, Un.-Sn.-]n.-ta-Je
- I
- f
- n¬ knUm-°ns‚ ]pXnb kwhn-[m-\ß
- ƒ ]co-£n-
°-s∏-´p. H‰ `mj am{X-ap≈ tamtWm-enw-Kz¬ t^m≠p-Iƒ, Cw•ojv H∏-ap≈ ss_enw-Kz¬ t^m≠p-Iƒ,

sh_vt^m-≠p-Iƒ F∂nh Cu cwK-tØ°v IS-∂p-hc - m≥ XpS-ßn-bXv Imcy-ßƒ Ffp∏am-°n.
Hm∏-td-‰nwKv knÃw F∂ \ne-bn¬ hn≥tUmkpw, en\-Ivkpw ae-bmfØnte°v IS-∂p-h∂
L´w IqSn-bm-bn-cp∂p CXv. ssat{Im-tkm-^v‰ns‚ B-[n-]-Xy-w Ak-ly-am-b-t∏mƒ Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-csØ
Hcp kwLw ae-bmfw en\Ivkv F∂ t]cn¬ en\Ivkv Unkv{Sn-_yq-j≥ Xs∂-bp-≠m-°n. ae-bmfw
Iºyq-ń-ßns‚ C°m-esØ G‰hpw henb òjWn Hcp F≥tIm-Unw-Knepw hg-ßmØ en]n-hy-hÿ
Xs∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p. en]n ]cn-jvI-cWw \S-Øn-sb-¶nepw AXv Imcy-ßƒ IqSp-X¬ k¶o¿Æ-am-°p-I-bm-
Wp-≠m-b-Xv. ]cn-jvI-cn-°-s∏-Sp-t¥mdpw `mj-bpsS X\na \jvS-s∏-Sp-sa∂v a\- n-em-°nb Hcp Iq´w
Iºyq-´¿ hnZ-KvZ-∑m¿ X\Xp en]n-°p-th-≠n-bp≈ At\z-jWßƒ Bcw-`n-®p. Iºyq-ńw-Kn\v ]pXnb
en]n Bh-iy-an-s√∂pw ]gbn en]n-bmWv AXn\v IqSp-X¬ kzoIm-cy-sa∂pw Ah¿ hy‡-am-°n. "cN\'
F∂ ]gb en]n-bn¬ Xs∂ sNøm≥ Ign-bp∂ "FUn-‰¿' Ah-X-cn-∏n-®Xv Cu kml-N-cy-Øn-em-Wv. ae-
bm-f-Ønse {][m\ Fgp-Øp-Im-sc√mw cN\ A£-c-th-Zn°v AI-a-gn™ ]n¥pW \¬In-bn-´p-≠v.
\nXy-ssN-X-\y-b-Xn-bpsS "Xpº∏q apX¬ kqcy≥ hsc' F∂ ]pkvXIw ]gb en]n-bn¬ Xs∂ {]Im-
in-∏n®p sIm≠mWv cN-\-bpsS ta∑ hy‡-am-°-s∏-´-Xv.
ae-bmfw Iºyq-ńw-Kns‚ h¿Ø-am\w bq\n-t°m-Um-Wv. AkvIn, CkvIn Ime-L-´-Ønse
F√m {]iv\-ßfpw bq\n-t°mUv hgn ]cn-l-cn-°m≥ km[n-°pw. ]gb en]n/ ]pXnb en]n F∂ th¿Xn-
cnth CXn-ep-≠mhn√. GXv en]n-bn¬ sNbvXmepw hmbn-°m-hp∂ kml-Ncyw bq\n-t°mUv \¬Ip-∂p-
≠v. tªmKp-Iƒ, hn°n-]o-Un-b, \nL-≠p-°ƒ F∂nh C‚¿s\-‰n¬ kPo-h-am-Im≥ {][m\ ImcWw
bq\n-t°m-Uns‚ Bhn¿`m-h-am-Wv. `mjm kvt\ln-I-fpsS Iq´m-bva-bpsS ê-ambn cq]-s∏´ ARvPen,
aoc, Xqen-I, hc-samgn F∂o t^m≠p-I-sfbpw Cubh-k-c-Øn¬ Hm¿Ωn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.
hni-Z-]-T-\w.2. Xnc-samgn . ]n.-]n.-cm-a-N-{µ≥
XpS¿®-bmbpw {Ia-hp-an-√mØ FgpØv F∂ A¿∞-Øn¬ Xnb-tUm¿ FOv.-s\¬k¨ BWv
BZy-ambn ssl∏¿sSIvÃv F∂ ]Zw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv. Xnc-bn¬ ImWm-hp-∂-sXt∂m Xnc-t]mse
Aÿn-c-amb samgn Ft∂m D≈ A¿∞-Øn¬ ssl∏¿sS-IvÃns\ Xnc-samgn F∂p hnfn-°p-∂Xv ]n.-
