Part-I - 04Malayalam-I Yr - Poetry and Grammar

BA/BSC 113
MALAYALAM
ANNAMALAI UNIVERSITY
DIRECTORATE OF DISTANCE EDUCATION
B.A. and B.Sc. Degree Programme

FIRST YEAR
PART-I
MALAYALAM
COURSE : POETRY AND GRAMMAR
Copyright Reserved
(For Private Circulation Only)
B.A. & B.Sc. DEGREE PROGRAMMES
FIRST YEAR
PART - I : MALAYALAM
COURSE : POETRY AND GRAMMAR
Editorial Board
Dr. PL. Muthuveerappan
Dean
Faculty of Indian Languages
Annamalai University
Annamalainagar
Internal
Dr. N. Rajasekharan Nair
Professor
Centre for Advanced Studies in Linguistics
Annamalai University
Annamalainagar
External
Dr. D. Benchamin
Professor
Department of Malayalam
Kariavattam Campus
University of Kerala
Thiruvananthapuram
Lesson Writer
Dr. S. Shaji
Reader
Department of Malayalam
Gandhigram Rural University
Gandhigram
Dindigal - Tamilnadu
1
Ifnb-—≥
]n. Ip™p-cm-a≥\mb¿
ae-bmf Imev]-\nI Ihn-I-fn¬ c≠mw Xe-ap-d-bn¬ s]´ alm-I-hn-bmWv

]n.Ip™pcm-a≥ \mb¿. `mcXob kwkvIm-ct- ØmSpw tIc-fo-bk - w-kvIm-ct- ØmSpw AZ-
ayamb `‡n-bp≈ as‰mcp Ihn ae-bmf kmln-X-y-Øn¬ Dt≠m F∂v kwibap≠v.
amXr-cm-Py- k
- w-kvImtcm]mk-\b
- n¬ Kpcp-\m-Y\
- mb hf-ft- Øm-fn-s\-°mƒ Bthiw inj-
y-\mb ]n. Ip™p-cm-a≥\mb¿°p≠v.
]n. bpsS Ih-nX-If- n-te°v IS-∂p-sN-∂m¬ kz-X{- ¥hpw hnin-jvSh - pamb Iev]\ - I
- -
fpsS Iqºmcw Xs∂ ImWm≥ Ignbpw. tUm.Fw.eoem-hXn Fgp-Xp-∂p: B¿Øn-c-ºn-
°p-Xn-°p∂ BIm-i-Kw-K-sb-t∏m-semcp `mh-\-bm-W-Xv˛ AXncpw FXncpw C√mØ,\n-
b{¥WmXo-X-amb _nw_m-h-en-Iƒ \pc-Nn-∂n- ]-X-™p-]m-bp∂ Iev]\m {]k-cw.........-
tI-cf
- Ø
- nse ]qgn-Øc - n-Ifpw ]pevs°m-Sn-Ifpw ]qºm-‰I - fpw ]q\n-emhpw ]pg-Ifpw ]qc-
∏-dºpw Imb-ep-Ifpw ISepw sIm≠-epw a - ™
- W
- n-ae
- I
- fpw ]- d- h
- I- fpw ]ip-°n-Sm-ßfpw
\mep-sI´pw \Sp-ap-‰hpw \ne-hd- bpw \ne-hn-f°pw IY-If - nbpw F∂p-th-≠, Cu ae-\m-
Snt‚Xmb F¥p-taXpw B - t- Lm-jb
- m-{X-bn¬ Xmt\ h∂-Wn-\n-c° - p-∂p. At±-ls - am∂p
hnc-e-\°nbm¬ B tNX-\-Iƒ t]mepw kzta[bm FWo-‰p-sN∂v B tLmj-bm-{X-
bn¬ ]¶v tNcp-∂pthm F∂p tXm∂pw
Hcm-i-b-_o-Phpw Hcp `mh-hn-Im-khpw tbmPn-®p-≠m-Ip-∂-X√ ]n. bpsS Ihn-X-
Iƒ. ]S¿∂p-]-¥e n-°p∂ At\-Im-i-b-ßƒ,-hn-I-k-z-c-ß-fmb At\Iw `mh-ßƒ
F√mw tIm¿Øn-W-°n-s°m≠p≈ Ihn-Xm-co-Xn-bmWv At±-l-Ønt‚Xv. Hcp Ihn-X-
bn¬Øs∂ A\-¥-ssh-Nn-{Xy-ßfpw sshhn-[-y-ß-fp-ap≈ Imh-y-_nw-_-ßƒ ImWmw.
SmtKm¿ Hmtcm CtaPpsIm≠pw Hmtcm \£{Xw Pz-en-∏n-®t∏mƒ Ct±lw Ahsb IS-
∏p-dsØ aW-en¬ sh≈m-c-¶-√p-I-sft∏mse hmcn-Øq-hn AXp-sIm≠v AXn-s\mcp
tZmjhpw kw`-hn-®n-´p≠v. At±lw {]tbm-Kn®n´p≈ Iev]\ - I
- ƒ ]e-t∏mgpw hn^-eß- -
fm-bn-Øo-cp-∂p. Hcp apdp-Inb ck-®-cSv Ihn-X-Iƒ°v \jvS-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. Hcp
Iev]\ - b
- n¬ \ΩpsS a\ v sN∂v Xd-bv°p-tºmtgbv°pw as‰m∂v hcn-Ib - m-bn. Iev]\
- -
Iƒ {Iam-Xo-Xa - mbn IS∂p hcp-∂XpsIm≠v I-hn-Xbv°v Hcp ÿmbn-`mhw Ds≠-¶n¬t∏m-
epw,- A-\p-hm-N-I-a\- n\v AXn¬ ebn-°m≥ Ign-bmsX hcp-∂p. GIo-Ir-Xhpw ka-{K-
hpamb Hc-\p-`qXn X∂n-anØw \jvSs - ∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. AXp-sIm-≠m-bn-cn°mw km[m-
c-Wb- n¬ Ihn™ XmXv]c - y- hpw £abpw klm\p`q-Xn-bp-ap≈ klrZb-\p-am{Xta ]n.-
Ip-™p-cm-a≥ \mb-cpsS Ihn-X-bpsS A¥-cm-flm-hn-te-bv°p-ff IhmSw Xpd∂v In´p-I-
bp-ff- psh∂v F≥. hn. IrjvWh - m-cy- ¿ hne-bn-cp-Øn-bX
- v.
]Zyw t]mse Xs∂ KZ-yhpw Ip™p-cm-a≥ \mb¿°v AX-y¥w lrZ-y-am-Wv. Ihn--
bpsS Imev]m-Sp-Iƒ F∂ H‰ Bfl-IY sIm≠p am{Xw Ihn Cu bmYm¿∞yw A\m-h-
cWw sNøp-∂p. Ihn-X,-IY
- ,-\m-SIw XpSßn hnhn[ imJ-If
- n-embn Fgp-]Ø
- ©
- n-e[
- nIw
IrXn-Iƒ At±lw cNn-®n-´p-≠v. ]n. bpsS an°hmdpw F√m Ihn-X-Ifpw kam-l-cn®v
ctYm-’hw F∂ t]cn¬ c≠p hme-y-ß-fp≈ Hcp IhnXm kam-lmcw {]kn-≤-s∏-Sp-
Øn-bn-´p-≠v.
2
]n. Ip™p-cm-a≥ \mb¿ H‰-∏mew kmln-Xy ]cn-jØ - n¬ hmbn-°p-hm≥ th≠n Fgp-Xn-
b-XmWv Cu Ihn-X. A©-Wbv°v C∂se cm{Xn Hcp sagp-Ip-Xn-cn-bpsS shfn-®-Øn¬
Fgp-Xnb Ihn-X-bmWv Ifn-b-—≥ F∂v Ihn Xs∂ Cu IhnXbpsS cN-\-bpsS ]›m-
Øew shfn-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. At±-lØ - ns‚ hm°p-Iƒ t\m°mw.. {]nb-s∏´ t]cm-‰n≥
Ic-bnse ]cn-jØ - ,v H
- ‰- ∏
- mew kmln-Xy ]cn-jØp hnfn®p ]d™p Ihn-X: IhnX thWw:
ag In´-Ww:-a-g:-cm-hnse IhnX hmbn-°-Ww.
Xte-∂mƒ k‘y hsc A\-°a - n√: ]pg h°sØ \mdp∂ hmS-Ia - p-dn˛shfn-®a
- n-√.
sagp-Ip-Xncn hmßn . \mep sIm®p sagp-Ip-Xn-cn; BIm-iØv apIn-en-√, CSn-\m-Za - n√ . ag
ImØv s\≥aWn apf-bmbn InS-∂p. aWn H≥]-Xv,]-Øv,]Xn-s\m-∂v. s]s´-s∂mcp an∂¬
CSn. sagp-Ip-Xncn sIm-fp-Øn. ag,-Ipfn¿Im‰:v tXmcmØ ag ˛ ]Øm-≠nse A≤-ymfl
PohnX km[-\; B Nn∏n-bn-semcp apØp hnf-™p... apØp-°p-ń°v Hma-\t- ∏-cn´p Ifn-b-
—≥.
]n.bpsS Ihn-XI - f
- n¬sh®v G‰-hp-a[ - nIw Du¿÷w {]k-cn-∏n°p∂ Hcp {]Xo-I-
amWv Ifn-b—
- ≥. Ifn-bc - ß
- v,I
- f
- n-b—- ≥,-\S- ≥ Ch-bn-eqsS A\m-hr-Xa
- m-Ip∂ Hcp PohnX
Nn{Xw B Ihn-Xb - psS A¥¿[m-cb - mbn \ne sIm≈p-∂p. \S≥ Kpcp-hns\ [n°-cn-®Xp
aqew ]Sn ]Sn-bmbn A[-:]-Xn-°p-∂-Xns‚ Zpc¥ timIhpw HSp-hn¬ ]›m-Øm-]-Øo-
bn¬ \odn-\odn PohnX hnP-b-Øns‚ ]pXnb temI-Øn-te°v FØ-s∏-Sm-\p≈ {]X-ym-
i-bpsS {]Im-i-hp-amWv Ihn-X-bpsS {]tabw.
]mT-hn-hc - Ww
hn≠-ew-˛B - I - m-iw; tkm’m-lw-˛D - ’- m-l] - q¿Δw; B-cm-bp-I˛- A - t- \-zj
- n-°p-I; Ae-
bm-gn-˛-k-ap-{Zw; -I-fn-h-´w-˛-I-fn-b-c-ßv; I-®p-˛-I-bNp; -Im-ane_m-[-˛-a-™-∏n-Ø-_m-[; k-`m-
I-ºw-˛k - Z- - ns\ A`n-ap-Jo-Ic - n-°p-tºm-gp-≠m-Ip∂ `bw; t- Z-in-Ih - c - y≥˛ Kpcp-t{i-jvT≥;
kp-c-`n-e-hm-k-cw-˛-a-t\m-l-c-amb Znh-kw; -Xr-°-c-s∏m≥ap-Sn-˛-Xr-°-c-ß-fm-Ip∂ s]m≥ap-
Sn(-CcpssIIfpw Xe-bn¬ sh®-\p-{K-ln-°p-∂X - ns\ Ipdn-°p-∂p.) ^p√-t\-{X-Øm¬-˛h - n-
S¿∂ IÆp-If - m¬; sN-√a - mbv sN√pw sNdp-°s - \-˛H- m-a\
- Ø-tØmsS sN√p∂ Ipń-sb;
{io Kpcp-˛{- io-am-\m-b(-k¥ - p-jvS\ - m-b)-Kp-cp; a
- k
- vXI - w-˛i
- n-c
- v; hy{K≥˛Xm-Xv]c - y- a
- p-≈h - ≥;
Kp-cp-∏n-g˛- K- p-cp-Xz- t- °-Sv; D
- ®- WvUK¿Δw˛ h¿≤n® Al-¶m-cw;-C— - ˛- C
- j - vSw, X- m-Xv]c - y- w;-B-
i-¶˛- k
- w-ib - w;-
sXdn-hm-°v˛- A - « - oe ]Z-ßƒ; I - m-fn-a˛- C
- c- p-´v; tIfnsIm´v˛- I - Y
- I - fn Bcw-`n-°p∂Xn\p
apºp≈ sIm´v; I - f- n-tbm-Kw-˛I - f
- n-bc - ß
- v; \
- S- p-ßp-I˛- `- b - °- p-I; A{Kim-e˛- D - u-´p-]p-c; sNm-
ń-˛-Np-ń(-B-´-°m-cpsS apJØv Acn-amhp sIm≠p-≠m-°p∂ Ipdn.); -]n-®-˛-`n-£; ]n-®≥-˛-
]n-®p-]n-Sn-®h
- ≥(-{`m¥≥); a - m-dm-e˛- N
- n-e¥ - n-he - ;I - b - w-˛h - e- nb Bg-ap≈ ÿew; X - o-cp-hn‰v˛-
ho-≠p-hn-Nm-ca - n-√msX Inńb hnebv°p hn¬°p-I;- \n-kv{X]w-˛e - ÷ - b - n-√m-sX; ap-Ic - p-I-
˛-Npw-_n-°pI; cm-Im-i-im-¶-ap-Jn-˛-]q¿Æ N{μapJn;- c-P-\n-˛-cm-{Xn; -hm¿Iq-¥¬-˛-X-e-ap-Sn;-
hm-\v-˛-B-Im-iw; [mSnbpw tamSn-bpw-˛-{]-uVn;- lp-¶r-Xn-˛-A-l-¶m-cw;- an-c-fpI˛ab-ßpI;
[q¿Ø≥-˛-hn-S≥;- ]-Xn-™-]-Zw-˛-i-cocw XmgvØn ]Xn™p \n∂v BSp-I(-I-Y-I-fn-bnse
coXn)-bm-an-\n-˛c- m-{Xn;- th-ymaw˛BIm-iw;- Ko-c˛v- h - m-°v;[ - \- m-in-˛H - cp cmKw(-IY - I - f - n-bpsS Ah-
km-\Ø - n¬ ]mSp-∂X - .v );- ]SpXncn-˛s - I-Sm-dmb Xncn;- ta-NI - w-˛I - d- p-ØX - ;v N- n-ØX - t- am-K¿Δ-Zp¿§w-
˛-a\- nse Xtam-KpWw aqe-ap-≠m-Ip∂ Al-¶m-ca - m-Ip∂ tIm´. tXmS-bw-˛I - Y- I- f
- n-bpsS
D]-{I-aw(-Bc - w-`w);-am-‰n-Øw-˛B - ] - Ø- v;s - ]m≥Xn-Sº - ˛v- tZh hn{K-lw;-tam-lm-‘I - m-cw-˛A - ⁄- -
3
X-aq-eap≠mIp∂ Ccpƒ®;-`· - k- ¿Δ-kz- ≥˛F√mw XI¿∂-h≥;-Im-fmw-_pZw˛Im-ft- a-Lw;-

A-\p-{K-lh- r-jSv n-˛A
- \
- p-{K-la
- m-Ip∂ ag;-Xn-an-cw-˛C
- c
- p-´;v I
- ©
- p-Iw-˛]
- ´- p-hk
- {v Xw;-tIm-cI
- w-˛sam´v;-
Zn-t\-i≥-˛k- q-cy- ≥ ; Xan-{kw-˛C - c- p-´v.
Imh-y-kw-{Klw
ss\cm-iy- Ø
- ns‚ Xo{h-Xb
- n¬ \n∂pw DS-se-SpØ tXß-tem-sS-bmWv IhnX Bcw-
`n-°p-∂X
- v.
H°n-s√m-cn-°epw taen-se-\n-°n\n
bn°fn h´-Øn-semØp Ifn-°p-hm≥
Cu {]]©w apgp-h≥ Xt∂mSp Iev]n-®mepw Cu Ifn h´-Øn¬ HØp Ifn°phm≥

C\n X\n-°m-hn-s√∂ tXß¬ \Ss‚ ssZ\-yX ]q¿Æ-am-°p-∂p.
hmN-ym¿∞-Øn¬ Hcp \Ss‚ IY-bmWv Ifn-b-—≥. Kpcp-\m-Ys‚ G‰hpw {]nb-
s∏´ inj-y≥.-Kp-cp-hns‚ Xr°cs∏m≥apSn NqSnbn´mWv BZ-y-ambn Ifn-b-c-tß-dp-∂-Xv.-
B-im≥ ^p√ t\{Xw sIm≠v XgpIn . A∂sØ Ac-tß‰w H∂mw Xcw hnP-ba - m-bn.-^-
e-am-Is´ inj-ys‚ Al¥ h¿≤n-®p. Ifn-b-c-ßn¬ H∂mw InS-°m-c-\m-I-W-sa∂ B-
{Klw h¿≤n-®-t∏mƒ hn\bw C√m-Xm-bn. At∂m-S-∂p≈ thjw Xm≥ Xs∂ \n›-bn-
°p-sa∂v Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp-∂nSw hsc Al-¶mcw h¿≤n-®p. -B-Z-ym-h-km\w F∂
ÿm\w X\n°v e`n-°m-sX-bm-bt- ∏mƒ Kpcp-\m-Y\ - n¬ ]£-]m-Xa
- m-tcm-]n-®p.-A{XsIm≠pw
AS-ßn-bn√ Al-¶m-cw.-Kp-cp-hns‚ apJØp t\m°n sXdn hnfn®v Cd-ßn-t∏m-∂p.-A∂p
XpS-ßn-bX- mWv A[-:]-X\
- w. Zp¿ΩpJw ImtWs≠∂p≈ tZin-Is‚ tLmcim]-am-Ip∂
CSn-Øo-bn¬ tIi-`mcInco-Sa - W
- n-tb≠ akvXIw sh¥p shÆo-dm-bn. A∂p sXm´v D’-
h-∏-¥-ep-I-fn¬ Bcpw hnfn-°m-sX-bm-bn. Kpcp-X-z-∏n-g-bpsS Icn-\n-g¬ Ft∏mgpw
]n≥XpS¿∂psImt≠-bn-cp-∂p. H∂mw-In-S° - m-c\
- m-Im≥ apXn¿∂-h\v Hcp thjhpw e`n-
°msX Dg-td≠n h∂p. Ifn tbmK-Øn¬ \ns∂m-gn-bp-Itb hgn-bp≈q F∂p hsc
tXm∂n-Øp-Sß - n.
tIfn sIm´p-b-cp-tºmƒ a\ v \Sp-ßp-∂p. tImew Npfpßn hnIr-X-amIp∂p. Hcp
t\csØ Blm-cØ - n\p hgn-bn-√. A{Kim-eb
- °
v I
- sØ IY-If - n-∏¥
- n-bn¬ t]mepw Hcne
e`n-°m-Xm-bn. Iq´-tcm-sSmØp Nncn-°m\pw s]mń-°c
- b
- m-\p-ap≈ Ah-kcw \jvSs - ∏-´p.
Fßpw tXm¬hn am{Xw.
tXm‰p Xpe™p lm hsø-\n-°n-∏Sp

Iq‰≥ IY-Ifns∏ń-It- f-‰p-hm≥.
hoń-te°p aS-ßn-t∏m-Im-sa∂p Nn¥n-®p.-Ah - n-sSbpw CS-an-√. `mKw hmßn F√mw

hn‰p apSn-®n-´mWv Cd-ßn-Øn-cn-®X
- v. Ct∏mƒ hoSn-s\-°p-dn-®p≈ Hm¿Ω-Iƒ t]mepw amdm-
e-Iƒ sIm≠p aqS-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p.
IY-I-fn-bnse hnZq-jI thj-amWv òcp. òcp thj-ßƒ am{Xw sIń Xms\mcp
òcp-hmbn amdn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. shdpsX Hmtcmtcm thj-ßƒ sIń Bfl-kz- c
- q-]s
- Ø-t∏mepw
Adn-bm-sX-bm-bn.
4
t_m[-an- √msX InS-°pahÿbv°p
aosX-bmbv tLmc-hn-]-sØ¥p `qan-bn¬ ?
BsI Xf¿∂p . cmh-W\pw Xm\pw H∂m-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Bc-y]

- c
- º
- c
- m-Z¿i-ßs
- f√mw
XI¿∂p.
Hm¿Ω-Iƒ ]eXpw ]n∂mse th´-bm-Sn-Øp-Sß - n. B{K-lß - ƒ H∂n\p ]ndtI H∂mbn
h∂p. a™n¬°pfn-®p Ipfn-cm¿∂ BXn-c-sØ-∂-ens\ apI-cm\pw ap¥n-cn-®mdp ]ngn-
bp∂ aqh¥n tam¥m\pw iim-¶-ap-Jnbmw cP-\n-bpsS hm¿Iq-¥-en¬ ap√-ame NqSn-
°m\pw taml-ap-≠m-bn. Pohn-Xa
- m-Ip∂ ap¥n-cn-®m-dp- Ip-Sn-°m≥ B{K-lt- a-dn. Kpcp-
]mZw ]n≥]‰n Iemtemeamb Pohn-X-Imew Xpe-bv°p-hm≥ Zp¿hmin A\p-h-Zn-®n-√.
Ifn-b-Nv-Os‚ ap≥]n¬ C\nbpw Hm—m-\n®p \n∂n´v H∂pw t\Sm-\n-√.
sa®w Xg-®-h: \mcp-Rm-\n-°fn

b—s‚ apºn-tem-—m-\n®p \n¬°p-hm≥?
`mh-\m-lpw-I-yXn Imf-k¿∏w t]mse Cg-bp-I-bm-bn. Akq-bbpw Imam-‘X -- bpw

hgn-]n-g∏
- n-°m≥ Iq´p\n-∂p. tXmg-\mb sIm®p-an-Sp-°s‚ D¿h-io-thjw Abmsf Imam-
‘-\m-°n hgn-]n-g-∏n-®p. Iq´p-Im-sc√mw AI-∂p. tImehpw sI´p. tImew Npfp-ßn-
bm¬ ]ns∂ Blm-cy `wKn Fhn-sS? ]® thj-Øn¬ IØnbpw XmSnbpw Ie¿Øn.
Bcp-sa-Sp-°mØ thj-sa-Sp-Øp. Acßp apjn-∏n-®p. ap{Zbpw Xmfhpw sX‰n. hmßn-°-
fns° tNßn-e-t°m-ep-]p-dØp hoWp. sNmń-b-S¿∂p. IncoSw sNcn™p. kZ- n¬
{]Xn-tj-[a - n-cº
- n.
sIt´≠ thjw apJ{io sXmSm-Ø-h≥

sIt´≠ thj-an-®p-ń-bS- c
- p-thm≥
Ahs‚ apJw e÷-bm¬ Nqfp-∂Xp I≠v Ifn- hnf-°n¬ Xncn ]mfn-°-fn-®p. Xnc-
»oe ]nSn-°p-∂h
- ¿ At\-ym\yw t\m°n-®n-cn-®p. ]pXn-sbmcp thj-Øn\p th≠n sImXn-
®p. Ai-cocn K¿P\w ho≠pw tI´p. sIt´≠ thjw Kpcp-im-]-ta-‰-h≥ .
Ifn-∏¥ - ense sNØhpw Nqcpw AS-ßn. Ifn-hnf°v IØn-°cn™p. \oem-{`-ta-N-
I-taLßƒ t]mse IY-I-fn-s∏-ń-Iƒ Zqtc°v \oßn. Iq´p-Im¿ apJØpt\m-°msX
AI∂p t]mbn. Ah¿ Xß-fpsS am\-knI sFIyw apdp-°n-bt- ∏mgpw Xms\m-cmƒ Ku\n-
°-s∏-ń-√. Aßs\ F√mw XI¿∂p. AtXmsS NnØX-tam-K¿Δ-Zp¿§hpw XI¿∂p.
A¥:Ic-W-Øn¬ \n∂pw hn≠pw Ai-cocn hmIyw D≠m-bn.
tXmSn-∂e
- b
- m-gn- bmb Ie-hd
tXmSbw tXSp-ac - ß
- n-∂W - nbd
kºq¿Æ-XX - ∂
- W - n-bd- ∏
- mgv {]Xn
_nw_ ac-sß∂ kXyw ad∂p \o.
AXp-sIm≠v AWn-b-d-bv°p-≈n¬ sN∂p ]‰nb sX‰p-Iƒ DS≥ Xncp-Øp-I-bm-

sW-¶n¬ Ifn-tbm-Kw hn´p-t]m-tI-≠X
- n-√.- BcpsS Icp-Wb
- m-emtWm BZ-ya
- mbn \o NphSv
5
sh®Xv, B Ir]m-hm-cn-[n(-I-fn-b-—≥) F¥p sX‰pw s]mdp-°p∂ D‰ _‘p-hm-Wv. B
k¬Kpcp F√m tamlm-‘-Im-c-ßfpw Xncp-Øpw. GXp t{Zmln°pw A`bw \evIp∂
t{]ahm-\m-Wv. `·-k¿Δ-kz- \
- mb \n∂n¬ At±lw Imcp-Wyw sNmcnbpw. \ns‚ s\dp-I-
bn¬ ssIh®v A\p-{K-l-hrjvSn sNmcn-bphm≥ At±lw Hcp-ßn-bn-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. \o
\ns‚ Zp¿§¿ham-Ip∂ Icn-ºmd s]mń®v icWw A¿∞n-°p-tºmƒ lnamw-ip-hn-
s\t∏mse ]p©n-cn-®p-sIm≠v B t{]tam-Zm-c≥ \n∂-Sp-sØ-Øpw. B B¿Øn-l-cs‚
]Zw Ipºnƒ IpØnb ssII-fm¬ \o Dgn-™m-epw. ] - ´- p-t]mse ]hn-{X-amb B ]mZ-ß-
fn¬ s]m≥apSn hoW \ns‚ inc- ns\ apń-°p-I. hnin-jvS-\mb B Kpcp-hns‚ hnc-
en≥ Xe∏v H∂v sXm´m¬ aXn F√m A‘-Im-chpw AI-epw. `‡n-`mhw Xfn-°mØ
\ns‚ D∑Ø Kuchw `mkp-ca - mb `mhn°v Hcp cmlp-hm-W.v Bfl-ka - ¿∏-WØ - n\v hnLv\w
hcp-Øp∂ B I©p-IsØ \o Ducn hen-s®dnbp-I. Kpcp-hns‚ ]mZ-ßf - n¬ {]W-an-°-
W-sa-∂p- km-cw.
B Znhykzcw ho≠pw XpS¿∂p. Kpcpim]-ta-‰h- \v Hmtcm Ifn-∏¥

- epw Hmtcm \c-
I-Zp¿§-am-Wv. Ah\v Hcn-°epw hni-z-hnPbØns‚ hmXn¬ Xpd-∂p-In-´p-I-bn-√. AXn\v
KpcpISm£w IqSntb Xocp. I-fn-b-—\p-≠mb apjn-®n¬ am‰n-bm¬ \ns‚ _p≤n-{àw
AI-epw. \n\°v ]‰nb ]cm-Pbw Kpcp-]mZw hμn-°msX Ac-ßØp t]mb-Xm-Wp. AXn\p
]cn-lmcw Ht∂-bp-≈p Kpcp-hns‚ ap≥]n¬ kmjvSmwKw {]W-an-°p-I. AtXmsS B
{_“-k-z-cq-]≥ \n∂n¬ I\nbpw. At∏mƒ Cu {_“mWvUw apgp-h≥ \ns‚ Ifn-∏-¥-
embv amdpw. \mw sI´p∂ F√m thj-ßƒ°pw e£yw Ht∂-bp≈p, Kpcp-h-cm-\p-{K-l-
{]o-W-\w. AXp-sIm≠v F√mw ad∂v {_“-k-z-cq-]\mbn-cn-°p∂ Kpcp-hns‚ ]mZ-I-a-e-
ßsf inc- n¬ NqSp-I. kqc-y-`-K-hms‚ Ic-kv]¿i-Øm¬ GXp Iqcn-cpfpw shfn-®-
ambn amdn ]pXnb {]`mXw s]mń hnS-cp-∂Xp t]mse Kpcp-Ickv]¿i-Øm¬ \ns‚
F√m Zp:Jßfpw C√mXmIpw
I-fn-b-—s‚ IY tIh-e-\mb a\pjy-\n-epw,-in-j-y-\n-epw,-I-hn-bnepw Hcp t]mse

- n-∏n-°mw. “a\p-jy- ≥ Cui-zc
ka-\z- b - s\ [n°-cn-°m\pw k¿Δ-PR v \pw k¿h-i‡ - \
- pamWv
Xms\∂p `mhn-°m\pw Xs‚ I¿Ω-ßƒ sIm≠v Xm≥ Xs∂ `qan-bn¬ kz¿§w hnc-Nn-
°p-sa-∂l - ¶ - c
- n-°m\pw XpS-ßp-tºmƒ Ahs‚ ]X\w Bcw-`n-°p-∂p. BZ-yh - k
- m\ thjw
X\n-°m-sW∂pw {]Ir-Xn, hni-zw, CX-cP - o-hn-Iƒ F∂n-hb
- p-sS-sb√mw ta¬t°mbva X\n-
°m-sW∂pw Ahs‚ Al¥ hnPrw-`n-°sh B ]X\w Kpcp-im-]a - mIpw. B]Øv hcp-
Øp-∂h - \- mWv Cui-zc - s
- \-¶n¬ Ah≥ H´pw Xs∂ Bcm-[y- \ - s
- √∂v Ah≥ bp‡n-hmZw
sNbvtX°mw. h’-e-\mb ]nXmhv a°sf Zp:Jn∏n-°p-tam? Zp:Jw \¬Ip∂ ]nXmhv
]nXm-h-s√∂v Ah≥ \ntj-[n-°p-∂p. \ntj-[-Øns‚ XØ-z-imkv{Xw ]S¿∂p ]nSn-°p-
∂p. A¥n-aamb k¿Δ hn\m-iØ - ns‚ h°-sØ-Øp-tºmƒ Ah≥ Xf-cp-∂p. ]nd-∂- ho-
Sns\∏‰n Hm¿°p-∂p. aS-ßnt∏m°v˛B-Xval-Xy- ˛- t- ]mepw Nn¥n-°p-∂p. HSp-hn¬ ho≠pw
Cui-zc - \
- n-te°v Xncn-bp-∂p. Al¥ XI-cp-∂p. A\p-ibw hf-cp-∂p.”
IhnbpsS Pohn-X-hp-ambpw Ifn-b-—\nse {]tabsØ tN¿Øp-shbv°mw. Ifn-b-

cßv AhnsS Ihn-b-c-ßm-Wv. \S-\-hn-Z-y-bm-Is´ kml-nXy hnZ-ybpw . IhnXmcwKØv
Xm≥ ]cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-∂p-sh∂ Aÿm-\-ÿ-amb òXn hym-]-cn-°p-∂p. Ihnsb kw_-
6
‘n-®n-S-tØmfw Ifn-b-—≥, Cui-z-c\pw ]nXmhpw Kpcp\mY\pw IqSn-t®¿∂v H∂mb

Hcp alm]nXy-i‡ - n-bmWv. hm-Kzn-Zy kzm-bØ
- a
- m°nØpSßnb ImeØv Kpcp-P\ - m-\p- {K-
lhpw Cui-zc - m-\p-{K-lhpw XpW-bmbn IqsS-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. ]n∂oSv Al¥ hnPyw-`n-
®p. X\n°v Int´≠ am\-yÿ - m\w In´m-ØXv Xtc-≠h - c
- psS Akqb sIm≠m-sW∂pw
a‰pw sX‰n-≤c- n-®p. [n°m-cØ- ns‚ \mfp-Iƒ IS∂p h∂p. {ItaW A[:-]X - \
- hpw Ah-
K-W-\bpw IqsS-sb-Øn. Imh-y-cwKw hnS-W-sa∂ tXm∂¬ hsc-bp-≠m-bn. i‡n-am-
∑m¿ apt∂-dp-∂Xp ImWp-tºmƒ hnjmZw IqSn. ]ns∂ hoSn-s\-°p-dn-®p- ff Hm¿Ω-bm-bn.
t]mcp-an-∏m-gv°fn hoń-te-s°m-∂n-\n˛
t∏mbn hcp-hm≥ apXn-cp∂p am\kw
]ns∂ BZna tKl-Øn-te-°p≈ Xncn®p t]m°v.]p\¿P-∑sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ {]Xo£.

Cu Nn¥-Iƒ kzm-flm-hns\ \in-∏n-°p∂ Nn¥-bn¬ hsc sNs∂-Øp-∂p. km[m-cW
a\p-jy- s‚ temI-tØ-s°-¶nepw Xncn®p t]mI-Ws - a∂v Xo{h-ambn A`n-ej
- n-°p-∂p. aZ-
y-]n-]m-k, Imtam-]-t`m-Kw, kz-]v\-ßƒ Ch-bn¬ tNt°-dp∂p. Xs∂ Ah-KWn-°p∂
P\-X-bn¬ {Iqc\mb ]nXm-hns\-Øs∂ ImWp-∂p. F¥n-∂n-hsc {]oWn-∏n-°Ww ?.
F∂mepw cwKw hnSm-\m-Ip-∂n-√., thsd {]-h¿Ø\ cwK-an-√. Xs‚ cwKw (I-hn-b-c-ßv)
Ibv]p-‰X - mbn tXm∂n-bmepw BSp-IX - s∂ thWw ˛ thsd ]Wn-bd- n™p IqSm. ]e ]e
kwcw-`ßƒ ]co-£n®p t\m°n. Ac-ßp-W¿∂-tX-bn-√.
h√ t\cØpw ]Xn™ ]Zw \n∂p

sNm√n-bm-Sp-tºm-fpd°w hcp-∂p ta
]Xn™ ]Zw ˛ D≈n¬ X´mØ IhnX ˛AXp Xs∂bmbn-cp∂p Bk-zm-Z-I-cpsS

{]-Xn-Ic
- Ww . Ahcpw DW¿∂n-√. Bk-zm-ZI
- c
- psS Ah-KW
- \ s]cp-In-s∏-cp-In-h∂
- p. HSp-
hn¬ kX-y-Øns‚ Hcp an∂-em´w . Rms\∂ `mhsØ Iog-S-°n-bmte tamN-\-ap-≈q.
K¿Δw XI¿∂p. `‡n-am¿§-Øn-tebv°p \oßn.
B¿Øn-lc
- ≥ X≥ ]Z-ap-gn-™m-ep-an˛
°o¿Øn°p \o Ipºnƒ IpØnb ssIIfm¬
F∂ Dƒhnfn tI´p. hnP-b-Øns‚ am¿§w ap∂n¬ Xpd-°p-I-bm-bn.

Cu Kpcp km∂n-≤y k¶-ev]Ø - ns‚ ]n∂n¬ Xm≥ Bsc [n°-cn®v \S∂p ]m]-ß-
fn-sems° Im¬ hgpXn hotWm B k-z¥w A—s‚ `mh-Nn-{X-amWv Ihn hc-®n-cn-°p-∂-
sX∂v F≥. hn. Iy-jvW-hm-c-y-cpw, s{]m^.-F-kv. Kp]vX≥ \mbcpw kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p-≠v.
Xs‚ A—-s\-∏-‰n ]›m-Øm] hnh-i-\m-bn, _mjv]m¿ {Z\mbn kvacn-°p∂ Nne Ihn-
X-Iƒ ]n. Fgp-Xn-bn-´p-≠.v At∏mƒ hy-‡n-\n-jT v a
- mb hnImcw ˛B-flN- c
- n-{Øns‚ k¿Δm-
t«-jn-bmb {]`mhw ˛ Cu IhnXbv°v as‰mcp am\w IqSn \¬Ip-∂p. henb ]m]n-bm-
sW-¶n¬ IqSnbpw XX-zk - m-£mXvI - mcw D≈ BNm-cys\ bYm-hn[n kao-]n®p inj-ys - ∏-
´m¬ ⁄m\w D]-tZ-in®p Xcpw . Cu ⁄m\-am-Ip∂ I∏-tedn GXp henb ]m]n°pw
]m]-°-S¬ \o¥n-°-S-°m≥ km[n-°p-sa-∂Xv \n›-b-am-sW∂pw KoX-]-d-bp-∂p. Cu
⁄mt\mZbamWv Ihn-Xb - nse A¥-yc- w-KØ
- nse Kpcp-{]--Wma-Øn\p≈ Bl-zm-\w.
7
Ifn-b-—-\nse IY-Ifn a\p-jy Pohn-Xam-Wv. \S≥ km[m-cW a\p-j-y\pw . Ifn-b-

—≥ a\p-jy Pohn-XsØ kwhn-[m\w sNøp∂ Cu-i-z-c-\m-Wv. IY-I-fn-sb∂ _nw_w
Ihn-X-bpsS cq]w Xs∂bmWv. AXn-\m¬ Kpcp-im-]-ta‰ Hcp \S≥ ]cm-P-b-s∏-´-Xns‚
timI-IY Dƒs°m-≈p∂ B IhnX-bn¬, AwtKm-]mw-Kß - f
- mb Iev]\
- I
- s
- f√mw Xs∂
IY-If- n-sb∂ _nw_-Øns‚ Ah-bh - ß
- f
- m-Ip-∂p.
th-jØ - n-\mcpw £Wn-°m-sX-bmbv h∂˛
t\cØp tIm∏p-It- f-‰n-Øp-Sß - th
t]mwh-gn-bn-√n\n thKw s]cpw-I-fn˛
tbmK-Øn¬ \n∂p-sam-gn-bp-Is - b-∂ntb.
**********************************
{Iqc-an-Sn-Øo-bn¬ sh¥p-t]mbv tIi˛
`mc-In-coS aWn-tb≠ akvXI - w.
**************************
h√ t\cØpw ]Xn™ ]Zw \n∂p
sNm√n-bmSptºmfp-d°w hcp-∂pta
tafs°mgp-∏n-en-W-ßoe ap{Z-Iƒ
Xmfw ]ng®p Xcn®p Nhn-´-Sn.
F∂n-ßs\bp≈ Iev]-\-Iƒ `mh-k-ºq¿Æßfpw Imh-ym-¥-co-£-Øn\v A\p-

tbm-P-y-ß-fp-am-Wv. Hcp icm-icn kl-y-Z-b\p A\p-`-h-th-Z-y-am-°n-Øo¿°p∂ _nw_-
ßfpw `mh-ßfpw sIm≠v kºq¿Æ-amWv Ifn-b-—≥.
Al-¥b - psS ]nSn-bn-eI - s- ∏´v Zpc-¥Ø - nte°v hgp-Xn-t∏mb a\p-jy- ≥ ]›m-Øm-]-
hn-hi- \ - mbn FØp-∂Xv kºq¿Æ-Xb - psS Ad-bn-te-°m-Wv. Ahn-sS-bp≠v Kpcp˛ IY-I-
fn-°m-cs‚ Bim≥-˛- I-fn-b— - ≥˛a-\p-jy- s‚ ]c-{_-“X - X
- z- w. c≠pw [z-\n-∏n-®p-sIm-≠p≈
Kpcp-hns‚ Nn{Xw Btem-N\ - m-a[ - p-chpw A\p-`qXn km-{μ-hpam-W.v teme ]oXmw-_c - ®
- m¿Øp-
Iƒ°∏pdw F∂ JWvUw C{μn-b-ßƒ sIm≠v A\p-`-hn-°m≥ ]mI-Øn-ep≈ H∂-
t{X. ChnsS t«j-a√ - . Bflo-bhpw ù-Xn-Ih - p-amb DtZ-zK-{]-Xo-£I - f
- psSbpw kuμ-cy- -
k-¶e - v]ß- fpsSbpw {]Xo-Ia - mbn amdp-Ib - mWv Ihn-X.
am\p-jnI ]›m-Øe - Ø
- n-tebv°v Du¿∂n-dß - n,t_m[ a\- n\v hni-zm-ky- amb coXn-
bn¬ Ihn Xs‚ At_m-[-X-e-ß-fn¬ \n∂v Bflm¿∏-WØn\v \oXnIcWw am{X-a-√,
AXns‚ A\n-hm-cy- X - bpw hy-‡a - m-°p-∂p. Ifn-b— - \
- n¬ a‰p Ihn-XI - f
- n¬ \n∂pw hy-X-
y-kvXa
- m-Ip∂ DXvIy- j- vSX ip`-{]-Xo-£b - m-Wv. {]mb-›n-ØØ - ns‚ ê-ambn {]oXn-s∏m-
ena X≥ s]m≥Xn-S-ºmIpw tPyXnkz-cq-]≥ Ah-km\w am∏p sImSpØp ]ng® inj-y-
s\-t∏mepw A\p-{K-ln°pw F∂ {]Xo£ hfsc [\-ya - m-Wv. ]n.-ae
- b
- m-fØ- n\v \¬Inb
AXn-hn-in-jvSa
- m-sbmcp BXvam- em-]a - mWv Ifn-b— - ≥.
Ifn-b-—-\nse \mS-Io-bX
e£Ww ka-{K-ambn tbmPn-°p∂ hn[-Ønes√-¶nepw \mS-Iob kz-K-Xm-J-ym-\-cq-
]Øn-emWv Ifn-b-N-vO-\nse cN-\m-co-Xn. AXn-\-\p-Kp-W-amb hn-[-Øn¬ Akm-[m-cW
8
hy-‡n-Xz- a
- p≈ \S-\mWv IYm-\m-bI
- ≥ ˛Kpcp-im-]t- a‰ \S≥. Imh-yØ
- nse PohnX {]Xo-
Xn°v Cu Kpcp-im-]-hp-ambn Zy-V-amb _‘-ap-≠v. AXn-\m¬ Kpcp-im-]sØ Imh-y-
a¿Ω-ambn IW-°m-°mw.
F¥mWv `mc-XØ - nse Kpcp-k¶ - ev]w ? AXp Bcmepw tNmZyw sNø-s∏-Sm-\m-hmØ
\n{K-li- ‡- n-bpsSbpw A{]-ta-ba- mb Imcp-Wy- Ø - ns‚bpw ka-\z- b - a
- mW.v AXm-hn-jvI-
cn-°p-hm≥ Pohn-X-sa∂ hnim-e-]-›m-Øew IqSntb Xocp. B Pohn-XsØ ChnsS
]I¿Øn-°m-Wn-°p-∂Xv IY-Ifn Fs∂m-c-\-ym-]-tZ-i-Øn-eqsSbmWv .tI-{μm-i-b-ß-sf
A[-ym-tcm-]n-°m≥ CØcw A\-ym-]t- Z-iß - sf Ihn-Iƒ kzo-Ic - n-°pI ]Xn-hp-≠.v At∏mƒ
AXns\ ImhyamsI hym-]n®p InS-°p∂ Hcp metaphor(cq-]-Iw) Bbn IW-°m-°p-
∂Xn¬ sX‰n-√. Chn-SsØ A\-ym-]t- Z-ia - mb IY-If - n-bnepw Hcp Kpcpk-¶¬]hpw AXn-
e-[n-jvTn-X-amb Pohn-Xhpw D≠v. Kpcpinjy _‘sØ C{X I¿°-i-amb hg-°-ß-fn-
eqsS \ne-\n¿Øn-t∏m-cp∂ as‰mcp Iem-cw-K-an-√. At∏mƒ Aev]sam∂v hgn-sX‰n \S-
∂m-ep-≠m-Ip∂ Kpcp-im-]hpw AXns‚ Zpc-¥] - q¿Æ-Xbpw Duln-°m-hp-∂t- X-bp-≈q. AXn-
s\ IY-I-fn-bpsS F√m km[-y-X-Ifpw D]-tbm-Kn®v Zri-ym-\p-`-h-ß-fn-eqsS {]X-y-£-am-
°p-s∂mcp Bhn-jvIc - W coXn CXn¬ kzo-Ic - n-°p-∂p. AXns\ \mS-Ic - oXn F∂p hnfn-
°mw.
\mSI k¶-ev]a - \
- pkcn®v C°-hn-Xb - nse tI{μ-_nw-_a - mb Ifn-h´- sØ A]-{K-Yn-
°m-\m-hpw. {]]-©P - o-hnXw Hcp \mS-Ia - m-sW∂ k¶ev]w `mc-Xo-b¿°pw ]m›m-Xy- ¿°pw
]≠p ]t≠-bp-≠v. ChnsS Ihn AXns\ Xt‚Xmb coXn-bn¬ ]p\:-kr- jvSn°p-∂p. {]]-
©-am-Ip∂ \mS-I-thZn.A-hnsS Ac-tß-dp-∂Xv Pohn-X-am-Ip∂ \mS-Iw. {]]-©-i‡n
AXns‚ A[n-\m-bI - ≥. {]]©w apgp-h≥ \nd-™p-\n¬°p∂ hncmƒ ]pcpj k¶¬∏w
ChnsS {]k-‡a - m-Wv. k¿Δm-¥c - y- m-anbpw k¿Δ-i‡ - \- p-amb B Ime-]p-cp-js‚ {]Xo-
I-amWv Ifn-b— - ≥. B Xncp-ap-ºn-emWv \mSIw BtS-≠X - v. Ifn-b—
- s‚ C—Iƒs°mØv
thj-sa-Sp-°-Ww. sI´p∂ thj-Øn\v e£yw H∂p am{Xw. Kpcp-h-cm\p{Kl{]oW-\w.
F∂m¬ K¿hn-jvSc - mb Nne¿ Ifn-b— - s‚ C—Iƒs°mØv thj-sa-Sp-°m≥ Xøm-dm-In-
√. Ah¿ F√m hne-°p-Ifpw ewLn®v H∂mw-In-S-°m-c-\m-Im≥ tamln-°pw.Cu AXn-
tamlw Nph-SpIƒ ]ng-°m-\n-S-h-cp-Øpw. Npń AScpw,IncoSw Ncnbpw,òcp thj-ß-fm-
Snbpw D¿hio thjw I≠p {àn®pw HSp-hn¬ ImehnNm-c-Øn-epƒs∏´v Iq´p-Im-cmepw
\m´p-Im-cmepw shdp-°-s∏´v Acßv apjn-∏n®v IS-∂p-t]m-Ipw. AØcw a\p-j-ym-flm-°-
fn¬ A¶p-cn-°p∂ ]m]-t_m[w,AXns\ Np‰n-∏‰- n-bp-≠m-Ip∂ Zpc¥w,AXmWv Ifn-b— - -
\nse ÿmbn-`m-hw. Kpcp im]-sa∂ Imhy a¿Ω-tØmSv AXp At`-Z-y-ambn LSn-∏-n°-
s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p.
Ifn-b-—-\nse _nw_-ßƒ
Ifn-b-cßv F∂ {]-Xo-IsØ tI{μoI-cn-®mWv Ifn-b-—-\nse _nw_-I-ev]-\-Iƒ
A¿∞-km{μßfm-bn-Øo-cp-∂-Xv. Acßv Pohn-X-am-Wv. PohnXamIp∂ Ac-ßn¬
{]Xy£s∏Sp∂ Kpcp BNm-c-yt\m A—t\m ssZhtam BImw. \S≥ Hcp hy-‡ntbm
Hcp P\-k-aq-ltam Bbn-cn-°mw. GsXm-cm-fp-sSbpw PohnXw km¿∞-I-ambnØocm≥
Hcp Kpcp-km-∂n-[yw A\n-hm-cy- am-sW∂ Adn-hmWv Cu Ihn-Xb
- psS ImX¬.
9
Kpcp-im]w Inńb Hcp IY-If - n-\S- ≥ \S-Øp∂ Ipº-km-cØ