]n.-cm-a-N-{µ\mWv. hmsam-gn°pw, hc-sam-gn°pw tijw Iºyq-´¿ {]Nm-chpw hnh-c-hn-\n-ab kmt¶-XnI
hnZy-bpsS hnIm-khpw \S∂ \ΩpsS Ime-L-´-Øn¬ `mj-b-°p-≠m-Ip∂ aq∂m-asØ t`Z-amWv Xnc-
samgn F∂v At±lw hy‡-am-°p-∂p.
C‚¿s\-‰ns‚ Bhn¿`m-h-ap-≠mbn Im¬\q-‰m-≠n-tesd Bsb-¶nepw Cub-SpØ Ime-ØmWv
ae-bmfw AXns‚ kPo-h-km-∂n[yw Adn-bn®p XpS-ßn-b-Xv. BZy-Im-e-ß-fn¬ ]ªn-jnw-Kv, {]n‚nwKv
Bh-iym¿∞w am{X-am-bn-cp∂p ae-bmfw Iºyq-´-dns\ B{i-bn-®n-cp-∂-sX-¶n¬ ]n∂oSv Bi-b-hn-\n-a-
b-Øn\pw Bhn-jvIm-c-Øn-\p-ap≈ D]m-[n-bmbn AXns\ Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂p. ]{X-ßƒ B\p-ImenIßƒ,
t]m¿´-ep-Iƒ, tªmKp-Iƒ F∂n-ßs\ ae-bm-f-Øns‚ kPo-h-km-∂n≤yw C∂v C≥¿s\-‰n-ep-≠v. bq\n-
tIm-Uns‚ km[y-XI - ƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ XpS-ßn-bt- Xm-sS-bmWv Cu am‰w `mj-bn-ep-≠m-Ip-∂X
- v.
A\m-Zn-a[- ym-¥hpw he-°Æ - n-If
- m¬ ]c-kv]cw _‘n-Xh - p-amb ]mT-ti-Jcw F∂v Xncsamgnsb
\n¿∆-Nn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. Xnc-samgn tcJo-bhpw km{º-Zm-bn-I-hp-amb F√m hmb-\m-hy-h-ÿ-I-sfbpw Ań-
a-dn-°p-Ibpw AXns‚ ÿm\Øv Ahy-h-ÿn-Xhpw {Ia-c-ln-X-hp-amb hmb-\sb ]Icw shbv°p-
Ibpw sNøp-∂p. km[m-cW A®Sn ]pkvX-I-ßƒ H∂mw t]Pv apX¬ Ah-km\ t]Pv hsc hmbn-
°p∂ k{º-Zm-b-am-Wp-≈-Xv. F∂m¬ Xnc-sam-gn-bn¬ \S-Øp∂ C˛-hm-b\ Cu k{º-Zm-bsØ \ntj-
[n-°p-I-bm-Wv. ]pkvX-I-Øns‚ kwhn-[m-\hpw A®-Snbpsams° {]km-[-Is‚ Xocp-am-\-Øn-em-bn-cp-
s∂-¶n¬ Xnc-samgn hmb-\-bn¬ AXpw C√m-sX-bm-hp-∂p. ChnsS hmb-\-°m-c-\mWv ]c-am-[n-Imcn.
Abm-fpsS Xmev]-cy-a-\p-k-cn-®mWv ]pkvX-Iw, hmb\ Ch kwhn-[m\w sNø-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.
Hmtcm t]Pnsebpw \n m-ck - w-ib
- ß
- ƒ°v t]mepw en¶p-If- n-eqsS \ap°v ]cn-lmcw ImWm≥
Ign-bp-∂p-≠v. DZm-lc
- W
- a
- mbn Fgp-Ø—- s‚ cmam-bWw hmbn®p XpS-ßp∂ Hcmƒ en¶p-If - n-eqsS k©-
cn®v as‰-hn-sStbm BWv hmb\ Ah-km-\n-∏n-°p-∂X - v. sNcn∏p hmßm≥ Ibdn ImgvNI - ƒ I≠p \S∂v
Ah- k m\w sXm∏n hmßn Cd- ß nb A\p- ` - h - a m- b n- ´ mWv C˛- h m- b - \ sb teJ- I ≥
kmZr-iy-s∏SpØp∂-Xv.
A®Sn ]pkvX-I-ßƒ ÿnc-am-Wv. ASpØ {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-Øn¬ am{Xta AXv am‰-Øn\v hnt[-