- ns‚ coXnbnemWvIfn-
b-—-\nse IYm-L-S-\. ]n.Ip™p-cm-a≥ \mb-cpsS apJw Xs∂-bmWv Cu \S-\-Øn¬
{]Xn-ê - n-®n-´p-≈s
- X∂Xn\v At±l-Øns‚ Xs∂ hm°p-Iƒ km£yw hln-°p-∂p.-\m-
Sp-hm-gn-bmb alms‚ aI-\mbn ]nd∂v \mSp-tXmdpw Ae™v hoS-dn-bmØ _‘-ßf - n¬
IpSpßn \mSpw hoSpw ]d-bn® sXΩmSn F∂mWv Bfl-I-Y-bn¬ At±lw kzbw Ip‰
hnNm-cW \S-Øp-∂X - v.
A—s‚ shdp∏v kºm-Zn-®X - ns‚ ê-ambn Pohn-XØ - n¬ ]cm-Pbw am{Xw G‰p-hm-
ßm≥ hn[n-°-s∏´ aIs‚ Ah-ÿbpw Kpcp-im]w aqew t¢in-°p∂ inj-ys‚
AhkvYbpw Bims\ A\p-kc - n-°msX Al-¶c - n-®p-\S- ∂ \Ss‚ ]X-\hpw ssZh-hn-i-
zmkw \jvSs
- ∏´ a\p-jy- s‚ A\-yXm-t_m-[h- p-sa√mw Ifn-b— - \
- nse IYm-kμ - ¿`-Øn-te°v
Bhm-ln®p sIm≠p-hc - m≥ ]‰p∂ hn[-Øn-emWv Ihn-Xb - psS inev]L- S- \- .
ssh¢-_yw sIm≠v au\-Øn-em≠ IYm-\m-bI - s\ tla-¥k-‘y- I
- fpw hn≠-et- a-
dnb Xmc-Ifpw ho≠pw ho≠pw sX∂¬ Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ A-b°p∂ Dj- p-Ifpw Bdp-Ifpw
Ae-bm-gn-Ifpw F√mw tN¿∂v DtØ-Pn-∏n-°m≥ {ian-°p-∂-Xmbn h¿Æn-®p-sIm-≠mWv
IhnX Bcw-`n-°p-∂-Xv. \Ss\ kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw Ac-ßnse PohnXw Hcp \jvS-k-
z-]v\-ambnØo¿∂n-cn-°p-∂p. Hcp Zri-y-_nw-_-Øn-eqsS Ihn Xs‚ \mb-Is‚ Zmcp-W-
amb Ahÿ Nn{Xo-I-cn-°p-∂p.
kvtac at\m-lc thj-ßƒ I®p-t]mbv

tLmc Kpcp-im-]I
- m-ane _m[-bm¬
A`n-\b Pohn-XØ - ns‚ BZ-y\ - m-fp-If

- n¬ Kpcp-hns‚ hm’-eyw th≠p-thmfw Bk-
z-Zn-°p-hm≥ Ah-kc - a
- p-≠m-bn. At∏m-sg√mw Db¿®-bpsS ]S-hp-Iƒ Hs∂m-∂mbn Nhp-
ń-°b - d- p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Ime-{I-taW Al-¶mcw a\- ns\ Iog-S° - p-Ib- m-bn. AtXmsS
Kpcp-hns‚ \n¿t±-i-ßfpw Ak-l-y-ß-fmbn `hn-®p. Kpcp-hns\ kwi-bn-®p.-I-fn-b-—s‚
C—°v thj-sa-Sp-°m≥ D®-WvU-K¿Δw A\p-h-Zn-®n-√. kz-¥-ambn thjw sIń-bmSn
H∂mw-InS°mc-\m-IW - s - a-∂p≈ taml-ap-≠m-bn. Kpcp-hn-t\m-Sp≈ hntZ-zjw IqSp-X¬ IqSp-
X¬ hf¿∂p-h∂ - p.-Kp-cp-hns\ Bt£-]n-®p.
ktvacw Kpcp-hn≥ apJw Idp-Øo-Sth

tLmc-Xa-
- n-te-s°m-s´m´p \oßn
C{X-sbm-s°-bm-bn´pw a\- p-sIm≠v H∂p ]›m-Ø] - n-°p-hmt\m am∏n-c°

- p-hmt\m
Xøm-dm-bn-√. Cu am‰sØ Hcp khntij cq]-Ik - r-jvSn-bn-eqsS Ihn hni-Za- m-°p-∂Xv
Cß-s\-bm-Wv.
tXm∏n¬°nfn¿Øp Ifn-b— - t- \mSp Rm≥

am∏n-c°
- n-s√∂ òI-ca
- pƒs®Sn
hntZ-zjsØ apƒs®-Sn-bmbn cq]Ww sNbvX-Xn-eqsS hntZ-z-j-Øns‚ Xo{h-Xbpw

ÿmbn-Xz- hpw AXp krjvSn-°p∂ Atem-kc
- ß
- f
- p-sa√mw {]Xn^-en-∏n-°p-hm≥ Ihn°v
10
Ffp∏w km[n-®n-´p-≠v. tIhew kzm-{ibt_m[w am{X-a√ \Ss\ Kpcp-\n-μ°v t{]cn-∏n-

®-Xv. Ie¿∏‰ hnj-bm-k-‡nbpw ap∂n-´p \n¬°p-∂p-≠v. Nne _nw_-ß-fn-eqsS Ihn
B kqN\ \¬Ip-∂p.
a™n¬ Ipfn®p Ipfn-cm¿s∂m-cm-Xnc ˛

sØ∂¬ Ipdp-\n-cs - bm∂p apI-cWw
ap¥n-cn-®mdp ]ngn-bp∂ aqh¥n ˛
sbm∂mbv®nc-´b - n-en-Øncn tam¥Ww
cmIm-ii - m-¶a
- p-Jnbmw cP-\n-X≥
hm¿Iq-¥-en¬ ap√-ame NqSn-°-Ww.
hmbv°pw ck-Øn≥ Ikm-e-bn¬ hoWp-S≥
hm\Øp taml-∏p-It- °m´ sI´Ww
taem, Kpcp-]Zw ]n≥]-‰n-bn-°em ˛
temeamw Pohn-XI - mew Xpe-bv°p-hm≥
[mSnbpw tamSn-bp-am¿∂ Rms\ßs\
XmSn \c® Zp¿Δm-in°p Iogvs∏-Spw.
Cu {]tem-`-\-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ IYm-\m-b-Is‚ kz-h¿§-c-Xnsb [z-\n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\pw

Ihn {i≤n-°p-∂p.
tXmg\mw sIm®p anSp-°s‚ bp¿Δio ˛

thj-an-cp-´Øp I≠p-an-c≠
- \
- mƒ
tImehpw sI´p; ssIhn´p t]mbv°q-ćpw
Ime-hn-NmcØnepƒs∏´ [q¿Ø-s\.
anc-fpI F∂ hm°n\v t]Sn-°pI F∂p am{X-a√ A¿∞-ap-≈-Xv. ab-°p-I, hi-

s∏-Sp-ØpI F∂p-sa√mw A¿∞-ap-≠v. ab-°epw hi-s∏-Sp-Øepw taml-Øn¬ \n∂pw
A`n-\n-th-i-Øn¬ \n∂pw D≠m-Ip-∂-Xm-Wv. Ime-hn-Nmcw kvam¿Ø-hn-Nmcw Xs∂-
bmhmt\ hgn-bp-≈q. ]n. Ip™pcm-a≥ \mb-cpsS hy-‡n-Po-hn-X-hp-ambn Cu kμ¿`-
Øn\v At`-Zy- a
- mb _‘-ap-s≠∂v ]n. \mcm-bW
- °
- p-dp∏pw hn. cmP-Ir-jvW\pw Dd-∏n®p
]d-bp-∂p.
tZin-Ih- c
- y- ≥ Xncp-an-gn-t°m-Wn-\m¬
tZl-ap-gn™ kpc-`n-eh - m-kcw
F∂ khn-tij _nw_-I¬∏-\bpw Ch-cpsS Nn¥Isf _e-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.

Kpcp-hns\ hn´-I∂
- Xp apX¬ Abm-fpsS ]X\w Bcw-`n-®p. Ifn-tbm-KØ
- n¬ \n∂v
]ncn™v IY-I-fn-s∏-ńbpw G‰n-s°m≠v Np‰n Ae-bp-tºmƒ AbmfpsS A]-am-\-`mcw
]q¿Æ-ambn. \nhr-ØntISpsIm≠m-sW-¶n-epw òcphns‚ thjhpw Abmƒ sIń. Xm≥
sIńb Nn√d thj- ß ƒ X\n°p hg- ß p- ∂ - h - b - √ F∂ t_m[w Abm- f n¬
t\mhpW¿Øn.
11
thZ-\m-]q¿Æ-am-Wn-°YcmhW ˛
thjhpw Rm\p-sam-∂mbn®a-™p-t]m-bv.
F∂v B am\-knI thZ\ A\m-hc - Ww sNøp-∂p. kz¥w hoSn-s\-°p-dn-®p≈ Hm¿Ωbpw
Abmƒ°v thZ\ am{Xta {]Zm\w sNbvXp-≈q. Aßs\ Abm-fpsS a\- n¬ L\o-`-
hn® hnjmZw {]]©w apgp-h≥ \nd™p \n¬°p∂ alm \ni-_vZ-X-bm-bn. a\p-jy
`mh-ßƒs°m∏w {]IrXn Zr-iy- ß
- s - fbpw inev]X
- p-ey- a
- m°n Nn´-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ Ip™p-cm-
a≥ \mb¿ kz-]v\m-fl-I-amb _nw_-I-ev]-\-Iƒ sIm≠v Cu kμ¿`sØ at\m-l-c-am-
°n-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
A‘-Im-cØ - n¬°fn-Ig- n-™mSp∂

]¥-ep-t]mse Ipg-bp∂p hn≠ew
]m´p-Ig
- n-s™mcp Kmb-I≥ sh®Xmw
tNße t]mse ab-ßp∂p `qXew
tXmSpw ]pg-bp-ap-d°
- a
- mbv ap‰Øp
hmSn-Øf - ¿∂p InS-°p∂p Xmc-Iƒ
IY-I-fn-tbm-K-hp-ambn \nc-¥c _‘-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂ Ihn°v Ifn-∏-¥epw tNßn-e-
bp-sa√mw kp]-cn-Nn-X-am-Wv. hn≠-ew, `qX-ew, Xmc-Iƒ Ch-tbmfw A\-¥-hn-kvXr-X-
amWv \mb-I-\n¬ L\o-`-hn-®n-cn-°p∂ ZpxJ-sa-∂p≈ Iev]\, AXns‚ Bghpw hym-
]vXnbpw {]I-Sa- m-°p-∂p.
Pohn-XsØ Xfn-c-Wn-bn-°p-Ibpw ]® ]nSn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ Hcp kwKoXw
GtXm amkvac- nI temI-Øp-\n∂v IYm-\m-bI
- s‚ {ih-W]- p-Sß
- f
- n-te°v h∂p `hn°p-
∂p. a[pc at\m-lc- a
- mb B Znhy kz-csØ Ihn apcfoch-am°n am‰n. AtXmsS Im¿ap-
In¬h¿Æs‚ apJw sXfn-bp-I-bm-bn. Ihn AXp ImWn-®p-X-cp-∂Xv t\m-°p-I.
teme ]oXmw-_c - ®
- m¿Øp-Iƒ°∏pdw
]oen apSn h\-am-e-Iƒ°∏pdw
{]oXn-s∏m-enaX≥ s]m≥Xn-Sºmw alm˛
tPym-Xn-kz- c
- q-]s
- \-°m-Wp-∂X- n-√tbm?
th≠-hn[w Ac-ß-sØm∂p sNm√n-bm-Sm≥ t]mepw Ign-bmsX Xo{h-amb A\p-
Xm]w t]dp∂ IYm-\m-b-Is\ {]Xo-£m-\n¿`-c-amb Hc-¥-co£Ønte°v B\-
bn®psIm≠v \n¿Øn-bn-´mWv Ihn kz¥w Iy-Xy- Ø - n¬ \n∂pw ]n∑m-dn-bn-cn-°p-∂X - v. CXv
Imh-y-Øns‚ \mS-Iob-Xsb AXns‚ Db¿∂ am\-ß-fn¬ sIms≠-Øn-®n-cn-°p-I-bm-
Wv. Ccp-fn-s‚bpw {]Im-iØ - n-s‚bpw Bh¿Øn-®p≈ _nw_-Ie - v]\
- I-fn-eqsS AXns\
IqSp-X¬ ]pjv]I - e
- a
- m-°p-hm≥ Ihn {i≤n®n´p≠v. Ccp-fpw {]Im-ihpw CS-Ie - ¿∂ kz¥w
Pohn-XsØ Ihn Ifn-b-c-ßns‚ ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ {Ia-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂p
kmcw. Cu hn[w A\p-`q-Xn-km-{μ-X-\n-d™ AX-y-]q¿Δ-ß-fmb _nw_-I-ev]-\Iƒ
sIm≠p≈ anI-hmWv Ifn-b— - ≥ F∂ Ihn-Xsb IqSp-X¬ Bk-zm- Z-yI - c
- a
- m-°n-Øo¿°p-
∂Xv . ]n. Ip™p-cm-a≥ \mb-cpsS a‰p Ihn-X-I-fn¬ \n∂pw XnI®pw hy-X-y-kvX-amb
kao-]\amWv Cu Ihn-Xb - n¬ kzoIcn-®n-´p-≈Xv . AXp Xs∂-bmWv Cu Ihn-Xsb IqSp-
X¬ DZm-Øa - m-°n-Øo¿°p-∂X - v.
12
Iev]\m sshinjvSyw
Cu Ihn-X-bn¬ {]tbm-Kn-°-s∏-ń-´p≈ an°-hmdpw ]Z-ßfpw {]tbm-K-co-Xn-Ifpw
_nw_m-fl-I-ß-fmWv. AXp-sIm≠v Ahsbv°√mw Pohn-Xm¿∞-tØmSv KmV-_-‘-ap-
≠v. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v Npń-b-S-cpI, IncoSw Ncn-bpI F∂o {]tbm-K-ßƒ t\m°p-I.
c≠pw sFi-z-c-y-lm-\n-bpsS kqN-I-ß-fm-Wv. Aß-s\-bp≈ thj-ßƒ kzbw Ac-
sßm-gn-bW - w. As√-¶n¬ tNßnet°mep-sIm≠v X√n-∏p-dØ - m°pw . Pohn-XØ
- n¬ ASn-
sX‰n hoW Hcp a\p-j-ys‚ k¿Δ thZ-\-sbbpw Cu {]tbm-K-ßƒ Bhm-ln-°p-∂p.
D¿hin thjw I≠p {àn-°epw Ime-hn-Nm-cØ - n-eqƒs∏-´p-t]m-Ie
- psa√mw CtX {]XoXo
Xs∂-bmWv P\n-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. Ch IqSmsX tIfn-sIm´p apX¬ [\min hsc-bp≈ F√m
NS-ßp-It- fbpw {]Xo-Im-flI- a
- mbn Ah-Xc
- n-∏n-°p-∂p-≠.v Ah-sb√mw {i≤-m]q¿Δw kwL-
Sn-∏n-®n-´p≈ _nw_-ßƒX-s∂-bm-Wv. ChnsS A\-ym-]-tZiw IY-I-fn-bm-b-Xp-sIm≠v Zy-
i-y_- nw-_ßƒ°v {]tX-yIw ÿm\-ap-≠v.
tZin-Ih- c- y≥ Xncp-an-gn-t°m-Wn-\m¬
tZl-ap-gn-™k - p-c`- ne hmkcw.
\S-∑m¿°v tZl-ap-gn-®n¬ thW-at- √m. sN√ptºmƒØs∂ AXm-cw-`n-°pw. AXp tZinI-

h-cy- s‚ Xncp-an-gn-t°mWp sIm≠p≈ Dgn-®nse∂ hy-Xy- m-ktabp-≈q. AXp-t]mse IY-
I-fn-bn¬ angn-t°m-Wp-Iƒ Id-°n-bp≈ t\{Xm-`n-\b - c- o-Xn-Iƒ ]Xn-hm-Wv. AXp sIm≠v
A\p-`h - k
- º- ∂- \v Ac-ßns‚ {]XoXn \¬Ipw. Ch-sb-√mw hmN-ym-[n-Ia - m-bn-´p≈ A¿∞-
{]-XoXn-If - mWv . F∂m¬ sN√-am-bvsN√pw sNdp-°s\ {ioKpcp B]m-ZN - qUw Dgn-™p-
t\m-°p-∂X - ns‚ Zy-iy- {- ]-Xo-Xn-bpsS hnIm-ck
- q-c`- n-eX
- b- mWv ChnsS `mh-[z- \- n. Pohn-XØ
- n¬
I®-sI-ńb B¿°p-ap≈ ip`-Im-a\ - b
- psS {]XoIw IqSn-bm-WX - v.
\S\v ]n∂msebp≠m-Ip∂ Ahÿ CXn¬ \n∂pw hy-Xy- k - Xv a
- m-W.v tImehpw sI´p
ssIhn-´p-t]m-bv°qćpw F∂ \ne-bnembn. IY-If - n-°m¿°v Ce-sh-bv°p∂ A{K-im-e-
bn¬ t]mepw ÿm\-an√msX˛B-lm-ca - n-√msX˛-£m-ac - q-]a- m-bn-Øo¿∂n-cn-°p-∂p. IY-I-
fn-°m-cs‚ tImew (thjw ) Npfp-ßn-bm¬ ]ns∂ Blm-c-y-`w-Kn-sb-hnsS ? Bcp hI-
sh-bv°pw? Hcp \S-\v hcmhp∂ G‰hpw henb Zpc-¥a - m-WX - v. Iem-]c - hpw Pnhn-Xm¿∞-
]-c-hp-amb Cu Bi-b-ßƒ°p ]pdsa ]gb B alm-\-cs‚ ˛\-fs‚ ˛Po-hn-Xm-\p-`hw
IqSn CXp [z-\n-∏n-°p-∂p. tim`m-cw-K-sam-cw-K-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv A∏msS ssIhn-´p-t]m-bn-
t√. GIm-{i-ba - mb Iq´pIm-cnbpw hn[n-bm¬ hn´-I∂ - p. B Zb-\ob-Nn{Xw Ct∏mƒ Cu
\S-\n¬°mWw.CXn-s\ms° ImcWw
“taf-Øn-en-ßs\ `mh-\m-lp-¶y- Xn
Imf-k¿∏w t]men-g™p \S-∂X - m-Wv.
sa®w Xg-®-h-\mcp Rm\n, °fn
b—s‚ bn—bv°v thj-sa-Sp-°p-hm≥
F∂mWv \S-\nse `mh-\m-lp-¶-yXn. Imf-k¿∏-Øns‚ Cg™p \S-°¬ a\p-jy

Pohn-X-sØ-bmsI hnj-en-]vX-am-°m≥ t]m∂ GtXm `b-¶c Zpc-¥-Øns‚ {]XoXn
DW¿Øp-∂p. k¿∏sØ cXn-kq-N-I-am-°p∂ ]Xnhv [mcm-f-ambn I≠v hcp-∂-Xm-Wv.
13
D¿Δio thj-an-cp-´Øp I≠p anc-≠Xpw CXn\p t]mZv_e - I

- a
- m-Wv. ChnsS shdpw k¿∏-
a-√, Imf-k¿∏-am-Wv. Imf-h¿Æw Idp-∏mWv. AXp Xtam-Kp-WsØ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. lp¶-
yXn F∂m¬ lp¶mcw , No‰¬ . At∏mƒ `mh-\m-lp-¶y- Xn Imf-k¿∏w t]men-g™p \S-
°p∂p F∂-Xns\ Xtam-Kp-W-Øns‚ No‰n-Øp-∏¬ F∂v IqSn A¿∞w ]d-bmw.
Cu Iev]\
- I
- ƒ hni-Za- mbn hni-Ie- \w sNbvXm¬ hn]-coX {[ph-ßf
- n¬ \n¬°p∂
c≠v LS-I-ßƒ ImWm≥ Ign-bpw . Ahsb \o ˛Rm≥ F∂p c≠p hy-‡n-Ifmtbm
As√-¶n¬ Htc hy-‡n-bnse A¥¿ Zz-μ-zamtbm ho£-n°mw. CXn-s\-bmWv \Ss‚
Pohn-XØ
- n¬ Btcm-]n-®n-cn-°p-∂X- v.
1) Ifn-b-—s‚ t\¿°v sXdn-hm°p Xp∏n-bXpw tXmgs‚ D¿hio thjw Ccp-´Øp
I≠p anc≠ h\p-amb IdpØ hy-‡n-bmWv \o. AXp a\p-j-y-\nse Xtam-Kp-W-
amWv.
2) th≠-hn[w H∂p sNm√n-bm-Soem Rm≥ F∂p hne-]n-°p-∂h\pw ‘hn´p-t]m-tI≠
\o tbmKw’ F∂v km¥-z\n∏n°p∂-h-\p-amb shfpØ a\p-j-y\mWv Rm≥ .
AXp kX-z-Kp-WsØ {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-°p-∂p.
kX-zK - p-WØ
- n\p taep≈ XtamKpW-Øns‚ B[n-]X - y- a
- m-Wv F√m Zpc-¥ß - ƒ°pw
tlXp. HSp-hn¬ NnØ-XtamK¿Δw XI¿∂p IÆp\o¿ XqIp-tºmƒ DZn-®p-bc - p∂ tPym-
Xn-kz- c
- q-]Z- ¿i\w Bfl-⁄m-\Ø - ns‚ ]cn-]m-Ia- m-Wv. Cu ip`-Im-a\ - b
- psS km£m-XvI-
c-WØ- n-emWv `mc-Xob Zpc-¥t- _m[w \ne-sIm-≈p-∂X - .v A√msX Agn-hn-√mØ Zpc-¥sØ
Ah¿°v k¶-ev]n-°m-\m-hn-√. a\p-jy- c - nse Cu ssZz-X`- m-hsØ Iem-flI - a
- m-°p∂ coXn
Ejn-Ih - n-Iƒ apX¬ Xs∂ XpS-ßn-bX - m-Wv.
Pohm-flm-˛-]-c-amflm _‘w
Pohmflm ]c-amflm _‘-Øn-eqsSbpw Cu IhnX hne-bn-cp-Øm-hp-∂X - m-W.v sX‰n¬
\n∂p sX‰n-te°v hnWv IÆo-cn¬ apßnb Pohm-flm-hns‚ {]-Xo-I-amWv \S≥. {]m]-y-
amb ]c-am-flm-hmWv Kpcp. Imcp-W-y-`n£ \¬Im-\p-g-dp∂ {]oXn-s∏m-en-a-X≥ s]m≥
XnSºpw tPymXn kz-cq-]-\p-amb ]c-am-flm-hn¬ FØn-t®-cm≥ A{X Ffp∏w km[n-°n-
√. Zp¿§¿-Δa-- m-Ip∂ cq£-°c
- n-ºmdbmWv AXn\v XS- w. AXns\ XcWw sNbvXp ]c-am-
flm-hn¬ FØn-t®-cm-\p≈ Pohm-flm-hns‚ ]c°w ]m®n-emWv Pohn-XØ - nse lp¶-yX - n-
Iƒ.
Bi˛\n-cm-i-Iƒ XΩn-ep≈ a’-camWv PohnXw
Bibpw \ncm-ibpw XΩn-ep≈ a’-ca - mWv PnhnXw Fs∂m-c¿∞-Xew IqSn Cu
Ihn-X-bn¬ \n∂v hmbn-s®-Sp-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. Ifn-h´w F∂ ]Z-Øns‚ hmN-ym¿∞w
CXp shfn-hm-°p-∂p.
‘Ifn-h´w’ F∂ ]Z-Øn\v c≠v A¿∞ Xe-ßƒ k¶-ev]n-°m-hp-∂Xm-Wv. H∂v
IY- I - f n- t bmKw As√- ¶ n¬ Acßv . c- ≠ m- a - t ØXv IY- b n- √ mbv a As√- ¶ n¬
lmkw.Aßs\ t\m°p-tºmƒ Ihn-X-bnse Ifn-h´w F∂ tI{μ-_nw_w c≠¿∞-X-
e-ß-fmbn ]ncn-bp-∂p. H∂v PohnX \mSIw Kuc-h-]q¿Æ-am-sW∂ k¶-ev]-Øn-te°pw
at‰Xp lmk-ym- flIamsW∂ k¶-ev]Ø - n-te°pw . CXp a‰p Iev]\ - I- f
- nepw ImWmw.
14
]®bpw IØnbpw XmSnbpw Xncn-®d- n-bmsX Acßv apjn-∏n®v , Kpcp-hns‚ apJØv

t\m°n sXdn-hm°p ]d™p ImWn-I-fpsS ]cn-lm-k-ta‰v th≠ hn[-sam∂p sNm√n-
bm-Soe Rm≥ F∂ Bflm-em-]tØmsS s]cpw Ifn-tbm-KØ - n¬ \n∂pw Hgn-bm≥-˛B - -
fl-lX - y sNøm≥-˛a
- p-Xn-cp∂ \Ss‚ ASpØ \nan-jØ
- nse at\m-hy- m-]m- c-ßƒ CXp hy-
‡-am-°pw.
cmIm-ii
- m-¶a- p-Jnbmw cP-\n-X≥ hm¿Iq-¥e- n¬ ap√-ame NqSn°m≥ tamlw. a™n¬
°pfn®p Ipfn-cm¿∂ BXn-c-sØ-∂¬ Ipdp-\n-csb H∂v apI-cm≥ tamlw. ap¥n-cn-®mdp
]ngn-bp∂ aqh¥n H∂mbn Nnc-´b - n¬ CØncn tam¥m≥ tamlw. Cu sshcq-]yw Nn{Xo-
I-cn-°p-tºmƒ kvanX-K¿`-am-sbmcp `mh-amWv Ihn ly-Z-b-Øn-ep-≈Xv . AXp Bk-zm-Z-
I-\n¬ th≠-hn[w FØntbm F∂v i¶n®Xp sIm≠mWv sIm´m\pw BSm\pw ]mSm\pw
am{X-a√ sNmń-°c- n-bc- bv°m\pw hnb¿∏p hngp-∏p-W°
- m\pw X\n°p Xm≥ XpW t]mcp∂
Ifn-h´sam∂p-≠p . F∂p XpS-ßp∂ hncp-t≤m‡nIƒsIms≠mcp `mjyw Na®p Ihn-
Xbv°v Bap-J-ambn tN¿ØXv. Cu lmk-]-cX t\csØ kqNn-∏n® Bi˛\n-cm-i-Iƒ
XΩn-ep≈ a’c-amWv PohnXw F∂ A¿∞-Øns‚ _ml-yX - e
- amWv.
hrØw ImIfn
am{X-b©
- £
- cw aq∂n¬ hcp-t∂m-cp-KW-ßsf
F´p-tN¿Øp-≈o-cS- n°p sNm√mw ImI-fn-sb-∂p-t]¿.
{][m-\-s∏´ tNmZy amX-rI-Iƒ

c≠p ]pd-Øn¬ Ihn-bmsX DØ-cs
- a-gp-Xp-I.
1) {Iqc-an-Sn-Øobn¬ sh¥pt]mbn t°i
`mc-In-coSaWn-tb≠ akvXIw
C{]-Imcw hne-]n-°p-hm≥ Imc-Ws - a¥v
2) Cs∂mcp thjhpw In´m-Xp-g∂p t]m˛
sbm∂mw InS-°m-c\ - m-Im≥ apXn¿∂-h≥
Cu hcn-I-fn¬ \ng-en-°p∂ Z¿i\w hy-‡-am-°pI
3) t_m[-an-√mtX InS-°p ah-ÿbv°p
aosX-bmbv tLmc-hn-]s - Ø¥p `qan-bn¬
kμ¿`w hnhcn®v kz-mc-kyw hy-‡-am-°p-I.
4) sa®w Xg-®-h-\mcp Rm\n-°fn˛
b—s‚ apºn-tem-—m-\n®p \n¬°p-hm≥ ˛ Cu Nn¥ \Ss‚ A`n-\-b-Po-hn-X-
Øn-ep-≠m°nb A]Nbw hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-I.
5) sI-t´≠ thjw Kpcp-im-]-ta-‰h≥ Cu {]Xn-tj[ K¿÷-\-Øns‚
]›m-Øew hnh-cn-°p-I.
6) tXmSn-∂e - b- m-gn-bmb Ie-hd- ˛
tXmSbw tXSp-ac - ß
- n-∂W - n-bd
kºq¿ÆX X∂-Wn-bd- ∏ - m-gv{]-Xn˛
_nw_-ac - s- ß∂ kXyw ad-∂p-\o˛Cu hcnIfpsS Bibw hni-Za
- m-°p-I.
15
7) `m-kp-c`- m-hn°p cmlp-hmWo `‡n˛
`mhw Xfn-°m-sØm-cp-∑Ø Kuchw ˛Cu hcn-I-fn¬ {]I-S-am-Ip∂ PohnX
ho£Ww hne-bn-cp-Øp-I.
8) {_“-k-z-cq-]≥ Kpcp I\n-™o-Sp-In¬
{_“m-WvUs - am-s°bpw \n≥I-fn-∏¥ - ¬ Xm≥ ˛Cui-zc
- \
- mWv Kpcp; inj-y≥
a\p-j-y\pw Cu Iev]-\-bpsS HuNn-Xyw Cu hcn-I-fn¬ ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I.
9) aμ-]h- \≥X-gp-Ith, Iq-cn-cpƒ
{KŸn t`Zn®p hncn-bp∂ tImcIw.
tZh≥ Znt\-i≥ sXmSp-tºmƒ Xan-{kamw
cmhpw shfn®w hnXdpw {]`m-Xamw
kμ¿`hpw kzm-ck - y- hpw hy-‡a
- m-°p-I.
\mep ]pd-Øn¬ Ihn-bmsX DØ-c-sa-gp-Xp-I
1) hy-‡n-bn¬ D-d-ßn-°n-S-°p∂ hnNn{X hnIm-c-ßƒ DW¿Øn hnIm-c-hn-tcN\w
km[-y-am-°p∂ Ihn-X-bmWv Ifn-b-—≥ hnh-cn-°p-I.
2) ]n. Ip™n-cm-a≥\mb-cpsS Bflo-b-Po-hn-X-Ønse Hcp kwL¿j-aq¿—-sb
i‡n-bp‡w Bhn-jv°-cn-®-XmWv Ifn-b-—≥˛ N¿®-sN-øpI
3) Ifn-b-—≥ F∂-I-hn-X-bnse hnhn-[-ß-fmb A¿∞-X-e-ßƒ hni-Zo-I-cn®v
Hcm-kz- m-Z\w Xøm-dm-°p-I.
]ncn-s®-gpXn k‘n- \n¿Æ-bn-°pI
hn≠-ew, tkm’m-lw-, -kp-μ-tcm-j v, ap¥n-cn-®m-dv, taml-∏p-I, ]pI-t°m-´, taf-
s°m-gp-∏pv, s]mń-sØ-dn-®p,-Ic
- n-ºm-d.
hn-{K-ln®v kamkw \n¿Æ-bn-°pI
iim-¶a
- p-Jn, taml-∏p-I, taf-s°m-gp∏v, {]Xn-tj-[K
- ¿÷n-Xw, tamlm-‘I
- m-cw,
16
s]ßƒ
CS-t»-cn -tKmhn-μ≥\m-b¿
F\n-°n-tX-th≠q ]d-™p-t]m-Ic - p-XnXp as‰m-∂ns‚ ]I¿s∏-∂p-am{Xw F∂p

k-z¥w Ihn-Xsb∏‰n Dd® Bfl--hn-i-zm-k-tØmsS kmln-X-y-cw-K-tØ°v IS∂p h∂
Fgp-Øp-Im-c\ - mWv CS-t»-cn-tKmhn-μ≥\m-b¿. \hy Imev]\ - nI {]ÿm-\Ø - ns‚ Cc-®p-
I-b‰w ae-bm-fI - h
- n-Xbv°v t\´-ßt- fm-sSm∏w tIm´-ßfpw D≠m°p∂Xmbn I≠pv, AXv
]cn-lc - n-°W- s - a∂ e£-yt- Øm-sS-bmWv CS-t»cn Imhy cwKØv {]th-in-®Xv. hgp-hg- p-
∏≥ sdmam-‚ nknk-Øns‚ hgn-]ng® t]m°v XS-bp-hm≥ At±lw i‡n-]q¿Δw ]cn-{i-
an-®p. \mS≥ PohnX-Øns‚ imeo\ kuμ-cysØbpw \∑-If - psS ka-y≤ - n-sbbpw ap‡
IWvTw {]iw-kn-°p∂ sdmam‚n°v coXn-tbmSv Ihnbv°v tbmPn-°m-\m-bn-√. adn®v B
PohnXw Dƒs°m-≈p∂ sshcq-]y- ß - s - fbpw Zpcn-Xß - s - fbpw Zo\-XI - s - fbpamWv Ihn
Gsd {]m[m-\y- t- ØmsS t\m°n-°≠ - X - v. {KmaoWamb D≈p-d∏pw A\m¿`m-SX - bpw CS-
t»cnbpsS Ihn-X-IfpsS khn-ti-j-X-bm-Wv. Pohn-X-bm-Ym¿∞-y-ß-tfmSv G‰apt´≠n
hcp-tºmƒ ]md-sb-t∏mse Dd®v \n¬°m\p≈ IcpØpw {]Xn-I-cW tijnbpw, AXp
{]I-Sn-∏n-°m-\p≈ k∂-≤-Xbpw At±lØn\p-≠v. Xd-bn¬ Imeq-∂msX BImi-
sØ-hn-sStbm Xqßn \n¬°p∂ Znhy {]W-bmZn k¶-ev]ß - t- fmSv Ihn°v A\p-`mh-an-
√. Pohn-X-tØmSv Hcp Zp¿_-e≥ {]I-Sn-∏n-°p∂ ]cn-`-h-sØbpw ]cm-Xn-tbbpw timI-
Øn¬ \n∂p-≠m-Ip∂ Pev]\ - ß- t- fbpw BZ¿i-h¬°-cn-°p∂ k{ºZmb-tØmSv At±-
l-Øn\v ]p—hpw ]cn-lm-kh - p-am-Wv. a\p-jy Pohn-XØ - nse sshcq-]y- ß - f - pw Zo\-XI - fpw
At±lw t\m°n°mWp-∂Xv Ae-ap-d-bn-´p-sIm-t≠m- IÆoscmen-∏n®p sImt≠m A√.
AØcw kμ¿`-ßf - n¬ Xs‚ ly-Zb - Ø
- n-ep-≈Xv {]I-Sn-∏n®v sIm≠v AWn-bd- b - nte°v
Dƒh-en-bm\pw At±lw Xøm-d-√. Ah-sbms° Imc-y-hn-hc-ap≈ Hcp ImgvN-°m-cs‚
ań¬ t\m°n \n¬°pw. F∂n´v XnI™ \n mw-KX - t- bmsS Ah-sb√mw Pnhn-XØ - ns‚
`mK-am-sW-∂p≈ bmYm¿∞yw Dƒs°m≠v kX-y-Øns‚ {IqcX ]q¿Æ-ambn Xpd∂p
ImWn-°p-hm≥, Nne-t∏mƒ \¿Ω-Øns‚ t\cnb \\-thmsSbmsW-¶n¬ t]mepw At±lw
Xøm-dm-Ip-∂p.
CS-t»-cn°v kz-¥-amb Hcp Imh-y-`m-j-bp-≠v. AXn\v AXnt‚Xmb KpW-ßfpw
tZmj-ßfpw D≠v. F∂m¬ ]pd-ta-bp≈ ]In´pw ]f-]f - ∏pw s]m≈-Øc - h
- p-sam∂pw AXn-
\n-√. Ihn-X-bn¬ HmP- p-\n-d-bv°m-\p≈ {ia-Øn¬ B `mj Nne-t∏msgms° ]cp-
jhpw Iep-jh - p-am-bn-t∏m-Im-dp-≠v. kzm-`m-hn-IX - zw AXn-km-[m-cW - X- zamsW∂v Ihn sX‰n-
≤-cn-°p-∂-Xmbn Nne `mK-ß-fn¬ tXm∂mw. CS-t»-cn-°-hn-X-bn¬ Aßnßv ImWp∂
CS¿®Ifpw iøm-]m-cp-jyhpw I≠n-√∂v \Sn-°m-\m-hn-√. Hm¿°m-∏p-dØp≈ Nne kwkv-
I-yX i_vZ{- ]-tbm-Kß - ƒ ]e-t∏mgpw AX-y¥ - m- t- ]-£n-Xß - f - √ - . Cß-s\-sbms°bmsW-
¶nepw CS-t»-cn-bpsS A`n-\h - I- m-hy kao-]\w {]l-Xa - mb Iev]\ - nI Imh-yk - c- W
- b - n¬
ta¬hn-emkw sX‰n k©-cn-®n-cp∂ Nnesc BI¿jn-°p-I-bp-≠mbn. `mh-Ko-X-c-N-\-bp-
ambn CW-ßn-t∏m-Im-\m-hmØ NnØ LS-\t- bmSv IqSnb Ah¿°v Cu ]pXp-hgn Hc-\p-
{K-la - m-bn.
IYm-I-Y\ cq]-Ø-nep≈ Ihn-X-I-fn-emWv CS-t»-cn-bpsS Ihn-X-z-kn≤n IqSp-X¬
{]I-Sa
- m-Ip-∂Xv. s]ßƒ, aIs‚ hmin, ]pØ≥ Iehpw Acn-hmfpw, cm[bpw kp[m-I-
17
c\pw, s\√p-Ip-Øp-Imcn ]mdphns‚ IY, AΩbpw `mc-ybpw, Atß hoń-te°v XpS-

ßnb Ihn-XIƒ CXn\v Zy-jvSm-¥ß - f
- mbn Np≠n-°m-Wn-°m-hp∂XmWv. CS-t»-cn-bpsS
]qX-∏m´v {]mNo\ \mS≥ ]m´p-IfpsS k¶ev] kujvTh - hpw B`-y¥
- c {]I-yX
- nbpw Imhy
ssienbpw HØn-W-ßnb Hcp-Øa Ihn-X-bm-Wv.
]mThn-h-cWw
aWn-ap-Sn˛ cXv\w ]Xn® IncoSw, ]mep-dhv ˛ ]mens‚ Ddhv
I¨Nn-Ωp-I˛ ac-W-a-S-bp-I, Cgp-Inb ˛]-‰n-t®¿∂
]n©p Im¬˛ Cfw Im¬, apt≈imsX˛ ap≈p Xd-bv°msX
\´-{]m-¥v˛ H∂pw th¿Xn-cn-®d- n-bm\mhmØ Ahÿ,
Acn-iw˛ tIm]w, sImSm-Ø-Xn-\v˛ sImSp-°m-Ø-Xn-\v, sam®n-ß˛a®nß, Ie˛

ASbmfw ,D¬kvanX ^p√-It- ]m-ew˛ ]p©n-cn-sIm≠p hnS¿∂ IhnƒØSw, Hma¬Ip-μ-
- cZ-ßƒ˛ at\m-lc - a
- mb ap√ sam´p t]mse-bp≈ ]√p-Iƒ, X¬Ø-\p˛ B ico-cw, \Sm-
sS˛ BZ-ya - m-bn, Xcp-W≥-˛b - p-hmhv, \nioYw˛ Ccp-´v, Dƒ∏q-In-Sp-thm≥˛ D≈n¬ {]th-in-
°p-∂h - ≥ , t]¿Øpw t]¿Øpw˛ ho≠pw ho≠pw , A`n-∂m-flm-°ƒ-˛h - y- X
- y- k
- vXa
- √
- mØ
Bflm-thmSv IqSn-bh - ¿ (G-Ia- \
- k
- vI¿). ZnMv a[yw ˛ Zn°p-If - psS a[-yw, tXmbp-an-cp-ń¬-
˛-Iq-cn-cn-ń¬, DcpZo]vXn˛ h¿≤n® tim`, IpcpXn˛ c‡w, Zwjv{S˛ henb hf™]√v,
BK-X≥-˛-h-∂-h≥, t\m°v-˛-\-ap-°v, Xcw-Kn-Xw˛ Cf-In-a-dn-bp-∂, Fen-ºv-˛-F√v, A≥-]v˛
hm’-eyw , Zo¿L-kv\nKv≤ hntem-N-\-b-pKfw˛ \o≠v at\m-l-c-amb c≠v IÆp-Iƒ,
tNX\ ˛Po-h≥, C≠¬-˛Z- p:-Jw, kpjp]vXn-˛D - d- °w, knc-˛R - c - º
- v, hnZ-yp-ev]m-Xw ˛C-Sn-ho-
gvN, (C-hnsS sR´¬ F∂¿∞w), In©-\˛- A - e - v]w, anfn-tXm-’h - w-˛a
- n-fn-Xa - mb D’-hw(-
k-t¥m-j-tØmSp IqSn-b-Xv), i_-fnX h¿Æw˛ ]e \ndw , XØn-˛-Xp≈n, \nb-anX\nJn-
em-k-z-ÿ-hn-ImchnUw_w _men-I˛ AS°n sh®n-cn-°p∂ F√m Ak-zÿhnIm-c-ß-
fp-sSbpw aq¿Øcq]-amb _men-I, If-cp-Nn˛ \√ `wKn, ]pf-In-X-Km{Xw˛ tcmam-©-a-
Wn™ icocw
A¿≤\nao-en-Xm-£n-Iƒ ˛ ]IpXn AS™ IÆp-Iƒ, Nn¥m-¢m-¥n-˛-Nn-¥-bm¬
hmSnb, C≤-at- \m-⁄w˛ hfsc `wKn, t]SIw˛s]-ń, ]pecn ˛{]-`mXw , hmscm-fn-˛h - ¿≤n®
tim`, ]m∏m-kv˛ Ipń-I-fpsS sNcp-∏v, hSp-˛-X-gºv, sNs©m-Sn˛ sNa∂ Np≠v, `hyw ˛
`mhn, A\-\y hym-tJ-yb - w-˛h- y- m-Jy- m-\n-°m-\m-hm-ØX - v, BhnjvS {]nbw˛ Bth-in-°s - ∏-´-
{]nbw (G-‰hpw {]nbw),-A{- KalX-zw˛ al-Xz- Ø - n¬ ap≥]-¥nbn¬, tXhp-I˛- s - h≈w sX‰n
Hgn°p-I, Iep-jn-Xw-˛-I-eßn ad-n-™Xv , I\-ym-N-cnXw ˛I-\-y-I-bpsS Ncn-{Xw, apIp-tcm-
Z-cw-˛a
- p-Ip-c+-DZ- c
- (-IÆ
- m-Sn-bpsS a[-yw) \n`w ˛Xp-eyw, ]pwk-zc - w-˛]
- u
- c
- p-ja
- p≈ kz-cw, \Sm-
sS˛ BZ-y-am-bn, hn\-bm-\-X˛ hn\-b+-B-\-X (-hn-\bw sIm≠v Ip\n-™-hƒ), X÷-T-cw-
˛-XXv +PTcw(-B- h-b-dv), BIpeX˛-Zp:-Jw, aq¿Øn-˛-cq]w, A¿≤-\n-ioYw ˛ ]mXn-cm-{Xn,
A]-cm-[n-\n-˛-sX-‰p-Im-cn, ]´p-dp-am¬-˛-]-´p-sIm-≠p≈ ssIte-kv, Icmw-Kp-e-n˛-ssI-hn-c¬,
tZ-ym-hv˛- BImiw , Xmc-I˛- \ - £- {- Xw, Hń-S˛- A
- e- v]t- \cw.
Imh-y-kw-{Klw
tN®n \mw ChnSw hn´p t]mIpI F∂v Ip™-\p-P≥ tXß-temsS ]d-™t- ∏mƒ
sIm®p s]ßƒ°v Ah-fpsS PohnX Nn{Xw ]n®n®o¥n Fdn-b-s∏-´-Xp-t]mse tXm∂n.
18
Hcp sIm®p s]Ïp-ń-bpsS PohnX Zpc-¥-Øns‚ Zb-\o-b-X-Iƒ ImńØcp-hm≥

th≠nbmWv Ihn ss¢am-Ivknte°v hmb\°mcs\ Iqń-s°m≠p h∂-Xv. Ahƒ
BSn-∏m-Sn-hf
- ¿∂ \mSm-Wn-Xv. ChnsS hoSp-If- n¬ ]m´p-]mSn Cc∂p Inńb kºm-Zy- a
- mWv
Ah-fpsS PohnXw . Bfp-Is - f√mw \√-hc
- m-Wn-hn-sS. B aÆn¬ Hcp]mSv a[p-ck
- vac - W
- -
Iƒ Ahƒ°p-≠v. AsX√mw Hcp \nanjw sIm≠v hen-s®-d-n™n´v t]mI-W-sa-∂mWv
sIm®-\p-P≥ ]d-bp-∂Xv . Ahƒ B Xym-KØ - n\v apXn¿∂m¬ AXv Xs‚ Ip™-\p-Ps‚
\\™p IpXn¿∂ angn-Iƒ°v Ipfn¿Ω-tbIpw. Ahs‚ kt¥m-jØ - n\v th≠n cXv\w]-
Xn® IncoSw e`n-®m¬ AXp t]mepw Dt]-£n-°m≥ Ahƒ Xøm-dm-Wv. AXn-t\-°m-
tfsd hne-s∏-´Xv Ahƒ°v A\p-Ps‚ kt¥m-j-am-Wv.
AΩ-bpsS ape-∏m¬ h‰pw apºmWv Ahs\ AΩ-bpsS CgpInb amdn¬ \n∂pw
AS¿Ønsb-SpØv tXmf-Øn´v ]cn-]m-en-t°≠ `mcn® DØ-ch - m-Zn-Xzw Ahƒ°v Gs‰-Sp-
t°≠n h∂Xv. At∏mƒ s]ßƒ°v A©v hb v {]mbw. A\pPs\ {]k-hn®v sXmÆqdv
Znhkw t]mep-sa-Øn-bn-√. F∂n´pw Ahƒ Ahs\ sIm©n®v hf¿Øn.-Ct- ∏mƒ h¿jw
F´m-bn. Ahs‚ ]n©p Imep-If - n¬ Hcp ap≈p-t]mepw sIm≈p-hm≥ CXp-hsc Ahƒ
CS-bm-°n-bn-ń-√.
Ahs‚ \memw hb- n¬ Imńb Hcp hnI-yX - n-Øcw Ahƒ am[pc-yt-- ØmsS Hm¿°p-
∂p. A∂v \´-{]m-¥n¬ H∂pw Xncn-®d- n-bm-\m-hmØ {]mbw. Ifn-bn¬ Hme∏mºp≠m°n-
s°m-Sp-°msX tN®n A\p-Ps\ Acniw ]nSn-∏n-®p. AXn\pInńb in£ sIm®-\p-P≥
Xs‚ ssIbn-en-cp∂ Ifn-a-®n-ß-sIm≠v tN®nsb Fdn-™p. Gdp-sIm≠v Ah-fp-sS
IÆns‚ IS-ap\ s]mń. tNmc-sbm-en®v , Afn™v ho¿Øv ]pÆmbn.B {h-Whpw t]dn
Hcp h¿j°mew Ahƒ Ahs\bpw FSpØp \S-∂p. C∂pw IÆm-Sn-bn¬ t\m°p-
tºmƒ ]p©ncnsIm≠v hnS¿∂ IhnƒØ-S-ßtfm ap√-sam-´p-Iƒ t]mse at\m-l-c-ß-
fmb ]√p-Itfm A√ Ahƒ ImWp-∂-Xv, adn®v A\p-P≥ k-y-jvSn-® -ap-dn-hns‚ kpμ-c-
amb Ie-bm-Wv. Ahƒ hfsc IuXp-I-tØmsS AXp t\m°n°mWpw. Im-cWw B
Ip™-\p-P\v AΩbpw A—\pw G´\pw G´-Øn-bp-sa√mw Ah-fm-Wv. Ahƒ°v kz-¥-
sa-∂h
- I- m-is
- ∏-Sm\pw Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°m\pw Ah≥ am-{X-sa-bp-≈q.
AXp-sIm≠v tN®n t]mhp-I\mw F∂-h≥ ]d-™m¬ t]mhp-Is - b∂v am{Xsa
Ahƒ°v ]d-bm-\m-hq. tN®n Ah-fpsS Poh-s\-t∏mepw Dt]-£n-s®∂p hcmw. Ah-
fpsS A\p-Ps\ Ah-fn¬ \n∂v AS¿Øn am‰m≥ Ahƒ°m-hn-√. F¶nepw Hcmi¶
Ah-fp-sS ap∂n¬ tNmZ-y-Nn-”-am-bhtijn-°p-∂p. AXv -A-h-fpsS IW-¶m-en¬ XS- -
Øns‚ t\cnb \qeng kr-jvSn-°p-∂p. Ah-fpsS Hm¿ΩIfm-Ip∂ ]£n hnS¿Øp∂
Nnd-Ip-I-fn¬ amkva-c-a-[p-c-amb Hcp £oWw Xßn \n¬°p-∂p. AXns‚ ImcWw
Bcm-bp-Ib - mWv Ihn XpS¿∂p≈ hcn-If - n¬
B {Kma-Øn¬ Ah-tfmSv `n£-bm-Nn-°m≥ t]mI-cp-sX∂v hne-°nb Hcm-fp≠v ,
Ahƒ°v BZ-ya - mbn Hcp ]pSh hmßn-s°m-Sp-Øn´v CXpSp°pI F∂v ]d™ Hcp Xcp-
W≥ . Ahsf Hcm-bncw AwK-\-am-cn¬ Hcp-h-fm-bn-´√ Abmƒ ImWp∂Xv. Abmƒ
F√m cm{Xn-Ifnepw Ahsf tXSn B IpSn¬ ]qIm-dp-≠v. B Xcp-Ws - \-°p-dn-®p≈ Nn¥
Ah-fp-sS IW-¶m-en¬ Hcp \q¬_‘w k-yj - Sv n-°p-∂p. hn≠pw hn≠pw Ahƒ t]mIm≥
19
NndIp hnS¿Øp-tºmƒ ]pXnb amkva-c a[p-c-amb £oWw Ahsf Ipg-bv°p-∂p-≠p.

Abm-fmWv A`n-∂m-fl-m°-fmb B ktlm-Z-ccps-S CS-bn¬ Ccpƒ hym-]n® ZnMva-[-y-
Øn¬ s]mń hnS¿∂p DcpZo]vXn {]k-cn-∏n-°p∂ an∂¬ t]mse FØn-t®¿∂-Xv. B
s]ßƒ Abm-fn¬ A¤pX ]cn-th-j-tØmsS Cd-ßp∂ Hcp tZh-s\- I≠p-. F∂m¬
Bß-f-bm-Is´ c‡w ]pc≠ Zwjv{S-I-fp-ambn \n¬°p∂ sNIp-Øm-s\-bmWv Abm-
fn¬ Z¿in-®-Xv. s]ßƒ°pv Abmƒ apgp-h≥ hnS-cmØ ]\n-\o¿sam´m-sW-¶n¬ A\p-
P≥ sshI-yX- a
- ps≈mcp ap≈m-Wv. Ahs‚ sXmß-ep-Sp-∏n\v imi-zX
- a
- mb òj-Wn-bp-am-
W-bmƒ. AXpsIm≠v A\p-P≥ tXßn tN®n t]mhpI t\m°nhnSw hn´v . AXp-tI´v
s]ßƒ°v Ah-fpsS Pohn-X-am-Ip∂ Nn{Xw ]n®n-®o-¥n-bXp t]mse tXm∂n.
ap\n™p IØp∂ sIm®p hnf-°ns‚ hnf-dnb shfn-®-Øn¬ B apdn timIm-Xp-
c-ambn amdn. B tkmZcn X\nsb Ccn-°p-∂p. Ah-fpsS sIm®-\p-P≥ Acn-In¬ InS-
∂pdßp∂p. s]ß-fpsS Imap-I≥ B Ipcp∂p a\- n¬ ky-jvSn® thZ\ Ahs‚
Iqºnb I¨t]m-f-I-fnepw ]q¶-hn-fnepw DWßn hc≠ Np≠p-I-fnepw {]Xn-^-en-°p-
∂p-≠v. s]ß-fpsS kvt\l-hm-bv]ns‚ ho¿∏m¬ hmSnb \o≠ \n¿Ωe \b-\-ßƒ
Zp:J-Øm¬ Xcw-Kn-Xa- mb A\p-Ps‚ s\©n¬ Fgp∂p \n¬°p∂ Fep-ºp-Isf XS-hp-
∂p. Zp:k-z-]v\-ßƒ I≠v Ahs‚ Poh≥ Nqfn hnd-bv°p∂Xv s\‰n-bpsS `mh-t`-Z-ß-
fn¬ sImt®-´Øn ImWp-∂p. Ah≥ hnΩn hnXp-ºp-Ib- mhmw. Ahs‚ Zp:J-ßƒ ]pe-º-
pIbpam-bncn°mw. Dd-°-Øn¬ Ahs‚ hmbvØ-fn¿ Cf-Ip-∂Xv Ahƒ ImWp-∂p-≠v.
s]s´∂v ]pdw hmXnen¬ ]cn-Nn-Xamb ap´p-Iƒ B sIm®p s]ßƒ tI´p. Ah-
fpsS knc-Is - f F∂pw {Xkn∏n°p∂hbmWm ap´p-Iƒ. C∂-hƒ°v AXp CSn-sh-é - p-I-
fmbn tXm∂n. F¶nepw tZlw ]pf-I-a-Wn-™p. s\©n¬ tNX\ hnd-sIm-≠p. Hmtcm
Ah-b-h-ß-fpw Xc-fn-X-am-bn. F∂m¬ B sImt®-SØn A∂v AhnsS \n∂pw Fgp-t∂-
‰n-√. ap´p-Iƒ Bh¿Øn®v tI´p. ]e-\n-d-ßƒ IÆn¬ h∂v XØn-°-fn-®p. Ah-fp-sS
Poh≥ hmXn¬°se-Øn. F∂n´pw Ahƒ Cf-In-bn-√. ap´p-Iƒ ho≠pw tI´p. AS-°n-
sh-®n-cp∂ F√m Ak-zÿ hnIm-cß - f- p-sSbpw aq¿Ø cq]-ambn Ahƒ amdn. HSp-hn¬
hm°p-Iƒ CS-dmsX Ahƒ hnfn®p ]d™p. t]mIq ˛hm-Xn¬ Xpd-°n-√n\n Rm≥ .
]nt‰ Znhkw ]pe-cm-dm-bn. Infn-Iƒ Ic-™p. cm{XnbpsS Imfna t\¿Øp. Zn°p-
Iƒ i_vZa - p-Jc
- n-Xa
- m-bn. Ing°v sh≈n-bpsS Im¥n ]c-∂p. B Ip™-\p-P\pw s]ßfpw
IpSn¬ hnńdßn. Ah-fp-sS Xe-bn¬ Hcp ]mbvs°-´v. ssIbn¬ Ifnh≠n-bp-ambn sIm®-
\p-P≥. Ah-fpsS sIm´mcw apgp-h≥ Xe-bn-ep-≠v. AXns‚ NcSv s\©n¬ Cdp-In.
C∂sehsc Xs‚ k - z- ¿§-am-bn-cp∂ sIm´m-ca
- mWv C∂v Xe-bn¬ Npa-∂p- sIm≠v \S-°p-
∂-Xv. sXcp-hn¬ Iq¿Øp-aq¿Ø Nc¬°-√p- I-fn¬°qSn Pohn-Xc - ‡w ]m‰n-s°m≠v Cd-
ßn-\-S∂p-sh-¶nepw Ah-fpsS t\m´w ho≠pw ]n≥Xn-cn™p hońte°p Xs∂ t]mIp-
I-bp-≠m-bn. AhnsS Xs‚ Imap-I≥ Ip\p-ao-i-bn¬ ssIhn-c¬ tN¿Øp-\n¬°p∂
Imgv N Dƒ°p- f n- t cmsS I≠p. ]n≥hm- ß n- b n- √ m. sIm®p- s ]ßƒ tXßn
Xt‚Xn∂sehscbm k-z¿§w .
Ihn-Xb- psS c≠mw-`mKw Bcw-`n-°p-∂Xv HØ bphm-hm-bn-Øo¿∂ A\p-Ps\ Ah-
X-cn-∏n-®p sIm≠m-Wv. Abmƒ Itk-c-bn¬ Ccn-°p-Ibm-Wv. ssIhn-c-ep-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬
knK-d‰p ]pI-bp-∂p. sh≈-]p-I-®p-cp-fp-Iƒ Np‰nepw Nn∂n-am-bp-∂p. A¿≤-\n-ao-e-X-ß-
20
fmWv B IÆpIƒ. Nn¥m-¢m¥n hym-]n-°p-∂ -s\-‰n-bn¬ `wKn-bp-ff \oe-®p-cpƒ apSn-

Iƒ NoIn-sbm-Xp-°m-ØX - p-sIm≠v ]d∂v Dc-kp-∂p. sh≈-kn-Kc- ‰- ns‚ aWn-t]-SIw Nmsc
InS-°p-∂p-≠v. AXp kΩm-\n-®-Xm-cm-sW∂v shfn-hm-°msX, ]-cn-ip-≤-amb Bfl cl-
kyw t]mse-bm-W-Xns‚ InS-∏v. tPyjvTØnbpw Abm-fpsS Acn-I-Øp≠v. Ah-fpsS
Ihn-fn¬ F√m -a-e¿sam-´p-Ifpw ]qØp-hn-cn-™p. F√m ]pe-cn-Ifpw Np≠n¬ h∂p- hn-
c™p. buh-\-Øns‚ ]q¿Æ-X-bn¬ Ahƒ Hcp kv{Xobmbn Ign-™n-cn-°p-∂p. Hcp
tai-hn-f-°ns‚ tim` apdn-bn¬ apgp-h≥ hym-]n-®p. B apdn-bpsS Npa-cp-I-fn-sem-∂n¬
Hcp at\m-l-c-Nn{Xw \ng-en-°p-∂p,- H-cm-flm-hns‚ c≠p cq]-ßƒ.
ASp-ØX - mbn s]ß-fpsS Pohn-XØ- ns‚ as‰mcp ]cn-t—Zw hc-®p-Im-´p-Ib
- m-W.v Np≠p-
Iƒ bmN\ Ah-km-\n-∏n-®p. Ign-hp-Iƒ Hs∂m-∂mbv ssII-fn-se-Øn. ssIIƒ ]cm-P-
b-s∏-ń-SpØv Ah-fpsS \njvI-f-¶-am-b- ]p-©n-cn-bpsS Im¥n hnPbw t\Sn-s°m-Sp-Øp.
Ah-cpsS PohnXw kpc-`n-ea
- mbn XpS-ßn. Ahƒ Ip™-\p-Ps\ Imep-db - W- n-bn-®p. ]m∏m-
kn-´p-\-SØn. a[p-c-ßƒ \¬In Duń. \oe-∏-ń¬ Dd-°n. F√m ku`m-K-y-ßfpw \¬In
Ahs\ t]m‰n.
s]ßƒ \ne-Øp-In-S∂ sh≈n-s∏-ń-sb-Sp-Øp- Iu-Xp-I-tØmsS AXn¬ t\m°n.
Ah-fpsS IS-°¨tImWnse- a[p-c-amb Xgºv s]ń-bn¬ {]Xn-_nw-_n-®p {]Im-in-®p.
Ah-fpsS sN©p-≠n¬ AXp t\cnb ]p©ncn ]cØn. ]s£ B ]p©n-cnbpw angn-
Ifpw Ip™-\p-Ps‚ inc- p-Iƒ XmgvØp-Ib - m-Wp-≠m-bX - .v ]Xn-s\´p h¿j-°mew Ahƒ
B Ip™-\p-P-\p-th≠n Acnbpw ]qhp-an´v `hyw t\¿∂n-´p-≠v. Ahƒ AXn-\p-th≠n
F{Xam{Xw XmWpthm AXp-t]m-se-bmWv Ct∏mƒ Ip™-\p-Ps‚ inc v XmW-Xv. B
bphm-hn-cp∂p ]pI-bp-Ib
- m-Wv. C∂-h≥ Imc-yh - n-th-Ia
- p-ff bphm-hm-Wv. hym-Jy- m-\n-°m-
\m-hmØ Nne kX-y-Øns‚ s]mcpƒ C∂-h-\-dn-bp-∂p. B Adnhv h√m-Ø A¥:
kwL¿jw krjvSn-°p∂p. Ah≥ Nn¥n-®p. F¥n-\p-th≠n Cu am\p-j-_oPw hf-cp-
∂p. Xs‚ icocw hf-cm\pw amwk-fa - m-hm\pw am{Xa√, IÆpXp-d∂v Adn-hns‚ s]m∑pSn
NqSm≥IqSnth-≠n-bmWv s]ßƒ Ah-fpsS PohnX c‡w hm¿Øp-I-f-™-Xv. AXp
sIm≠v Ah-tfm-Sp-ff {]nbw Af-h‰- X - m-Wv.
Ah-tfmSv A{Xtbsd {]nb-ap-s≠-¶nepw Ah-fn¬ F{X henb al-Xzw Z¿in-°m≥
Ign-™mepw C∂-h-fpsS I\-ym-N-cnXw sh≈w apgp-h≥ Hgp-°n-°-f™ Ipfw-t]m-se-
bm-Wv. A\p-Ps‚ s]m∑p-Ip-cX - p-ey- a
- mb Ihn-fn¬ \ng-en® Im¿taLw s]ß-fpsS N©-
ehpw arZp-e-hp-amb Bflm-hn¬ CSnØo hogvØn. Ah≥ Hmtcm Nph-Sp-h-bv∏nepw
Ign™ \mfp-If - n¬ Xm≥ ImØp-t]m∂ hn]-Øns‚ \ng-em-Ip∂ \oe∏mºn-s\-bmtWm
C´p-N-hn-ń-b-sX∂v i¶n®p \Sp-ßn-t∏m-bn.
Ip™-\p-Ps‚ Np≠n¬ Cc-ºnb tNmZyw Ahƒ tI´p. hmkvX-htam Rm≥ tI´-
Xv. B tkmZcn BZ-y-ambn ]ucp-j-ap-ff Hcp kzcw Xs‚ Ip™-\p-P-\n¬ \n∂v tI´-
X∂m-Wv. Ah-fd- n-bmsX hn\-bw-sIm≠p Ip\n™ inc-t msS Fgp-t∂-‰p-t]m-bn. Ah-
fpsS sXm≠-hc- ≠
- p. hmkvXhw F∂p am{Xw Ahƒ Rc-ßn. Ah-fpsS hnf-dnb Ihn-fp-
Ifpw hnd-bv°p-∂- hn-c¬Øp-ºp-Ifpw B kXyw Bh¿Øn-®p. Rc-ºp-Iƒ Ah-fpsS
hb-‰n¬ Nen-®p. AXv Ahsf IqSp-X¬ Ak-z-ÿ-bm-°n. tXßn CS-dp∂ Ah-fpsS
21
IWvTØn¬ \n∂pw Zp:-J-Øns‚ aq¿Ø\mZw C{]-Imcw Db¿∂p -tI-´p. DÆn, -\-ap-

°n-hnSw hn´p t]mImw. Fs‚ ]m]-Øn\v amt∏-In-bm-epw . AXp-tI´ B bph-am-\-y≥
apJw Db¿Øn-bn√. Abmƒ B sh≈n-kn-Kd- ‰- n≥ t]S-IsØ A\p-Iº - m-]q¿Δw XShn
\n w-K\m-bn-cp-∂p.
Npa-cnse \ng-ep-Iƒ \n›-ec- mbn ]c-kv]c - w-t\m-°n. ]pdØpv A¿≤-cm{Xn Npa-cn¬
sNhn-]m¿Øp. s]ßƒ tXßn. Rms\m-c] - c
- m-[n-bmWv. F\n°v am∏p-Xc- m≥ Fs‚ Ip´-
\p h- ø- m. B hm°p-Iƒ sIm®-\p-P\ - n¬ Hcp `mh-t`-Zhpw krjvSn-®n-√. Ah≥ Hcp ]´p-
dp-am-se-Sp-Øp -ssI-sIm-≠p- I-i°n adn-®p-sIm-t≠-bn-cp-∂p. B bph-a-\p-j-y≥ apJ-ap-
b¿Øn-bn-√. Ahs‚ Np≠p-Iƒ H∂pw -sam-gn-™n-√. BIm-iØns‚ h°-Øn-cp∂p
Hcp \£{Xw Xmt\ Ccp-ń-te°p XmWp-Xm-Wp-t]m-bn.
Rm≥ t]mImw. Fs‚ Ip´-\n-cn-°pI F∂v ]d™v s]ßƒ FWo-‰p. Ahƒ Aev]-
k-abw i¶n®p \n∂p. \mev NphSv apt∂-m´p-sh®v ho≠pw Xd-bn-en-cp-∂p. ho≠pw
FWo‰v Ipg-™p-\-S-∂p. B aWn-b-d-bpsS hmXn¬ Ip‰n-bn¬ \n∂v Aev]w Xncn™p.
AsXm-cp-\n-anjw Ic-™p. F∂n´pw B bph-a-m\-y≥ apJ-sam-∂p-b¿Øp-Itbm Ah-
tfmSv t]mI-cp-sX∂v hne--°p-Itbm sNbvXn-√. \n¿hnIm-cbmbn sXcp-hnse Iq¿Ø
Nc¬°-√p-If - n¬ Pohn-Xc
- ‡
- w-]m-‰n-s°m≠v Ahƒ ho≠p-an-dß- n. Hcn-°¬°qSn Ahƒ
]n¥ncn-™p aWn-b-d-sbbpw Ip™-\p-P-t\bpw t\m°n. Ahƒ°v \n-d-I-Æp-I-tfmsS
ImWm-\m-bXv Ip™p-ao-ib - n¬ ssIhnctemSn-®p-sIm≠v Ip\p-™n-cn-°p∂ Xs‚ ]gb
Ipfn-c-º-fn-sb-bm-Wv. Ahƒ tXßn C∂se hsc B kz¿§w Xt‚Xmbn-cp-∂p.
hniI-e\w
A\m-Y-am-Ip∂ kvt\lsØ-°p-dn-®p-ff DƒI-WvT-Iƒ CS-t»-cn-°-hn-X-IfpsS
A¥¿[m-c-bmbn h¿Øn-°p-∂p. AΩ, tN®n, A\p-P≥ F∂n-h¿ At±-l-Øns‚ Ihn-
X-Ifn¬ Bh¿Øn-®p {]X-y£ - s- ∏-Sp∂ IYm-]m-{X-ßf - m-Wv. a\p-jy- \v F°m-ehpw {]nb-
¶-ca
- mb amXr-Xzw, hm’-eyw XpS-ßnb hnIm-cß- ƒ - ASn-ÿm-\a - m-°n-bp-ff Ihn-XI - f- n-
em-Wv Cu IYm-]m-{X-ßƒ Gdnb Iqdpw {]X-y£ - s - ∏-Sp-∂X - v. A\-iz- c
- a
- mb amXr-k¶
- e- v]-
sØ DZm-Ø-h¬°-cn-°p-hm-\p-ff hy-{KX CS-t»-cn-bpsS CØcw Ihn-X-I-fn-ep-≠v.
CS-t»-cn-bpsS amXmhv tN®n F∂o IYm ]m{X-ßƒ Ihn-Xb - nepw hmb-\° - m-cnepw
\nd™p \n¬°p-∂Xv kvt\l-aq¿Ønbpw hm’-ey- Z- m-bn-\n-bpam-bn-´√ - . Cu `mh-ßƒ°v
th≠n kzbw _en-b¿∏n-°p∂ Xym-K-aq¿Øn-Itfm c‡ km£nItfm Bbn-´mWv.
]cn-Xy- m-KØ
- ns‚ \jvSt- _m-[hpw thZ-\bpw ky-jvSn-°p∂ al-Xz- k
- ¶ - ev]w Ahn-sS-bp-
≠v. k¿Δw kl-bmb kv{Xo-Xz- sØ DZm-ch - ¬°-cn-°p∂ ]c-ºc- m-KX coXn-bmWv CØcw
cN-\-I-fn¬ kzo-I-cn-®n-cn°p-∂-Xv.
s]ßƒ F∂ Ihn-Xsb hni-I-e\ ku-I-c-ym¿∞w c≠mbn hn`-Pn°mw. c≠-¶-
ß-fp≈ Hcp GIm¶ Zpc¥ Imhyw. kz¥w A\p-P\p th≠n Hcp-hƒ Xs‚ kz-Iob
ku`m-K-y-ßƒ apgp-h≥ hen-s®-dn-bp∂XmWv H∂mw cwKw. c≠m-a-¶-am-Is´ Aßs\
emfn® A\p-P≥ hf¿∂v hep-Xm-bt- ∏mƒ tN®nsb hen-s®-dn-bp-∂Xpw. Cu c≠p cwK-
ßƒ sIm≠v Pohn-X-Øns‚ \navt\m∂Xßsf X∑-b-Xz-tØmsS Imh-ym-fl-I-ambn
Bhn-jvI-cn-®n-cn-°p∂ Ihn-X-bmWv s]ßƒ.
22
tIhew A©p hb p am{Xw {]mb-°q-Sp-X-ep-≈-h-fmWv ktlm-Z-cn. A\p-Ps\

{]k-hn®v sXmÆqdp XnI-bp-∂X
- n\p apºp AΩ bm{X-bm-bn. A∂-hƒ°v {]mbw A©p-
h-b p am{Xw.
HgpIpw ]mep-dh
- S- bpw apºmbv
s∏s´t∂ I¨®n-Ωnb X≈
bv°ngp-Inb amdn-e-a¿s∂mcp inipsh
bS¿Øn-tØm-fØ - n-s´mcp \mfn¬
A©m-W©p hb m s]ßƒ°v.
F∂pv Ah-fpsS {]mbsØ Ihn khn-ti-j-{]m-[m-\-y-tØmsS Xs∂ Nq≠n-°m-Wn-

°p∂p.
sXmÆqdp Znhkw {]mb-sa-ØmØ Ip™-\p-Ps\ Ahƒ sIm©n®p hf¿Øn. B
]n©p ]mZ-ßf - n¬ Hcp ap≈p-t]mepw sIm≈msX Ahƒ t\m°n. Ahs‚ \mem-asØ
hb- n¬, Imc-yh - n-thIw ]I-zX - {- ]m-]n-®n-ń-√mØ \mfn¬ , Hme-∏mºv sImSp-°m-ØX - n\v
Ifn-sam-®nß sIm≠v Fdn™v IÆn≥ ISap\ s]mń-®n´pw Ahƒ°v Ah-t\mSv shdp∏p
tXm∂p-Itbm kvt\l°pdhp≠m-hp-It- bm s - N-bX
v n-√. tNmc-sbm-en®pw Afn™pw ho¿Ø
]pÆp-ambn Hcp h¿jw apgp-h≥ Ahƒ Ahs\ t]dn \S-∂p. B apdn-hp-≠m-°nb kpμ-
c-Ie- b
- mWv C∂-hf - p-sS apJ-Øns‚ G‰hpw henb kuμ-cy- i - ‡
- n-sb∂v Ahƒ Xncn-®-
dn-bp-∂p.
C∂pw kpμ-ca- ma°ebm

Wp¬kvanX ^p√-It- ]m-eh- p, tama¬
IpμcZ-ßfp, a-√hƒ Imäq
IuXp-I]
- q¿Δw IÆm-Sn-If
- n¬
F∂v CS-t»cn Fgp-Xp-tºmƒ B s]ßƒ°v Bß-f-tbm-Sp≈ kvt\l-Øns‚

Bghpw ]c∏pw A\m-hc
- Ww sNøp-Ib- m-Wv. AXn-\p≈ Imc-Whpw At±lw hy-‡a
- m-
°p-∂p.
Ah-\h- f
- Ω
- b
- p-a—
- \p ta´\p
taS-Øn-bp-am sW√m-hc - pam
Wh-t\bp≈q Xt‚sX∂
s∏Æn-s\m-cmsf®q≠Wsa-¶n¬
BSn∏mSn°-fn®p \St°≠ kpμ-c-amb _me-y-Im-eØv B s]Ïp-™n\v A\p-

Ps‚ t\¿°p-≠mb kvt\l hmbv]v {]I-S-am-°m≥ CXnepw at\m-⁄-ß-fmb thtd
]Z-ßƒ In´p-sa∂v tXm∂p-∂n-√.
Ahƒ B \mń¬ BSn-∏mSn hf¿∂p. Ahƒ ]mSn\S∂p Cchp hmßn-bn-´p≈ hoSp-I-
fm-W[
- n-Ihpw A-hn-sS-bp-≈X
- v. Ahn-SsØ Bfp-Iƒ apgp-h≥ Aen-hp-≈h
- c
- m-Wv. Ahsf
kw_-‘n-®n-St- Ømfw B aÆn¬ Bbn-c° - W
- °
- n-t\m¿Ω-Iƒ Ahƒ°p-≠v.
23
C∂v Xs‚ A\p-P≥ Bh-iy- s - ∏-Sp-∂Xv B \mSpvv hn´p t]mI-Ws - a-∂m-Wv. D‰-hcpw DS-b-
hcpw Bcp-an-s√-¶nepw Aen-hp≈ Bfp-It- fmSv Cc∂pw BSn-∏mSn \S∂pw hf¿∂ \mSv
hn´p-t]m-IW
- s
- a-∂mWv A\p-Ps‚ Bh-iy- w. AXn-s\mcp Imc-Wa - p-≠.v Ah-fpsS kvt\lw
]¶n-Sm≥ as‰mcp-Ø≥ h∂p. AXv Ah-\n-jvSs - ∏-ń-√.
Ah-sfm-Sn-c°
- m≥ t]mI-cp-sX∂p hn
e°n-sbm-cm-fp≠m {Kma-Øn¬.
Ah-sfm-Sp-Sp-°p-In-sX∂p \SmsS
bhƒ°mbv hmßn-bt- X-Inb Xcp-W≥.
Ahsf Abmƒ Bb-ncw AwK-\-amcn¬ Hcm-fm-b√ I≠-Xv. Ah≥ F√m \nio-Y-

ß-fnepw Ah-sf-tØSn IpSn-en-se-Øp-am-bn-cp-∂p. ZnMva[
- y- Ø
- n¬ tXmbp∂ Ccp-ń¬ s]mń-
hn-S¿∂v Zo]vXn {]k-cn-∏n-°p∂ an∂¬ t]msebmWv A`n-∂m-flm-°-fmb Ah-cp-sS-bn-
S-bn¬ Xcp-W≥ FØn-b-Xv. s]ßƒ Abm-fn¬ AZv`pX ]cn-th-j-tØm-Sn-dßpw tZh-
s\-bmWv I≠-Xv. B-ßf-bm-Is´ Ipcp-Xn-]p-cs≠mcp Zjv{S ISn® sNIp-Øm-s\-bpw.
Ahsf, apgp-h≥ hnS-cmØ Hcp ]\n-\o¿ ]qsam-´mbn°≠ At±lØns‚ IÆn¬
A\p-P≥ sshIr-Xa - p-s≈mcp ap≈m-bn-cp-∂p. Xs‚ sXmß-ep-Sp-∏n\p imi-zX - a- mb òj-
Wn-bm-b-n-Øo¿∂p Abmƒ. Abm-tf-ev]n® ]cp-°mWv tN®o t]mhpI t\m°-nhn-Sw-
hn´v F∂-h≥ IqsS°qsS tXßm≥ Imc-Ww. Ch¿ c≠p-t]-cp-tSbpw \Sp-hn¬s]´
s]ßƒ°m-Is´
]n®n-®o-¥nb t]mse tXm∂n

s]ßƒ°©nX PohnX Nn{Xw.
ap\n-bp∂ sIm®p hnf-°ns‚ hnf-dnb {]Im-iØ- m¬ B sImt®m-e∏ - pc timIm-Xp-

c-am-bn. Xs‚ sIm®-\p-P≥ Acn-IØ
- p-dß- p-Ib
- m-Wv. Ah-fh
- s\ B]m-ZN- qUw t\m°n.
Xs‚ Imap-I≥ Ip™-\p-P-\n¬ krjvSn® apdn-hns‚ t\mhv Ahs‚ Iqºnb angn-I-
fnepw Ahƒ I≠p. Dd-°Ø - n¬ t]mepw Ahs\ B Nn¥ ]oVn-∏n-°p-∂X - mbn Ahƒ°p
tXm∂n.
AΩrZp tNX\ Nqfn hndbv°pw

Zp -z]
- v\ß - ƒ hcp-∂p≠p≈n¬
Ø∂ng¬ ]m™q s\‰n-bn-eqsS
ImWp-Ib - m-WnXp sImt®´-Øn.
hnΩn hnXp-ºp-I-bmhmw sN‰p ]p
eºp-Ib - mhman≠¬ kpjp-]vXn-bn-
e-ΩWn hmbvØf - n-cn-fI
- o-Sp∂p
ImWp-Ib - m-WXp sImt®-´Ø - n.
Dd-ßp∂ sIm®-\p-Ps‚ amdn¬ s]m¥n \n¬°p∂ F√p-I-fn¬ XgpIns°m≠v

Ah-s\-Øs∂ D‰p-t\m-°n-bn-cns° hmXn-en¬ ap´pv. F∂pw knc-If - n-sem-´p-ev-°S hnZ-
yp-X]m-X-an-b‰pw ap´p-Iƒ. AXp tI´v Ah-fpsS tZlw ]pf-In-X-am-bn. ]s£ s\©n¬
24
tNX\ hnd-sIm-≈p-I-bm-Wv. Ahƒ Cf-In-bn√. C-{X-am{Xw ]d™p. t]mIq-˛- hm-Xn¬

Xpd-°n-√n\n Rm≥. ]nt‰∂v t\cw ]pe-cp-∂-Xn\p apºp-Xs∂ Xßƒ°p≈sX√mw
s]dp°n sIń `mWvU-am°n Ah-cn-d-ßn.
Hcp ]mbvs°´p inc- n¬, °øn¬

°fn h≠n-bp-am-sbm-cp-h, s\mcp-Øn˛
s°mcp sIm´mcw apgp-h≥ Xe-bn˛
eXn≥ Nc-Sn-dp-In-∏qgv∂p s\©n¬
sXcp-hn¬, Iq¿Ø Nc¬°-√pI-fn¬IqSn PohnXc‡w ]m‰n-s°m≠v Ahƒ Cd-ßn-\S- -

∂p. At∏mgpw Ah-fp-sS t\m´w ]n¥n-cn-bp-I-bp-≠m-bn. Ahƒ tXßn C∂-se-hsc
B kz¿§w Xt‚Xmbn-cp-∂p . AtXmsS H∂mw `mKw Ah-km-\n-®p.
c≠mw cwKw \S-°p-∂Xp Gsd-s°m-√ß - ƒ°p-ti-ja - m-Wv. A\p-P≥ hf¿∂p HØ
bphm-hmbn Hcp Itk-c-bn-en-cn-°p-∂p. Ahs‚ ssIhn-cep-I-fn¬ Ct∏mƒ knK-d-s‰-cn-
bp-∂p-≠v. A¿≤-\n-ao-en-Xß - f
- mbncn-°p-∂p B IÆp-Iƒ. Ft¥m Nn¥m-¢m¥n apJØp
hym-]n-®n-´p-≠.v tPy-jT
v Ø
- nbpw Acn-IØp Xs∂-bp-≠.v Ah-fp-sS Ihn-fn¬ C∂p ae¿sam-
´p-I-sf√mw ]qØp Ign-™n-cn-°p-∂p. Np≠n¬ ]pecnIfpw h∂p hncn-™p. ap∂n¬
Fcn-bp∂ tai hnf-°ns‚ shfn®w. Np-ac - n¬ Hcm-flm-hns‚ at\m-lc- a
- m-an-cp-Nn{Xw Xqßp-
∂p.
Ahƒ bmN\ \n¿Øn. ssIIƒ ]cm-Pb - s
- ∏-ń-SØv Ah-fpsS ]p©ncn hnP-bn-®p.
Ahƒ Ahs\ Imep-d-bnepw ]m∏m-knepw \S-Øn. a[p-c-ß-fn¬ Duń. \oe-∏-ń-ep-d-°n-
bmWv Ahs\ t]m‰-nb
- X
- v.
Xs∑bv hf-cm≥ amwk-f-am-hm≥

X∑n-gn hnS-cm≥ hn⁄m-\-Øn≥
s]m∑p-Sn-Nq-Sm-\n-‰n-‰mbn˛
´h-fpsS PohnX c‡w hm¿∂p
B I\-ym-Po-hnXw tXhn-ØmW Ipfw t]mse Iep-jn-Xa
- m-bn-cp-∂p. At∏m-gmWv ]Xn-s\-
ńs‚ ]ucp-jØ- n-\p t- N¿∂ tNmZ-yw.
hmkvXh
- tam Rm≥ tI´Xv ?
Ahƒ Xs‚ A]-cm[w G‰p ]d-™p. ]≠p A\p-P≥ ]d™ hm°p-Iƒ C∂v
Ahƒ Bh¿Øn-®p.
t]mIpI t\m°n
hnSw hn´pÆo
Bsa-∂m-se≥ ]m]-Øn\v am˛
t∏IpI
]t£ A`-y-kvX-hn-Z-y-\mb A\p-P≥ Cf-In-bn-√.
B bph-am-\y- \
- p-b¿Øo-em-apJw
25
Ahƒ B cq£-X-k-Xyw Adn™p
høm am∏p-Xc - m-s\≥ Ip´\p
Rm\-]c - m-[n\n
At∏mgpw Ah-\n¬ Hcp `mh-h-y-X-ym-k-an-√. Ahs‚ Icmw-Kp-en-Iƒ hen-sbmcp ]´-pdp-
amens‚ h°n¬ s]cp-am-dpIbmbn-cp-∂p. B \n w-KX Ahsf h√msX thZ-\n-∏n-®n-
cn°mw. A-hƒ t]mImw Rms\≥ Ip´-\n-cn-°pI F∂p ]d™p t]mIm-s\-Wo-‰p.
s]ß-sf-Wo-‰mƒ, \n∂-msfm-ńS
\me-Sn-sh-®Ø
- d- b
- nen-cp-∂mƒ
ho≠p-sa-Wo‰p Ipg™p \S-∂mƒ . At∏mgpw
B bpham\-y\- p-b¿Øoem apJ

anf-Ioem X¬ss°-Iƒ hne-°m≥
Abmƒ hne-°p-sa∂ {]Xo£ \njv^-e-am-bn. ine-t]mse Ccp-∂-sX-bp≈q Abmƒ.
sXcp-hn¬ Iq¿Ø Nc¬°-√p-If - n¬

Pohn-Xc- ‡w ]m‰ns°m≠-hƒ
Icp-Xn-bn-dß
- n, sbmcn-°¬°qSn
∏n¥n-cn-bp-Ib- m-Wh
- f
- p-sS t\m´w
Cd-ßnb Ahƒ Xs‚ Pohn-X-Ønse Ipfn-c-ºn-fnsb \nd-I-Æp-I-tfmsS H∂p IqSn