b-am-hp-∂p-≈q. F∂m¬ Xnc-samgn Hmtcm hmb-\-°m-c-s‚bpw Xmev]-cy-a-\p-k-cn®v am‰-Øn\v hnt[-b-
am-Wv. Hcp Xnc samgn-∏p-kvX-I-Øn¬ hmb-\-°m-cs‚ Xmev]-cy-a-\p-k-cn®v Iqń-t®¿°-ep-Ifpw, apdn-®p-
am-‰-ep-Ifpw \S-Øm≥ km[n-°pw. IYm-]m-{X-Øns‚ t]cn-tem, IYm-L-S-\-bn-tem, Nn{X-ß-fntem, IY
\S-°p∂ ÿe-Øntem, CØcw am‰-ßƒ hmb-\-°m-cs‚ IuXp-I-Øn-\-\p-k-cn®v hcp-Øm≥ Ign-bp-
sa-∂Xv apsºm-cn-°epw \¬ImØ kzmX{¥yw hmb-\-°m-c\v \¬Ip-∂p-≠v.
hmsam-gn-bn¬ \n∂v hc-sam-gn-bn-te°pw ]n∂oSv Xnc-sam-gn-bn-te-°p≈ `mjm hnImkw A\n-hm-
cy-am-bn-cp∂p F∂mWv teJ-Im-`n-{]m-bw. Adn-hn-s‚bpw A\p-`-h-ß-fp-sSbpw kmaq-ly-h¬°-c-
Whpw, hntI-{µo-I-c-Whp-am-bn-cp∂p Cu am‰-ßƒ e£yw sh°p-∂-Xv. hmsam-gn-bmbn hy‡n-tI-{µo-
Ir-X-amb Adn-hns\ hc-samgn A®-Sn-co-Xn-bn¬ P\-Io-b-h-XvI-cn-®p. Xnc-sam-gn-bm-hs´ hc-sam-gn°v IqSp-
X¬ kwhm-Z-km-[y-X-Iƒ {]Zm\w sNøp-I-bm-sW∂v teJ-I≥ \nco-£n-°p-∂p-. apºv hmsamgn am{Xw
D≠m-bn-cp∂ ImeØv c≠v hy‡n-Iƒ XΩn¬ \S-Øp∂ kw`m-j-W-Øn\v Xnc-sam-gn-bp-ambn kmZr-iy-
ap-s≠∂v ImWmw. kw`m-j-W-Øn\v Hcp hyh-ÿ-bp-an-√. ]eXpw hnj-b-ß-fm-hmw. bYm¿∞ ]mT-
Øn¬ \n∂v hyXn-N-en-®p-t]m-hmw. Cusbm-cp-kz-`mhw Xs∂-bmWv ]pXnb bpK-Ønse Xnc-sam-gnbpw
apt∂m´v shbv°p-∂X - v F∂v teJ-I≥ \nco-£n-°p-∂p. H∂pw B[n-Im-cn-Ia - mbn shbv°msX B¿°pw
CS-s]´v Xncp-Ø¬ hcp-Øm-hp∂ Iq´m-bva-bpsS krjvSn-bmbn Xnc-samgn amdp-∂p. Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIv
bpK-Øn¬ ]pXn-sbmcp Iq´m-bva-bpsS tKm{X-kw-kvIrXn cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn-sb-Sp-°p-I-bmWv Xnc-samgn