Xncn™pt\m°ntØßn.
Xt‚Xn∂-se-hs
- cbm kz¿§w
kvt\lw sImSp-°m≥ hn[n-°s - ∏-´h

- ¿ Xym-Kn-If
- m-bn-Øo-cp-tºmƒ AXp sIm≈m≥ A\p-
{K-ln-°s- ∏´-h¿ kzm-¿∞
- n-If
- m-bn-Øo-cp-∂p. Cu Zpc-¥t- imI-Øn-\p≈ c≠v Bew-_\- -
hn-`m-h-ß-fmWv B tN®nbpw A\p-P-\pw.
s]ß-fpsS PohnXw ]cn-KW - \- o-ba
- √
- mØ \n m-cX- b- m-Ip∂p F∂v [z-\n-∏n-®p-sIm≠v
IhnX Ah-km-\n-°p∂p. Xs‚ hy-‡n-Xz- sØ \n m-ca - m°nØo¿°p-∂X - n-eqsS X∂nse
h’e amX-yX- z- s
- Ø-bmWv s]ßƒ shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂X - v. k¿Δw kl-bmb kv{XoX-zsØ
DZmØh¬°-cn-°p∂ ]c-ºc - m-KX coXn-bm-WnXv. A\p-Ps‚ IpXn¿∂ angn-Iƒ Ipfp¿°p-
sa-¶n¬
hnSWw hnS-W-a-hƒ°o a∂n≥

aWn-apSn In´p-In¬ aWn-ap-Sn-t]mepw
F∂mWv ]d-bp-∂X
- v.
a‰p-≈-h¿°pth≠n kz¥w B{K-l-ßfpw kz-]v\-ßfpw _en-I-gn-t°-≠n-h-cp∂

kv{Xo Pohn-Xs
- Ø-Øs
- ∂-bmWv hmb-\°
- m-c≥ ImWp-∂X
- v. Xs‚ hy-‡n-Xz- hpw kuμ-c-
yhpw D¬°¿jhpw A\p-P-t\m-Sp≈ hm’-eyw sIm≠v s]ßƒ _en-I-gn-°p-∂p.-
26
IÆmSnbn¬ Ahƒ {i≤n-°p-∂Xv kz¥w {]Xn-_nw-_a - √

- . ]≠v A\p-P≥ apJ-Øp-≠m-
°nb Ipń-ØØ
- ns‚ hnI-yX - a
- mb Ie (I-Æn≥ IS-ap\bWn hSp)-bmWv Ahƒ IuXp-
I-tØmsS t\m°n-°m-W∂-X.v kz-X{- ¥-amb hnImc hnNm-cß- f- p≈ kv{Xn F∂ \nebv°p
PohnXw Ah-K-Wn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw kv{Xobn¬ k-aqlw Btcm-]n-°p∂ s]ßƒ, AΩ
F∂o BZ¿i-_nw-_-ßƒ hnP-bn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-I-bm-Wn-hn-sS.
c≠p ]pd-Øn¬ Ihn-bmsX DØ-c-sa-gp-XpI
1) hnSWw hnS-W-a-hƒ°o a∂n¬

aWn-ap-Sn-In-´pIn¬ aWn-ap-Sn-t]mepw IqS-∏n-d∏ - n-t\m-Sp≈ B¿{Z-Xbpw Bfl-
_-‘hpw Cu hcn-I-fn¬ Fßs\ \ng-en-°p-∂p-sh∂v ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I?
2) ]n®n-No-¥n-b-t]mse tXm∂n
s]ßƒ°©nX Pohn-X -Nn-{Xw ˛ -s]-ßƒ°v PohnXw C{]-Imcw tXm∂m-\n-
S-bmb kml-Nc - yw hy‡-am-°p-I.
3) Ah\pX-cw-Kn-Xa - m-Ip-ap-c - n¬
s∏m¥p-sa-en-ºp-Is - f-ØS- h - p- ∂p˛
≠-h-fpsS b≥]n≥ ho¿∏m¬ hmSnb
Zo¿L-kv\n-Kv≤h - n-tem-N\ - b - p-Kfw
Cu hcnIfpsS kzm-c-kyw hy-‡-am-°p-I.
4) Hcp ]mbvs°-´p-in-c n¬ °øn¬
Ifn-h≠- n-bp-am-sbm-cp-h; s\mcp-Øn˛
s°mcpsIm-´mcw apgp-h≥ Xe-bn˛
eXn≥ Nc-Sn-dp-In-∏qgv∂p s\©n¬
ChnsS ]I-S-am-Ip∂ Pohn-X-Nn-{Xw F¥v?
5) hf-cp-hs- X-¥n\p am\p-j_ - o-Pw? F∂v bphm-hn-s\-s°m≠v Nn¥n-∏n-°p-hm≥
Imc-Ws - a-¥v?
6) Xt‚Xn∂sehscbmk-z¿§w s]ß-fpsS tXß-en\p Imc-Ws - a-¥v?
\mep-]p-d-Øn¬ Ihn-bmsX DØ-c-sa-gp-Xp-I
1) k¿hw-kl - b
- mb kv{XoX-zs
- Ø DZm-Øh
- ¬°-cn-°p∂ Ihn-Xb - mWv s]ßƒ
F∂v hne-bn-cp-Øm-\m-hp-tam?
2) \nk-zm¿∞-amb kvt\l-hm-’-e-y-ßƒ aqew kln-°p∂ Xym-K-ß-fpsS
am[p-cyw ]nevIm-eØp Nh¿∏m-bn-Øo-cp-sa∂p≈Xn-\p- DØ-aZ- r-jvSm-¥a- mWv
s]ßƒ˛ hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-I.
27
agp-hns‚IY
_mem-a-Wn-bΩ
amXr-X-z-Øns‚ al-\o-bX DZvtLm-jn-®p-sIm≠v ae-bm-fI-hn-X-bnte°v IS-∂p-

h∂ Fgp-Øp-Im-cn-bmWv _mem-aW - n-bΩ - .A- Ω- b
- m-Ip-∂t- XmsS, Hcp kv{Xo°p≠mIp∂
hnip-≤-a-[p-c-amb \qX\`mh-ß-fpw Ah-fpsS Pohn-X-Øn¬ h∂p-Iq-Sp∂ ]cn-h¿Ø-\-
ßfpw kzm-\p-`h - Ø
- ns‚ ]›m-Øe-Øn¬ Bhn-jvIc - n-°p-Ib- mWv Cu Ihbn-{Xn. AIr-
{Xnaca-Wo-b-ßfmb B IhnX \ΩpsS \mńse AΩ-am¿s°-∂-t]mse tIc-f-Ønse
klr-Zb - t- em-IØ- n-\p-ap-gp-h≥ AX-y¥w Bk-zm-Zy- I - c- ß- fm bn-Øo¿∂p. amXr-\n¿hn-ti-
j-amb B\-μhpw [\-y-Xbpw am{X-a-√, ssii-h-Øns‚ ss\¿a-e-yhpw AXns‚ Znh-y-
amb kuμ-cy[¿Ω-ßfpw hmgvØn-∏m-Sn-b-t∏mƒ Ah-sb√mw A`n-cm-a-amb Imev]-
\nIXbv°v \nZ¿i-\ß - fmbnØo¿∂p. Xs‚ Ip™v F∂pw Xt‚Xmbn X\n-°v kpJw
\¬I-Ws - a∂ k¶p-NnX Nn¥-bv°X - o-Xa - mbn Ah≥ a‰p-ff - h
- c- psS IÆo¿ XpS-bv°m\pw
kz-cm-Py- sØ D≤-cn-°m\pw A\o-Xnsb [zw-kn-°m\pw i‡-\mbnØoc-Ws - a∂ DZmØ
k¶-ev]a - mWv Ah¿°p-≠m-bn-cp-∂X - v.
]n©p-Ip-™ns‚ amXr-Xz- Ø - n¬ \n∂v {]]-©Ø - ns‚ amXr-Xz- Ø

- n-te-°p≈ hf¿®
Ihn-Xb - n-eqsS km£m-XvIc- n® _mem-aW - n-bΩ `mh-Ko-XØ - ns‚ hf¿ØΩ IqSn-bm-Wv.
ae-bmf Ihn-X-bn¬ \me-∏m´v \mcm-b-W-ta-t\m≥, Pn. i¶-c-°p-dp-∏v, _mem-a-Wn-b-Ω,
Nß-ºp-g, ]n. Ip™pcm-a≥ \mb¿, sshtem-∏n≈n XpS-ßn-b-h¿ `mh-Ko-X-ß-fn-eq-sS-
bmWv tIc-fo-b-cpsS lrZ-b-Øn¬ ÿm\w ]nSn-®-Xv. `mh-Ko-X-Øns‚ am[p-c-y-Øn-\pw
emfn-Xy-Øn-\pw ]I-zX- °
- pw _mem-aW - n-bΩ - b- psS ]cn-Nc- Ww hfsctbsd h - n-es
- ∏-´X
- m-
bn-´p-≠v. Zm¿i-\nI{]`-bpsS ]cn-th-ja - p-ff Ihn-XI - ƒ hsc B `m-hK - o-Xß- f- n¬ Is≠-
Øm\mIpw. _mem-a-Wn-b-Ω-bpsS `mh-Ko-X-ß-fnse apJ-y-amb `mh-[mc amXr-hm-’-e-y-
am-Wv. amXr-Xz -Øns‚ am[p-c-y-kw-Xr-]vXn-Iƒ lrZ-b-kv]¿inbmw hÆw B Ihn-X-I-
fn¬ \nd-™p-Xp-fp-ºp-∂p-≠.v _mem-aW - n-bΩ - b- psS Ihn-XI- fn¬ khn-ti-ja - mbn ImWm≥
Ign-bp∂ Cu `mh `wKn°p Im-cWw Ihn {]I-Sn-∏n-°p∂ Bflm¿∞-X-bm-Wv. X\n°v
kz-¥a - √
- m-Øs- Xm∂pw kz-¥a - m-sW∂v `mhn-°m≥ Ah¿ X-øm-dm-bn-√.
hnIm-cØ
- ns‚ am{Xw Nnd-Ip-Iƒ sIm≠√ _mem-aW - n-bΩ sdmam‚nIv Xe-ßf - n-
te°v FØn-t®-cp-∂X - v. AXn¬ hnNm-cØ- nt‚bpw i-‡n-bp≠v. AXp-sIm≠v Cu Ihn
\¬Ip∂ Pohn-Xk - t- μ-iß - ƒ°v hnIm-cØ- ns‚ lrZ-bk - v]¿i-IX- z- t- Øm-sSm∏w bp‡n-
bpsS _ehpw In´m-dp-≠v. hnIm-c]
- c
- X
- bpw [nj-Wm- ]-cX
- bpw Hcp khn-ti-j- A\p-]m-X-
Øn¬ BI¿jIamw hn[w ktΩ-f-n°p∂ -I-hn-X-I-fmWv Hcp agp-hs‚ IY, hni-zm-an-
{X≥, hnò-j-W≥, Ny-h-\≥ apX-em-b-h.
amXr-l¥- m-hmb ]c-ip-cm-as\∏‰n amXr-Xz- Ø

- ns‚ Ihn-bmb _mem-aW- n-bΩ Ihn-
X-sb-gp-Xn-b-sX-ßs\ Fs∂m-cp-tNm-Z-y-ap-≠v. AXn-\p≈ adp-]Sn CXm-Wv. _mem-a-Wn-b-
Ω-b°v IhnX cq]-sa-Sp-°p-∂Xv Xo{h-amb hnIm-cØ - n¬ \nt∂m Ah-y‡
- a - mb sshIm-
cn-I-m-kz-mÿ-y-Øn¬ \nt∂m A√. adn®p sshNm-cn-I-amb A\p-`-h-Øn¬ \n∂m-Wv.
Ihna\- n¬ h∂-pho-gp∂ Hcm-ibw Bi-b-hm-Z-]-c-am-bhn-Imkw t\Sn `mh-\m-fl-I-
28
cq]w sIm≈p-Ib - m-Wv. AXn\v DØ-tam-Zm-lc - Ww agp-hns‚ IY Xs∂. _mem-aW - n-bΩ
- -
bpsS Imh-y-Po-hn-X-Ønse km¿∞-I-amb Hcp Db¿sØ-gp-t∂-ev]mWv agp-hns‚ IY
F∂v tUm.Un. _©-an≥ hnti-jn-∏n®Xpw CtX Img-vN∏m-Sn¬ \n∂psIm-
≠m-W.v
atl{μ]¿Δ-XØ - n¬ X]- p-sN-øp∂ ]c-ip-cm-a≥ hnd-bm¿∂ a - \
- t- msS `qX-Im-
e-Øn-te°v Xncn-™p-t\m-°p-I-bmWv. Xs‚ PohnXw lnwk-bn¬ \n∂v lnwk-bn-te-
°p-ff {]bm-W-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v Dƒ°n-Se-tØmsS Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂p. F√m lnwk-Ifpw
\∑-bpsS ]p\:-ÿm-]\ - Ø - n-\m-sW∂mWv Xm≥ [cn-®Xv . ]s£ icnbpw sX‰pw \∑bpw
Xn∑bpw Fßs\ hnth-Nn-®d- n-bm-\mWv?. h¿j-ßf - psS \nZn-[y- m-kØ - n-eqsS Cu´w Iqńb
X]:-i-‡nbmsI Aßs\ hy¿∞-ambn. HSp-hn¬, Npa-ens\ sRcn-®p-In-S-∂- shägp
˛ lnwkm-bp-[w˛ kap-{Z-Øn-te°v hen-s®-dn-™p. ANn-tcW kz¥w IÆn\p ap∂n¬
]pXn-sbm-cp-`qan Db¿∂p-s]m-¥n; ]pXnb a\p-jy- c - pw. lnwk-bpsS ]mTw Ah¿ Hcn-°epw
]Tn-°p-Ib - n-s√∂mWm-in-®X - v. ]t£ alm-{_m-“W - c - n-eqsS Bflo-bX hf¿Øm≥ F{X
Bin-®n´pw, Ah¿ lnwkm-bp[w Bflm-hn¬ Iq¿∏n-°p-I-X-s∂- sNbvXp. agp-hns‚˛
lnwk-bpsS ˛ kv]¿iw B Pohn-Xß - t- fbpw kwL¿j-`c - n-Xa
- m°n. Cu `qansb kv]¿in-
°p∂ am{X-bn¬Øs∂ GXp \∑bpw Xpcp-sº-Sp-°m≥ XpS-ßp-sa-t∂m? F¶nepw lnwk-
bpsS BNm-cy- \ - mb Xs∂-b√ - , Xym-KØ
- ns‚ N{I-h¿Øn-bmb alm-_e - n-sb-bm-W,v Ah¿
]qPn-°p-∂-sX∂ kXyw ]c-ip-cm-as‚ hy-Ym-Io¿Æ-amb a\- n\v sXs√m-cm-i-zmkw
]Icp∂p. ]dn-s®-dn-™mepw A‰p t]mImØ a\p-j-ys‚ lnwk-hm-k\, AXn\p kam-
¥-ca- mbn \∑sb BZ-cn-°p-hm-\p-ff Ahs‚ shº¬, a\p-jy- \ - nse Nnc-¥\ - amb c≠p-
hmk-\I - ƒ, Ah-bp-fh - m-°p∂ [m¿anI{]-iv\ß - ƒ. CXmWv agp-hn-s‚ IY-bn-eqsS hy-
RvPn-∏n-°p-∂X - v.
(1˛8)
AN-ew˛ ]¿Δ-Xw; Dugn˛ `qan
]oTw˛ Ccn-∏n-Sw; hoNn˛ Xnc-ame
Bgn˛ kap-{Zw; sh¨\p-c˛ shfp-Ø-]X
IpS∂˛ A-RvPen (Iq-∏-pssI); hm\w˛ BImiw
\m°n-e˛ Xqi\n-e;
kl-y]- ¿ΔX-Øn- s‚ sX°p-`m-KØ - p-ff atl{μmNe inJ-cØ - n¬ GI-\m-bn-cp∂p
\oem-Im-iØ
- n\pXmsg ]®-\m-°ne sh®-t]m-ep-ff tIc-fs - Ø t\m°n-°m-Wp∂ ]c-ip-
cm-as\ Ah-X-cn-∏n-®p-sIm≠v IhnX Bcw-`n-°p-∂p. th≠p-thmfw Im‰pw shfn-®-hpw
e`n-°p-∂Xpw i_vZa - p-Jc
- n-Xh
- pamb B Dugn-Ø´v `rK-pcm-as‚ ]oT-t®mń-emWv kvYnXn
sNøp-∂-Xv. Ad_n-°-S-ens‚ sh¨\p-c-I-fm-Ip∂ ssI°p-S-∂-Iƒ an∂n-a-d-bp∂ B
\mń¬ At±-lØ - ns‚ IÆp-Iƒ Ft∏mgpw HmSn-sb-Øpw.
(9˛16)
C—m-{In-bm-⁄m-\-i-‡n-Iƒ ˛ C—bpw {Inbbpw ⁄m\hpw tN¿∂p-≠m-Ip∂
i‡n; Dcp°qSn˛ cp]w-sIm-≠v; Ifn-hn√v˛ HmW-hn-√v; Na-bp-I˛ Hcp-ßp-I; tamZw˛ kt¥m-
jw.
tIc-f\- m-ńs‚ khn-ti-jX
- I
- ƒ FSp-Øp-Im-´p-Ib - mWv Cu hcn-If - n¬
tI-cfw Fs‚ C—bpw {Inbbpw ⁄m\hpw tN¿∂p-≠mb Icp-Øn¬ cq]w-sIm-
≠-Xm-Wv˛ Hcp ap\nIp-am-cs‚ km£m-XvIm-cw. AhnsS th≠p-thmfw ]pXp-s\-√pw -]q-
29
°fpw sIm≠p-\n-d™ kpK‘w hym-]n-°p-∂p. {]IrXn Hcp D’-hw-Xs∂ Hcp-°p-Ib
- m-
Wv. HmW-hn-√ns‚ H®bpw ]m´pw Db¿∂p-tIƒ°mw. Fs‚ \mSv AWns™mcp-ßp-
tºmƒ, Fs‚ P\w k - t- ¥m-jn-°p-tºmƒ, Ah¿ Fs∂-tbm Fs‚ tXmƒ sR-cn® agp-
hn-t\tbm Hm¿°p-∂n-√.
(17˛24)
Xna¿°p-I˛ Al-¶-cn-°p-I; bpKm-Zn˛ bpK-Øns‚ BZn-bn¬ (B-cw-`-Im-e-Øpv);
]m]-ap-‡¿˛ ]m]-Øn¬ \n∂pwtamN\w t\Sn-bh - ¿; hnkvXr-Xm-cW
- y- ß
- ƒ˛ hnim-ea
- mb
ImSp-Iƒ; kpX≥˛ ]p{X≥; DS-Pw˛ ]¿Æ-im-e.
Cu `mKØv ]c-ip-cm-a≥ kz¥w P\-\-IY ]d-bp-∂p.
BIm-iØpw `qan-bnepw IS-en-ep-sa√mw òa-cq-]n-If

- mb Pohn-Iƒ ( cm£-kh - w-i-
Øn¬ ]nd-∂h - ¿) ]pf-®l
- ¶
- c
- n-®p- \-S∂ Cu bpK-Øns‚ BZn-bn¬; tZh-XI - ƒ ]m]-ap-‡-
cmb a\p-jy- c
- psS Im¬h-Wß - p-hm≥ FØn-t®¿∂ hnim-ea - mb ImSp-If
- n¬, Fcn-bp∂
Na-Xb
- psS K‘w sIm≠v Bfl-im¥n k¿Δ{X ]S¿∂ A¥-co-£Øn¬ Xt]m-\n-cX - -
\mb Pa-Z·n al¿jn-bpsS {]nb-s∏´ ]p{X-\mbn P\n®v ]¿Æ-im-eb - n¬ hf¿∂p-h∂ - p.
(25-˛33)
EPp˛ t\sc-bp-ff- X
- ;v £m{X-kw-kI v m-cw˛ £{Xnb-kw-kI v m-cw; {_“-¿jn˛ {_mlva-
W-\mb al¿jn(-{_-“k - m-£m-X° v mcw kn≤n® Ejn); {]hc≥˛ t{ijvT≥; {Zpaw˛ hr£w;
Im¥m-cw˛ ImSv.
AΩbpsS EPp-hmb £{Xnb-kw-kvImcw Dƒs°m≠ Rm≥ {_“-¿jnt{ijvT-
\mb A—s\ Bcm-[n-®p. \√ Ipfp¿Ω-bp-ff B{i-aØ - nse hr£ØW-en¬ [ym-\e - o-
\-\mbnØo¿∂ F\n°v `qan- apgp-h≥ at\m-l-c-amb Hcp \ng-embntØm∂n. Ipbn¬
\mZw-sIm≠v at\m-l-c-am-°-s∏´ B Imń¬ Hcp hk-¥-Im-eØv ]qØp-e™ sNSn-I-
fm¬ \nd™ B‰ph-°Øp \n∂p-sIm≠v Fs‚ AΩ t{]a-tem-e-cmbn \o¥n-°p-fn-
°p∂ K‘¿Δ-∑m-cpsS Imta-±o-]I-amb Pohn-Xm-\μw t\m°n-°m-Wp-I-bp-≠mbn. X\n-
°n-tX-hs- cbpw e`n-°msX t]mb B ku`m-Ky- s - Ø-°p-dnt®m¿Øp AΩ s\Sp-ho¿∏n-Sp-
Ibpw sNbvXp.
(h-k¥- I
- m-ehpw Ipbn¬ \mZ-hpw ]qØp-e™ - s
- NSn-If
- pw Ipfn¿Im‰pw Imtam-±o-]I- ß- -
fmb {]IrXn {]Xn-`m-kß - f - m-Wv. B{i-tam-Nn-Xa- mb PohnXw \bn® B £{Xn-bI - \- y- I
- -
bn¬ Cu A¥-co£w sshIm-cn-Im-\p-`qXn Df-hm-°n).
(33˛40)
]p°mƒ˛ {]th-in-®p; tImƒa-bn-c-Wn-sa-øv˛ tcmam©w D≠mb ico-cw; \n\-
®m≥˛ hnNm-cn-®p; Nn¥n-®p. {Im¥-Zr-°v˛ k¿Δ⁄≥ (I-S∂ - p-Im-Wp-∂h- ≥); \oXn-ÿn-
c≥˛ \oXn-bn¬ ÿnc-X-bp-f-f-h≥; Ae-£-yw˛ ImW-s∏-Sm-Ø-; h¿flmhv-˛-h-gn; Ae-£-
y-h¿flm-hv˛ kq£va - Z- r-°v;
X\n°v \jvSs∏´ ùXn-I-kp-J-Im-a-\-I-sf°pdn-t®m¿Øv ]nS-bp∂ a\ p-ambn
B{i-a-Øn-te°v IS-∂p-h∂ tcWp-Isb Pa-Z-·n- I-≠p. Ah-fpsS tcmam©aWn™
ico-chpw Xnf-ßp∂ Ihnƒ°qºpw B bph-Xm-]k - n-bpsS D≈-dn-bm≥ al¿jn°v [mcmfw
aXn-bm-bn. \oXn ÿnc\pw {Im¥-Zr°p-amb F‚-—≥ Nn¥n-®p “a\- p-sIm≠v sNbvX-
]m-]-am-IWw G‰hpw Kpcp-Xcw”. H´pw -ssh-In-bn√ Pa-Z·n a°-tfm-Sp- I-ev∏n-®p. “Ipe-
Øns‚ hnip-≤n-°p-th≠n Cu ]Xn-X-sb-” sIm-√p-I.
30
(41-˛58)
kvt\l-tNm-Zn-X¿˛ kvt\l-Øm¬ {]tNm-Zn-X¿; ssZh-ZØ - w˛ ssZhw-\¬In-bX - v;
kuay+ DZm-cw= kuta-ym-Zm-cw (Kp-W-k-‘n); ]m¿∞n-h-kp-Jw˛ cmPm-hns‚ kpJ-t`m-
K-ßƒ; b⁄-∏ip˛ bmK-Øn-\p-ff ]ip
AΩ-tbm-Sp-ff kvt\lw F√m ktlm-Zc - t-- cbpw B {Iqc-Ir-Xy- Ø
- n¬ \n∂v ]n≥Xn-
cn-∏n-°p-Ib- m-Wp-≠m-bX - .v Rm≥ am{Xw GI-\mbn apt∂m´v \oßn ]nXm-hn\v {]nb-s∏´h\m-
bn. Fs‚ ssIh-i-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂ ssZh-Z-Ø-amb agp Db¿∂p. AΩ-bpsS inc v `qan-
bn¬ ]Xn-®p. At∏mgpw B apJw kutaymZm-c-am-bn-cp-∂p. hn\bw aq¿Øcq]w
{]m]n®Xpt]m-se-bm-bn-cp∂ B hncn-IÆ - p-If- n¬ Hcp b⁄-∏i - p-hnt‚Xpt]mse t\¿Ø
Hc-ºc - ∏v am{Xw {]I-Sa
- m-bn. Fs‚ ktlm-Zc - ¿ hmhn´p tIWp. A—s‚ apJØpw £W-
t\c-tØ°v sshh¿Æ-y-ap-≠m-bn. agp-hn¬ Xd® angn-I-fp-ambn [¿Ωw-am{Xw kvacn-®p-
sIm≠v Rm\pw \ne-sX-‰m-sX-\n-∂p. ]nS-™p-\o-dp∂ Fs‚ Bflm-hn-te°v IS∂v h∂v
A—≥ tNmZn-®p “\n\-s°-¥p-th-W s-a∂pÆn?”. Rm≥ adp-]Sn ]d-™p. “Fs‚ AΩ
Hcp ]m]n-\n-bm-bn´v Aß-bpsS a\- n¬ Hm¿Ω-bn¬ t]mepw Pohn-°m≥ ]mSn-√. F°m-
ehpw ]cn-ip-≤-bm-bn-\n-e-sIm-f-f-Ww”. F∂n¬ Aen-hm¿∂ Ejn-h-cy≥ ‘AΩ-´p-
Xs∂bmhs´’ F∂v Iev]n-°p-Ib - pw-sN-bvXp. a\p-jy- m-flm-hns‚ kwip≤n \√-hÆ - w-A-
dn-bm-hp∂ alm-\m-bn-cp∂p At±lw
(54˛84)
B{i-a{- Zp-aØ
- W
- ¬˛ B{i-aØ - nse hr£-ØW - ¬; a{μw˛ Kwò-cw; knwlm-ch- w˛
knwl-Øns‚ i_vZw; ia-{h-X¿˛ iaw( AI-ta-bp-ff C{μnbß-fpsS AS-°w)
PohnX\njvTb- m-°n-bh - ¿; au\-\n-jvT¿˛ au\-Øn¬ \njvTb - p-ffh¿; X]-»p-jvI¿˛ X]-
p-sIm-≠p-sa-en-™-h¿; At⁄-bw˛ Adn-b-s∏-Sm-Ø-Xv; {]⁄˛ _p≤n; AXn-X-√n-X-
s√-∂p˛ AXv+CX√+CX√+ F∂v; amXr-l¥ - m-hv˛ amXm-hns\ l\n-®h - ≥ (sIm-∂h- ≥)
AΩ-bpsS Kf-t—Zw ]cip-cmas\ Ak-z-ÿ-\m-°n. amXm-hns‚ Poh-\p-Xp-eyw

as‰m-∂p-an-s√∂p≈ bmYm¿∞yw At±-ls - Ø Atem-ck - s-- ∏-Sp-Øn-s°m-≠n-cp-∂p. AXp-
sIm≠v XpS¿∂v B{i-a-Øn¬ Xßm≥ Abmsf a\- -\p-h-Zn-®n-√. Bbn-c-°W°n\v
Xo¿∞-ßfpw Aº-eß - fpw ]hn-{X-ßf - mb B{i-aß- f
- p-ap-ff `mcX `qJ-WvUØ - n¬ hf-
sc-°mew Ae-™p-Np-‰n-Øn-cn-™p. At∏m-sg√mw Dƒ°mºv ]m]-t_m-[w-sIm≠v \odp-
I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. a™p-sIm≠v ico-chpw a\ pw Xcn-°p∂ ae-I-fnepw knwlm-c-hw-
tIƒ°p∂ ImSp-I-fnepw Cc-ºn-a-dn-bp∂ IS¬Øo-c-ßfnepsa-√mw C{μnb \n{Klw
sNbvX Ejo-iz- c - ∑
- m-sc Rm≥ I≠p. Ah-sc√mw [ym-\e - o-\cmbv ssZh-Io¿Ø\w ]mSp-
I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Nne¿ au\-Øn¬ apgp-Inbpw thsd Nne¿ X]- n¬ eo\cm-bp-amWv ImW-
s∏-´X- .v Ah¿ AtPvR - b - Ø
- ns\ ({]X-y£ - h¬°cn®v t_m[-ys - ∏-Sm-\m-hm-ØX - n-s\) _p≤n-
sIm≠v X∏n-Ø∏n AXn-X√ - , CX√ F∂v ]d™v At\-zj - W - h- y- {- K-cm-bn. £{Xn-bk - a- q-l-
am-Is´ Inepßpw ]S-t°m∏pw Xnfßpw DSp-∏p-ambn tZi-ßƒtXmdpw Nen-°p-Ib - m-bn-cp-
∂p. Ah¿ Xßsf FXn¿Øhsc-sb√mw XI¿Øp \in∏n-®p. Xßƒ°v sImXn-tXm-∂n-
b-hs- b√mw sIm≈b-Sn-®m-\μ - n-®p. (sIm-√n\pw sImebv°pw t`mKm-k‡ - n°pw X´pw-XS- -
hp-an-√. £{Xn-bh - w-iØ - ns‚ Zu¿_-eyw Xs∂-bmWv Fs‚ AΩ-bv°pw sIme-hm-fm-b-
Xv. Fs‚ Bflmhv a{¥n®p. amXm-hns‚ inc-t—Zw sNbvX-hs‚ agp Cu kptJm-\-
vaØ¿s°X-nsc Db-cm-Ø-sX-t¥? Fs‚ a\- ns‚ XoP-z-me-Iƒ sI´-S-ßn. AXv I\-
31
embpw Icn-bmbpw amdn. ly-Zbw CcpƒsIm-≠p-aq-Sn. a¨ sNcm-XpI-fn¬ hnÆns\
Nq≠n°Øp∂ B{i-a-hn-f-°p-Iƒ ]ns∂bpw Fs∂ BI¿jn-°p-I-bp-≠mbn.
(85-˛90)
]mh\+ DS-Pw= ]mh-t\m-SPw ( ]cn-i-p≤-amb ]¿Æ-im-e) (Kp-W-k-‘n)
£{Xnb-\n-{Klw sNøm-\nS-bmb kwK-Xn-I-fn-te°v ]c-ip-cm-a≥ hmb-\-°msc

\bn-°p-∂p.
£{Xnb¿ kz-¥w-]n-Xm-hns‚ B{i-a-Øn¬ AXn-{I-an-®p-I-bdn A—≥ t]m‰n

hf¿Ønb ]ip-°n-Sm-hns\ Ih¿s∂-Sp-Øp-. B{i-a-Ønse XW¬ hr£-ßƒ apdn-®p-
I-f-™p. CsX-√m-a-dn™ Rm≥ B{iaw hn-ńd-ßp-tºmƒ Hc-£-chpw Dcn-bm-Snbn√.
F∂m¬ AsXs‚ Nn¥-sb aYn-®p. Xn∑sb XI¿°p-hm≥ th≠n-bp-ff - X
- s
- √-¶n¬ ]ns∂
F¥n-\p-th-≠n-bmWv Cui-zc- ≥ Cu shägp F\n°v kΩm-\n-®s - X∂p≈ tNm-Zyw a\-
n¬ Bh¿Øn-®p-cp-hn-´p. AXmWv £{Xnb-tcmSv bp≤w sNøm≥ ]c-ip-cm-as\ {]tNm-
Zn∏n-®X
- v.
91˛98
D¬°S t{Im[w-˛h - ¿≤n® tZjyw
amln-jvaX
- n-˛t- l-lb-cm-Ph
- w-iØ
- nse aln-jvam≥ F∂ cmPmhv \¿Ω-Zm-\Z- n-bpsS XocØv
\n¿Ωn® ]´-Ww. CXm-bn-cp∂p Im¿Ø-ho-cym¿÷p-\s‚ Xe-ÿm\ \K-cn.
Dƒ∏p-°p-˛-{]-th-in®p ; cmP\-y¿-˛-£-{Xn-b¿
Im¿Ø-ho-cy- s‚ cmPyw XI¿∂p-t]mb kw`hw hni-Zo-Ic - n-°p∂p

]nXm-hns‚ B{iaw \in-∏n® £{Xn-b-∑m-tcm-Sp≈ tZjyw ]X-™p-s]m-ßn.
Im¿Ø-hoc-ys‚ Xe-ÿm\ \K-camb amln-ja v X
- n-]´- W
- Ø
- n¬ IS∂v £{Xn-bt- cmSv H‰bv°v
bp≤w sNbvXp. ]nXr ]c-ºc- I
- f
- psS kºØmbn Fs‚ Dbn-cn¬ IpSnsIm-≠n-cp∂ AP-
ø-amb X]:-i‡n F∂n¬ DW¿∂p. \nanj t\cw sIm≠v i{Xp ssk\-ys - Ø Np´p-Ic - n-
°m≥ Hcp sIm®p Ipń-bpsS ssIbn¬°n-ńb Xo t]mse Rm\Xp hn\-ntbm-Kn-®p. ]cn-
hmc kta-X\- mb Im¿Ø-ho-cy- ≥ \new ]Xn-®p. Aßs\ al-Ømb Hcp cmjv{Sw Xs∂
XI¿∂p-t]m-bn.
99-˛110
ii-z¬{_m-“W [¿Ωw ˛ imizX-amb {_m“-W[ - ¿Ωw
Cu´w Iq´pI ˛ kw`-cn-°pI; tbmKn-Iƒ-˛-E-jo-i-z-c∑m¿
h≥]p˛hep-∏w; hoc-hmZw
Bc-W-y-]n-Xm-°ƒ˛ Imń-se-]n-Xm-°ƒ (E-jo-i-z-c-∑m¿)
Bl-hw-˛b- p≤w
Bln-Xm-flm- °ƒ-˛{- i-≤m-ep-°ƒ
s]s´-∂p-≠mb tcmjw Hcp hwisØ apgp-h≥ C√m-Xm°n. ]c-ip-cm-a≥ B{ia-

Øn-te°v \S∂p sN∂-t∏mƒ kz¥w ]nXm-hn-eq-sS Xs∂ tI´ hm°p-Iƒ imi-zX - a
- mb
{_m“-W-[¿ΩsØ Hm¿Ωn-∏n-°p-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. “sImSpw ]m]-ta‰p \o, ]mhw! \n mc-
Im-cy- Ø
- n\p th≠n ]I-t]m-°m≥ ]q¿hn-Ic
- mb Ejo-iz- c
- ≥am¿ kw`cn-®p-h®
- n-cp∂ am\k
32
i‡n \o ]mgm°n°f™t√m Ipt™. \ΩpsS ]q¿hn-I-cmb Bc-W-y-]n-Xm-°-fp-sS
Bflob kº-Øp-°ƒ `qan-bpsS \∑bv°v th≠n am{Xw D]-tbm-Kn-°m-\p-≈-Xm-Wv.
A√msX Hcm-fp-sS hep∏w Im´m≥ th≠n-bp-≈-X-√. Zp¿_-e-cmb £{Xn-b-∑m¿°v
bp≤tØmSv {]nb-am-Imw. F∂m¬ Bln-Xm-fl-m°ƒ°v bpZv[-Øn¬ {]nbw h∂m¬
AXp aq∂p temI-tØbpw \in-∏n°pw. AXp-sIm≠v \o t]mIp-I. t`mK-`q-ansb im¥n-
bq-´p∂ Xo¿∞-ß-fn¬ sN∂v \o \ns‚ tNmc-°d IgpIn°f-bp-I.
111-˛122
Zp¿Ω-tZm-≤X - ≥-˛Z- p-cl - ¶ - mcw sIm≠v aZn-®h- ≥
(Zp¿Ω-Z+ D≤-X≥)
I¿Ωkm-lk - n-˛k - m-lk - {]-h¿Øn-If - n¬ hym-]c
- n-°p∂h≥
[¿Ωkqjvam-t\-zj - I- ≥˛ [¿Ω-Øns‚ kq£va Xe-ßƒt]mepw At\-zj - n®v
Is≠-Øp-∂h - ≥
kpJm-k‡ - ≥-˛k - p-JØ - n¬ apgp-In-bh
- ≥
hn]-≤oc≥-˛B - ] - ¬ L´ßfn¬ [ocX ssIsh-Sn-bm-Øh - ≥
k∑-X≥-˛-F-√m-h¿°pw \√ A`n-{]mbw D≈-h≥
B¿j-hw-iw˛ Ejn-I-fpsS hwiw
Nmgn˛ £p{Z Pohn
Pbm-lw-Iy- X
- n-˛P- b - w-sIm-≠p-≠mb Al-¶mcw
\nl-X≥-˛s- Im-√s - ∏-´h - ≥
Acn-˛i
- {Xp
]nXm-hns‚ hm°p-Iƒ ]c-ip-cm-as\ Hcp tZim-S\ - Ø

- n\v t{]cn-∏n-°p-Ib - p-≠m-bn.
Xm≥ h[n® Im¿Ø-hoc-ys‚ \mń-eqsS Xs∂ _lp-Zqcw k©-cn-®p. Ahn-sS-sb√mw
tI´Xv Im¿Ø-ho-cy- s\°pdn-®p≈ \√ IY-Iƒ am{X-am-bn-cp-∂p. Ah Fs¥-√mam-bncp∂p
F∂p hy-‡a - m-°p∂p Cu hcn-Iƒ. “Im¿Ø-ho-cy- ≥ Zpc-l¶ - m-cn-bm-bn-cp-∂p; F¶n-epw -
F-√m-htcm-Spw I- c- p-Wb
- p-ff- h- \
- m-Wv. GXv kml-k {]hr-Øn-Iƒ sNøm\pw Abmƒ°p-
a-Sn-bn-√; F∂m¬ [¿Ω-Øns‚ kq£v-a-X-e-ßƒt]mepw At\-z-jn-®-dn-bp-hm≥ Xev]-c-
\m-bn-cp-∂p. kpJ-Øn¬ AXn-bmb Bk-‡n-bp-f-f-h-\m-bn-cp∂p B alm≥; F¶nepw
B]¬L-´ß - f - n¬ At±lw [oc-\p-am-bn-cp-∂p. \m´p-Im¿s°√m-h¿°pw kΩ-X\p-am-bn-
cp-∂p” F∂pv \m´p-Im¿ ]pI-gvØp- ∂Xp tIƒ°p-Ib - p-≠mbn. H∏w- ]-ci - p-cm-as\°pdn-
®p-ff P\-ln-Xhpw Abmƒ°p a\- n-em-°m≥ km[n-®p. “]c-ip-cm-a≥ Bfl-
i‡nsIm≠p \mSv apSn-®-h-\m-Wv. Abmƒ `mc-X-Ønse Ejn-]-c-º-c-bv°p-Xs∂ Hcp
£p{Z-Po-hn-bm-bn-am-dn-bn-cn-°p-∂p”. CXv ]c-ip-cm-as‚ Pbm-l¶mcw ian-∏n®p-. sIm√-
s∏´ i-{Xp-hn¬ Cui-zc- a- m-lm-flyw Z¿in-°p-hm\pw Abmsf {]m]vX\ - m-°n. AXn¬
\n∂pw Hcp KpW-]mTw ]c-ip-cm-a≥ Dƒs°m≠p. Cui-z-c≥ X\n°v shägp X∂n-cn-
°p-∂Xv Xn∑sb C√m-Xm-°m≥ th≠n-am-{X-amWv. Bfl-KX - s
- a-t∂mWw At±lw ]d-bp-
∂p. “ \∑-Xn-∑I - ƒ icn-bmb coXn-bn¬ Adn-™n-cn-°p∂-h¿ BcmWv `qan-bn-ep≈Xpv ”?
(123˛138)
hSp˛ Xgºv , A{K-P¿˛ aqØ-h¿ , Cud˛ tIm]w, Npg-‰p-I˛ h´w-I-d-°pI
\nWw˛ c‡w, \pc-Ip-Øp-I˛ ]X-s™m-gp-IpI
33
]nXr-X¿∏-Ww˛ ]nXm-hn\p th≠nbpff ac-Wm-\¥ - c- I
- ¿Ω-ßƒ
XØ-zh- n-Øa
- ≥˛ XØ-za
- m-Ip-∂- k-ºm-Zyw ssIap-Xe
- m-bp-ff
- h
- ≥
Im¿-Øh-ocys‚ cmPyw apgp-h≥ k©-cn®v At±-ls - Ø-°p-dn-®pff P\-ßf - psS

A]-Zm- \ßfpw ]c-ip-cm-as\°p-dn-®p-ff hntZ-zj
- `- m-jW
- ß
- f - pw tI´v \ncm-i\- mb `m¿§-
h-cm-a≥ Gsd \mfp-Iƒ°p-tijw, agp tXmfn¬ krjvSn® Xgºpt]mepw hnkva-cn-®v,
ho≠pw P∑-tZ-i-Øn¬ Xncn-s®Øn. AhnsS ]c-ip-cm-a\p tIƒ°m-\n-S-bmbXv as‰mcp
Zpc-¥-hm¿Ø-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Im¿Ø-ho-c-ys‚ a°ƒ h∂v ]c-ip-cm-a-t\mSv ]I-ho-ń-. Pa-
Z·n al¿jnsb sIm∂p-sIm-≠mWv Ah¿ ]I-cw-ho-ń-b-sX∂v -k-tlm-Z-c∑m¿ F√m-
hcpw IqSn \ne-hn-fn-®p-sIm≠v ]d-™p. CXpv `rKp-cm-as\ ho≠pw tIm]mIpe-\m-°n.
X∂n¬ sI´-Sß - nbncp∂ tIm]w ho≠pw hf¿∂v Hcp {]f-bØ - o-t]mse Poh-\n¬-Bf - n-
∏-S¿∂p. £{Xnb-ssh-cw ho≠pw aq¿—n-®p. IÆn¬°≠ £{Xn-b∑ - msc apgp-h≥ sIms∂m-
Sp-°n-s°m≠v Dugn-ap-gp-h≥ Np‰n-°-d-ßn. Hcp sImSp-¶m‰p t]mse D∑-Ø-\mbncp∂p
At∏mƒ ]c-ip-cm-a≥. Hcp thXmfw tNmc-°p-th≠n \m°v Cf-bv°p-∂X - p-t]mse Fs‚
ssIh-i-ap≠m-bn-cp∂ agp Fs∂ ho≠pw ho≠pw {]tIm-]n-X-\m-°n. £{Xnb-hwiw
apgp-h≥ \in∏n®v Ah-c-psS c‡w ]X-s™m-gp-Inb ]pg-bpsS XocØv Rm≥ Fs‚
]nXm-hns‚ ac-Wm-\-¥-c-I¿Ω-ßƒ \S-Øn. A{Xbpw sN-bvXp-I-gn™v a\- -v ka-\ne
hos≠-SpØt∏mƒ XØ-zh - n-Øa
- \mb ]nXm-hns‚ D]-tZ-iw- ho≠pw sNhn-bn¬ apgßn.
“Ipt™ Bc-W-y-]n-Xm-°-fpsS Bflo-b-k-ºØv a\p-j-y\v shdptX Ahs‚ h≥]v
Im´m≥ th≠nbpf-f-X-√; ]mcns‚ \∑°v th≠n hn\n-tbm-Kn-°m-\p-f-f-XmWv”.
(139˛154)
sIme°qØpv˛ sIme-]m-XI - a- m-Ip-∂ IqØv ; {]oX≥˛ kwXr-]vX≥
a¬∏n-Xm-hv˛ Fs‚ ]nXmhv ; {Iucyw˛ {Iqc-`mhw
Ag¬]q-t≠≥˛ Zp:JnX-\mbn ; sh√p-hm-\m-Im˛ Pbn-°m-\m-hn√
k©-bn-°p-hm-s\-t\-y˛ Hcp-an-®p-Iq-´p-hm-\√
- msX
ê-k-¥-ym-Kw˛ êw Dt]-£n-°¬
Bc-y-\n-μn-X≥˛ Kpcp-°-∑m-cm¬ \nμn-°-s∏-h≥
XØ-zt- _m-[n-bmb ]nXm-hns‚ D]-tZiw ]c-ip-cm-as‚ a\- ns\ ]ns∂bpw aYn-

°m-\m-cw-`n-®p. At±-lØ
- ns‚ Nn¥-Ifpw A\-¥c \S-]S- n-If
- p-amWv Cu hcn-If
- n¬ Nn{Xo-
I-cn-°p-∂X- v.
]c-ip-cm-a≥ Nn¥n-®p. “B¿j-kw-kvImcw hf¿Ønb alm-\mb Fs‚ ]nXmhv

kz¿§-Øn-en-cp∂p sIm≠v Rm≥ sNbvX sIme°qØp I≠p kwX-y-]vX-\mbnØocp-
tam-?” AXn\v adp-]-Sn-sb-t∂mWw Im‰ns‚ aqfenepw IS-ens‚ Cc-ºenepw Htc
im]hm°p-Iƒ Rm≥ tI´p. “Xt]m-_ew \o ]mgm°n°f-™p”. a\ v ho≠pw Ak-
z-ÿa - m-bn. Bflm-hnse Bc-Wy- Iim¥kpμc`mhw apgp-h≥ am®p If-™n´v {Iuc-y`- m-
h-Øn\pv CSw sImSpØpht√m F∂v Rm≥ Zp:Jn-®p. am{X-a√ Hcp kXyw
Rm≥ a\- n-em-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. A[¿ΩsØ Pbn-°phm≥ Fs‚ ssIh-ia - p≈ agp-
hn\v Hcn-°epw km[n-°p-I-bn-√. AXp A[¿ΩsØ ho≠pw ho≠pw k©-bn-°p-I-
tbbp-≈q. Cu Xncn-®-dnhv ]c-ip-cm-as\ ]pXn-sbmcp a\p-j-y-\m-°n-Øo¿Øp. Abmƒ
34
ImSp-Iƒ tXmdpw \S-∂p.. I≠p-ap-ńb Ejn-I-tfmsS√mw \odp-∂ a\- ns‚ im¥n-
°mbn Hcp \√ acp∂v At\-z-jn-®p. Nne¿ ]d™p . “shń-∏n-Sn® \mSp apgp-h≥ Zm\w
sNøp-I. t\Snb êw apgp-h≥ Dt]-£n-®p-sIm≠p am{Xsa a\- ns\ _m[n® ]m]-
Øns‚ NqSm-‰m≥ Ign-bp-Ib - p-≈q”. Rm≥ shń-∏n-Sn® hni-meamb `q{]-tZiw apgp-h≥
{_ml-aW - ¿°v Zm\w sNbvXn´pw a\- n\v B\μw e`n-®n-√. AXp-sIm≠v hn≠pw ]m]-
]-cn-lm-cØ- n-\p≈ am¿§w tXSn. hn{iaw sIm≠n-√. a\ v ]ns∂bpw a{¥n-®p. “Bc-y\ - n-
μn-X\mb \o Aim-¥-\mbn Cu Zm\`qan-bn¬ hmg-cp-X”v.
155˛168
{]mWmbm-aw˛ AjvSmwKtbmK-ßfn¬ H∂p, (a-l¿jn-am¿ [ym-\t- h-fbn¬ {]mWm-bmaw

sNøpw)
amaq¬˛ ]c-ºc- b
- m-bp≈ BNmcw; X]:-]p-jvSw˛ X]: {]`mhw
Nn¥bpw [ym-\hpw ]pXnb Adn-hp-Iƒ ]c-ip-cm-a\v \evIn. B Adn-hn¬ \n∂v

Dbn¿s°m≠ {]h-y-Øn-Isf Cu hcn-Iƒ hy-‡-am-°p-∂p.
N{I-hmfw apń-°n-S-°p∂ kap-{Z-Øns‚ temI\n¿ΩmW-[-z\n tI´pv sIm≠v

kap{ZXocØv Rm\n-cp-∂p. {]mWm-bmaw sIm≠v Fs‚ ka-kvtX{μnb-ßs - fbpw Rm≥
Fs‚ krj-vSyp-∑p-J-amb Bflm-hn¬ tIμo-I-cn-®p. Fs‚ Nn¥-bn¬ Rm≥ sNbvX
{]h-y-Øn-I-fpsS ê-ßƒ sXfn-bp-I-bm-bn. amaq-ep-Iƒ°p th≠n _en-bm-bn-Øo¿∂
Fs‚ AΩbpw, Fs‚ sX‰p-sIm≠v sIm√-s∏-tS-≠n h∂ Fs‚ A—\pw. CXpv c≠n\pw
aotX Hcp sh◊-gp-hns‚ XocmØ c‡-s°mXn aqew Ah-km-\n-∏n-t°≠n h∂ Akw-
Jyw Pohn-Xß- ƒ. Cu aq∂v Nn{X-ßfpw tN¿∂v ]c-ip-cm-as\ ]pXn-sbm-cm-fm-°n-Øo¿Øp.
]ns∂ H´pw sshIn-bn-√. Fs‚ tXmfn\v `qj-W-ambn sIm≠p \S∂ B Znh-ym-bp-
[sØ AI-te-bv°-I-te-bv°mbn Rm≥ hen-s®-dn-™p. lnwk-bn-√mØ Hcp cmPyw
]Sp-Øp-b¿Øp-I.\oXn-Iq-SsØ ]c-am-h[n ]pXp°n am¿±-hs - ∏-Sp-ØpI. Ch c≠p-ambn
Fs‚ e£-yw. AXn-\p-th-≠n Rm≥ ZrV {]Xn⁄sb-Sp-Øp. “Hcp \h-temI
krjvSn°pth-≠n-b√ - msX kwlm-cØ - n-\mbn taen¬ Hcn-°epw DXv°r-jvSa - mb X]:-{]-
`m-hsØ Rm≥ hn\n-tbm-Kn-°p-Ib - n-√”.
(169˛198)
k¿t§m¬°w˛ krjvS-y-∑pJw ; Bcm¬˛ kao-]Øv ,
sFIm-{Kyw˛ GIm-{KX-sbkw_-‘n-®Xv ; Xpcp-Øpv˛ Zzo]pv
hSn-th-Ip-I˛ cq]w-\¬IpI
ama-Im-Z¿iw˛ amaI+ BZ¿iw( Fs‚ BZ¿iw).
A\-yq-\k - u- μ - c- y- w˛ AXn-c‰ kuμ-cyw
X{Zq-]t- c-JI - ƒ˛ XXv+ cq]-tc-JI - ƒ (B cq]-tc-JI - ƒ)
hym-lX - k- z- m-X{¥y¿˛ kzm-X{¥ywXS-bs - ∏-´h
- ¿
ùa-ku-Jy- w˛ `qan-bnse kuJyw (eu-In-Ik - p-Jw)
tIc-fs - a∂ `qJWvUØ - ns‚ IS∂p hchpw AhnsS ⁄m\w hnf-bn®v kwkvIm-
c-k-º-∂-am-°m≥ ]c-ip-cm-a≥ sNbvX {ia-ßfpw hni-Zo-I-cn-°p∂p.
35
Hcp \h-tem-Ik
- r-jvSn-°mbn ZrV-{h-Xs - a-SpØpsIm≠v Rm≥ [ym\-\n-cX - \m-bn.
krjvSy∑p-J-amb Fs‚ C—-bpsS GIm-{K-X-aqew h¿j-ßƒ sRmSn-I-fm-bn- am-dn.
Aßs\ \mfp-Iƒ Gsd IS-∂X - n-\p-tijw Hcp-\mƒ kap-{ZØn\pf-fn¬ IS-ens‚ ]p©n-
cn-t]mse GXm\pw shä-W¬Øp-cp-Øp-Iƒ {]X-y£ - s
- ∏-´p. Bbn-c°
- W
- °- n\v sX‰p-
Iƒ°v cq]w-\¬Inb B shägp hoWv B≠p-In-S-∂-Zn-°n-emWv Xpcp-Øp-Iƒ I-≠-
Xv. Ime-{I-aØ
- n¬ shtΔsdbmbn-cp∂ Xpcp-Øp-Iƒ XΩn¬ ]p¬Ip-Ib - p-≠m-bn. AtXmsS
A¤p-X-I-camw hn[w sFi-z-c-y-]q¿Æ-amb Hcp \mSv Db¿∂p h∂p.
B \mń\v am{Xw e`n® {]tX-y-I-X-Iƒ hni-Z-oI-cn-°p∂p:
B \mń¬ agbpw a™pw shbnepw amdnamdn FØn-s°m-≠n-cp-∂p. ama-eb - psS

Xmgvhc-{]-tZ-i-ßƒ ]®-Ø-g-∏m¿∂p.-]q-°-sf-s°m≠v at\m-P-R-am-bn. \ne-ß-fn¬
s\¬°-Xn-cp-Iƒ Xnßn-\n-d™ - p. k¥p-jvSßfmb AIn-Sp-If - p-ambn ss]°ƒ ]p¬Ø-
S-ßf- n¬ ta™p \S-∂p. A\n-Xc - k
- m-[m-cW- a - mb kuμ-cyw hgn-s™m-gp-Inb B \mń¬
IpSn]m¿°phm≥ A\-y\ - m-Sp-If- n¬ \n∂v P\m-he - n-Iƒ th≠p-thm-fs - a-Øn. amaq-ep-Iƒ°v
thtcm-á - n-√mØ B aÆn¬ Fs‚ BZ¿i-ßƒ AXnt‚Xmb cq]-tc-JI - ƒ krjvSn-®p.
IpSpw-_-ßfpsS ASn-Ød kvt\l-am-bn-cp∂p AhnsS. \mcn-am¿ Fh-nsSbpw k¿hX-
{¥kz-X{¥-If - mbn ImW-s∏-´p. ssih-ssh-jvWh i{XpX-sbm∂pw AhsS D≠m-bn-√.
tZh-∑mcpw Akp-c-∑mcpw \mK-∑m-cp-sa√mw Htc ań¬ Bcm-[-y-cm-bn-cp-∂p. ]uc¿ ]c-
kv]cw am\n®pw klm-bn®pw kpJn-®p. C{X-sbm-s°-bm-sb-¶nepw Ah-sbm∂pw Xs∂
Fs‚ IrX-y-Øns‚ k^-eo-I-c-W-am-sW∂v Rm≥ Hcn-°epw Nn¥n-®n-√. At∏mgpw
F∂nse {_m“-Wy- X as‰m-cm-i¶ - b- n-em-bn-cp-∂p. a\p-jy- ≥ C{]-Imcw kpJn®p atÆmSv
aÆmbn tN¿∂m¬ aXn-tbm? Cu Nn¥ Fs∂ ho≠pw I¿tΩm∑pJ\m°n. Rm≥ ]e-
tZ-iß- f- n¬ sN∂v {_mlvaW - t- cmSv At]-£n-®p. Fs‚ sIm®p-\m-ń¬ hn⁄m\w hnX-
bv°m≥ I\n-bW - t- a. e
- u-In-Ik - p-Js - Ø-°mfpw Db¿∂-Xeßƒ Fs‚ \njvIf - ¶
- c- mb
P\-Xbv°pv ImWn-®p -sIm-Sp-Ømepw. {_m“-tX-P pw £m{X-tX-P pw ssItIm¿Øp
sIm≠pv kz¿§hpw `qanbpw H∂m-bn-Øo-cp∂ Ahÿ Fs‚ \mń¬ D≠m-Ip-hm≥
Rm≥ ho≠pw Ah-tcm-S-`-y¿∞n-®p.
(199˛214)
sIWn˛ Ipcp°v ; alm-Kn-cn-irw-Kw˛ alm-]¿Δ-X-Øns‚ sImSp-apSn
bpK-]c
- n-Wm-aw˛ Ime-Øns‚ am‰w; Im¥m-cw˛ ImSpv
kwth-Z\- w˛ C{μnb-⁄m\w
G‰hpw D¬Ir-jvS-amb Hcp \mńs\ kz-]v\-wI≠ ]c-ip-cm-a≥ Ct∏mƒ Cu
atl-{μm-Ne- Ø
- n-en-cp-∂p-sIm≠v ImWp-∂Xv hn]-co-Xa
- mb Ah-ÿm-¥c
- ß
- f
- mWv. AXp
Fs¥∂v hy-‡a - m-°p∂p Cu hcn-Iƒ.
Aßs\ hfsc {]Xo-£-tbmsS krjvSn® B {]tZiw kz¥w Imep-Iƒ°v

Ipcp-°m-bn-Øo-cp-∂-Xn\v apºv Rm≥ X]- n-\p-th≠n Cu alm-irwKØn¬ FØn-
t®¿∂p. Nnc-Im-e-ambn Rm≥ ChnsS Ccp-∂p-sIm≠v bpK-ßfpsS hchpw t]m°pw
t\m°n-°m-Wp-I-bmWv; H∏w Ah-nsS-bp-ff Pohm-fl-m°-fpsS hf¿®bpw. CXp Rm≥
krjvSn® ]gb at\m-lc - a
- mb \mSp-Xs
- ∂-bm-W;v F¶nepw Ime-Øns‚ ]cn-Wm-aØ
- n¬s∏´v
36
apJm-Ir-Xn-Xs∂ amdn-t∏m-bn-cn-°p-∂p. ImSp-Iƒ Npcp-ßn. \K-c-ßƒ hf¿∂p. Ncm-N-c-
ß-fs√mw sNdp-Xm-bn. kwth-Z\w Xo£vW-am-bn. Aºns‚ i_vZw ssIhmƒ No‰-en\v
hgn-am-dn-s°m-Sp-Øp. {I-a-Øn¬ AXv tXms°m-®-bmbpw amc-I-ti-jn-bp-ff t_mw_p-I-
fpsS s]m´-em-bpw-am-dn. Fßpw t]mcns‚ Pb-tL-mjw-tI-´p. {Iuc-yØ
- ns‚ Ae¿® `qan-
bn¬ \n∂v BIm-iw-hsc apg-ßn-t°-´p.Rm≥ \S∂p \oßn-b -sX-‰mb am¿§-Øn-eqsS
F{Xtbm t]¿ bm{X XpS-cp-∂p F∂ kXyw Fs∂ ho≠pw ho≠pw Ak-z-ÿ-\m-°p-
∂p. am\-hi - ‡n C{XI≠p hf¿∂n´pw am¿§w ]≠-tØ-Xp-Xs - ∂-bm-Im≥ Ft¥ Imc-
W-sa-∂p-ff Nn¥ Fs∂ ho≠pw aYn-®p.
(215˛236)
bmX-\m-hl - w˛ thZ-\m-]q¿Æw ; Ip‰w-t]-i¬˛ Ip‰w-]d- b

- ¬
ap{Zn-X¿˛ AS-bm-fs
- ∏-Sp-Øs
- ∏-´h
- ¿
D¬°-tSm-tZ-z-Kw˛ D¬°S+ DtZ-zKw (h¿≤n-®-kw-{`-aw), Cud˛ tIm]w
\mń\v kw`-hn-°p∂ A]-Nb

- Ø
- ns‚ ASn-ÿm\ ImcWw Is≠-Øp-Ibpw AXp
temI-km-[m-c-W-am-sW∂pff bmYm¿∞yw a\- n-em-°p-Ibpw sNbvXpsIm≠v hnc-an-
°p-∂p.
\oem-I-mi-Øn\pXmsg Xqi-\n-e-h®-t]mse ]cn-e-kn-°p∂ Fs‚ \mń-te°v

ho≠pw ItÆm-Sn-®p. at‰-sXmcp \mń-te-bpw-t]mse Chn-sSbpw IÆocpw ISpw-t\mhpw
]Ibpw hodpw t]mcp-sa√mw hf-sc-tbsd°≠p. AXn¬ \n∂v Hcp k - X
- yw a\- n-em-°p-
∂p. GsXm-cm-Z¿Øn\pw `qan-bnse Imt‰¬°p-tºmƒ AXns‚ bYm¿∞-\ndw sISpw.
a\p-jy- \v GXv \∑sbbpw Ime-{I-aØ - n¬ ap\-Iq¿∏n®v bmX-\m-]q¿Æ-am°m≥ Ign-bpw.
a‰p-f-f-h-sc-Ip-‰-s∏-Sp-Øp∂-Xn-sem∂pw Hcp Ig-ºp-an-√. Ah-\-h≥ sNøp∂ sX‰ns‚
Xo{hX a\- n-em°m≥ Hcmƒ hf-sc- \m-fp-I-sfm∂pw Pohn-t°-≠n-h-cn-√. Rm\n-t∏mƒ
agp-ap-\s
- Im≠v AS-bm-fs - ∏-Sp-Øs
- ∏´ Fs‚ \m´p-Imsc \\-bp∂ IÆp-Iƒ sIm≠mWv
t\m°n-°m-Wp-∂-Xv. Ah-cn¬ D{K-tIm-]n-I-fp-≠v; Akw-Xr-]vX-cp-≠v; ss[c-y-im-en-I-fp-
≠v; Dƒ°-S-amb kw{àØn\Sns∏´-h-cp≠v, F√m-h-scbpw Rm≥ Hm¿°p-∂p.-A-Xn-epw
F\n°p- sX-‰p ]-‰n-bn-´p≠v. {_m“-tX-P pw £m{X tXP pw HØptN¿∂m¬ Ak-zm-
ÿ-y-a-√msX as‰s¥¶nepw D≠mIptam? Fs‚ \mSv AWns™mcp-ßp-∂Xpw AXn¬
]uc¿ tamZn°p-∂Xpw Cu kml-kn-I\ - mb F\n-°p-th-≠n-b√- . h¿≤n® tIm]w-sIm≠v
sNbvXpt]mb sX‰p-Is - fÆn Aim-¥\ - mbn \mƒI-gn-°p∂ Cu ]S-bmfn°pth-≠n-b√;
adn®v kz-¥w-X-e-bn¬ Nhn-´p∂ Imen¬ Cui-z-cs\ Z¿in-®- i-‡-amb hn\-b-Øns‚
kua-y-aq¿Øn-°p-th-≠n-bmWv. hma-\s‚ Nhn-t´‰v ]mXm-f-Øn-te-°p-t]mb alm-_-en-
bpsS t]cn¬ tIc-fo-b¿ HmWw B tLmjn-°p-∂-Xn¬ tIc-f-Øns‚ krjvSn-I¿Øm-
hmbn hy-lc - n-°s- ∏-Sp∂ ]c-ip-cm-a\- p-≠m-Ip∂ sshIm-cn-IX- - ChnsS {]ISam-Ip-∂p-
37
c≠p-]p-d-Øn¬ DØ-c-sa-gp-XpI
1) F≥ \mSp-Na - b
- p-tºms-f≥ ]uc¿ tamZn-°p-tºm˛
-sfs∂tbm¿°o-se≥ tXmƒ sRcn® agp-thbpw
]c-ip-cm-as‚ Cu Nn¥-bv°p- Im-cW - s - a-¥v?
2) a\- m¬ sNø-s∏´ ]m]ta Kpcp-Xcw˛ kμ¿`w hy-‡-am°n Cu {]kvXm-
hØns‚ km¿h-eu-InIX hni-Zo-Ic - n-°p-I.
3) amXr-l¥- m-hmb ]c-ip-cm-a≥ a\p-jy- m-flm-hns‚ kwip-≤nsb t_m[y-s∏-
SpØn sImSp-°p-∂s - X-ßs
- \?
4) ]mcns‚ \∑-bv°t{X ]mgvh≥]p-t\-Sm-\√o
bmc-Wy]nXm-°ƒ X∂m-flob kº-Øp-Iƒ ˛hy-mJ-ym-\n-°p-I.
5) “\∑-Xn-∑I - ƒ t\cm-bm- cdn-™n-cn-°p∂p” ]c-ip-cma-s\-s°m≠v C{]-Imcw
Nn¥n-∏n-°m-\n-S-bm-°nb kml-N-cyw hy-‡-am-°p-I.
6) “ê-k¥ - y- mKw-sImt≠ ]m]-Øn≥ NqSm-dp∂p” ]c-ip-cm-as‚ am\-km-¥cw
kw`-hn-®s - X-ßs - \-sb∂v hni-Zo-Ic
- n-°p-I.
7) C∂p-Rm-\d- n-bp∂pt≠sXm-cm-Z¿i-Øn∂pw
a∂n-te-°m-t‰¬°p-tºmƒ Ø≥\n-dw-sI-Sm-sa∂p Cu hcn-If - psS ImenI
{]k‡n ]c-yt- em-Nn-°p-I.
\mev]p-d-Øn¬ DØ-c-sa-gp-XpI
1) _mem-a-Wn-b-Ω-bpsS Imh-y-Po-hn-X-Øse km¿∞-I-amb Hcp Dbn¿sØ-gp-
t∂-ev]mWv agp-hns‚ IY˛ N¿® sNøp-I.
2) ]c-ip-cm-as‚ lnwk-hm-k-\sb- sa-cp-°m≥ Ign-bm-Ø-XmWv agp-hns‚ IY-
bpsS a¿Ωw˛ hnhcn-°p-I.
38
kl-ys‚ aI≥
sshtem-∏n-f-fn -{io-[-c-ta-t\m≥
ae-bm-fI - h
- n-Xb
- n¬ bpK-]c - n-h¿Ø-\Ø - n\v \mμn-Ip-dn® Ihn-If - n¬ {][m-\n-bmWv
sshtem-∏n-f-fn -{i-o-[-c-ta-t\m≥. sdm-am‚n-k-nkØns‚ Ah-km-\-\m-fp-I-fn-emWv At±-
lw I - m-hy-cw-Kt- Ø°v {]th-in-®X - v. Imev]\- n-IX
- b - n¬ \n∂v bmYmXYy-Øn-te°pw
ÿnX-hy- h - ÿ- t- bmSp≈ A\p-cR - vP\ at\m-`m-hØ - n¬ \n∂v hn´p hogvNb - n-√mØ kac
at\m-`m-hØ - nte°pw ae-bm-fI - h- nX amdn-s°m-≠n-cp-∂p A°m-eØv. F∂m¬ hnπhw
F∂ Bi-bs - Ø-∏‰n bp‡n-bp-‡a - mb hnNn-¥\ - h - pw- t_m-[]
- q¿Δ-amb hne-bn-cp-Øepw
C√msX sshIm-cn-Im-th-iØ - n¬ A‘-ambn apßp-hm≥ At±lw Xøm-dm-bn-√. ap{Zm-hm-
I-yk
- a - m-\a- mb Hcp hcn-t]mepw At±-lØ - ns‚ Ihn-Xb - n¬ Is≠-Øm-\m-hn-√. F∂m¬
a{¥i-‡n-bp-ff, Du¿÷w {]k-cn-°p∂ Imh-y-ßƒ Is≠Øm\pw Ign-bpw.
Pn. i¶-c° - p-dp-∏n\p tijw G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ BZ-chv t\Sn-sb-SpØ ae-bm-fI

- h
- n-
bmWv {io F∂ Xqen-Im-\m-a-Øn¬ Ipd-®p-\mƒ Adn-b-s∏´ sshtem-∏n-f-fn Pohn-X-
Øns‚ ]cp-]-cpØ bmYm¿∞-y-ß-sf- I-s≠-Øm-\pw, imkv{X-o-b-amb ImgvN-∏m-tSmsS
Ah Ah-Xc - n-∏n-°p-hm\pw At±lw aSn-Im-Wn-®nń-√. B[p-\nI imkv{XkwkvIm-csØ
]mc-º-c-y-Øns‚ DØ-amw-i-ß-tfmSv ka-\-z-bn-∏n-°m\pw sshtem-∏n-ffn Ihn-X-Iƒ°m--
bn-´p≠v.
C∂-sØ -Po-hn-X-Øn\v Fs¥√mw sshI-e-y-ßfpw sshcq-]-y-ß-fp-ap-s≠-¶nepw

AXp -ap-º-tØXn-t\-°mƒ kpμ-chpw \√-Xp-am-sW∂v At±lw hni-z-kn-®p. Cu hni-
z-mk-Øns‚ ASn-°-√v sshtem-∏n-f-fn-bpsS Ncn-{X-t_m[hpw imkv{Xo-b-Nn-¥m-K-Xn-bp-
am-Wv. a\p-j-ys‚ _p≤n-i-‡nbpw k¿§-ti-jnbpw {]Ir-Xn-tbm-Sp -\q-‰m-≠p-I-fmbn ]S-
shń ]nSn-s®-Sp-ØX
- mWv ⁄m\-kº - Ø
- v. B Adn-hns‚ shfn-®Ø
- n¬ A\p-{Iaw hnI-
k-z-c-am-bn-s°m≠ncn-°p-I-bmWv Ahs‚ kuμ-c-y-t_m-[w. AXn-\-h-Im-inI-fm-bn-Øo-
cp-∂Xp ]n≥X-e-ap-d-bpam-Wv. AXn-\m¬ B apX¬°q´p-Iƒ A\p-Zn\w h¿≤n-°p-I-b-
√msX £bn®pt]m-Ip-Ib - n-s√∂v At±lw Icp-Xp-∂p.
X\n°v A\p-`h - ÿ
- ß - f - mb kw`-hß - sf Imh-yh - n-jb
- a
- m-°p-hm≥ sshtem-∏n-f-
fnbv°v AXn-bmb D’m-la - p≠v. hfsc {]kn-≤a - mb amºgw Xs∂ G‰hpw \√ DZm-l-
c-Wa- m-Wv. kl-ys‚ aI≥ F∂ Imh-yØ - n\v hnØp]m-In-bXv \S∂ Hcp kw`-ha - m-sW∂v
am[-h≥ Aø-∏Øp tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. Xr∏q-Wn-Øp-db - v°S- pØpv acSv F∂ ÿe-sØ -
t£{XØn¬ Hcn-°¬ D’hw \S-°p-tºmƒ B\ CS-bm≥ `mhn-®p-hs - {X. A°m-eØv
sNdp-∏° - m-c\
- mb {io[-ct- a-t\m≥ AhnsS ]mX-h° - Øv Hcp apdn-bn¬ Ipdn-®nS Xma-kn-
®n-cp-∂p. Ccp-ºg- n-If
- n´ P\m-eb - n-eqsS t\m°n-\n-∂m¬ t£{X-Z¿i-Øn\v sNdnb sNdnb
kwL-ßƒ t]mIp-∂X - p- Im-Wm-am-bn-cp-∂p. Cu D’-hØ - ns‚ ]›m-Øe - a
- mWv D¬°r-
jvS-amb kl-ys‚ aI≥ P\n-°m-\n-S-bm-b-Xv.
Imh-yØ- n\v Ihn-Xs∂ sImSp-°p∂ Nne ASn°pdn-∏p-If

- p≠v. AXns‚ apJ-hpc
Cß-s\-bm-Wv. kl-ys‚ aI≥, ]cn-jvIr-X-Po-hn-X-Øns‚ IrX-y-amb Nn´-h-´-ßƒ°v
39
hg-ßn, AWn-s™m-cpßn \n¬°p∂ aln-a-tb-dnb Hcp a\p-j-y≥ Nne {]Xn-k-‘n-L-
´-ßfn¬ {]_-e-amb Hcp {]mY-anI hnIm-c-Øn\v (DZm: cXn-`m-h-Øn\v) hnt[-b-\mbn,
kwkvImc]mc-ºc - y- ß
- sf hI-hb
- v°msX kz¥w lrZb t{]c-WI - ƒ°-\p-kc- n®p Pohn-
°m≥ {ian-°p-Ibpw Abm-sf-s°m≠v ]cn-{`-ahpw A]m-bhpw A\p-`-hn-°p∂ kap-
Zmbw Abmsf ]I-tbmsS sRcn®p XI¿°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂-Xns‚ Omb Cu IY-
bpsS ]n∂n-ep-≠v. Xo£-vW-ß-fmb kl-P-hn-Nm-c-ß-fpsS kt¶-X-amb D]-t_m-[-a-\-
ns‚ {]Xn-cq-]-amImw CXnse kl-y-Im-\-\w. AØ-c-samcp a\p-j-y≥ kap-Zm-b-Øn\v
B]-XvIm-cn-bmsW¶nepw Abm-fpsS XI¿® Xo¿®-bmbpw klm-\p-`q-Xn-tbmSp IqSn-bp-
ff ]cn-K-W-\sb A¿ln-°p-∂p-≠v .
Cu Imcyw Xs∂ as‰m-cp-hn-[Ø

- n¬ hni-Zo-Ic
- n-°mw. ka-ql
- Ø
- nse A[n-Imcn
h¿§-Øns‚ BUw-_-c-Øn-\mbn Ae-¶-cn®v Fgp-∂-f-fn®v Hmtcm- ÿm-\-ß-fn¬
\n¿Øp∂ Ihn-Iƒ, Iem-Im-c-∑m¿ XpS-ßn-bcpsS {]Xn-\n-[n-bmbpw Cu sImºs\
ImWmw.
Ihn-°p-≠mb Nne hy-‡n-]c - a

- mb A\p-`h
- ßsf ap≥\n¿Øn Fgp-Xnb Ihn-X-
bmWv kl-y-s‚ aI≥. Nne khn-tij kml-N-c-y-ßƒ Ihn-bn¬ AXn-Zp- -l-amb
_ml-y\- n-b{- ¥-Wß
- ƒ G¬∏n°m≥ {ian-®n-cp∂ Ah-ÿb - psS ]›m-Øe- sØ°pdn®v
Ihn Xs∂ Hcp kz-Im-cy A`n-ap-JØ
- n¬ shfn-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-s≠∂v Fkv. cmP-ti-Jc
- ≥
shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
1- ˛ 24 hcn-Iƒ
BZ-ysØ 24 hcn-If
- n¬ Imh-ym-hX
- c
- Ww \n¿Δ-ln-°p-∂p.
s\‰n-∏´s∏m∂-cp-hn-Iƒ ˛ s\‰n-∏´- a- m-Ip∂ s]m∂-cp-hn-Iƒ

B\°-cnw-]m-dI - ƒ ˛ B\-If - m-Ip∂ Icnw-]m-dI
- ƒ
Xmf-]mXw ˛ Xmf-ta-fß - f- psS Btcm-lW- m-htcm-lW
- ß
- ƒ
]pcpjmcw ˛ Bƒ°q´w
Ipdp-º≥ ˛ Ipdpºv ( Al-¶m-cw) D≈-h≥
\nW-kz- ]v\w ˛ c‡-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ kz]v\w
i_vZk - m-Kcw ˛ i_vZa - m-Ip∂ kmKcw
kzm-X{- ¥-y]
- {Xw ˛ kzm-X-{¥-yØns‚ {]Xo-I-amb sNhn
hy-‡y- \ - p-`hw Db¿Ønb sshIm-cnI kΩ¿±-Øn¬ \n∂pw Dd-sh-SpØ Ihn-X-

bmWv klys‚ aI≥ F∂ [mc-Wt- bm-Sp-IqSn thWw Ihn-Xb - n-te°v IS-°m≥. Aº-
e-ap-‰Øv D’hw \S-°p-Ib - m-Wv. D÷-ze- Ø- m-bn-cn-°p∂ Zosh-ń-If- n¬ \n∂pw shfn®w
Cf-In-a-dn-bp-∂p. ]X-™p-s]m-ßp∂ s\‰n-∏-´-am-Ip∂ s]m∂-cp-hn-I-tfmSpIqSnb ]Xn-
\©v B\-If - m-Ip∂ Icnw-]m-dIƒ \nc∂p \n¬°p∂p. hmZyta-fß - f - psS Btcm-lW
- m-
h-tcm-lW- ß - ƒ°\p-kc - n®v Xe-bmń \n¬°p∂ ]pcp-jm-csØ I≠m¬ ]¿Δ-XØ - ns‚
Xmgvhc-{]tZiw ]qØp-e™p \n¬°p-Ib - mtWm F∂v tXm∂n-t∏m-Ipw. D’h∏d-ºns‚
Hcp `mKØv kwLw tN¿∂pv apdp-°n-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂-h¿ Xß-fn¬ ]d-bp-I-bp-≠m-bn.
40
\Sp°v \n¬°p∂ sImº≥ Ipdp-º\ - m-W.v tZhs\ Bhm-ln-®n-cp∂ s]m≥Xn-Sºv Ahs‚
akvX-I-Øn-emWv G‰p-∂-Xv. B akvXI ISm-l-Øn-\p-≈n¬ a{¥n-°p-∂-Xm-Is´ ]nim-
Np-°f
- m-Wv. B sImº-\n¬ \n∂pw Hgp-Inb aZ-Pew tXm¿∂n-ń-√m. F¶nepw Fgp-∂≈ - -
Øn¬ Ahs‚ Xe-sb-Sp∏v AXn-Kw-òcw Xs∂. Ahs‚ hf¿∂v Fgp∂p \n¬-°p∂
sImºpIƒ AXn-km-lkßsf Benw-K\w sNøp-hm≥ shºp-I-bm-hmw. IÆp-I-fm-
Is´ c‡w sIm≠p≈ Ifnbpw kz]v\w ImWp-I-bm-bncn-°pw. Xpºn-°cw aÆp-tXm-
≠p-∂p. ( Xpºn-°cw BcpsStbm ih-Øn-\mWv Ipgn-tXm-≠p-∂-sX∂v Ihn hnh-£).
]mhw im¥n-°m-c≥ \n∂v hnd-bv°p-I-bmWv. i_vZ-km-Kcw Ae X√-s´, A·n-®p-h-cp-
Iƒ Fcn-b-s´, a\p-j-y¿ Xn°pw Xnc°pw Iq´-s´, sImºs‚ Imep-I-fm-Ip∂ Xq-Wp-I-
fn¬ Iq®p Nße Xs∂ Xf-bv°-s´. Iri-Km-{X-\m-bn-cn-°p∂ ]m∏m≥ Xs‚ Iq¿Ø
tXmń sImºs‚ Imen¬Øs∂ Nmc-s´. Xs‚ {]uV-amb akvXn-jvIØ - n¬ Ccp-fn≥
{`m¥p-sIm≠v \nemhv kr-jvSn-°p∂ sImesImº≥ Ch-sbm∂pw Imc-ya - m-sb-Sp-Øn-ń-√.
B kmlkn At∏mgpw h≥sN-hn-If - m-Ip∂ kzm-X{- ¥-y]
- {Xw hoin k¶-ev]t- em-IØ- n¬
hnl-cn-°p-Ib- m-Wv.
Aº-e-ap-‰sØ D’hw D√m-k-Øns‚ ambn-I-temIw a\- n¬ krjvSn-°p-∂p.

Zosh-ńshfn-®-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ ]cma¿iw D√m-k-Øns‚ ambn-I-X-bv°p≈ Akv]-jvS-
X-bpsS Ie¿∏pw hy-‡a - m-°p-∂p. t_m[-Xe
- Ø
- ns‚ {]h¿Ø-\t- Ø-°mƒ D]-t_m-[X - -
e-Øns‚ {]h¿Ø-\a - mWv ChnsS IqSp-X¬ {]k-‡s - a-∂p≈ kqN-\b - mWv Ihn Xcp-∂-
Xv. B\-°c - nºmdI-sfbpw Ah-bv°p-aosX ]X-s™m-gp-Ip∂ s\‰n∏-á - m-Ip∂ s]m∂-
cp-hn-Is
- fbpw sIm≠v sImSnb h\Øns‚ {]XoXn Aº-ea - p-‰Øp krjvSn-°p-hm≥ Ign-
™n-´p-≠v. B tLmch-\-Øn¬ ]qØp-e™p \n¬°p∂ XmgvhmcßfmWv Xe-bmń
\n¬°p∂ Bƒ°q-´w.
B\-°c - nºmdIfpw ]qØ Xmgvhcbpw kuμc-yt- _m-[Ø - ns‚ hncp-≤X- e

- ß
- s
- f-
°p-dn-°p-∂p. B\-°c - nºmdIƒ {]Xn-\n-[m\w sNøp∂ kwkvIm-csØ Xpd-∂w-Ko-Icn-
°m≥ ]qØ Xmgvhmc-ßƒ k∂-≤a - √
- . ]qØ Xmgvhmc-ßfptSXns\ \ne-\n¿Øn-s°m≠p
t]mIp-hm≥ B\-°-cn-ºm-d-Iƒ°p-am-hn-√. kq£va-]-cn-tim-[-\-bn¬ c≠p kwkvIm-c-
ß-fpsS hncp-≤X- e
- ß
- s - f-bmWv Cu c≠v _nw_-ßƒ Ipdn-°p∂sX∂v ImWmw. F√m-
hp-ambn CW-ßn-t®-cp-∂h - cpw H‰-s∏´p Xe-sb-SpØp \n¬°p-∂h - \pw XΩn-ep≈ sshcp-
≤yw ChnsS hyw-Ky- c- q-]Ø - n¬ Bhn-jv°c - n-°s
- ∏-´p-Ig
- n-™n-cn-°p-∂p.
tZh≥ s]m≥Øn-St- ºdn s]cp-am-dp∂ akvXI - Ø

- n¬ a{¥n-°p-∂Xp ]nim-Np-°f - m-
sW-∂p≈ Iev]\ - bpw Nnt¥m-±o-]I - a
- m-Wv. tZhs‚ Bÿm-\Øp Xs∂ ]nim-Nns‚
IpSn-bn-cn-∏.v CXpw t\csØ kqNn-∏n® sshcp-≤y- Ø - n-te°v hnc¬ Nq≠p-∂p. CXv ]d-bp-
∂-h¿ kwL-ambn Ccn-°p-∂h - c
- m-sW-∂mWv Ihn kqNn-∏n-®n-´p-≈X- .v kwL-Sn-Xc
- psS at\m-
KXnbpw H‰-bms‚ at\m-KX - nbpw XΩn-ep≈ sshcp-≤y- h - pw AhnsS hy-‡a- m-°p-∂p.
kwL-kw-kvIm-c-Øns‚ anY-ym-`n-am-\-ßfpw AtXm-sSm∏w \nd™p \n¬°p∂