sNøp-∂Xv F∂mWv teJ-I≥Ah-km-\n-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.
hni-Z-]-T-\w: 3 sh_vam-K-kn-\p-Iƒ ˛ hn.-sI.-B-Z¿iv
ssk_¿ kvs]bvkv Hcp bmYm¿∞y-am-hp-Ibpw Iºyq-´¿, Pohn-X-Øns‚ F√m taJ-e-I-
fnepw kzm[o\w sNep-Øp-Ibpw sNbvX Ign™ \q‰m≠ns‚ Ah-km\ h¿j-ß-fn¬ Xs∂ A®Sn
{]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ßƒs°√mw C‚¿s\‰v FUn-j-\p-Ifpw ae-bm-f-Øn¬ D≠m-bn-´p-≠v. ]{X-ßƒ, amkn-
I-Iƒ F∂nh C‚¿s\-‰nse {][m\ hmb-\m-\p-`-h-ßfm-bn-Øo¿∂-Xns‚ eLp hnh-c-W-amWv hn.-sI.-
B-Z¿ins‚ Cu teJ-\w. sh_vamK-kn-\p-Iƒ F-∂mWv C‚¿s\‰v amK-kn-\p-Iƒ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.
IY, Ihn-X, teJ\w F∂n-ßs\ Xcw-Xn-cn-hp-Iƒs°m∏w C‚¿s\‰v {]Zm\w sNøp∂ C‚-dm-£\pw
sh_v amK-kn-\p-Iƒ°p-≠v. ]e amK-kn-\p-Ifpw kuP-\y-am-bmWv hmb-\-°m-c\v ap∂n-se-Øp-∂-Xv.
ae-bm-f-Ønse Hcp {][m\ sh_vam-K-kn≥ ]pg.tImw BWv. \m´-dn-h-Iƒ, ]pkvX-I-ßƒ,
]pg InUvkv, ]pg amK-kn≥, hm¿Ø F∂o hyXykvX Nm\-ep-Ifpw CXn-t\m-sSm-∏-ap-≠v. ]pg InUvkv
Ipń-Iƒ°p-≈-Xm-Wv. ]pg ¢mkn-Ivkn¬ Kuc-h-s∏´ hmb-\-bm-Wp-≈-Xv. Ct∏mƒ Zn\-∏-{X-ß-fnse
hm¿Ø-Ifpw ]pg \¬Ip-∂p-≠v.
Ihn-Xbv°v am{X-am-bp≈ sh_vam-K-kn-\mWv lcn-X-Iw.-tImw. hfsc `wKn-bmbn cq]-I-ev]\
sNbvX CXn¬ Ihn-I-fpsS sh_vssk-‰n-te-°p≈ en¶p-I-fp-ap-≠v. bp≤-Øn\pw òIc-hm-Z-Øn-\p-sa-Xn-
cm-bp≈ amK-kn-\mWv XW-¬. {]hmkn ae-bm-fn-Iƒ {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p∂ Ab\w, `wKn-tbmsS
cq] Iev]\ sNbvX Xpjm-cw, F∂n-hbpw ae-bm-f-Øn-ep≈ sh_vam-K-kn-\p-I-fmWv.