òXnbpw shfn-hm-°p-∂X - mWv Ah-cpsS XpS¿∂p≈ kw`m-jW- ß
- ƒ. Ahs‚ Xe-s∏m-
°-Øn¬ A`n-am-\m-Zc - ß
- ƒ \ne-\n¬°p-tºmƒ Xs∂ aZ-Pew apgp-h≥ tXmcmØ Ah-
s\-°p-dn®v òXnbpw ap‰n-\n¬°p-∂p.
41
h≥]p-Iƒ Nqgpw hf¿ ˛
sImºp-If - \
- p-am{Xw
shºp-Ib - mhmw alm ˛
kml-kß - s - f-∏p¬Im≥
kml-k-ß-sf Benw-K\w sNøm-\p≈ ssIIƒ t]mse-bmWv hncn™p \o≠
sImºp-Iƒ.
Ipdp-º\
- mb sImºs‚ B¥-ct- em-IØ - n-s‚bpw _ln¿ tem-IØ
- n-s‚bpw sshcp-
≤-yØ
- n-te°v \ΩpsS {i≤sb B\-bn-°p∂ hcn-If - m-Wv.
i_vZ-km-Kcw InS ˛
∂e-X√ - t- ´-Xo-bn≥
òXn-Is
- f-cn-bt´
Xnc-°o-St- ´-\c - ¿
Iq®p NßeXs∂ ˛
I¬Øq-Wn¬ Xf-bv°s´
Iq¿Ø tXmń Nmcs´
Iri-Km-{X\o ]m∏m≥
B\-bpsS {`m-¥-amb kwlm-cm-fl-I-X-bn¬ \n∂v c£ t\Sm\pw AXn-s\ \nb-
{¥n-°m\pw F√m Ign-hp-I-fp-sa-Sp-Øv {]tbm-Kn-°p-IbmWv Bƒ°m¿. Np‰pw Ae-X-
√p∂ tImem-l-e-ßtfm IØn-bpb-cp∂ A·n-`n-Øn-Itfm H∂pw Ah≥ hI-sh-®n-√.
AsXm∂pw D≈n-te°v IS-°mØ B aqV-a-kvXn-jvI-Øn-\p-≈n¬ {`m¥n≥ \nemhv
Hmfw sh´p-I-bm-Wv. akvXnjvIw {]uV-am-sW-¶nepw AXn-\Iw \ndsb {`m¥n≥
\nemhmWv. B \nem-hn¬ _ml-y-temIw Hcp {]iv\-ta-b-√. F√m-‰nepw Xm\pw Xs‚
lnX-ßfpw am{Xw. _ml-y-bm-Ym¿∞-yß-fn¬ \n∂v km¶-ev]n-I-am-sb-¶nepw tamN\w
e`n-®t- XmsS Ah≥ kzm-X{- ¥-yØn-te°v IS-∂p. AhnsS b-tYjvSw hnl-cn-°p-hm\p≈
]p≈n®ndIp-I-fmbn Ahs‚ h≥sN-hn-Iƒ.
25-˛36
k©nX hn`-hw-˛k - © - b - n-°s∏´(Iq-ń-sh-®) kºØpv
D∂n-{Zw˛ h¿≤n®
sImº≥ D’-hc - w-KØmWv \n¬°p-∂s - X¶nepw a\- p-sIm≠v Ipń-°m-esØ
tIc-fo-bc - w-Ka
- mb kl-ykm\p-°f - n¬ hnl-cn-°p-Ib- m-Wv.
k©n-Xh - n-`h
- t- Øm-Sp-Iq-Snb kly]¿Δ-XØ - ns‚ Xmgvhmc-Øn¬, Ipń-°meØp
Ifn-®p-\S- ∂ tIfn-hoYn-bn-te-°v Ahs‚ Nn¥ IS-∂p-sN∂p. th≠p-thmfw Xg®p hf-
cp∂ hr£-e-Xm-Zn-I-tfm-Sp-Iq-Snb kl-ys‚ Xmgvhc-t]mse Hcm-\bv°p hnl-cn-°m≥
thsdm-cnSw as‰-hn-sS-bm-Wp-ff - X
- v. AhnsS ae-hm-II - ƒ ]pjv]n-®pv amWn-Iyw t]mse
]q°ƒ s]mgn-°p-∂p. ae-b-]¿Δ-X-Ønse Cfw Ipfn¿Im-‰p-h∂v akvXIw Xtem-Sp-∂p.
]ń-s\-°mƒ arZp-eß - f- mb Xfn-tcm-eI - fpw B\-Iƒ°v G‰-hpw {- ]n-b¶ - c
- a
- mb ao¥¬∏-
ń-ens‚ Ipcp-∂p-Ifpw sIm≠v Cu ]¿ΔXw hncp-∂q-´p-∂p. at\m-l-c-ß-fmb Im´p-]q-
t©m-eI - ƒ Aar-Xn-t\-°mfpw anI® XÆo¿ ImWn®v amSn-hn-fn-°p-∂p≠v. ]s£ Ct∏mƒ
B sImºs‚ Df-fn¬ Ch-bvs°-m∂pw ]g-b-Xp-t]mse Bi-bn-√-. ImcWw Nn¥-I-fm-
Ip∂ IS-∂¬°qSp-sIm≠v B Xe \nd-™n-cn-°p-Ib - m-Wv.
42
ChnsS Nn¥-Isf IS-∂¬°qSm°n k¶-ev]n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. Df-fn¬ tX\p-≠m-hp-
sa-¶nepw IS-∂¬°qSv {Iqchpw `bm-\I - h- p-am-W.v am\p-jn-IX
- b
- psS {]mY-an-Ihpw F∂m¬
D∂-Xh - p-amb kz-`m-hk
- h
- n-ti-ja - mWv Nn¥. IS-∂¬°qSm-Is´ {]mIr-Xn-IX - b
- psS ]mcp-
j-yhpw {Iqc-Xbpw Dƒs°m-ff - p-∂p. kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ]c-kv]c - h
- n-cp-≤ß
- s
- f-∂p- ]-db
- m-
hp∂ c≠p Xe-ß-sfbpw Hm¿an-∏n-°p-I-bmWv Cu Iev]\. Ah≥ t\Snb kwkvIm-c-
]m-cº
- c- y- ß
- ƒ ]n≥X≈s∏Sp-Ibpw AXns‚ ÿm\Øv {]mIr-Xh - n-Im-cß- ƒ Ccn-∏pd∏n°p-
Ibpw sNbvXp F∂v Ihn kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p.
(37˛52)
a\- p-sIm≠v h\m-¥-c-Øn¬ FØ-s∏´ sImºs‚ hnNm-c-ß-fmWv Cu hcn-
Iƒ,
sacp-hn≥ aZ-{Z-h-W-tam˛ IkvXq-cn-am\ns‚ aZ-Øns‚ Hgp°v
hnj-a-P-z-cw˛ ae-º\n
Imen¬ ]m¬®-dw- sX-dn-∏n-®p-sIm≠v kX-z-Kp-W-k-º-∂-\mb B sImº≥ Im´p-
]m-Xb- n-eqsS Im¬h-en-®p-\S- ∂ - p. At∏mƒ Im‰n-eqsS Hcp \h-ya - mb kuc`yw Hgp-In-sb-
Øn. AXp ]pXp-Xm-bn- ]q-Ø- ]m-eb - psS kpK-‘a - m-tWm? AtXm Imńse ]\w-If - f
- ns‚
kuc-`y- a- m-tWm? AXp c≠p-as - √-¶n¬ sacp-hns‚ aZ-{Z-hW - a - m-bn-cn°mw F∂-h≥ Duln-
®p. GXm-bmepw B ]cn-af - Ø
- ns‚ \nP-ÿnXn Adn-bm≥ Xpºn-ss°-bm¬ sNdp-sX∂en¬
X∏n Ah≥ Aev]k - a- bw \n∂p. At∏mƒ ]md-bn¬\n∂pw Pew \nt»jw Hgp-In-Øo¿∂-
Xp-t]mse Ahs‚ hocyw apgp-h≥ hm¿∂p-t]m-b-Xmbn tXm∂n. Aßs\ B¿{Z-X -\-
jvS-s∏´p ]cp-°-\m-bn-Øo¿∂ Ah\v aZm-e-k-X-bm¬ henb £oWw A\p-`-h-s∏-´p.
hnj-h-√cn Xn∂-Xp-t]msetbm, hnj-a-P-zcw _m[n-®Xp t]msetbm Ah\v tXm∂n.
F∂m¬ B £oWmh-ÿbnepw alm-i-‡-\mb Ahs‚ ]nSn-bn¬ h≥acs°m-ºp-I-
ƒ H-Sn-™p. akvXI - Ø- n¬ sNΩ-Æn≥ ]qsºm-Sn-s]m-gn-™p. DƒØ-cn-∏p-ff KWvU`- nØn
tN¿Øp-c-®-t∏mƒ ]me-bn¬ \n∂pw c‡-K-‘n-bmb ]m¬ Dudn-h-∂p-. _ew -\-jvS-s∏-
ń´pw Ahs‚ DS-ens‚ hocyw Ipd-™nń√. a\ v kvt\ln-°m≥ hy-{K-X-]q-≠-Xm-sW-
¶nepw \n{K-ln-°m≥ Hu’p-Iyta-dn-bX - m-Wv. ITn-\a- mb tZz-jhpw AXn-ar-Zp-ea
- m-b- kvt\-
lhpw Ahs‚ lr-Z-b-Øn¬ Xn°n-Øn-c-°p-∂p-sh-∂¿∞w. kvt\l-h-y-{K-am-bncn-s°-
Øs∂ \n{-K-tlm-’p-I-am-bncn-°p∂ a\ v a\p-j-ys‚ Agn-s®-Sp-°m≥ Ign-™n-ń-
√msØmcp ka-k-y-bm-Wv. kvt\l-Øns‚ ]mc-a-y-Øn¬Øs∂ \n{K-tlm-’p-I-Xbpw
IpSn-sIm-ff - pI c≠n-s\bpw th¿s]-Sp-Øm≥ Ign-bm-Xn-cn-°p-Is-b∂Xv a\p-jy- a - \
- - ns‚
khn-ti-jX - b
- m-Wv.
(53˛74)
Im´p-]m-X-bn-eqsS a\- p-sIm≠v \S∂ B sImº≥ I≠ ImgvN-Iƒ ho≠pw
h¿-Æn-°p-∂p.
\nkv]r-l≥˛ DZm-ko-\≥
aln-jw˛ t]mØv
kqIcw˛ ]∂n
\oUw˛ ]£n-°qSv
Hmcn˛ Ipdp-°s‚ Ic-®n¬
hncm-hw˛ B¿∏v
Noho-Sv˛ cm{Xn-bn¬ CS-hn-SmsX i_vZn-°p∂ Hcp-{]mWn
Nohn-Sw˛ Nohv+CSw
43
hk-¥-Øns‚ Ime-Sn-aWw Xßp∂ Im´p-]m-X-bn-eqsS DZm-ko-\-\mbn Ah≥
ho≠pw \S-∂p. AhnsS s]m¥-°m-Sp-Iƒ°n-Sb - n¬ ]Xp-ßp∂ ]pf-fn-∏pensb sImºn¬
tIm¿°m-t\m- hm¬°p-hm¬ a≠p∂ hm\-c-ò-cp-°sf hmbv°p-hmbv ]p—n-°p-hmt\m
Ah≥ apXn¿∂n-√. aln-jß - ƒ Im´p-s]m-bv-Ib - n¬ InS∂v btYjvSw sImºn-´S- n-°p-∂p;
kqI-c-ß-fm-I-s´- tX-‰-sIm≠v hrt£m-Z-c-ß-fn¬ Dc-kp-∂p; thS¿ Gdp-am-S-Ønencp∂v
tXs\m-en-§m-\w-]m-Sp-∂p; Ch-sbm∂pw Ahs‚ {i≤-bn¬s∏´-n√. ]I-¬-I-S-∂p-t]mbn.
Iqcn-cp´v Xs‚ k¥m-\ß - f- m-Ip∂ Xcp-—m-bI- ƒ°v ape-bq-´p-hm-\mbn FhnsStbm \n∂v
HmSn-°n-X-s®Øn. (Iq-cn-cp-ńs\ Hcp henb Im´-pP-¥p-hmbn hn`m-h\w sNbvXn-cn-°p-I-
bm-Wn-hn-sS. hr£-ØW - e- p-If- mWv Ah-fpsS a°ƒ. Iqcn-cp-´m-Ip∂ AΩ hr£-ØW - -
ep-I-fmIp∂ a°ƒ°v ]m¬sIm-Sp-°p-hm≥ B¿{Z-lr-Z-b-bmbn HmSn-°n-X-s®-Øn-bncn-
°p-I-bm-Wv. ) ]£n-Iƒ Xß-fpsS IqSp-Iƒ Ccn-°p∂ hr£-w tXSn Xmgv∂p
]d-°p-∂p. ]qh≥a-bn¬ ]p≈n-∏o-en-Iƒ hncpØn. h\-a-√nI ]qØp hmk\ sNmcn-
™p. h\-tZ-hn-am¿ \rØw hbv°p- ∂p. cm{Xn-bn¬ th´-bm-Sp-∂h - c
- psS Hm´-Øn¬s]´v
sNdp-Nn-√I- s- f√mw HSn-™p. ihw Xn∂m≥ B¿Øn ]q≠ Ipdp-°≥ Dds° Ic-bp-∂p.
\ni-_vZX No™bnSØp \n∂v \qdm-bncw Noho-Sp-Iƒ hne-]n-°p∂ i_vZat√ Db¿∂p
s]mßp-∂X - v. s]s´∂v Ahs‚ tNX-\b - p-W¿∂p. t_m[w sXfn-™p. D’-hc - w-KØ
- p-
\n-∂p-bc- p∂ hmZ-yt- Lm-ja - mWv B Bchsa∂v Ah≥ Xncn-®d- n-™p.
75 -˛ 94
]e-zew ˛ tNme
aWvUqIw ˛ Xhf aWvUqI + Bem]w = Xh-f-I-fpsS Ic-®n¬
h\-Ip-RvPIw ˛ h\-Ønse h≈n-°p-Sn¬
JtZ-ymXw ˛ an∂m-an-\pßv
eqXm-X¥p ˛ Nne-¥n-he
hSp ˛ AS-bmfw
ASn ˛ Im¬®p-hSpv
irwJ-[z- \n ˛ sImºp-hnfn
Imiw ˛ B‰pZ¿`
hmc-W\ - n-hlw˛ B\-°q´w
D’-h-cw-K-Øp-\n∂pw tI´ hmZ-y-tLmjw Ah≥ Xncn-®-dn-s™-¶nepw AXns\
hI-hb- v°m≥ Iq´m-°n-bn-√. adn®v Im´p-s]m-bvII - f- n¬ \n∂pw h¿j-Im-eØv Db¿∂p
tIƒ°p∂ Xh-fI - f
- psS Ic-®nembn ImWm-\m-bn-cp∂p CjvSw. Ahs‚ ap∂n¬ hcn-h-
cn-bmbn \n∂ Zosh-ń-Iƒ h\-Ønse eXm\nIp-RvPß-fn¬ ImW-s∏-Sp∂ an∂m-an-\p-
ßn≥ Iq´-ambn Ah≥ I≠p. cm{Xn Ah-km-\n-®p. {]`mX Inc-Wß - ƒ hr£-s°m-ºp-
Iƒ°n-S°v F´p-Imen \qep-Iƒ t]mse ImW-s∏-´p. `b-io-e-I-fmb t]S-am-\p-Iƒ
h≈n-s°-ń-\p-≈n¬ \n∂pw Xe-sb-Øn®p t\m°n. h\-]m-X-bn¬ {]mW-\n¿hm-W-{]-Z-
amb ]cn-NnX K‘w hym-]-cn-®p. hrt£m-Z-c-ß-fn¬ inJ-c-ß-sfm-Sn™ hSp Ct∏mƒ
ImWmw. Xma-c-bn-e-bpsS hSn-shmØ Im¬®p-h-Sp-Ifpw hgn-bn¬ ImWm-bn. AtXm-
sSm∏w Bhn s]mßp∂ ]® ]nWvUhpw. AXp-hgn B-\-Iƒ \o¿t®m-e-I-fn¬ \n∂pw
sh≈w IpSn-°m-\mbn \S∂p t]mbn-´p-≠mIpw F∂p≈ A`-yqlw Ah-\n¬ D’mlw
Df-hm-°n. D√m-k-]q-cn-X-amb B aplq¿Ø-Øn¬ D’-h-cw-KØp \n∂pw sImºp-hnfn
tIƒ°m≥ Ign-™p. AsXmcp B\-°q-´-Øns‚ Nn∂w hnfn-bmbn Ah\p tXm∂n.
44
AX-hs\ D’m-l`cnX\m-°n. ]pe¿hm-bp-hn¬ BSn-°-fn-°p∂ Imi-Nm-a-c-ß-fpsS
\ng¬ Nn∂p∂ B‰n≥ h°n¬ Ah≥ kl-ya - m-ae
- b
- psS kuμ-cy- °
- ´-If
- mb B\-°q-´-
ßsf a\- n¬ I≠p.
kv]rl-bpsS ]mc-ay- Ø - n¬ \nkv]r-l\ - mbpw _e-an-√mØ Ah-ÿb - n¬ D{K hoc-

y-hm-\mbpw kvt\l-hy- {- K-Xb
- n¬ \n{K-tlm-’p-I\ - mbpw \S∂ B sIme-sIm-º≥ Ihn-
bpsS Bfl-hØ Xs∂-bm-sW∂v Fkv. cmP-ti-Jc - ≥ A`n-{]m-bs- ∏-Sp-∂p. B\ Imń¬
ImWp∂ Nn{X-ßƒ am\p-jn-IX - b
- psS hnhn[ apJ-ßf - m-Wv. òcp-Xz- hpw {Iuc-yhpw
Nm]-e-yhpw kwKo-X-am-[p-c-yhpw F√mw IqSn-°-e¿∂ Pohn-Xm-\p-`-h-ßƒ Xs∂-bmWv
h\-Ønse Zri-yß - f
- nepw {]Xn-ê - n-°p-∂X
- v.
95 ˛ 142
Ccpfpw shfn-®hpw t_m[hpw At_m-[hpw ]c-kv]cw IqSn-°-e¿∂ B Ah-
ÿbn¬ X\n°v Np‰pw \S-°p∂ kw`-hß - s
- f√mw B aZ-bm\ ImWp-∂p-≠v. AsX√mw
Ah≥ Xs‚ h\Pohn-Xm-\p-`h
- ß
- f
- mbn A\p-`h- n-°p-Ib
- m-Wv.
]cm-{I-aI
- μ
- fw ˛ ]cm-{I-a-Øns‚ apf ( ChnsS Ip™v B\-
s°m-ºv)
If`w ˛ B\-°pń
tKm]p-c]
- p-tcm-`qhv ˛ tKm]p-cØ- ns‚ ap≥hiw
B‰n≥ Xoc-Ømbn B\-°q-´ß - sf I≠ Ah≥ s]s´∂v apt∂m´m™p. Imense

Iq®p-N-ße s]mń. AXv Imen¬ Np‰nb Im´p-h≈n s]mń-b-Xm-bnt´ Ah\p tXm∂n-
bp-≈q. Np‰pw I≠ tImem-le - hpw B\-tbmSn F∂ h≥ Xnc-°p-sa√mw h≥sIm-Sp-¶m-
‰mbn Ah\p tXm∂n. B¿Øncºn hcp∂ ae-sh-≈s - ∏m°w t]msebpw Im´m-f≥am¿
Ccp-`m-Khpw hf™v ImSn-f-°p∂ t]msebpw B _l-fsØ Ah≥ t\m°n-°-≠p.
im¥n-°m-c\pw IpS-Xg- I- ƒ ]nSn-°p-∂h
- cpw Xs‚ ]pdØp \n∂pw Du¿∂n-dß
- n-bX
- ns\
hm\-c≥am¿ ]pd-tØdn adn-bp-∂-Xmbn Ah≥ hnNm-cn-®p. Bfp-I-fpsS ac-W-tcm-Z\w
Xs‚ Im¬®p-h-ń¬ sNSn-Iƒ Ic-bp-∂-Xmbn Icp-Xn. Nnesc Ah≥ hen®p Iodn-b-
t∏mƒ D≠mb c‡w Xm≥ hen-s®m-Sn® ac-s°m-ºn¬ \n∂pw {khn® \ocmbn Nn¥n-
®p. C{X-bp-am-bt- ∏mƒ
Iq¿s]dpw amtemItc shfn-bn¬I-S° - p-hn≥

tKm]p-ca
- S- b
- v°p-h\
- º
- ew sIme-°fw
F∂mtcm hnfn®p ]d-™p. i_vZ tImem-le

- hpw sh´hpw H´p ian-®p. c‡-Ønt‚bpw
ae-Ønt‚bpw Zp¿K‘w am{Xw Ah-ti-jn-®p.
a\- n-ep-≠mb Ipg∏w XXvIm-et- Ø°v amdn-sb-¶nepw sshImsX ho≠pw Ah≥

Xs‚ kz-]v\t- em-It- Ø°p Xs∂ Xncn-™p. Ahs‚ h\-hn-lmc `mh\ XpS¿∂p. Xm\n-
t∏mgpw h\-Øn¬Ø-s∂-bm-Wv. Ihn-fn¬ ]cm-{Ia Iμfw apf-bv°p∂ Ifn ssI shSn-
bmØ B\-°p-ń-Ifpw B‰p-\o¿ IpSn-°p-tºmƒ {]W-b-Ø-Æo-cn-\mbn sImXn-°p∂
45
]nSn-bm-\-Ifpw Ahs‚ a\ n¬ sXfn™p h∂p. I≈p t]mse am[p-c-y-ta-dnb Ipfn¿
\ocpw Icn-ºpt]mse kzm-Zp≈ Im´p\mbv¶-Wbpw Ah≥ kz-]v\-Øn¬ A\p-`-hn-®p.
Ahs‚ D∑-Øa - mb Ima-tI-fn-Iƒ°v hnt[-ba
- m-bX
- m-Is´ Aº-ea
- p-‰sØ Ipe-hmgtØmc-
W-ßf - m-bn-cp-∂p.
Im´p-Xm-fn-es
- bmØ tIma-fI - ¿Æ-ßf
- n¬
Iq´p-Im-cn-tbm-Sh
- ≥ a{¥nt®m at\m-cYw
irwJ-e-b-dn-bmØ kJn-X≥ Imen¬ t{]a˛
®ße _‘n-®pthm N©-e¬Øp-ºn-°ø - m¬
Adn-bn-s√mcp ]t£ ]¥-en¬ ]te ]Sn
adnbpw Ipe-hm-g° - d- nbmw ]c-am¿∞w
F∂mWv B irwKmc-`mhw Ihn Bhn-jvIc - n-°p-∂X- v.

sXm´p-ap-∂n¬°≠ Icn-¶¬tKm-]p-csØ Xs∂ FXn¿°m≥ h∂ sImº-\m-\-
bm-sW∂v sX‰n-≤-cn® Ahs‚ `mhw DS≥ amdn. h\-Øn¬ CW-I-fp-am-bn-t®¿∂v am\-
tkm-√m-k-Øn¬ apgpIn Ipń-I-fp-samØpv t]mIp-tºm-gmWv Ima t{Im[ßƒ°-Sn-s∏´
FXn¿ sImº-\p-ambn G‰p-apt´≠nh-∂X - v. FXn-cm-fn-bpsS ba-ZW
- vUß
- fpw (sIm-ºp-Iƒ)
Ime-l-kvX-hp(-I-dpØ Xpºn-ss°)ambn s]mcp-Xm≥ Xm\n-{Xbpw Imew Xn∂ ASn-a-
t®m-dn\v (a\p-jy- c
- psS ASn-ab
- m-bn-°g- n™v Ah-cpsS tNmdv Xn∂n-´p-≠mb XWpØ hoc-
yw) hocyw aXn-bm-Iptam F∂-h≥ kwi-bn-®p. AXns‚ \nPÿnXn tKm]p-c-Øns‚
ap≥h-iØv apdn-™p-In-S-°p∂ I√p-Iƒ°v am{Xta ]dbm≥ Ign-bq.
B\ Xs‚ k¶-ev]-Im-\-\-ß-fn¬ sskz-c-k-©mcw sNøp-tºmgpw òXn ]q≠

P\-ßƒ Aºe aXn-en-\p-Np‰pw ]cn-{`m-¥-cmbn \n¬°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. ]n∂oSv ]pe¿
shfn-®a- m-bn. Ccp-fn-\p-ap-ºn¬ t]Sn-®p-hn-d®
- amtem-Ic
- psS hºp-If
- p-W¿∂p. Zp¿arX-
yp-hns‚ apºn¬ tkh-°m-c-\mb Hcp ]´m-f-°m-c≥ Aº-e-a-Xn-en¬ Ib-dn-bn-cp∂p.
AbmfpsS tXm°v H∂-e-dn. Ai-cW\mbn Bsctbm hnfn®p Ic™p aZ-bm\ hoWp.
tZymhn-s\-t∏mepw hnd-∏n-°p∂ B hnfn tIƒ°m≥ tImhn-en¬ ab-ßp∂ am\-hc - psS
ssZhw D≠m-bn-√. ]p{X k¶Sw kln-bmØ kl-ys‚ lrZ-b-Øn¬ B hnfn
ams‰mens°m≠p.
am\-h-cp-tSbpw ssZh-Øns‚bpw kl-yt‚bpw ({]-Ir-Xn-bp-tS-bpw) am‰p-c®p

t\m°p-I-bmWv ChnsS Ihn. a\p-j-y≥ B\-bpsS kz-]v\-Øns‚ amdn-te-°mWv \nd-
sbm-gn-®X- v. {]mW-\n¬ shSn-bp≠ Xpf-®n-dß
- p-tºmƒ ]nS™p hnfn-®p-tI-Wn´pw ssZhw
AXp tIń-√. ]p{X k¶Sw kln-bmØ kl-ys‚ lrZbw am{Xw B thZ\ G‰p-hm-ßn.
{]Ir-Xn-bpsS lrZ-bØ - nepw apJØpw AXn-c‰ hm’-ey- hpw A‘amb {Iqc-Xbpw Rm≥
ImWp-∂p F∂p ]d™ Ihn ChnsS {]Ir-Xn-bpsS Xs∂ aq∂p apJ-ß-fn-embn B
hm’-ey {Iucyßsf th¿ Xncn®p Im´p-Ib - m-Wv.
46
tNmZ-y-ßƒ
c≠p ]pd-Øn¬ Ihn-bmsX DØ-c-sa-gp-XpI
1) k©-cn-°p-Ib
- m-Wm- m-l
- n, k¶-ev]Ø
- n¬
h≥ sNhn-Ifmw ]p≈n kzm-X{¥y ]{Xw hoin
kml-kn-bmb sImº≥ k©-cn® k¶-ev]-temIw GXm-bn-cp-∂p.?
2) F√m-ambn CW-ßn-t®-cp-∂h - cpw H‰-s∏´v Xe-sb-SpØp \n¬°p-∂h

- \pw XΩn-
ep≈ sshcp-≤yw ‘B\-°c - n-ºmd’ ‘]qØ Xmgvhc’ Cu _nw_-ß-fn-
eqsS Ihn Bhn-jvIc
- n-®n-cn-°p-∂s - X-ßs
- \.
3) B\ kz-]v\-Øn¬ I≠ kl-y-km-\p-hns‚ Imhy`wKn hy-‡-am-°p-I.
4) \n¿§X _e-sa-∂mep{K hocyw X∂p-S¬

\n{K-tlm-’pIw kvt\lhy-{K-sa-¶nepw NnØw
a\- ns‚ Zz-μ-z-`m-h-ßsf Ihn Bhn-jvI-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂-sX-ß-s\?
5) sImº≥ apt∂m´m™p Imense Iq®p Nße s]mń-b-t∏mƒ D≠mb tImem-

lew Ihn Bhn-jvIc
- n-®n-cn-°p-∂s
- X-ßs
- \?
\mep ]pd-Øn¬ Ihn-bmsX DØ-c-sa-gp-Xp-I.
1) am\-ht‚bpw ssZh-Ønt‚bpw {]Ir-Xn-bp-tSbpw am‰p-c®p t\m°p∂ Ihn-

X-bmWv kl-ys‚ aI≥-˛h
- n-iZ- o-Ic
- n-°p-I.
2) hy-‡y- \
- p-`hw Db¿Ønb sshIm-cnI kΩ¿±-Øn¬ \n∂pw Dd-sh-SpØ
Ihn-X-bmWv kl-ys‚ aI≥-˛-N¿® sNøp-I.
47
lnam-e-b≥ ]Wbw
sNΩ\w Nmt°m
C.-hn. IrjvW] - n-≈b- p-sSbpw kRvPb - s

- ‚bpw Ime-Øn-\p-tijw Ihn-Xsb hna¿i-
lm-ky- Ø
- n-\p≈ Bbp-[a - m°n Ah-Xc- n-∏n®v Gsd {i≤n-°s- ∏-ń-´p≈ Ihn-bmWv sNΩ\w
Nmt°m. [¿Ω-Øn\v C{X-tbsd £bw kw`-hn-®n-´p≈ Imew CXn\v apºp-≠m-bn-´pt≠m
F∂v kwi-ba - m-Wv. h¿Ø-am\ Ime-Øns‚ aqe-yt- im-jW - Ø- nepw A[m¿Ωn-IX - b
- psS
\ocm-fn-∏n-SpØØnepw Ak-ln-jvWpX {]I-Sn-∏n-°m≥ shº¬ Im´p∂ H´-\-h[n P\-
ßƒ \ap°v Np‰pap≠v. samgn-h-g°w In´m-Ø-Xp-sIm-≠mWv ]ecpw ]n≥Xn-cn-™-Xv.
AXn¬ \n∂v hy-Xy- k - vXa
- mbn Ipdn°p sIm≈p∂ hm°p-Iƒ sIm≠v BcpsS t\¿°pw
hna¿i-lm-ky- Ø - ns‚ Hfn-bº - p-Iƒ FbvXp hnSm≥ sNΩ\w Nmt°m°p≈ hmIv]S- pX
H∂p thsd-bm-Wv.
a\p-jy- ≥ sI´p-t]mb Hcp Ime-LámWn-Xv. Zpjn-®m¬ at‰-sXmcp Pohn-h¿§-tØ-
°mfpw NoØ-bmWv a\p-jy- ≥. kzm-X{- ¥-ye - _- v[n°p apºp-≠m-bn-cp∂ `mc-Xob ]uc¿
ImØp-kq-£n-®n-cp∂ [m¿Ωn-IX - b
- pw cmPy-kvt\-lh - p-sa√mw C∂v AkvXa - n®p Ign-™n-
cn-°p-∂p. temIsØ t\¿h-gn°v \bn-°m≥ \ntbm-Kn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-h¿ Xs∂ AXn\p
hn]-co-Xa
- mbn {]h¿Øn-°p-tºmƒ [¿Ω-tcm-jØ - ns‚ IWn-Is - b-¶nepw Bflm-hn¬ Ah-
ti-jn-®n-´p≈ Fgp-Øp-Im¿°v \n¿Δn-Im-cc - mbncn°m≥ Ign-bn-√. At∏mƒ Nne¿ timI-
Øns‚ IÆo¿{]f-bØ - n¬ F√mw ap°pw. Nne¿ tcmj-Øns‚ Xo∏-¥s - a-dn™v F√mw
Nmº-em-°m≥ {ian°pw. a‰p Nne¿ tcmjhpw timIhpw D≈n-sem-fn-∏n-®n-´p≈
Nncnt_mw_p-Isfdn-bpw. Ch-cn¬ Ah-km-\-K-W-Øn¬s∏Sp∂ Ihn-bmWv sNΩ\w
Nmt°m. hy-‡n-ssh-Ir-Xß - fpw kmaq-ln-Is - sh-Ir-Xß- fpw Xs‚ [¿Ω-tcm-js - Øbpw
ZpxJ-sØbpw D∂n-{Z-am-°p-tºmƒ \ne-hn-fn-°p-Itbm IÆo¿hm¿°p-Itbm sNømsX
ZpxJtcmjP-zm-eI - t- fm-Sp-Iq-Snb Nncn-sIm≠v At±lw Bflm-hn-jvImcw km[n-°p-∂p.
Hcp cwKtam kw`-htam hy-‡n-kz- `- m-htam kmaq-ln-I{- ]-hW
- X- tbm GXpw At±-l-
Øn\v Ihn-Xbv°v tI{μ-_n-μp-hmbnØocm-dp-≠v. B tI{μ-_n-μp- AXn-Zo¿L-ßf - √- mØ
h¿Æ-\-bn-eqsS A\p-{I-a-hn-Imkw t\Sp∂ `mh-ambn amdpw. `mh-Øns‚ D®-tIm-Sn-bn-
se-Øp-tºmƒ ]q¿Æ-hn-cm-aw. CXmWv At±-l-Øns‚ Ihn-X-bpsS hn\ym-kssien.
lmk-ym-\p-Ic- Ww A[n-Ia- n-√. AX-yp-‡nbpw sFd-Wnbpw sIm≠mWv km[mcWbmbn
At±lw e£yw km[n-°p-∂-Xv. kmam-t\-y\ F√m IrXn-I-fnepw sFd-Wn-bpsS ]e
cq]-ßƒ Ds≠-¶nepw NneXn¬ am{Xta AXn\v ap≥Xq-°-ap-≈q. a‰p Nne-Xn¬ AX-yp-
‡n-bv°mWv {]m[m\-yw. sk{I-t´-dn-b‰- nse ^b-ep-Iƒ PmY-bmbn thep-Øº - n-Zf
- h- bv°v
\nth-Z\w \¬Ip-∂Xpw (Pm-Y) a{¥nbpsS c‡w IpØn-h®tcmKn Itk-c-hn-Sm≥ aSn-
sb∂ c‡-tZmjw ]I¿∂n´v tcmK-iø - b
- n¬ hnSmsX ]nSn-Iq-Sp-∂Xpw (c‡-Zq-jyw) P\-
Io-b-a{¥n [\n-I-]-Xv\n-bpsS {]khw DZvLm-S\w sNøm-s\Øn acp-s∂-Sp-Øp-sIm-Sp-
°p-∂ kz¿Æ-°-∏p-ambn aS-ßp-∂Xpw (D-ZvLm-S-\w) ]m¬ hnX-c-W-{]-iv\-Øn\v {]Xn-
hn[n ImWm≥ th≠n \nb-an-°s - ∏´ IΩo-j≥ At\-zj - W- s- a-∂t- ]-cn¬ e£-ßƒ apSn®v
]c-y-S\w \S-Ønb tijw ]S-®p-≠m-°nb dnt∏m¿ń¬ Ub-dn-^m-an¬ \n∂v Hmtcm-ho-ń-
48
te°pw Ão¬ ss]∏n-Sm≥ ip]m¿i-\¬In-bXpw (]m¬°Ωo-j≥) kqc-y≥ Ggp-aW - n°v

DZn-°p-∂Xv Ah-km-\n-∏n-°-W-sa∂ Bh-iyw D∂-bn®p ka-c-am-cw-`n® hnZ-ym¿∞n-
Iƒ HSp-hn¬ in£m-\S- ]- S- n-Iƒ ]n≥h-en-°m-\p-ff ka-ca - m°n AXns\ hf¿Øp-Ibpw
B Dd-∏n¬ kacw ]n≥h-en-°p-∂Xpw (`m-hn-kq-cy- ∑ - m¿) F√mw AX-yp‡n-bpsS lmkyw
P\n-∏n-°p∂ Ihn-XI
- f
- mWv. AhnsS sFdWnIƒ Cs-√∂ - √ hnh-£. sFd-Wnsb At]-
£n®p AX-yp-‡n-IfmWv AhnsS lmk-yØ - n\v \nZm-\a
- m-bn-Øo¿∂n-cn-°p-∂s
- X-t∂-bp-f-
fq.
Z¥m-ip-]{- Xn-bn¬ a{¥n]-Xv\n°v Iyq th≠. tUmIvS¿ ]√p-]d- n-®p. ]s£ ]pXnb
sk‰p-shbv°pw aptº a{¥n°v a{¥n°tk-c\ - j- Sv s
- ∏-´p. AtXmsS ]Xv\n°v Inńb ap≥K-
W-\bpw C√m-Xm-bn (]-√v). ]mew GXp a{¥n DZvLm-S\w sNø-Ws - a∂v X¿°w D≠m-bn.
AXn-\n-Sbv°v Hcp ag-bØv ae-sh-ffw h∂p. Iºnbpw kna‚pw tIm¨{Sm-IvS¿ hngp-
ßn-bn-cp-∂Xp-sIm≠v ]me-sØ -]p-g-bppw hngp-ßn (]m-ew). \h-`m-c-X-Øns‚ t\´-ßƒ
ImWm≥ Ip-gn-bn¬ \n∂pw Fgp-t∂-‰p-h∂ Km‘n `mc-X-]p-{Xs‚ Bfl-l-X-ym-]-c-amb
{]hr-Øn-Iƒ I≠v \Sp-ßn-t∏m-bn (B-fll - X
- y- ) apX-emb Ihn-XI - f - n¬ AX-yp‡n Ds≠-
¶nepw sFd-Wn-°mWv ap≥Xq-°w. ht{Im-‡n, hncp-t≤m-‡n, AXn-itbm-‡n, ]cn-Wm-a-
ssh-cp- ≤
- yw Ch-sb√mw Dƒs∏-Sp∂ sFd-Wn-sb∂ sSIv\n°v at\m-lc - a
- mbn ssIIm-cyw
sNøp-hm≥ sNΩ-\w-Nm-t°mbv°v Ign-™n´p≠v. Hmtcm Ihn-X-sIm≠pw Hcm-Lm-X-ta-
ev]n-°m-\mWv At±-lØ - ns‚ {iaw.
No™p-\m-dnb s]mXp-Po-hnX aWvUe - ß
- f - psSbpw hy-‡n-Po-hn-XØ - nt‚bpw t\sc-
i-cs
- a-øp-Ib- mWv sNΩ-\Ø - ns‚ Imh-ye - £- y- w. sshI-rXw _m[n® F√m PohnX aWvU-
e-ßf - nepw B Aºp sN∂v Xdbv°p∂p-≠v. A[n-Im-cn-IfpsS kzm¿∞-em`w ap≥\n¿Øn-
bp-ff {]h¿Ø-\ß - ƒ, AS-ßmØ A[n-Im-cs - °m-Xn, HSp-ßm-Ø- [-\t- em-`w, Dfp-∏n√mØ
Agn-a-Xn-{]-h-W-X, hnZ-ym¿∞n- h¿§-Øns‚ \io-I-cW hmk-\, \n¿e-£-y-amb ka-c-a-
t\m-`m-hw, DtZ-ym-KÿhrμØn-s‚ bP-am-\Ø - w, Sn. F. Un. F Nm¿ń¬ HXp-°n-\n¿Øp∂
{]h¿Ø-\m-kq-{X-Ww, cmjv{So-bI£nIfpsS A[-:]-X\w, A¥:-On-{Z-ßƒ, s]mXp-ap-X¬
[q¿Ø-Sn-°p-∂X - n¬ cmjv{So-bI
- £
- n-If - psSbpw A[n-Im-cn-If - p-sSbpw DtZ-ym-Kÿ - ∑
- m-cp-
sSbpw HØp-tN-c¬, F¥p-I-≠mepw sIm≠mepw AS-ßn-°n-S-°p∂ _lp-P-\-Øns‚
\n¿hocy-X,-A\ - ¿l-amb A[n-Imc ]qP,-sXm-gn¬ cwKsØ Acm-PI - X
- z- w,-\ncp-Øc
- h- mZnXzw,-
A-≤z- m-\tØmSpff sshap-Jy- w.......-ka
- q-lØ - n¬ k¿h-hy- m-]n-bm-bn-°g - n™ I]-S\ - m-Sy- -
ßƒ ˛C-h-bp-sS-sb√mw t\¿°v \nc¥cw Asº-øp∂ Hcp k-hy-km-Nn-bm°n Xs‚
Ihn-Xsb hf¿Øp-hm≥ Nmt°m t_m[-]q¿Δw bXv\n-°p-∂p.
\mS-Io-ba - mb `mhm-hn-jvIc - Ww, {]ta-bm-hX
- c
- W- Ø
- n-\\p-tbm-Pyamb inev]L - S- \,
at\ml-ca - mb Imhy`mj F∂n-hb - mWv Nmt°-mbpsS Ihn-Xb - psS {]tX-yI- X- Iƒ.
At±lw Hcn-°epw Cta-Pp-Isf IpØn-\n-d®p Ihn-Xsb Zp¿{Klam-°n-Øo¿°m-dn-√.
efn-Xc
- q-]I- ß
- ƒ sIm≠pw aq¿®-bp≈ ]Z-{]-tbm-Kß - ƒ sIm≠pw a¿Ωw t`Zn®p IS-∂p-
t]m-Ip∂ Bi-bX - o-£vW
- X- s
- Im≠pw Ihn kz¥w e£yw km£m-XvIc - n-°p-∂p. lmk-
y-ckØn\p A\p-t]-£W - o-ba- mb {]km-ZØ- n\v aß-te-ev]n-°p∂ Iev]\ - I
- tfm ]Z-{]-
49
tbm-Kß
- tfm AhnsS ImWm-\m-hn-√. hna¿ilmk-yØ - n-\m-hi
- y- a
- mb emfn-Xyw, {]kmZw,
{]Im-iw,- \n-in-XX
- z- w,- Hm-P
- v,[
- z- \
- y- m-flI
- X apX-em-bh
- s- b√mw sNΩ\w Ih-nX-bn¬ HØp-
tN¿∂n-cn-°p-∂p.
]mT-hn-h-cWw
DS-tbm≥˛ Cui-z-c≥
DS-tbm¿-˛_- ‘ - p-°ƒ
Bcm-®m¿˛ h[in£-\S-Øp-∂h - ≥
InS-bv°p-I˛ In´pI
hntZ-i-i-‡n-I-fn¬ \n∂pw ]en-ibv°v ]W-sa-SpØv Zp¿h-y-b-w sNbvXp -cm-Pyw
`cn-®p-ap-Sn-°p∂ Zp¿`-cW
- m-[n-Im-cn-Iƒs°-Xn-sc-bp-ff Ip¥-ap-\b
- mWv Cu Ihn-X. sXmÆq-
dp-If- n¬ hf-sc-sbsd N¿®-sN-øs - ∏´ hnj-ba
- mWv sF. Fw F^n¬ \n∂pw ]Ww ]en-
i-s°-Sp-°p-∂-Im-c-yw. CS-Xp-]-£-i-‡n-I-fpsS i‡-amb hntbm-Pn∏v ]e-cq-]-Ønepw
ChnsS {]I-Sn-∏n-°p-Ib - p-≠m-bn. F√mw HSp-hn¬ sI´-Sß - n. IS-sa-Sp-Øh
- cpw FXn¿Ø-
hcpw Hcp-an-®p- ]n-s∂bpw ]ns∂bpw ISw hmßp∂ Ncn{Xw Bh¿Øn-°s - ∏´p sImt≠-
bn-cn°p-∂p. Cu kml-Nc - y- Ø
- n¬ G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ ImenI{]m[m-\yw Cu Ihn-Xb - v°p-
≠v.
]W-°m-tcmSv \S-Øp∂ A`-y¿∞\-bn¬ Hcp `c-Wm-[n-Imcn F{X-am{Xw Xcw-Xm-
gv∂p-t]m-Ip∂psh∂v hy-‡a - m-°p∂ ]Z-ßf - mWv Ihn {]tbm-Kn-®n-´p-ff
- X
- v. A√-tbm-]W
- -
°mtc lnam-e-bw ]W-bambn Xcmw. {]am-Whpw C∂p-Xs∂ cPn-{Ãdm-°pw. ly-Z-b-
Øn¬ \∑-bp≈ \nßƒ ISw-X∂ - mepw. km£m¬ Cui-zc - ≥ Ign-™m¬ ]ns∂ C¥-y-
bpsS DS-tbm¿ \n-ßƒXs∂. ]Ww-]e - n-ib- v°p-sIm-Sp-°p∂ ]W-°m-cpsS ly-Zb - Ø
- ns‚
\∑ Duln-°m-hp-∂t- X-bp-ff
- q. sImf-f]- e- n-ib - v°p- ]-Ww I
- Sw hmßn XI¿∂n-´p-ff Xd-
hm-Sp-Iƒ th≠p-thfw \ap°v Np‰pw D≠v. ]en-ibv°v ]W-sa-Sp-°p∂ hy‡n F{X
kº-∂-\m-bmepw Abm-fpsS A¥yw EW-_m-[n-X-\m-bn-´mbncn-°p-sa-∂p-f-f-Xm-Wv ]c-
am¿∞w. At∏mƒ ]W-°msc ly-Z-b-Øn¬ \∑-bp-tf-fm¿ F∂pw C¥-y-bv°p-S-tbm¿
F∂p-sams° hnti-jn-∏n-°p-tºmƒ G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ Xcw Xmgp-∂Xp tNmZn-°p∂ hy-
‡n-bm-Wv. Abmƒ km-`nam\w Xs∂ ]W-bs - ∏-Sp-Øp-Ib
- m-Wv.
cmP-yØ
- ns‚ A[n-Im-cn-bpsS A`-y¿∞\ A¥-co-£Ø - n¬ apgp-h≥ ams‰m-en-s°m-
f-fp-tºmƒ \n[n-tXSp∂ Bcm-®m¿ X°w ]m¿Øv ASp-Øp-IqSn C{]-Imcw tNmZn®p.
]W-b-am-bv- lnam-ebw aXn . ]s£ AXn\p th≠ ]Ww F-{X-bm-sW∂v \nßƒ ]d-
™n-√-t√m?. lnam-ebw `mc-X-Øns‚ Aaq-e-y-k-º-ØmWv. \Km-[n-cm-P-\mb lnam-e-
bØn\v ÿmh-ck - z- c
- q-]Ø
- n-\p- ]p-dta Hcp tZh-Xm-flk - z- c
- q]w IqSn-bp-≠.v AXp-sIm-≠mWv
Imfn-Zm-k≥ tZh-Xm-flmhmbn k¶-e∏ - n-®n-´p-ff
- X
- v. lnam-eb - ≥ F∂ t]cns‚ Kmwò-cyw
Xs∂ Cu ]¿h-XsØ CX-c-]¿Δ-X-ßfn¬ \n∂v hy-X-y-kvX-am°n Hu∂Xyw {]Zm\w
sNøm-dp-≠v. B lnam-eb - a
- mWv ]Wbw Xcm-sa∂v A[n-Imcn ]W-°m-cmb ]m›m-Xy- i - -
‡n-I-tfmSv hmKvZm\w sNøp-∂-Xv. ]W-b-h-kvXp-hns‚ Hu∂-X-yhpw aqe-yhpw \∂mbn
a\- n-em-°n-bn-´p≈ P∑nbmb Bcm-®m¿ DS≥ ]W-b-h-kvXp-hmbn AXpaXnbmhpw
50
F∂p -]-d-bp-∂-Xn¬ \n∂pw X\n-°p-≠m-°m≥ Ign-bp∂ \n[n-bpsS Afhv Abmsf

D∑-Ø\- m-°p-Ib
- m-Wv. icn°pw Hcp ssjtem-°mWv ChnsS ]cm-a¿in-°s
- ∏-Sp∂ Bcm-
®m¿.
aq∂mw ]Z-yØ- n¬ ho≠pw A[n-Im-cn-bpsS tæ—-amb Xcw-Xm-ge - ns‚ Zb-\o-bm-hÿ
Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p-∂p. Igp-I-s\-t∏m-se-bp-ff ]en-i-∏-W-°m-cs‚ tNmZyw tI´v Nncn®v
A[n-Imcn sXmgp-ssI-tbmSpIqSn ]d-™p. ap≥]v hntZ-iØ - p-\n-∂pw ISw-sIm≠ ]W-
Øn\v \¬tI≠ ]en-i -sIm-Sp-°m-\p-ff ]Ww-X-∂m¬ aXn . t\csØ ISw-hm-ßnb
apX¬ Xncn-sI-s°m-Sp-°msX AXn-\p-ff ]en-ia- m{Xw sImSp-Øp-Xo¿°m≥ cmP-yØ - ns‚
G‰hpw Aaq-ey- \
- n-[n-bmb ssIemkw Xosd-gp-Xp-∂p. cmP-yØ
- ns‚ Hmtcm `mKhpw ]en-
i-sIm-Sp-°m-\mbn hn‰p Ah-km\w apX¬ sImSpØp Xo¿°m≥ H∂pw Ah-ti-jn-∏n-
°m-sX-bm-hp∂ òI-c-bm-Ym¿∞yw `mc-Xob ]ucs‚ ap∂n¬ Hcp tNmZ-y-Nn-”-am-hp-I-
bm-W.v
A[n-Im-cn-bpsS Zb-\o-b-amb adp-]Sn tI´- I-gp-I-∑m-cmb ]en-i-∏-W-°m¿ Hcp
\nanjw bmYm¿∞-y-Øns‚ s]mcpƒ Dƒs°m-f-fp-I-bm-bn. A[n-Im-cn-bpsS apXp-In¬
Iq¿Øp-aq¿Ø -\-J-ßƒ BgvØn C©n©mbn thZ-\n-∏n-°p∂ {]Xm-]n-I-fmb ]W-
°m¿ tNmZn-°p-∂p. tIhew ]en-i sImSp-Øp-Xo¿°m≥ th≠n-am{Xw lnam-ebw ]Wbw
shbv°p-∂h - ¿ apX¬ Xncn-®S- b- v°p-hm-\mbn C¥ym-al
- m-cm- P
- y- s
- Ø-Øs∂ hnev°p-tam?
AXn\v Xm¬°m-enI Imc-y-km-[y hnim-c-Z-\mb A[n-Im-cn-bpsS adp-]Sn C{]-Imcw:
AXp Rß-fpsS {]iv\-a-√-t√m.-A-sX√mw \ap°v ]n∂mse hcp∂ hnZ-Kv[¿ sNbvXp-
sIm-ff
- s
- ´ . ]nd-tI-hc
- p-∂h
- c
- m-cv? \nßƒ Xs∂-bm-tWm? bmYm¿∞-yØ - ns‚ \nd-IÆ
- p-
Xpd∂v Imc-y-ßƒ t\m°n-°m-Wm≥ ka-b-am-sb-∂p-ff ap∂-dn-bn-t∏msS Ihn ]n≥hm-
ßp-∂p.
P\m-[n-]X- y `cW-{I-aØ
- n¬ A[n-Im-cØ - n-se-Øp-∂h - ¿ Xß-fpsS amXr-cm-Py- t- ØmSpw
P\-X-tbmSpw \ncnpØ-c-hmZ]c-ambn s]cp-am-dp-∂Xv I≠v a\w aSp-ØmWv Ihn C{]-
Imcw {]Xn-Ic- n-®X
- v. ]Ww IS-sa-Sp-Øp-sN-eh - g- n-°pI F∂-Xnep]cn AXp aS-°n-s°m-Sp-
t°≠ _m[-yX Xßƒ°n-s√∂ B]-XvI-c-amb ImgvN-∏mSv cmP-ysØ Ftßm-´p-\-
bn-°p-sa∂v Hmtcm ]uc-\pw-Nn-¥n-t°-≠X - m-Wv.
`c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-h¿§-Øns‚ \n w-KX - bv°pw kzm¿∞-em-t`-—b
- v°p-sa-Xnsc FbvXp
hnSp∂ Iq¿Ø-ic - ß
- f
- mWv Ihn-Xb - nse Hmtcm hm°pw. A[m¿ΩnIX F°m-es - Øbpw
kmln-Xy- Ø
- n-\p-ff hnj-ba - m-W.v CXn-lm-kß - ƒt]mepw A[m¿Ωn-IX - b
- s
v °-Xnsc [m¿Ωn-
I-Xsb Db¿Øn-s°m-≠p-hc - m-\p-ff ]c-n{i-aß
- fm-Wt√m. B \nebv°v tIhew 22 hcn-
I-fn-eqsS, hna¿i-lm-k-y-Øns‚ Np‰n-I-{]-tbm-K-Øn-eqsS, F°m-e-sØbpw A[n-Im-cn-
h¿§-Øns‚ tkz—m{]a-ØX - sb Db¿Øn-°mń kaq-la - \
- :-km£n DW¿Øn-s°m-≠p-
h-cm-\p-ff Ihn-bpsS bXv\w hnPbw Is≠-Øm-Xn-cn-°m≥ \n¿hm-l-an-√.
tNmZ-y-ßƒ
c≠v ]pd-Øn¬ Ihn-bmsX DØ-c-sa-gp-Xp-I.
1) AsX√mw Rß-fpsS ]ndtI hcpw hnZ-Kv[¿ sNbvXp-sIm-f-fs´ Cu {]kvXm-
51
h-\b
- psS s]mcpƒ hy-‡a
- m°pI. Bt£-]l - m-ky- Ø
- ns‚ kz-ck
- yw
hni-Zo-Ic- n-°p-I.
2) km£m-ep-S-tbm≥ Ign-™m-ep-S-tbm¿ \nßƒ Cu hcn-bnse ]cn-lm-k-yX
hy-‡a- m-°p-I.
3) Afn-™p-\m-dnb s]mXp Pohn-a-WvU-e-Øn\p t\sc Fdn-bp∂ Nm´p-fn-bmWv
lnam-e-b≥ ]Wbw N¿® sNøp-I.
\mep ]pd-Øn¬ Ihn-bmsX D]-\-y-kn-°pI
1) sNΩ\w Nmt°m-bpsS Ihn-X-I-fpsS s]mXp-k-z-`mhw hnh-cn®v lnam-e-b≥
]Wbw F∂ Ihn-X-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ hne-bn-cp-Øp-I.
2) kz¥w IemkyjvSnbneqsS kmaq-lnI sshI-ey-ßƒs°Xn-cmb t_m[-
h¬°-c-W-Øn\p {ian°p∂ sNΩ\w Nmt°m-bpsS ky-jvSn-Iƒ Imem-Xn-
h¿Øn-bmbn \n¬°p-hm≥ sIev]p-≈h - b
- mtWm F∂v ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I.
52
k^-eaobm{X
F≥.-F≥.-I-°mSv
ae-bmfkmlnXy-Øn¬ Imev]-\nI Ihn-Iƒ Bcw`w Ipdn® `mhp-I-Xzw apg-ph≥

Dƒs°m≈p-hm\pw hne-bn-cp-Øp-hm\pw \ap°v C\nbpw Ign™nń√. ae-bm-fn-I-fpsS
kuμ-c-y-kw-th-Z-\-£-a-Xsb sXm´p-cp-Ωnbpw Nne-t∏m-sgms° \pf-fn-t\m-hn®pw IS-∂p-
t]mb ]eXcw- km-ln-Xy {]ÿm-\ß - fn¬ \n∂pw ASn-ÿm-\] - c
- a
- mbn thdn-´p-\n∂ H∂m-
bn-cp-∂p Bbn-cØnsØmf-fm-bn-cØn ap∏-Xp-If - n¬ ChnsS s]mń-hn-S¿∂ Imev]\ - n-IX.
Imev]-\n-I¿°v apºv h∂ Ihn-Iƒ Poh-nXsØ hym-J-ym-\n-°m≥ {ian-®p. F∂m¬
Imev]-\nI Ihn-Iƒ Pohn-XsØ Bg-Øn¬ A\p-`-hn-°m\pw, A\p-`-hn-®-Xns\ kz-
]v\m-flI - a
- mbn ]p\-cmhn-jv°c
- n°m\p-amWv shº¬ sIm≠Xv.
Pn. i¶-c-°p-dp∏p ap-X¬ Ctßm-´p-ff Ihn-Iƒ kz-¥-amb apJhpw KmVamb hy-
‡n-Xz- h
- p-ap-ff X\-Xmb cq] `mh-in-ev]ß - f
- psS DS-aI
- fm-sW∂v ImWmw. Ihn-Is - fbpw
Ihn-XI - s
- fbpw kw_-‘n-®n-St- Ømfw ae-bm-fk - m-ln-Xy- N- c- n-{X-Ønse kº-∂a - mb Hcp
ImL-á- m-Wn-X.v {]mam-Wn-I∑ - m-cmb Ihn-Is - fbpw Imhy-cq-]ß - s - fbpw sNm√n A`n-{]mb`n∂-
X-Ifpw hnhm-Z-ßfpw sIm≠v kmln-X-ym-¥-co£w i_vZ-km-{μ-am-bn-cp-∂p. Ihn-X-bpsS
_ml-y-amb sFI-y-sØbpw bp‡n-]-c-amb _‘sØbpw ]pXnb Ihn-I-fn¬ Nne¿
Dt]-£n-®Xv CXn-s\mcp Imc-Wa - mbn Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°s - ∏-Sp-∂p. Cu ]cn-Wm-aß - ƒ \ne-
\n¿Øp-Ibpw ]n≥Xp-Sc - p-Ibpw sNbvXp-t]m∂ ]pXn-b X - e- a- p-d Xß--fpsS `mhp-IXzw Bh-
i-y-s∏´ Nne am‰-ßƒ IqSn hcp-Ø-pI-bp-≠mbn. aqe-y-N-yp-Xn-tbm-Sp-ff ISp-Ø -{]-Xn-I-c-
Ww, Gdn-h∂ hy-Iv-Xn-]c - X- , _nw_-ßf - psS k¿h{]ma-Wyw, ]cn-]m-en-®p-h∂ \nb-aß - -
fpsS ewL\w XpS-ßn-b-h-bmWv B[p-\nI IhnIƒ Dƒs°m≠ am‰-ßƒ.
B[p-\n-IX - b -- psS {]apJ h‡m-hmbn Adn-bs - ∏-Sp∂ Ihn-bmWv F≥.-F≥ I°m-Sv.
`mc-Xo-b-]m-c-º-c-y-Øns‚ IcpØpv C{X-tbsd Dƒs°m≠ as‰mcp B[p-\nI Ihn-bn-
s√∂v tUm. Fw. eoem-hXn A`n-{]m-bs - ∏-ń-´p-ff
- Xv A£cw {]Xn i - c
- n-bm-Wv. hm°ns‚
Nmcn-{Xyw PohnX hnip-≤n-sIm≠v ImØp-t]m∂ Ihn-sb∂v At±-lsØ hnjvWp-\m-cm-
bW≥\ºq-Xncnbpw hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂p.
Ahn-S-\-√q¿ F∂ {Kma-Øn¬ Xm{¥n-I-]m-c-º-c-y-ap-ff Hcp IpSpw-_-ØnemWv
F≥. \mcm-b-W≥\-ºq-Xncn F∂ F≥. F≥ I°m-Sv P-\n-®-Xv. ]pcm-hn-Z-y-bpsS ]cn-afw
Dƒs°m-≠p h - f
- ¿∂p. \mS≥I-eI
- f
- psS˛ sIm´pw ]m´pw B´-hpw˛ A¥-co-£Ø
- n¬ CXƒ
hnS¿Øn. kmapZm-bnI cmjv{Sob {]-ÿm-\-ß-fpsS shbn-te‰pv B {]Xn-`- sam-ń-´p.
]cn-WX - {- ]-⁄\pw ]WvUn-X\p-amb Ihn-bmWv F≥. F≥. I°m-Sv. At±lw aq∂v
]Xn-‰m≠v Imew sIms≠-gp-Xnb Aº-Øn-\mev Ihn-XIfpw Hcp \mS-Ihpw Dƒs°m-f-
fp∂ kam-lm-ca - mWv k^-eaobm{X. ae-bm-fI - h
- n-Xb
- psS cq]-Ønepw `mh-Ønepw henb
]cn-h¿Ø\w kw`-hn® Ime-bf - h
- m-bn-cp-∂p- Cu L´w. B ]cn-h¿Ø-\Ø - n\v t\Xr-Xzw
\¬I-nb-hcn¬ {]ap-J-\m-bn-cp∂p I°mSv. ]co-£-WßfpsS ]c-º-c-bm-Wt√m ]cn-
h¿Ø\w. I°m-Sns‚ Hmtcm Ihn-Xbpw Hmtcm ]co-£-W-am-Wv. X∑qew hmb-\-°msc
kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw Akm-[m-cmWa√mØ Hcp Zp¿{KlX Cu kam-lm-c-Ønse ]e
Ihn-XI- f
- nepw A\p-`h - s
- ∏-´pIqSm-bvIb - n-√. I°mSns‚ F√m Ihn-XI - fpw Zp¿{K-lß
- tfm
53
]co-£W]c-ßtfm BsW∂v CXp sIm≠¿∞am-°c - p-Xv. ANpw-_n-Xß- f- mb \nco-£-

W-ßfpw D‡n-ssh-Nn-{X-yß - fpw Dƒs°m-≈p∂ Ihn-XI - fpw A\-h[ - n-bp-≠v. Ah-bn¬
Nne-Xv ]mcºcy-Øns‚ hgn-If - n-eqsS apt∂-dp-∂h - b
- p-am- Wv. F∂m¬ At±lw Ft∏mgpw
ap∂n¬ A\m-h-y-X-am-bn-°n-S-°p∂ kpK-a-amb s]cp-h-gn-bn-eqsS k©-cn-°m≥ C—n-
°p∂ Ihn-b√ - . CSpßnb I≠-Im-Io-¿Æ-amb Im´p-hg- n-bn-eqsS \S∂v hgn ap´p-tºmƒ
]pXnb hgn-sh-ń-s°m≠p kml-kn-Ia - mbn apt∂-dp∂ Ihn-bm-Wv. ]pXnb hgn-sh´p∂h-
cpsS kml-kn-IX - s
- b-°p-dn®v At±lw Fgp-Xnb Ihn-Xb - mWv hgn-sh-´p-∂h - t- cmSv. GXv
PohnX aWvUe - Ø
- nepw ]pXp-hg - n-sh-´p-∂h
- sc _en-sIm-Sp-°p∂ P\w.
“s]cp-h-gnb t]mIpw Rßƒ ]pXp-hgn hgn-]m-Sn\v am{Xw”
F∂v D≈n¬°cpXpw ._en sNø-s∏-´h\v aWvU] - hpw ]Wnbpw. Cu temI-ac - y- m-Zsb
Adn™p sIm≠p Xs∂ Nncn®v [n°-cn®pv hgn-sh-´p-∂h
- c
- psS [oc-Xb
- mWv I°mSv Xs‚
Ihn-Xb
- n-eq-sS {]Z¿in-∏n-®n-´p-≈X
- v.
hyØ \n_-≤-I-hn-X-Itfm h¿Æ-\m-fl-I-ß-fmb CucSn-Itfm A\m-bmkw cNn-
°p-hm≥ th≠ kn≤n-bp≈ Ihn-bmWv F≥.-F≥. I - °
- m-Sv. F∂m¬ AØcw amaq-ep-
Iƒs°m∂pw At±lw an\-s°-Sm-dn-√. X - s‚ IhnX CuSpw _ehpap≈-Xm-bn-cn-°W
- s-
a∂v At±lØn\v \n¿_-‘-ap-≠v. AXp-sIm≠v ]e-t∏mgpw Ihn-Xsb Ipdp°n h‰n®v
kmc-h-Øm°n am‰p-∂p. Ah Ijmbw t]mse Ibv]p-‰-Xm-bn-Øo-cp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.
Cta-Pp-I-fpsS sImgp-∏p-sIm≠v H‰-h-en°v AI-Øm-°m≥ hnj-a-ap≈Xm°n-Øo¿°p-
∂p.
\jvSa
- q-ey- h
- n-jm-Za
- mWv I°m-Sns‚ Ihn-Xb
- psS apJ-ya
- mb ASn-sbm-gp-°.v Xs‚ \jvS-
aq-e-y-hn-jm-Z-Øn\pw ]c-tam¬°WvTbv°pw DNn-X-amb Bhn-jv°cWssien kz¥w
X]- p-sIm≠v cq-]-s∏-Sp-Øn-sb-Sp-Øn-´p-≈-Xm-Wpv. B X]- mIs´ kz-Iob ]mc-º-c-y-
Øn-te-°p≈ Npgn™nd-ße - m-Wv.
]mT-hn-h-cWw
PohnXw Hcp bm{X-bm-Wv. B bm{X-bn¬ Hmtcm hgn-b-º-e-ß-fn¬ sh®v a\p-j-y¿
HØp tNcp--Ibpw ]ncn-bp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. acWw F∂ bmYm¿∞yw Aw-Ko-Ic - n-°m-Xn-cn-
°m≥ B¿°pw km[-y-a-√. Pohn-X-Ønse Hmtcm NphSp shbv]pw ac-W-Øn-te-°p≈
{]bm-W-Øns‚ ssZ¿Lyw Ipdbv°pw. Cu bmYm¿∞yw a\- n-em-°p-tºmƒ B{K-l-
ßfpw A`n-em-jß
- fpw h¿≤n°pw. k^-ea - o-bm{X Bcw-`n-°p-∂Xv CXp-hs
- cbpw Xt∂m-
sSm∏w k©-cn® PohnX kJn-tbmSv IqSp-X¬ B¿{Z-Xbpw B¿÷hhpw {]I-Sn-∏n®p
sIm≠mWv.
AXoh sshb-‡n-I-amb Hcp Ihn-X-bmWv k^-e-ao-bm{X. amc-I-amb Hcp tcmK-
Øn-\n-c-bmbn Bip-]{Xn hm¿Un¬ Ign-bp∂ Ihn ASp-Øp-h-cm≥ t]mIp∂ BXn-
cbv°v A¥-ym-`n-hm-Z-\-a¿∏n-°p-∂-tXm-sSm∏w Bfl-t{]-b-knsb satømSv tN¿Øp
\n¿Øns°m≠v ]n∂n´p t]mb kpJ Zp:J-ßƒ Hm¿°p-∂Xpw F√mw t\´-am-sW∂v
Xo¿∏v Iev]n-°p-∂X
- p-amWv Cu IhnX.
54
B¿{Zw-˛A - e - n-hp≈ , [\p-am-kc- m-hv˛- [
- \- p-am-kØnse cm{Xn
BXn-c˛- X - n-cp-hm-Xnc, AWn-bØ - p-˛A- c - n-IØv
]g-¶q-Sv-˛-]-g-b-Iq-Sv (£bn® ico-cw)
tl kJo, \\-hm¿∂ Cu [\p-am-k-cm-hn¬ GsX¶nepw Hcp Znhkw Xncp-hm-Xnc hcn-

Ibpw t]mIp-Ibpw sNøpw At√? F¥m-bmepw Rm≥ Cu P\-egn ]nSn®p Ipd®pt\cw
\n∂p-sIm-≈s
- ´. \o Fs‚ Acn-In¬ Ft∂mSv tN¿∂v \n∂mepw. Hcp ]t£ Cu £bn®
icocw Hcp Npabv°pvv ASn-sX‰n \new ]Xn®psh∂v ht∂°mw.
{hWn-Xw-˛{- hWw _m[n®Xv. (I-ym≥k¿ _m[n-®p-≠mb apdn-hv)

t\mhv˛- t- h-Z\
{hWw h∂v IWvTw thZ-\n®p Ign-™n-cp∂ F\n°v C∂v thZ\ CØncn Ipd-hp-
≠v. hfsc \mfp-Iƒ°v tijw Cu GIm¥Xmc-Isf Rms\m∂v I≠p-sIm-≈s - ´. Ah
Cfw-\n-em-hns‚ \oen-ab - n¬ ]g-Inb Hm¿Ω-Iƒ t]mse \n∂p hnd-sIm-ff - p-Ib - m-Wv. P\-
egn ]nSn-®p-sIm≠v Aßp \oem-Im-iØ - n¬ an∂n-Øn-fß- p∂ \£-{X-Pm-eß -- sf ImWp∂
Ihn-a\ -
- n¬ KX-Im-ek
- vac
- W
- I
- ƒ HmSn-sb-Øp-∂p. At∏mgpw kJn-bpsS kmao-]yw A\n-
hm-cy- a- m-sW∂ Hm¿Ω-s∏-Sp-Ø¬ Zmº-Xy- Ø - ns‚ Bghpw B¿{Z-Xb - p-amWv {]I-Sa - m-°p-
∂-X.v
chw˛i_vZw Npd-bp-I˛- N
- p-‰pI H®-˛i
- _vZw
A¥-y\ - m-fpIfpsS Ahÿ h¿Æn-°p-∂p. H∂pw sNøm-\n-√mØ Ah-ÿ.- Hmtcm

\ndw sIm≠v t\cw Af∂v Xn´-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. tIƒ°p∂ Hmtcm i_vZw sIm≠v cq]-
tØbpw th¿Xn-cn®p a\- n-em-°p-∂p. Hmtcmtcm acp-∂p-I-fn-embn A¥n-Iƒ Cg™p
\oßp-∂p. Hmtcm Ic-kv]¿i-hpw (km-¥z- \
- h
- pw) Hcp t\¿Ø tXß-embn amdp∂ cmhp-
Iƒ. cm{Xn-bnse \odp∂ thZ-\bv°v AXp teiw Ipfncp ]I-cpw. tcmKw aq¿—n®v th-
Z\bn¬ apgpIn Zn\-cm-{X-ßƒ ]Wn-s∏´v X≈n-\o-°p∂ \mfp-I-fn¬ t\cnb i_vZw
t]mepw D≠m-°msX IS-∂p-h-cp∂ BXn-c-sb-tbm¿ØmWv Ihn tXßp-∂-Xv. Xncp-hm-
Xnc B\-μ-Øns‚bpw D’m-l-Øn-an¿∏nt‚bpw Ime-am-Wv. AsX√mw C\n Hm¿Ω-I-
fn¬ am{Xw.
C°p-dn-˛C- {- ]m-hi
- yw
injvS-Zn-\-ßƒ-˛-ti-jn® \mfp-Iƒ
angn-\o¿®-h¿∏v˛- I - Æ
- p-\o-cns‚ Ibv]v
a[p-]m-{Xw-˛t- X≥ \nd-®p-h® - n-cn-°p∂ ]m{Xw
tam¥p-I˛- I- p-Sn-°pI
A¥y-\m-fp-If
- n¬ A\p`hn°m≥ t]mIp∂ Xncp-hm-Xn-csb IqSp-X¬ D√m-k{- ]-Za
- m-
°m-\p≈ hy-{KX Hcp `mK-Øv.- a-\p-j-ys‚ AS-ßmØ B{K-l-ßfpw A`n-em-j-ßfpw
krjvSn-°p∂ thZ\ adp-h-i-Øv. Cu kΩn{i hnImcw Cu hcn-I-fn¬ ImWmw.
\ap°v C{]m-h-iyw Hcp-an-®p\n∂v ssIIƒ tIm¿Øv BXncsb FXn-tc¬°-Ww.
55
ASpØ sIm√w Bsc√mw Fhn-sS-bm-bn-cn-°p-sa∂pw Fs¥ms° kw`hn-°p-sa∂pw

B¿°m-Wd- n-bm≥ km[n-°p-I. AXp-sIm≠v Cs°m-√sØ BXn-csb kt¥m-j] - q¿Δw
FXn-tc¬°m\pw kJn-bp-samØv B\-μn-°m-\p-ap≈ D¬°-Sa - mb A`n-emjw Ihn hy-
RvPn-∏n-°p-∂p. AXp-tI´v kJn-bpsS IÆp-Iƒ Cud-\-Wn-™p. ac-W-Øn\p ap∂n¬
\n -lm-b\ - mb a\p-jy- \v CØcw aplq¿Ø-ßf - n¬ Ic-bm-\√
- msX as‰m-∂n\pw km[n-
°n-√-t√m. kJn-bpsS Zp:Jw I≠v ss[cyw ]I¿∂p \¬Ip-I-bmWv XpS¿∂p≈ hcn-I-
fn¬. F¥v ? \ns‚ angn-bn-W-Iƒ \\-bp-∂p-sht∂m?. kJo AXp icn-b-√. \ΩpsS
tijn® Zn\-ßƒ N¥-ap-≈-Xm-°n-Øo¿°p-I. AXn¬ IÆp-\o-cns‚ Nh¿∏v Ie-cm≥
]mSn-√. kt¥mjw \nd®p h®n-´p≈ Cu a[p-]m{Xw ]q¿Æambpw tam¥n-°p-Sn-°-Ww.
teihpw _m°n hbv°cpXv. t\¿Ø BXn-c-\n-em-hns‚ ASn-bn¬ sXfn-bp∂ Ccpƒ
t\m°p-I. Ccp-fns‚ D≈-d-I-fn¬ InS-°p∂ teme-amb Hm¿Ω-Isf NnI-s™-Sp-°pI-.
At_m[ Xe-ßf - n¬ Dd-™p-In-S° - p∂ sIm®psIm®p Hm¿ΩIƒ Ab-hn-d°n kmbq-P-
y-aS- b
- p-Ib
- mWv A¥-y\- m-fp-If
- n¬ A`n-Im-ay- s
- a∂v kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p.
s\dp-I˛- D- ®n
]mdm-hp-\n¬°p-I˛- I
- m-h¬\n¬°pI
_[n-cw-˛t- Iƒ°m≥ Ign-bmØ
Nh¿∏v˛- I- bv∏v.
Hm¿Ω-Iƒ A\n-hm-cy- a - m-Wv. AXv H∂p-an-√m-Xm-hm≥ km[-ya - √

- .-Cc
- p-ńs\ Xe-bn-te‰n
Np‰n\pw shfn®w \¬In temI¿°v apgp-h≥ Imh¬ \n¬°p∂ sXcp-hp-hn-f° - p-Iƒ°-
∏p-dØv, _[n-ca - mb t_m[-Xe - ß
- ƒ°p-a∏ - pdw Hm¿Ω-Iƒ H∂p-an-s√-t∂m?. Htcm¿Ωbpw
C√msX hcm≥ km[-yX - b- n-√. Ccp-hc- p-tSbpw Pohn-XØ - n¬ _meywapX¬ Fs¥¥v A\p-
`-h-ßƒ D≠m-bn-´p-≠v. Ah-sb√mw hnkvar-Xn-bn-em-hpI Akm-[-yw. ]e \nd-Ønepw
hep-∏Ø - n-ep-ap≈ hf-If - W- n-bp-Ibpw Agn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-´p≠v. ]e apJ-ßƒ sIm≠v
˛ `mh-ßƒ sIm≠v ˛ \mw ]c-kv]cw FXn-tc-‰n-´p-≠v. aq∂p ]Xn-‰m-≠p-Iƒ \o≠p-
\n¬°p∂ Cu PohnX hgn-Øm-c-bn¬ \Ωƒ ]c-kv]cw s\m¥pw t\mhn®pw Ign-™n-
´p-≠v. F¥p-am-{Xw sImgpØ Nh¿∏p-Iƒ IpSn-®p-h-‰n-®-Xn\p tij-amWv im¥n-bpsS
CØncn i¿°c \pW-bp-hm≥ \ap°v km[n-®n-´p-≈Xv. F√mw \ap°v Hm¿Ω thWw.
F√m A\p-`h - ß
- fpw hgn-tbm-c° - m-gvNI- f- mbn Hcp-]t£ ]ndIn--te°v HmSn ad-™n-cn-°-
mw. ImcWw \Ωƒ hgn ]mX-nbn-e[nIw ]n∂n-´p-ht- √m. s]mbvt∏mb \mfp-If - psS ]n∂m-
ºp-d-ßƒ tXSn-bm¬ H´-\-h[n a[pc kvac-W-Iƒ Hmtcm hy-‡n-°p-ap-≠m-Ipw. Ah
A¥-y-\m-fp-I-fn¬ Ab-hn-d-°p-∂Xv B\-μ-{]-Z-am-Wv. AXp-sIm≠v Ahsb hgn-tbm-c-
°m-gvNI - f
- m-°n-am‰n AK-Wy- t- Im-Sn-bn¬ X≈n-°f - b
- c
- p-Xpv.
Hm¿Ω-I-fpsS ÿmbn-Xzw km[q-I-cn-°p-∂p XpS¿∂p-ff hcn-I-fn¬.
Hmcm-sX-˛H
- m¿°msX
D¬^-Ww-˛] - Ø
- n-hn-S¿Øn
Hm¿Ω-I-fp-≠m-hmsX Xc-an-√. Ah D≠m-bn-cn-°-Ww. As√-¶n¬ BXnc hcp-∂p-

sh∂v \mw Fß-s\-bmWv Adn-™X - v. Ipd-®p-t\-cs
- a-¶nepw IqsS \S-∂n-´p-≈h
- ;HØn-cn-
56
sbm-Øncn In∂mcw sNm√n-bn-´p-≈h;Nncn-®p-Nn-cn®v IÆn¬ sh≈w \nd™v Ihnƒ

XpSn-®n-´p-≈Xv;Gsd Ic™v I¨t]m-f-Iƒ ho¿Øn-´p-≈Xv; ]-c-kv]cw sIń-∏p-W¿∂v
DΩsh®n-´p-≈X - pw IpØn-∏n-f¿∂v acn-®n-´p-≈Xv,sIm-∂n-´p-≈Xv,hn-Scpw apºv ]pgp Xn∂n-
´p≈Xv,]mXn hnS¿∂n-´p-≈-Xv,-s]cp hgn-bn¬ sR´‰v ]Xn-®n-´p-≈Xv, hgn t]m°¿ Ccp-
ń¬ Nhnń saXn-®n-´p-≈X
- v, H
- m¿°m-∏p-dØv Nhn-t´‰v ]pf™v ]Øn hnS¿Øn-bmSn \n∂n-
´p-≈Xv,C-hs - b√mw Hm¿Ω-If - mbn Ah-ti-jn-°p-∂p-≠m-bn-cn-°mw.
a\p-jy Pohn-XØ
- nse kvt\lhpw tZz-jhpw irwKm-chpw eoem-hn-em-kß
- fpw A´-
lm-k-ßfpw {]W-b-ßfpw Pbm-]-P-b-ßfpw Db¿®-Xm-gvN-I-fp-sa√mw Hm¿Ω-I-fm-bn-cn-
°p-sa∂v hni-z-kn-°p-∂p.
Hcp Du™m¬ ]mńs‚ am[p-cyw \pW-bm-\p≈ A`n-hmRvO XpS¿∂p≈ hcn-I-
fn¬ {]I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂p.
apc-S≥ apSp-°p-Iƒ-˛-I-Tn-\-ß-fmb CSp-ßnb hgnIƒ, sIm‰n-˛-sIm°v
ae-ap-Sn-˛a
- e
- b
- psS apIƒ`mKw, \nioYw˛A¿≤-cm{Xn, Xm¥w-˛£
- o-Wn®
H∂ptam¿°m≥ Ign-bmsX hcp-∂pthm F∂v Bi-¶n-°p-∂p. apJw \jvSs - ∏´v Ae-
dp∂ sXcp-hp-Iƒ°-∏p-dØv, CSp-ßnb Zp lß-fmb CS-hg - n-Iƒ°pw A∏p-dØv, H∂v
ImXp-If - b
- ®v {i≤n®p t\m°q. at\m-lc - a
- mbn If-Ifw s]mgn®p sIms≠m-gp-Ip∂ ]pg-
bpsS Hmf-ß-fn¬, h-b-ep-I-fn¬,H-‰-°m-en¬ [ym\ eo\-cm-bn-cn-°p∂ sIm‰n-I-fpsS Xq
shäbn¬, Ip∂n≥]p-d-ß-fn-eqsS Acn-®n-d-ßp∂ t]m°p-sh-bn-ens‚ Cfw NqSn¬,
A¿≤-cm-{Xn-Ifn¬ s\¬∏m-Sß - f - n¬ \n∂pw Db¿∂p-tIƒ°p∂ tX°p ]mń¬, hnP-\-
ß-fmb hgn-tbm-cß - f - n¬ \ng-ep-Iƒ ]Xp-ßn-∏X - pßn \oßp-∂Xp t]mse £oWn-Xß - -
fmb kmbw-k-‘-y-I-fn¬, In-g°p `mKØv ]S-hp-I-fmbn Db¿∂p-b¿∂-ßs\ ISpw
\oem-Im-iØ - n¬ Aen-™p-tN-cp-∂Xp t]mse kpμ-cß - f- mb ae-If - n¬, ]pfbp∂ Ipcp-
tØm-eI - ƒ t]mse {]Im-in-°p∂ ]¥-ßfpw Xmf-ta-fß - fpw Dd-bp∂ cm{Xn-If - n¬ Fhn-
sS-sb-¶nepw Hcq-™m¬ ]m´v Db¿∂p tIƒ°p-∂pthm kJo. H∂p-an-s√-∂mtWm \o
]d-bp-∂-Xv. {Kma ssNX-\yw Xpfp-ºp∂ BXn-c-bpsS kuμ-cyw {]]-©Øn¬ \n∂pw
\nt»jw AkvXa - n-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂X- n¬ Ihn-°p≈ hnjm-Zhpw Bi-¶b - p-sa√mw Cu
hcn-If- n¬ \ng-en-°p-∂p. {]Ir-Xn-bpsS bYm¿∞ apJw \jvSs - ∏-´X
- mbpw Nne kqN-\I - -
fn-eqsS hy-‡-am-°p-∂p-≠v. Hm¿Ω-Iƒs°m∂pw Hcp Xnf-°-hp-an-√msX a[p-c-ß-fmb
\mS≥ ioep-Iƒ ]mSmsX, B\tμm√m-kß - ƒ sIm≠v ]mXn-cI - ƒ Cf-Im-sXbpw Adn-
bm-sXbpw B¿{Z-amb BXnc \ni_vZ aqI-ambv hcp-∂p-sht∂m? {]Ir-Xn-bpsS B¿{Z-
Xbpw BXncbpsS kuμ-c-y-hp-sa√mw AkvX-an®p sIm≠n-cn-°p-∂-Xmbn tXßp-I-bm-
Wv.
cu{Zhpw B¿{Z-Xbpw hm°p-If- n-eqsS Bhm-ln®p sIm≠v BXn-csb FXn-tc¬°p-
∂-Xns‚ ImcWw hy-‡a - m-°p-Ib
- mWv Chn-sS.
hn{Iaw˛]-cm-{Iaw
HmwIm-c_- rw-lW - w˛\mZ-{_-“Ø- ns‚ Ae¿®
{Xn]p-cw-˛a
- q∂p ]pc-ßƒ(-Xm-cI
- m-£≥,-hn-Zy- p-∑m-en,-Ia
- e
- m-£≥ F∂o
Akp-c-∑m¿ \qdp tbmP\ hnkvXm-c-Øn¬ `qan-bn¬ Ccpºp sIm≠pw `ph¿
57
temIØv sh≈n sIm≠pw kz¿tem-IØv kz¿Æw sIm≠pw
\n¿Ωn® ]pc-ßƒ ÿqe kq£va Imc-Wm-fl-I-amb icoc {Xbw
F∂v thZm-¥n-Iƒ A¿∞w \¬Ip-∂p.)
hnS¿angnsØfn-hnse kz— \mf-ßƒ ˛ hnS¿∂ angn-I-fn¬ {]I-S-am- Ip∂
{]Im-iØ - ns‚ Im¥n ,Zo\-Zo-\w-˛] - c
- a
- Z- b
- \
- obw ,
tImƒsIm-≠v- ˛-[m-cm-f-ambn Dƒs°m≠v
XrWm-h¿Ø-tZ-lw-˛X - r-Wm-h¿Ø≥ F∂ Akp-cs‚ tZlw (Iw-ks‚ A\p-N-
c-\mb Hcp Akp-c-\mWv XrWm-h¿Ø≥. Cbmƒ
Npg-en-°m-‰ns‚ cq]w [cn-®mWv DÆn-°r-jvWs\ FSp-Øp-sIm≠v
t]mb-Xv˛- {- io-Ir-jvW≥ Ct±-lsØ h[n-®p.)
angn-\o¿-˛-I-Æp-\o¿, a\-an-S-dmsX ˛ a\ v ]X-dmsX
ZnK-¥-ß-fn¬ B™p Nhn´p∂ hn{I-a-sa-hn-sS? \mZ-{_-“-Øns‚ Ae¿®-bn¬

{Xn]p-cß
- ƒ Hcp-an®p XI¿°p∂ hosd-hn-sS? Cu cu{Z-XI
- ƒ apgp-h≥ kJn-bp-samØp
Ign™ \mfp-I-fnse a[pc-kvac-W-Iƒ°v ap≥]n¬ \njv{]-`-ß-fm-sW∂v Ihn-b-dn-bp-
∂p.
GIm-¥-cm-{Xn-bn¬ \o ]I¿∂p \¬In-bn-´p≈ Aenhpw \n¿Ωe-amb s\bvØn-cn-
t]mse sXfn-bp∂ InSm-ß-fpsS hnS¿∂ angn-I-fn¬ {]Im-in-°p∂ kz-—-\m-f-ßfpw
DuXn-Ønf°n Xf-cmsX ImØp-t]m-cp∂ ]c-a-Z-b-\o-b-ß-fmb Cu \mfp-I-fn¬ sXfn-
bp∂Xv \o Hm¿°p-∂p-thm? sImSpw Iqcn-cp-ń¬ kpZo¿L-ß-fmb Zqc-ßƒ A\-h[n
Xm≠m≥ {]bm-kt- adnb ]pg-bn-eqsS \Ωƒ Ig t]mse Cd-ßn-°n-S∂- Xpw \Ω-fd- n-bmØ
\ΩpsS Im¬®-hn-t´‰p sRcn™ Xr-Wm-h¿Øs‚ tZlw hgn-h-°n¬ ae-t]mse InS-
∂Xpw GXm-s≠m-tcm¿Ω hcp-∂n-√t- bm? F√mw Hm¿Ømepw Hm¿°m-Xn-cp-∂mepw BXnc
FØpw. AXv Cu hgn I - S- ∂pt]mIp-Ibpw sNøpw. \mw AXns\ Cu P\-en-eqsS FXn-
tc¬°pw. Hm¿Ω-Is - f√mw Hgn™ ]gb ImesØ Xf¿∂p hnd-bv°p∂ ssII-fnemhm-
ln®v AXn¬ teiw t]mepw IÆp-\o¿ ]‰msX a\- n-S-dmsX \Ωƒ BXn-csb FXn-
tc¬°pw. Imew ho≠pw apt∂m´v \oßpw. hnjp hcpw. h¿jw hcpw. Xncp-thmWw
hcpw. ]ns∂ Hmtcm Xfn-cn\pw ]qhpw Imbpw hcpw. A∂v Bsc∂pw Fs¥∂pw
B¿°-dn-bm≥ Ign-bpw. ( a\p-jy Pohn-X-Øns‚ £Wn-I-Xsb Ipdn-°p-∂p). \ap°v
Ct∏mƒ Cu BXn-csb im¥-ambn kuay-ambn FXn-tc¬°mw. kJn hcn-I. Fs‚
Acn-IØp tN¿∂p \n¬°q. ]g-sbmcp a{¥w kvacn-°p-I. \ap-°t- \-ym-\yw Du∂p-hS- n-
I-fmbn \n¬°mw. lm! kêw Cu bm{X.
58
c≠v ]pd-Øn¬ Ihn-bmsX DØ-c-sa-gp-Xp-I.
1. “hcpw sIm√-am-sc∂psas¥∂p am¿°-dnbmw” a\p-jy Pohn-XØ - ns‚
£Wn-I-Xsb Cu hcn-bn-eqsS Ihn {]I-Sn-∏n-°p∂Xns‚ kuμ-cyw
hy-‡a
- m-°p-I.
2. Fs¥√mw Hm¿Ω-If - mWv hgn-tbm-c°
- mgvNI-fmbv ]nd-In-te-t°mSn
ad-™n-cn-°m-sa∂v Ihn Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p-∂X - v?
3. Ihn-bpsS Hm¿Ω-I-fn¬ HmSn-sb-Øp∂ BXn-c-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ kvac-W-Iƒ
Fs¥√mw ?
4. “-\ma-t\-ym-\y- a
- q∂phSn-If
- mbv \n¬°mw” Zmº-XyPohn-XØns‚
]mc-kv]c - yw Cu hcnI-fn¬ {]I-Sa - m-Ip-∂Xp hy-‡a- m-°p-I?
\mep-]p-d-Øn¬ Ihn-bmsX D]-\-y-kn-°pI
1) KX-Im-ek- vac- W
- I
- ƒ°v am{¥n-IX - b
- psS ]cn-thjw ]I-cp∂ Ihn-Xb
- mWv
k^-ea - o-bm-{X˛ hni-Za
- m-°p-I.
2) Ihn-bpsS sshb-‡nI Pohn-XØ - n-\∏- pdw ImhyPohnXhrØnbpsS
k^-e-Xbpw {]-Xn-[-z\n∏n°p∂ Ihn-X-bmWv k^-e-ao-bm-{X˛ N¿®-sN-øpI
59
Imkm-_n-b≥Im
Aø-∏-∏-Wn-°¿
Imev]\- n-IX
- sb FXn¿°p-Ibpw AtXm-sSm-∏w I - m-e]
v \
- n-IX
- b
- psS `mh-km{μXbn¬
ebn-®p-tN-cp-Ibpw sNbvX `mh\m-kº - ∂
- \
- mb Ihn-bmWv Aø-∏∏ - W - n-°¿. Zz-μz- m-flIX
Ihn-bpsS FSp-Øp-]d- b - m-hp∂ khn-ti-jX - b
- m-Wv. Pohn-XØ - n¬ Htckabw ip`m-]vXn-
hn-iz- m-kn-bm-Im\pw tZmssj-IZ- r-°m-Im\pw At±-lØ - n\p hnj-aa - n-√. Cuiz-cs\ kXp-
Xn°m\pw \nμn-°m\pw At±-lØ - ns‚ {]Xn-`b - v°p bm-sXmcp kt¶m-Nh - p-ap≠m-Im-dn√.
hy¿∞-Xm-t_m-[hpw \ncm-ibpw {]I-Sn-∏n-°p-tºmƒØs∂ km¥-z\ - n-∏n-°m\pw At±lw
ad-°p-∂n-√. BsI°qSn-t\m-°p-tºmƒ Zz-μz- m-flI sshcp-[y- ß - fpsS i_-fm-à - mb A¶-
Ø-´mWv Aø-∏∏ - W
- n-°c - psS Imh-yt- em-Isa∂v ImWm≥ Ign-bpw.
B[p-\n-IX - b
- psS h‡m-hmb Aø-∏∏ - W
- n-°¿ Ac-\q-‰m-≠p-Imew ae-bmf Ihn-X-
bnse Inco-Sa - n-√mØ N{I-h¿Øn-bmbn hncm-Pn® Ihn-bm-Wv. sshhn-[y- hpw sshNn-{X-y-
hp-am¿∂-XmWv At±-lØ - ns‚ Imh-y{- ]-]© - w. Ah hn`-P\ - ß
- ƒ- °pw \n¿h-N\ - ß
- ƒ°pw
AXo-Xa - mWv. kz¥w ssIap-ńse sNmdn apX¬ alm-cm-Pm-hns‚ hb-dn-f° - w, iz-k\ - N- n-
¥-Iƒ, tZho-kvtXm-{X-ßƒ, hnπ-hw, cmjv{So-bw, tIc-fw, DØ-tc-¥-y, hnb-‰v\mw, Ata-
cn° F∂n-ßs\ GXp-hn-jb - hpw GXp-ka-bØpw ]Wn-°cpsS Ihn-XI - f- n¬ {]X-y£- -
s∏-Smw. Im¿´q¨ Ihn-XI - fpw KZ-yI
- h
- n-XI
- fpw D≠-hnsS. kmtcm-]t- Z-iI - h
- n-XI- fpw ZWvU-
I-ßf - p-ap-≠v. ASp-°f - °- hn-XI- fpw Bt£-]l - m-ky- I
- h
- n-XI
- f- p-ap-≠v. C{Xbpw hnim-e-
amb Iym≥hmkv at‰-sX-¶nepw Hcp Ihn-°p-f-f-Xmbn tXm∂p-∂n-√.
Bbn-cØ - n-sØm-ff - m-bn-cØn A≥]-Xp-If - nemWv Aø-∏∏ - W - n-°¿ Ihn-Xm-cN - \ Bcw-
`n-®X
- v. Nß-ºpg krjvSn® Imev]\ - n-I`- m-hp- IXzØn\pw kuμc-ye - l
- c
- n°pw ae-bm-fI- -
hnX ASn-as - ∏-´p-Ig- n-™n-cp∂ Ime-L´-am-bn-cp∂p AXv. Cu Ime-Øp-Xs∂ Hcp \ntj-
[n-bm-sW∂v hnfn-®d- n-bn°m\pw \ne-hn-en-cp∂ Imh-y] - m-cº
- c- y- ß
- t- fbpw Pohn-Xk - ¶
- e
- v]-
ß-tfbpw sh√p-hn-fn°m\p-ap-ff Xz-c- ]-Wn-°-cn¬ {]-I-S-am-bn-cp-∂p. F¶n-epw At±-l-
Øns‚ BZ-y-Im-e-I-hn-X-I-sf√mw Xs∂ Xms\mcp Nß-ºpg t{]an-bm-sW∂v hnfn-®-dn-
bn-°p-∂h - b
- mWv.
Aº-Xp-If - n¬ Ihn-Xm-cw-KØp apg-ßn-t°´ Iml-fß - ƒ kz-mX-{¥-yw, hnπ-hw, ka-
Xzw apX-emb kmaq-ln- I aqe-yß - ƒ°v th≠n-bp-ff - X
- m-bn-cp-∂p. Aø∏-∏W
- n-°c - psS {]Xn`
Bh-gn-°√ k©-cn-®X - v. am\-hk- Ø- b- psS tIh-eX - bv°p t\sc-bmWv At±lw ZrjvSn-
Iƒ ]mbn-®-Xv. Hmtcm ImenI kw`-h-sØ-°p-dn®pw Hmtcm Ihn-X-bp-≠m-°p-∂-Xn-t\mSv
At±-lØ - n\v tbmPn-∏n-√m-bn-cp-∂p. AsXm-cp-Xcw bm{¥nI-Xb - m-sW∂v At±lw I≠p.
Aß-s\-bmWv am\-hX - b- psS kz-]v\ß - f- n-te°v At±lw Xncn-™Xv. kz-]v\ß - ƒ D≠m-
hp-∂h- b
- m-Wv. D≠m-°p-∂h - b
- √
- . Ihn-Xbpw AXp-t]mse D≠m-hpw-]Sn Dcp-Øn-cn-bW - w.
πm\pw FÃn-ta‰pw Bh-i-yhpw A\p-k-cn®pv D≠m-°-cpXv F∂mWvv ]Wn°-cpsS
ho£-W-sa∂v Fw. eoem-hXn hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p.
Aø-∏∏ - W
- n-°c
- psS IhnX A\p-hm-NI
- c
- psS lrZ-bØ- n¬ Hcp ]pXnb Imhr-Z¿i-
\-Øns‚ ag-hn√v krjvSn-®p. hkvXp-°sf˛ kw`-hß - sf˛ ]pd-sa-\n∂p ImWp-∂Xp t]mse
{]Im-in-∏n-°p∂-Xn\p ]Icw Ah-bpsS B¥-cn-Ik - Ø
- b- psS A¥¿t\-{X-ßf - n¬ sXfn-
60
bp∂ Zri-ysØ aq¿Øo-Ic