First Semester B.A/B.Sc Degree Examination
MA IA 07 (02) kÀ¤m-ßI cN-\bpw Bi-b-hn-\n-ab tijnbpw
(I) Xmsg sImSp-¯n-cn-¡p¶ FÃm tNmZy-§Ä¡pw D¯cw Fgp-XpI. Hmtcm-

¶n-sâbpw aqeyw þ1
1. Ipt«y-S¯n Fgp-Xm-\p--mb kml-Ncyw F´v?
2. Xsâ ]Wn-¸p-csb Fń-t\m-SmWv CS-tÈcn kmZr-iy-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶Xv?
3. "cwK-{]-km-[\w'þ \nÀÆ-Nn-¡pI.
4. A\p-I-ev]-\-s¯-¡p-dn¨v Ae-³sds\ ]d-bp-¶-sX´v?
5. hnh-c km-t¦-XnI hnZy þ \nÀÆ-Nn-¡pI
6. hmÀ¯bpw ô¨dpw X½n-epÅ hyXymkw F´v?
7. ss_sse³ F¶m-se´v?
8. S.M.S `mj-bpsS kz`m-h-sa´v?
9. bq\n-tImUv F¶m-se´v? 9x1=9
(II) GsX-¦nepw 5 tNmZy-¯n\v Hmtcm JWvUn-I-bnÂ D¯cw Fgp-XpI.

10. kz´w Pohn-Xm-\p-`h
- §
- f
- mWv Fw.-Sn-bpsS IY-IÄ. ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-I.
11. ]p¯³ Iehpw Acn-hmfpw cNn-¡m-\n-S-bmb kml-N-cysa´v?
12. cwK-{]-km-[\w Hcp Ie-bm-sW¶v ]d-bp-¶-sX-´p-sIm-v?
13. IShv tXmWn F¶ IY IShv F¶ kn\n-a-bm-b-t¸mÄ h¶
amä-§Ä Fs´Ãmw?
14. ]c-ky§Ä- Bfp-Isf BIÀjn-¡p-¶-sX-§s\?
15. tdUntbm \mS-I-¯nsâ khn-ti-j-X-IÄ Fs´Ãmw?
16. t»mKp-I-sf-¡p-dn¨v Hcp Ipdns¸gp-Xp-I. 5x2=10
(III) GsX- ¦ nepw cs--®-¯n\v D-]\ymkw X¿m-dm-¡pI

17.\mS- I - h n- P - b - ¯ n\v cwK- { ]- k m- [ \w A\n- h m- c y- a m- s W¶v
]d- b p- ¶ - s X- ´ p- s Im- v ?
18.A\y-`mjm ]mWvUnXyw ae-bmf `mj-bnÂ D-m-¡p¶
hne-£-WX-IÄ DZm-l-c-W-k-lnXw hni-Z-am-¡p-I.
19. CâÀs\-änÂ ae-bmf km¶n[yw F{X-t¯m-f-sa¶v hni-Z-am-¡pI
2x4=8




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School of Distance Education

Calicut University P.O. Malappuram, Kerala, India 673 635

SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION

Common Course in Malayalam

k¿§m-ﬂI cN-\bpw Bi-b-hn-\n-ab tijnbpw

Sri. A.P. Sasidharan

Layout: Compputer Section, SDE

samUyqÄ þ1 Fgp-¯nsâ kmam\y \nb-a-§Ä 5

samUyqÄ- þ2 cN\m ]cn-io-e\w 11

samUyqÄ þ3 ae-bm-fhpw P\-{]n-b-am-[y-a-§fpw 19

samUyqÄ - þ- - 4 ae-bm-fhpw hnh-c-km-t¦-Xn-I-Xbpw 31

k¿§m-ﬂI cN-\bpw Bi-b-hn-\n-ab tijnbpw (I Sem BA/B Sc) 3

k¿§m-ﬂI cN-\bpw Bi-b-hn-\n-ab tijnbpw (I Sem BA/B Sc) 4

1. Hcp IY P\n-°p∂p -- ˛ Fw.-Sn.-hm-kp-tZ-h≥ \mb¿

2. Fs‚ ]Wn-∏pc ˛ CS-t»cn

3. cwK-{]-km-[\w ˛ Hcp Ie- -˛ Pn.-i-¶-c-∏n≈

k¿§m-ﬂI cN-\bpw Bi-b-hn-\n-ab tijnbpw (I Sem BA/B Sc) 7

A\p-I-ev]\w F∂ {]{In-bsb Ae-≥ sds\ kmZr-iy-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv. F¶nepw BZy-Im-e-ß-fn¬ Xs∂

IS-hv.IY-bn¬ tXmWn-°mWv {][m-\y-sa-¶n¬ kn\n-a-bn¬ IS-hn-\mWv {]m[m\yw e`n-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv.

k¿§m-ﬂI cN-\bpw Bi-b-hn-\n-ab tijnbpw (I Sem BA/B Sc) 10

_n. B\nth-gvkdn ^o®-dp-Iƒ: h¿jw-tXmdpw Bh¿Øn-°-s∏--Sp∂ D’-h-ßƒ, BtLm-j-ßƒ,

kn. lyqa¿ C‚-dÃv ^o®¿: hmb-\-°m-cn¬ kl-Xm-]hpw sshIm-cn-I-Xbpw krjvSn-°p-I-bmWv

Un. hnt\mZ ^o®dpIƒ: hmb\°msc ckn-∏n-°m\pw, hnt\m-Zn-∏n-°m\pw th≠n am{X-ap-≈-h-bmWv

C. t]gvk-Wm-en‰n ^o®¿: Hm¿Ωn-°-s∏-tS≠ {]kn≤ hy‡n-I-fpsS Pohn-X-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ Nn{Xo-I-

F^v. A\-en-‰n-°¬ ^o®¿: Kuc-h-s∏´ hnj-b-ßsf°pdn®p≈ Bg-ta-dnb ]T-\-ß-fmWv Ch.

k¿§m-ﬂI cN-\bpw Bi-b-hn-\n-ab tijnbpw (I Sem BA/B Sc) 12

k¿§m-ﬂI cN-\bpw Bi-b-hn-\n-ab tijnbpw (I Sem BA/B Sc) 13

C∂pw P\-Po-hn-XsØ _m[n-°p∂ ASn-ÿm-\-{]-iv\-ßƒ ]cn-l-cn-°m≥ A`n-{]m-b-cq-]o-I-

Hcp sNdnb hmb-\m-hrµw am{X-ap-≈Xpw, I®-h-S-Xm-ev]-cy-ßƒ°-Xo-X-ambn F√m-Øcw

E Npa¿amK-kn-\p-Iƒ: t\m´o-kp-Ifpw, t]mkv‰-dp-I-fp-ambncn°Ww Npa¿amK-kn-\p-I-fpsS

F A`n-ap-J-ßƒ: ]{X-am-[y-a-ßsf kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw A`n-ap-J-ßƒ kp{]-[m-\-am-Wv. A`n-ap-

A`n-ap-J-ßƒ aq∂p hn[-Øn-em-Wp-≈Xv

C≥^¿ta-j≥ C‚¿hyq hnh-c-ßƒ \¬Im≥ th≠n-bp-≈-Xm-Wv. {]tXy-In®v aps∂m-cp-°-

hni-Z-]-T\w: 1. D®m-c-Ww˛ F.-B¿ cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω

ae-bm-f kmlnXy-hn-Zym¿∞n-Iƒ°pw, `mjimkv{Xm hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°pw Ahn-kva-c-Wo-b-amb

hni-Z-]-T\w:2 ae-bmf ssien (H-∂m-a-[ym-bw): Ip´n-Ir-jvW-am-cm¿

ae-bm-f kmlnXy-Ncn-{X-Øn¬ A¿∞-h-Ømb hm°p-sIm≠pw Nn¥-sIm≠pw A\-izc kw`m-

apºv kwkvIrX ]WvUn-X-∑m-cm-bn-cp∂p `mjsb XmgvØn--s°-´m≥ {ian-®n-cp-∂-sX-¶n¬ C∂v

k¿§m-ﬂI cN-\bpw Bi-b-hn-\n-ab tijnbpw (I Sem BA/B Sc) 18

k¿§m-ﬂI cN-\bpw Bi-b-hn-\n-ab tijnbpw (I Sem BA/B Sc) 19

D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. "a' F∂ A£-c-Øn-em-bn-cp∂p Ch-bn¬ ]e-Xn-s‚bpw t]cp-Iƒ. F∂m¬ "a'bn¬

t^m¿ape ssd‰nwKv: P\-{]nb hmcn-I-I-fnse G‰hpw {][m\ BI¿jW tI{µw XpS¿t\m-h-ep-I-fm-

hnhn[ P\-{]nb amkn-I-Iƒ

k¿§m-ﬂI cN-\bpw Bi-b-hn-\n-ab tijnbpw (I Sem BA/B Sc) 20

Btcm-Ky-am-kn-I-Iƒ : P\-{]-nb {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ß-fpsS Iq´-Øn¬ Xs∂-bmWv Btcm-Ky-am-kn-I-

k¿§m-ﬂI cN-\bpw Bi-b-hn-\n-ab tijnbpw (I Sem BA/B Sc) 21

k¿§m-ﬂI cN-\bpw Bi-b-hn-\n-ab tijnbpw (I Sem BA/B Sc) 22

ae-bm-f-Øn¬ BZy-an-d-ßnb _me-{]-kn-≤o-I-cWw "_me≥' F∂ hmcn-I-bmWv. Cutkm-∏p-I-

apX-em-fnØ Ime-L-´-Øn¬ a’-c-hn-]-Wnsb kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw ]c-ky-ßƒ A¥y-¥m-

hy‡Xbpw emfn-Xy-hp-ap≈ D]-\ymk ssien, at\m-l-c-amb BJym-\w, kw`-hm-hn-jvI-c-W-

hm¿Ø-Iƒ : hm¿Ø-Iƒ°v th≠n-bmWv Bfp-Iƒ ]{X-ßƒ hmbn-°p-∂-Xv. NqSm-dmØ hm¿Ø-

k¿§m-ﬂI cN-\bpw Bi-b-hn-\n-ab tijnbpw (I Sem BA/B Sc) 25

Hcp ]{X-te-J-I\v D≠m-bn-cn-t°≠ KpW-ßƒ:

hm¿Øm aqeyw: Hmtcm Ime-L-´hpw, Ncn{Xkmµ¿`n-I-X-I-fp-amWv hm¿Ø-bpsS {]m[m-\ysØ

k¿§m-ﬂI cN-\bpw Bi-b-hn-\n-ab tijnbpw (I Sem BA/B Sc) 26

hm¿Øm-L-S\: ]{X-hm-b\ Hcp ioe-am-°n-bp≈ ae-bm-fn°v hmb-\-bn¬ Nne k{º-Zm-b-ßƒ D≠v.

Xe-s°´v: ]{X-ÿm-]-\-ß-fn¬ hm¿Ø-Iƒ°v Xe-s°´v \¬Ip-hm≥ {]tXyIw XkvXnIIƒ Xs∂-

a) hm¿Ø-bn-te°v BI¿jn-°m≥ Ign-bWw

1. kmln-Xy-Ønse am[y-a-kq-N-I-ßƒ, {]Xo-I-ßƒ, _nw_-ßƒ

_jo¿ kmln-Xy-Øn¬ Fgp-Øp-Im-c≥ cmjv{So-b, Ncn-{X-kz-Xz-ß-fp-ambn {]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂Xv

k¿§m-ﬂI cN-\bpw Bi-b-hn-\n-ab tijnbpw (I Sem BA/B Sc) 28

kn\nam kzm[o\w kmln-Xy-Øn¬ IS-∂p-h-cp-∂-XmWv 3m-asØ L´w. kn\n-abpw kmln-Xy-hp-

B[p-\nI temI-Øns‚ I®-hS kwkvIm-c-Øn\v AXy-¥m-t]-£n-X-amb ]c-ky-ßƒ krjvSn-