- n-°p-Ib - mWv sNb-XX
- v. AXn-\p-th≠n Hcp ]pXnb Imh-y`- m-
jbv°v At±lw cq]w-\¬In. AsXmcp ]co-£-W-am-bn-cp-∂p. B ]co-£Ww At±-
lsØ ae-bm-fØ
- n¬ \h-yI- h
- n-Xb
- psS I¿Ømhpw {]tbm-‡m-hp-am-°n-Øo¿Øp.
{^©p-\m-hnItk\-bn¬ D≠mb Hcp kw`-hsØ Bkv]-Z-am°n sên-knbm
slsabvkv Fgp-Xnb Imkm-_n-b≥Im F∂ IhnXbpsS ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ Aø-∏-∏-
Wn-°¿ cNn® Ihn-X-bmWv Imkm_n-b≥Im.
{^©p-\m-hnItk\-bnse Hcp {]apJ DtZ-ym-Kÿ - \
- m-bncp∂p eqbn.- Un. s\t∏m-
fn-b≥ CuPn]v‰v B-{I-an-®-t∏mƒ Hmdn-b‚ v F∂ ]S-°-∏-ens‚ I∏n-Øm--\mbn At±-l-
sØ-bmWv \ntbm-Kn-®X - v. 1798˛ ¬ \S∂ cq£-amb ss\¬bp-≤Ø - n¬ At±-lØ - n\v amc-
I-amb apdn-th-‰p. I∏-en¬ tiJ-cn-®n-cp∂ shSn-a-cp-∂n\v Xo]n-Sn-°p-Ibpw I∏¬
shs¥cnbp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Cu kabw At±-l-tØm-sSm∏w Xs‚ ]Øp hb- p-ff
]p{X≥ Imkm-_n-b≥Imbpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. A]-IS- Ø - n¬s∏´ A—s\ Dt]-£n®v c£-
s∏-Sm≥ B ]Øp hb- p-Im-cs‚ a\ p A\p-hZ- n-®n-√. Ah≥ A—s‚ AcnIn¬Øs∂
\n∂v At±-lsØ ip{iq-£n-®p. HSp-hn¬ A—\pw aI\pw sh¥p-ac - n-®p. Cu kw`-hsØ
B-kv]Z- a
- m-°n-bmWv sêo-knbm slsabvkv Imkm-_n-b≥Im F∂ IhnX Fgp-Xn- b-
Xv.
Aø-∏∏ - W
- n-°¿ krjvSn® Imkm-_n-b≥Imbpw ]nXmhpw ]pXnb cq]-`m-hß - t- fm-
Sp- Iq-Sn-bh-cm-Wv. A—s‚ Io¿Øn-Xm-ev]c - yhpw aIs‚ Bfl-c£ - m hy{KXbp-amWv Ihn-
X-bnse tI{μ-{]-ta-bw. ]p{Xs‚ A]-I-S-a-c-W-Ønepw kz¥w CtaPv h¿≤n-∏n-°p-hm≥
X{Xs∏-Sp∂ ]nXm-hns‚ \nμ-yhpw K¿l-Wo-bh - pamb Xmev]c - y- s
- Ø Bt£-]l - m-kyam°n
Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-I-bmWv Cu Ihn-X-bn¬ ]p{Xs‚ ]nXr-`-‡nbpw A\p-k-c-W-io-ehpw
s]mXp-P\ - k
- a-£w Ah-Xc- n-∏n-°p-hm≥ F√m ]nXm-°ƒ°pw Xmev]c - y- a
- p-≠m-IpI kzm-
`m-hn-I-amWv AXn-\-∏p-dØv B `mh-ßƒ ]c-k-y-∏-e-I-bnse h¿Æ-ß-fm°n am‰n
X≥{]amWnØw h¿≤n-∏n-°p-hm-\p-ff {iaw A]-e] - \
- o-ba
- m-Wv.
]mT-hn-h-cWw
kt¥m-jm-{ip˛ kt¥mjwsIm-≠p-ff IÆp\o¿
]p{X-`k
- vaw ˛ ]p{Xs‚ NnXm`kvaw
Im¿t°m-SI≥ ˛ D{Khn-j-ap-ff k¿∏w (\-f-N-cnXw B´°--Y-bnse Hcp
IYm-]m-{Xw) ZpjvS-X-bp-ff Bƒ°msc Cu t]cn´pv
hnfn-°m-dp-≠v.
Nmcw ˛ Nmº¬
ap∏-mcv ˛ aq∂vtemIw
ZrjvSm-¥w ˛ DZm-lc- Ww
Imkm-_n-b≥Im acn-s®-∂p-tI´pv kt¥m-jm-{ip-°-fm¬ Igp-Inb IÆp-I-fp-ambn
]pkvXI - Ø- n¬ I≠- Im-hyhpw hmbn®p ]p{Xs‚ NnXm-`kvaw I≠p tImƒa-bn¿s°m-
f-fp-hm-\mbn ]nXmhv ImØn-cp-∂p. ]{X-{]-h¿Ø-I-scsb√mw ckn-∏n®p sIń-sb-SpØp
sIm≠p-h-cn-Ibpw sNbvXp, ]nXm-hmb B Im¿t°m-S-I≥. I∏-ens‚ Xń¬ sh¥p-In-
S∂ shÆo-sdm-s°bpw XSpØp Iqń If-f-°-Æo¿ XqIn C{]Imcw{]kvXm-h\ sImSp-
Øp. C°m-eØv ]nXr-`-‡n-aqew F√mw A\p-k-cn-°p∂ Hcp ]p-{Xs\˛ Fs‚
61
aIs\t∏mse thsdm∂v ˛ Cu temI-Øp am{Xa√ aq∂v temI-ß-fn-epw ImWp-In-√.

]p{Xs‚ G‰hpw henb khn-ti-jX - b
- mbn ]nXmhv Cu hnhcw ]{X-°m-cpsS apºmsI
Ah-Xc - n-∏n-°p-tºmƒ \jvSs - ∏-´p-t]mb ]p{Xs\ Ipdn-®p-ff Zp:-Jt- Ø-°m-fp-]cn, CØcw
DØ-a\ - mb ]p{X\v P∑w \¬Im≥ Ign-™X - n-ep-ff Bflm-`n-am-\hpw Nmcn-Xm¿∞-yhpamWv
{]I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂X - v. AXv Hcp ]cn-[n-hsc AwKo-Ic - n-°m-hp-∂X
- mWv . F∂m¬ XpS¿∂p-ff
{]-kvXm-hß - f- mWv ]nXm-hns‚ Im¿t°m-SI - a- pJw shfn-®Ø - p-sIm-≠p-hc
- p-∂X
- v.
“Rm≥ aS-ßp-∂-Xp-hsc \o I∏-ens‚ Xń¬Øs∂ \n¬°Ww F∂v ]d-™p-

sIm≠mWvv aIs\ I∏-en¬ \n¿Øn-bn´v ]nXmhv t]mb-Xv. F∂m¬ I∏-en¬ Xo ]nSn-®-
t∏mgpw X´p-Iƒ IØn-°c - n™p `kvaa
- m-bt- ∏mgpw a‰p-ff
- h
- s
- c√mw Bfl-c£m¿∞w NmSn-
Hm-Sn-t∏m-bt- ∏mgpw Cu Zp:-J°S¬ Xnf-®p-ad- n-™t- ∏mgpw Fs‚ H‰-hm-°ns‚ _e-Øn¬˛
A{X-bpw-]-d™v hmIyw apgp-an∏n°msX XpS¿∂p Rms\-¥n\v Cu ZrjvSm-¥-sa√mw
Ihn-Xb - m-°p-∂p.”?
A\-¥cw ]{X-°m-tcmSmbn ]d™p \nßƒ CsX√mw hni-Z-am°n ]{X-Øn¬

sImSp-Øp ]{X-[¿Ωw apdbv°v krjvSn- °m≥ {ian-°p-I. AXp-tI´v ]{X-°m¿ tNmZn-
®p. ]p{X≥ A·n-bn¬s∏-Sp-∂X - n\p ap≥]p≈ Hcp ]Sw FSp-°p-hm\pt≠m ? C√t√m
Iq´p-Imtc, Fs‚ aI≥ ]S-a-pffnSsØßpw t]mbncn°n-√. GXm≠v Fs‚ apJ-—mb
Xs∂-bm-Wv Aht‚Xpw. \nßƒ°pth-W-sa-¶n¬ Fs‚ ]Sw ]nSn-t®m-fpI. ]nXmhv
C{Xbpw ]d™p Ign-™t- ∏m-tg°pw Rm\n-hn-sS-Øs - ∂-bp-≠— - m F- ∂v hnfn®p ]d-
™p sIm≠v ]p{X≥ tdmUn¬ {]X-y-£-s∏-´p. aI≥ XpS¿∂p. Cu IY Rm≥ ]t≠
tIń-´p-≠v. AXp-sIm≠v I∏en¬ XotIdn h∂-t∏mtg Rm≥ Ic-bvs°-Øn. Cu ]g-¶Y
Ct∏mgpw kIq-fn¬ ]Tn-∏n®p t]mcp-∂p≠v. C\n apX¬ Imkm-_n-b≥Im-bpsS IY Hcp
]pØ≥ IYbm°nam‰-Ww. \ΩpsS ]pkvXI - Ø
- n¬ ]pgp-tI-dmsX t\m°-Ww. _p≤n-bn-
√msX A\p-k-cn-°phm≥ am{X-ap≈p Hcp ]p{Xs\∂v Cu ]p{X-s\-°p-dn®v Bƒ°m¿
]d-bm-Xn-cn-°-s´. As√-¶n¬ C\n Xo]n-Sn-°p-∂\ -- mƒ A—≥ B I∏-ens‚ Xń¬ H∂p-
tI-d-Ww. At∏m-f-dnbmw Xos∏m-≈¬ Ifn-b-s√∂.v A∂v Fs‚ _p≤n-sb A—\pw
sIm≠m-Spw. C\n apX¬ Imkm-_n-b≥Im ]Tn-°p-tºmƒ B IY C{]-Imcw am‰n-sb-gp-
Xp-Ibpw thWw. I∏-en¬ Xo ]nSn-®-t∏mƒ AXn¬\n∂pw c£-tXSn Ic-bvs°-Ønb
]p{Xs\ sIń-∏n-Sn-®p-sIm≠v A—≥ Cßs\ sNm√n. \ns‚ _p≤nsb amtem-I-sc√mw-
sIm-≠m-Sp-∂p. icn°pw t\m°n-bm¬ ]p{Xs‚ Cu A\p-kc - W
- t- °Sv ]{X-hm¿Øbv°v
ckw Iq´m-Xn-cn-°n-√. C{Xbpw tI´p Pohn-®n-cn-°p∂ ]p{X-\p-th≠n aq∂m-aXpw B
]nXmhv IÆp-\o¿ hogvØn-\n-∂p.
hni-Zo-I-cn-®p-]-Tn-t°-≠-h-cn-Iƒ
1) ]pØ≥I-Yb - m°n am‰Ww \ΩpsS
]pkvXI- Ø
- n¬ ]pgp-tI-dmsX t\m°Ww
Imkm-_n-b≥Im-bpsS ]g-b- I-Ybv°v ]pXn-b- cq-]hpw `mhhpw \¬Ip-I-bmWv Ihn.
Imkm-_n-b≥Im F∂ {^©p _me≥ ]nXm-hns\ ]cn-N-cn-®p-sIm≠v I∏-ense
62
Xobn¬s∏´p acn-®p. AhnsS A—\pw aI\pw acn-®p. ChnsS aI≥ am{Xw acn®-Xmbn
]nXmhv k¶-ev∏n-°p-Ib - m-Wv. ]nXm-hn-t\mSv Aan-Xa - mb A\p-kc - W
- I- m-´p∂ Ipń-bpsS ac-
W-Øn-eqsS ]nXm-hns‚ Cta-Pv h¿≤n∏n°m\p≈ {ia-amWv \S-Øp-∂X - .v AXn-s\mcp ]pXnb
`mj-yw- N-ab- v°W - s
- a∂v ]p{X-s\-s°m≠v Ihn ]d-bn-°p-Ib - m-Wv. Imkm-_n-b≥Im-bpsS
]gb IYsb Hcp ]pØ≥ IY-bm°n am‰Ww. AXn-eqsS ]pkvXI - Ø- n¬ ]pgp-tI-dmsX
t\m°-Ww. ]pkvXIw Adn-hnt‚bpw kwkvIm-cØ - nt‚bpw {]XoI-amWv a\p-jys‚
_p≤nbpw Adnhpw bp‡amw hn[w {]tbm-Kn-°p-Ib - mWv th≠-Xv. Aßs\ sNbvXn-
s√¶n¬ AXv ]pgphpw ]q®nbpw Ibdn Xn∂v \in-∏n°pw. Aø-∏∏Wn-°¿ krjvSn®
Imkm-_n-b≥Im {^©p-\m-hn-It- k-\b - nse Imkm-_n-b≥Imsb t∏mse-b√ - . ]nXm-hn-t\m-
Sp-ff Aan-X`- ‡- n-bm¬ AIm-cW - a
- mbn Poh≥ _en-b¿∏n-°p-∂Xv hnÕn-Øa - m-sW∂v a\-
n-em-°m-\p-ff - t_m[-ap-ff Ipń-bm-Wv.] - p-kvXIw Bh¿Øn® hmbn-®m-kz- Z- n-°m-\p-ff - X- m-
Wv. Nn√-ea- m-cb- n¬ Im‰pw shfn-®hpw X´msX kq£n-°m≥ th≠n-bp-ff - X
- √
- . AXp-t]mse
_≤nbpw {]tbm-Kn-°p-tºmƒ AXn-\\ - p-kc- n®v hnf-ßp-It- b-bp-≈q.
“_p≤nbn--√mX\p-kc
- W
- b
- v°mbn-am-{X-ao˛
]p{X-s\-∂mƒ°m¿v” ]d-bp-∂Xv
A—\pw aI\pw Hcp-t]mse e÷m-Ic - a

- m-Wv. Ft∏mgpw A—-t\-°mƒ tIa≥ aI-\m-IW - -
sa-∂mWv F√m ]nXm°-fp-sSbpw A`n-emjw. hn]-co-XN
- n-¥b
- p-ff
- h
- ¿ hfsc hncfw. AØ-
c-°m¿s°mcp Xm°o-Xp- IqSnbmWv Imkm-_n-b≥Im.
c≠p-]p-d-Øn¬ Ihn-bmsX DØ-c-sa-gp-Xp-I.
1) C°m-e-an-ßs\ ImWp-In√m ]nXr˛
`‡n-bm-se-√m-a\ - pk-cn-°p-s∂mcp ]p{X-≥˛
Cu {]kvXm-hØns‚ s]mcpƒ hy-‡a - m-°p-I?
2) “Rms\-¥n\o ZrjvSm-¥s - a-√mw Ihn-Xb- m-°o-Sp∂p” Ihn C{]-Imcw
A¿t≤m-‡n-bn¬ hnc-an-°m-\n-S-bmb kml-N-cyw hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-I?
3) \nß-fn-sX√mw hni-Za - m-°n-∏{- X˛
[¿Ωw apdbv°p-kr-jvSn-°m≥ {ian-°pI “Imkm-_n-b≥I-bpsS
]nXmhv hnh£n® ]{X-[¿Ωw F¥m-bn-cp-∂p”?
4) “_p-≤n-bn-√m-X\
- p-kc- W-bv°mbn am{X-ao˛
]p{X-s\-∂mƒ°m¿ ]d-bm-Xn-cn-°s´” Imkm-_n-b≥I ]Tn®
]p{Xs\s°m≠v C{]-Imcw ]d-bn-∏n-°m-\n-Sb - mb kml-Nc - yw F¥m-
bn-cp-∂p?
5) “]pØ≥ IY-bm°n am‰Ww \ΩpsS
]pkvXI - Ø
- n¬ ]pgp-tI-dmsX t\m°Ww” kzm-ck - y- w-hy- ‡
- a - m-°pI
\mev ]pd-Øn¬ Ihn-bmsX D]-\-y-kn-°pI
1) Pohn-®n-cn-°p∂ ]p{X-\p-th≠n aq∂m-aXpw IÆp\o¿ hogvØn \n∂
]nXmhns‚ Nn{Xw Aø-∏-∏-Wn-°¿ Bhn-jvI-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xns‚ NmcpX
hne-bn-cp-Øp-I?
2) Imkm-_n-b≥Im F∂ Ihn-X-bneqsS Ihn A\m-h-cWw sNøp∂ Pohn-X-bm-
Ym¿∞yw Fs¥∂v hy-‡a - m-°p-I?
63
-Aº-e-aWn
kpK-XI
- p-amcn
aebmf Ihn-Xsb kw_‘n®nS-tØmfw ¢m nIv, sdmam‚nIv , dnb-en-ÃnIv Imh-

y-co-Xn-I-sf-√mw {]ÿm-\-ßƒ F∂-Xn-ep-]cn at\m-`mhw F∂ \ne-bv°mWv hf¿∂p
h∂-Xpv. AXp-sIm≠v Cu Imh-y-co-Xn-Iƒ {]ÿm-\-\n-jvT-amb kmam-\-y-X-I-fn¬ HXp-
ßmsX at\m-`mh\njvT-amb Ht´sd khn-ti-j-X-I-fn-te°pv hym-]n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn.
CØcw at\m-`mh\njvTa - mb kao-]\ - ß
- ƒ°pv Gsd {]m[m-\y- hpw {]-k‡ - nbpw ssIh-
cp-∂-Xpv Imev]\nIamb Imh-y-co-Xn-bn-emWv. AXns‚ Imc-Ww Imev]\nI-X-bpsS
ÿmbn`mhw sshb-‡n-IX - b
- m-sW-∂X - m-Wv. Cu sshb-‡n-IX
- b
- mIs´ Hmtcm hy-‡n-
bnepw hn`n-∂-am-Wv. AXv Hmtcm-cp-Ø-cp-sSbpw Bflmwiw Xs∂-bm-sW-∂p ]d-bmw.
AXp-sIm-≠p v Imev]\ - nI Ihn-XI - f- psS ASn-ÿm-t\m-]m[n Bfl-\n-jvTX - b
- m-sW∂v ]d-
b-s∏-Sp-∂p. Cu Bfl-\n-jvTX hy-‡n-bn¬ XpSßn hy-‡n-bn¬ Xs∂ Ah-km-\n-°p-∂-
X-√. GsX-¶nepw Hcp {]tX-yI `mhsØ am{Xw Bhn-jvI-cn-°p-∂Xpw A√. hnIm-c-]-
c-X, BZ¿i-Xew tXSp∂ {]W-bw, {]Ir-Xn-tbm-Sp≈ B`n-ap-Jyw Cßs\ B Ihn-XI - -
fn¬ ImWp∂ F√m Imev]-\nI khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ°pw Cu Bflmw-i-hp-ambn _‘-ap-
≠m-bn-cn-°pw. at‰-sXmcp Imev]\ - nI Ihn-tbbpw t]mse kpK-XI - pam-cn-bp-sSbpw Ihn-
X-If - nse Imev]\ - nImwi-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-t\m-]m[n Bfl-\n-jvTX - b- m-sW∂pv ]d-bmw.
IhnX Bfl-\n-jvTamIp-tºmƒ AXns‚ am¿§w sshIm-cn-Ia - m-hpI kzm-`m-hn-Ia
- m-
Wv. Imev]-\nIIhnsb kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw hnIm-c-Øns‚ ss\k¿§n-I-amb {]hm-
l-am-Wt√m Ihn-X. hnNm-csØ hnIm-ca - mbpw Bi-bsØ A\p-`q-Xn-bmbpw ]cn-h¿Ø\w
sNøm≥ Imev]-\nI Ihn-°p≈ kn≤n A\-ym-Zr-i-am-Wv. kpK-X-Ip-am-cn-bpsS Ihn-X-I-
fnse sshIm-cnI temIw ZpxJ-sa∂ hnIm-csØ tI{μo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. ZpxJ-Øns‚
Dd-hnSw KrlmXp-c-X-z-am-Imw, {]W-b-]m-c-h-i-y-am-Imw, {]W-b-ss\-jv^-e-y-am-Imw, `mhn-
sb-°p-dn-°p∂ D¬IWvTbmImw. GXp-X-s∂-bm-bmepw ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-ambn hnjm-Zm-
fl-Ia - m-bn-cn-°pI F∂XmWv Cu Ihn-If - nse sshIm-cn-I- {]-]©
- Ø- ns‚ khn-ti-jX - .
XpS°w apX¬ \mfn-Xp-hs - cbpw cq]-`m-hß
- f
- n¬ apKv[amb NmcpX ]pe¿Øn-s°m-
≠pv Xt‚-Xp-am-{X-amb Hcp khntijhy-‡n-Xzw ÿm]n-s®-SpØ Ih-bn{XnbmWv kpK-
X-Ip-am-cn-. a‰p Ihn-X-I-sf-t∏mse Aº-e-a-Wnbpw a[p-c-am-sbmcp hnjm-Z-Ko-Xn-bm-Wpv.
C∂ns‚ Xo£vWa- mb òI-ck - X
- y- ß
- ƒ sR´-temsS a\- n¬ G‰p-hmßn ka-\ne sX‰msX
Xt‚-Xp -am-{X-amb Hcp khntijkao-]-\-tØmsS {]Xn-I-cn-°p-I-bmWv Ihn.
thSpv ˛ t]cm-en-t‚bpw a‰pw sImºp-If - n¬ \n∂pv
s]mń-∏p-ds
- ∏-´pv XSn-bn¬ Xqßn-°n-S°
- p∂ thcpv.
inem-Zo-][
- m-cn-Wn-Iƒ ˛ ine-bn¬ (I¬hn-f-°n¬) Fcn-bp∂ Zo]sØ
[cn-®n-cn-°p-∂h
- ¿
A√n¬ ˛ Ccp-ń¬ ( cm{Xn-bn¬)
Hm´p-aWn ˛ HmSp-sIm-≠p-≠m-°nb aWn
64
Akv]riy ˛ kv]¿i-n°
- m-\m-hm-ØX
- pv
CSn-™p-s]m-fn™ Aº-eØ
- ns‚ tKm]p-ch
- m-Xn-ens\ h¿Æn-®p-sIm≠v IhnX Bcw-
`n-°p-∂p.
CSn-™p-InS-°p∂ Cu tKm]pcw I≠m-epw. Xrt°m-hn-en¬ hmh-ep-Iƒ Xqßn-
°n-S-°p-∂p. ap≥h-i-Øpv hfsc ]g°w sN∂ Hcp Ac-bm¬ kz¥w thSp-Iƒ Xd-
bn¬ Dd-∏n®p \n¬°p-∂p. hf-sc-°m-e-ambn Aº-e-°pfw D]-tbm-Kn-°m-Ø-Xn-\m¬
AXp apgp-h≥ ]mb¬ sIm≠pv aqSn. ssII-fn¬ hnf-°p-ta¥n \n¬°p∂ kv{Xo cq]-
ßƒ amdpv s]mń-∏n-f¿∂p iq\-yl
- k
- vXI
- f
- mbn ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p.
AXn-im-¥hpw KmV-hp-amb aqI-X. Rm≥ X\n-®pv AXp t\m°n \n¬°ptºmƒ
s]s´-∂pv D≈n¬ B¿{Z-amb Hcp aWn-sbm® tIƒ°m-\mbn. cm{Xn-bn¬ BcmWv X\n-
®n-hn-sS? Bsc-bm-Wpv aWn-bS- n®p hnfn-®p-W¿Øp-∂X - v. Xncn™p Ccp-fn-te-°pv t\m°p-
tºmƒ Hcp Hm´p-aWn Xqßn-°n-S° - p-∂Xp I≠p. Im‰n¬ AXp t\¿Ø \mZw ]pd-s∏-Sp-
hn-°p-∂p. Hcp ssIbpw AXns\ sXmtS-≠-Xn-√ \mZw tIƒ°m≥. Akv]r-i-y-bmb
Hcp ap\n-I\- y- I
- s
- b-t∏mse AXp X]- \ - p-jvTn-°p-Ib
- m-Wpv.
t£{X-ßƒ Ft∏mgpw IpSpw-_] - m-cº
- c
- y- Ø
- ns‚ {]-Xo-Ia
- m-W.v t£{X-ßf
- psS XI¿®
IpSpw-_X- I¿®bpam-Wpv. F{X XI¿∂mepw ]ns∂bpw HmP pw tXP- p-ap≈ Fs¥-
¶nepw Ah-ti-jn-°pw. AXns‚ hnip-≤nbpw ss\¿Ω-ey- hpw Xd-hm-Sns‚ Bflm-hmbn
\ne-sIm-≈p-Ibpw sNøpw. hy-‡n-bpsS Pohn-X-hnip≤nbn¬ \n∂mWv Xd-hm-´pa-lna
cq]w sIm≈p-∂-Xpv. B hnip-≤n GXn-cp-ńepw {]Im-i-In-c-W-ßƒ {]k-cn-∏n-°pw. DS-
™-Xm-sW-¶nepw Im‰p-Xń {]k-cn-°p∂ aWn-\m-Zw ]gb {]Xm-]-Øns‚ t\cnb H®-
bm-Wpv.
A‰w DS-hm¿s∂m-co-bº
- e
- Wn ˛ Hm´p-a-Wn-bpsS Hcp sNdnb `mKw
DS-™p-t]m-bX - p.
\mshm-ń-Sdn ˛ aWn-°pv \mZw D≠mIp∂Xv AXns‚
\mhpv kv]¿in-°p-tºm-gm-Wpv. AXns‚
CS¿® XI¿®-bpsS {]Xo-Ia - m-Wv.
tXh¿ ˛ tZh≥
Icn-©n-dI
- p-]S- ]
- S- b
- S- n-®p-Np-ge
- pI ˛ hmh-ep-If - psS hnkvXr-Xß
- f
- mb IdpØ
Nnd-I-Sn-®p-sIm-≠p≈ Np‰¬ ( `bm-\-I-
amb A¥-co£ krjvSn)
A‰w teiw s]mń-am-dnb Aº-e-a-Wn-bpsS \mhn\p t\cnb CS¿®-bp-≠m-bn.
F¶nepw AXn\pv ]mSm≥ Ign-bpw. ]t£ B ]m´p Bcp tIƒ°m≥? ssNX-\yw \jvS-
s∏´p tIhew I√p am{X-ambnØo¿∂ tXh¿°p tIƒ°m-\m-Ip-tam? Ign-bn-√. As√-
¶n¬ tXhsc I´p-sIm-≠p-t]mbn hn‰p Imim-°m≥ th≠n ImØp \n¬°p∂ I≈\p
tIƒ°m-\m-Ip-tam? Abmƒ°pw ]‰n-√. ImcWw Abm-fpsS {i≤ apgp-h≥ _nw_w
65
kz-¥a- m-°p-∂X- n-emWv. ]ns∂ AhnsS tIƒ°m≥ Ah-ti-jn-°p-∂Xv Icn-©n-dIp ]S-

]Sm ASn®p Np‰pw ]d-°p∂ hmh¬ Iq´-ß-fm-Wpv. As√-¶n¬ CsX√mw I≠p Jn∂-
bmbn \n¬°p∂ cmhm-Wpv. Ah¿°pw AXn-\pv Ign-bn-√. Bcpw tIƒ°m-\n-s√-¶nepw
aWn ]mSpw. i_vZw CS-dn-bmepw AXp ]m´p XpScpw . ChnsS Aº-e-aWn Ihn Xs∂-
bm-Wpv. A‰w s]mńb aWn-sb∂v {]tbm-Kn-®n-´p-≈Xv Ip‰-a‰- X - √- m-Øs - X-∂p≈ k¶-ev]-
Øn-em-Wv. Xm≥ ]q¿Æ-ambpw Ip‰-a‰- h - fm-sW-∂p≈ anY-ym-`n-am-\s- am∂pw Ihn-bv°n-√.
GXv Db¿®-bnepw a\p-jy- \ - p-≠m-bn-cn-t°≠ G‰hpw henb kz-`mh khn-ti-jX - b
- mWv
hn\-bw. Ihn AXn-hnsS hy-‡-am-°p-I-bm-Wv. Hm´p-a-Wnsb aWn-bm°n cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn-
b-Xm-sc-√m-am-Wv. Ct∏mƒ Im‰n-em-Sp∂ Cu Hm´p-aWn ]≠pv Btcm sImSpwNqSn¬
hm¿sØ-Sp-Øp. thsd Nne¿ t£{X-Øn-te-°pv hgn-]m-Smbn t\¿∂p ssIIq∏nsØmgpXp
tZhs‚ apºn¬ ImWn-°-bmbn A¿∏n-®p. Ah¿°pv a\w Ipfp¿Øp. A∂pv t£{X-
Øn\pNp‰pw th≠p-thmfw Zo]-ß-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. ]q°ƒ Ip∂p-t]m¬ IqSn-°n-S-∂p.
\dp-Nμ- \w ]qinb tZhs‚ Xncp-ap-ºn¬ Zo]-{]-`b - m¬ Cu Hm´p-aWn s]ms∂mfn hnX-dn.
t\cn-sbmcp Im‰p Xń-bm¬ aXn Cu aWn ]m´p-]m-Sp-sa∂pv ]d™p \m´p-Im¿ IuXp-I-
tØmsS aWnsb kao-]n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn.
t£{X-Øn¬ ]qPbpw `‡-P-\-ßfpw hnf°pw F√mw D≠m-bn-cp-∂-t∏mƒ Hm´p-a-
Wn°pw ssNX-\y- ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. as‰m-∂ns‚ Bt]-£n-IX
- b
- n-em-Wpv H∂p ]q¿Æ-am-bn-
Øo-cp-∂-Xpv. CsXmcp {]]-©-k-X-y-am-Wpv. t£{Xhpw tZhcpw ]qPm-cnbpw `‡-cpw
hnf°pw F√mw H∂p tN¿∂p \n¬°p-tºm-gmWv aWn-\mZw G‰-hp-a-[nIw lrZ-y-am-bn-
Øo-cp-∂X
- p.v Ihnbpw AXp-t]mseXs∂. kaq-lhpw Bk-zm-ZI - cpw kw`-h]- c- º
- c
- I
- fpw
F√mw tN¿∂p-≈n-SØp am{Xta Ihn-Xbpw Ihnbpw A¿∞-hØ - m-bn-Øo-cp-∂p-≈q.
A‰w DS-hm¿∂ Hm´p-aW
- n-bpsS Nne-ºn® \mZw C∂m¿°pw th≠m-Xm-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
A]-kzcw ˛ tN¿®-bn-√mØ kz-cw.
N¥-X≥ Ie-]ne ˛ N¥-bnse A¿∞-iq-\y- a - mb _l-fw.
a{μ\mZw ˛ ]Xn™ i_vZw
Im‰p X´p-tºmƒ Ct∏mgpw Hm´p-aWn A]-kzcØn-em-sW-¶nepw ]mSpw. ]s£ AXp
tIƒ°m≥ B¿°pw ka-b-an-√. Cu temIw Hcp N¥ t]msebmbnØo¿∂n-cn°p∂p.
A¿∞iq\-y-ß-fmb Ie-]nei_vZ-ßfpw BƒØnc°pw t\Xm-°-fpsS Ae¿®bpw
sIm≠p apJ-cn-Xß - fmb ssaXm\ `qhn¬ Nne-ºn® Hm´paWn-bpsS \mZw B¿°p thWw
? kn\n-am-im-e-I-fn¬ bmsXmcp e÷-bp-an-√msX aZ-Km-\-e-l-cn-Iƒ ]X™ps]mßp-
tºmƒ Xf¿∂p CSdn hcp∂ \mZw B¿°p thWw? Bsfm-gn-™p. Zo]-am-e-I-sf√mw
sI´p. D≈n¬ tZh\pw Dd-ßn. Fßpw Ccpƒ h-ym-]n-®p. HSp-hn¬ \S-bS- ®p thhp∂ hb-
dp-ambn ]qPm-cnbpw t]mbn. H‰bv°v Xqßn \n¬°p∂ Cu aWn B¿°p th≠n-bm-Wpv
Cu a{μ\mZw apg-°p-∂X - pv.
]Xn™kz-cØ - n¬ CS-dnb \mZ-Øn¬ aWn-]m-Sp-∂Xp tIƒ°m\pw Bk-zZ- n-°m\pw
Bcp-an-√m-Xm-bn-Øo¿∂n-cn-°p-∂p. F¶nepw aWn Xs‚ ZuXyw A`w-Kpcw XpS¿∂p-sIm-
66
t≠-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Ihnbpw AXp-t]mse Xs∂. Ct∏m-gsØ Np‰p]mSn¬ Bk-zm-Z-I-cn-

s√∂p sh®v ]m´pv \n¿Øm-s\m-cp-°-a-√. Imew Cu ]m´pv AwKo-I-cn-°pw. aWn-bpsS
[¿Ω-am-Wpv ]mSpIsb∂p-≈Xv. AXp-t]mse Ihn-[¿Ωw krjvSn-°p-Ib - p-am-Wv.
Aº-e-a-Wn-°pv Xm≥ Ip‰-a-‰-Xm-sW∂ Al¥ sX√p-an-√. Xs∂ cq]-s∏-Sp-Ønb
F√m-hn[ i‡n-It- fmSpw IrX-⁄X - b
- p-≠v. AXv tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p XpS¿∂p≈ hcn-I-
fn¬.
J\n ˛ h{Pw apX-emb cXv\-ßfpw kz¿Æw apX-
emb teml-ßfpw Ipgn-s®-Sp-°p∂ ÿew.
Nne-ºn-°pI ˛ A]-k-zcw D≠m-°pI
ssIt°m-´pv ˛ Xqº
PmX-th-Z v ˛ A·n
Ie-yt- X-P v ˛ {]uV-amb tXP v
AWn ˛ Na-b-ßƒ
kpk-z-cw -am™p t]msb¶nepw aWn Xs‚ [¿Ωw apS-ßmsX \n¿h-ln-°p-∂p.
Nne-ºn® \mZ-Øn¬ B Iqcn-cp-´Øv H‰°v ]mSn-s°m≠v \n¬°p-Ib - m-Wv. AsX-¥n-s\-
°p-dn-s®-√m-amWv ]mSp-∂X - pv. Xm≥ Zo¿L-Imew kpjp-]vXn-bn-em-≠p-In-S∂ - n-cp∂ aÆnse
J\n-°p-≈n-te°v Xs‚ tamN-\-Øn\p th≠n IS-∂p-h∂ ssIt°m-ń-s\-∏‰n ]mSp-∂p-
≠pv. J\n-°p-≈n¬ \n∂pw ]pd-sØ-Sp-Øpv GtXm X]- ns‚ NqSn¬ kv^pSw sNbvXp
aWn-bpsS cq]-Øn-em-°nb A·n-sbbpw IrX-⁄-X-tbmsS Hm¿°p-∂p. AXn-ep-]cn
aWn-bn¬ at\m-l-c-amb \mZ-I-esb Dƒt®¿Øn-W-°nb Aùa tXP- mb BZn-tam-
j- n-s\°pdn®pw ]mSp-∂p. A\-¥-cw, Xs∂ Cu tImhn-en¬ tZhs‚ Xncp-ap-ºn¬
ka¿∏n®p B\-μ-°-Æp-\o¿ XqIn \n∂ `‡-P-\-Øns‚ DZm-c-I-c-ß-sfbpw kvacn-°p-
∂p. D≈n¬ Ft∏mgpw apg-ßn-t°ƒ°p∂ HmwIm-c-[-z-\n-bnea¿∂ {]uV-tX-P- ns\
{]W-an-°p-∂p. Cu hn[w Xs∂ cq]-s∏-Sp-Ønb kaq-l-i-‡n-I-sf-∏-‰nbpw X\n°p
]n∂n-ep≈ Ncn-{X-sØ-∏‰- nbpw Xs‚ kmwkvIm-cn-I] - m-cº
- c
- y- s
- Ø-∏‰- nbpw bmsXmcl-¥-
bp-an√msX Hm¿°p∂ Hm´p-aWn Cu Aº-e-\-S-bnse Iqcn-cp-fn¬ \n∂p X\n®p ]mSp-
tºmgpw Poh-ssN-X\ - y- a- p-Wc - p-∂p. Aº-eØ - n¬ iwJ-\mZw apg-ßp-∂p. s]m≥Xn-Ss - º-
gp-∂≈- p-∂p. s\‰n-∏´w Nm¿Ønb Ggm-\I - ƒ sNhn-bmń \n¬°p-∂p. P\ßƒ h∂p-Xn-
ßp-∂p. \nd-am-dn¬ Zo]-\nc _nw_n-®pv XqWp-I-fn¬ Nab-ß-f-Wn™p tamln-\n-Iƒ
\n¬°p-∂p. \qdp-IW - ° - n\pv `‡-P\ - ß- ƒ ssIØm-cp-IƒsIm≠pv aWn-bS- n-®p `K-hms\
hnf-n®p \nßp-∂p. aWn Xs‚ KX-Ime{]Xm]w Cu hn[amWv Ab-hn-d-°p-∂-Xp v.
Ah-km-\a- mbn aWn-tbmSv A\p-Iº tXm∂nb Ihn ]mSp∂p. Hm´p-aW - n-bpsS Nne-
ºn® \mZw tIƒ°p-hm-\m-fn-√. AXv C∂m¿°pw th≠. Cu \o≠ cm-{Xn-bn¬ Aº-e-
Øn-cp\S-bn¬ GI-bm-bn, kwKo-X_- n-μp-hm-bn, kp[ocw \n∂n-Sp-t∂m-tf, \ns‚ A‰w
]nf¿∂p AS¿∂p t]msb-¶nepw \ns‚ at\m-lc - \
- mZw apgp-h≥ AS-™p-t]m-sb-∂mepw
Ims‰m∂p sXm´m¬ DS≥ DW¿∂p ]mSp∂ \ns∂ Rm≥ sXm´p IÆn¬ shbv°s - ´.
67
kaq-l-i-‡n-I-fn¬ \n∂v DSepw Dbncpw ]q≠ hy‡n X\n-°p-th-≠nbpw

Xm\pƒs∏´ kaq-lØ - n-\p-th-≠nbpw ]mSp-∂p. a\p-jy- s\ tZh-\m°n Db¿Øm\pw B
tZh-Xz- sØ hmgvØm\pw Xs‚ \mZw DX-Is´ F∂-XmWv Cu Aº-ea - W
- n-bpsS apg-°w.
Hcp ImeØv Nμ\w Nm¿Øn Ae-¶-cn® tZhs‚ apºn¬ s]ms∂m-fn-sNm-cn™v,
Im‰p-sXm-´m¬ t]mepw ]m´p-]m-Sn-bn-cp∂ sht≈m-´p-aW - n-bm-bn-cp∂ ae-bm-fI - h - nX C∂pv
A‰w DS-hm¿∂ Hm´p-aWnbmbn amdn-bn-cn-°mw. aWn-b-Sn-°m≥ hcp∂ `‡≥am-cpsS
FÆw Ipd™ncn-°mw. (Imhymkzm-Z-I¿ Ipd-™p-h-cn-I-bm-W-t√m.) aWn-bpsS a{μ-
kw-Ko-XØ - n¬ ebn-®pv B\-μn-t°≠ tZh≥ Dd-ßn-bn-cn-°mw. F¶nepw AXv a{μ-\mZw
apg-°p-∂p. Fs¥-∂m¬ AXm-Wpv AXns‚ P∑-[¿Ωw. kpkzcw -am-™p t]mbmepw
AXn\p ho≠pw ho≠pw Hm¿Øp ]mSntb aXn-bm-hq. Cu aWn Ihn°pw Ihn-X°pw
{]Xo-I-am-Wv. P\-{]oXn t\Sn-bXpw A[nIw Ig-ºn-√m-Ø-Xp-amb a‰p kmln-X-y-im-J-I-
fpsS Xn°n-Øn-c° - n¬ Ihn-Xbv°v ]e-t∏mgpw {]m[m-\yw Ipd™p t]mb-Xm-bn-°m-Wm-
dp-≠v. ss]¶n-fn-km-ln-X-y-ßƒ°m-Wt√m C∂v hn]Wn IqSp-X-ep-≈-Xv. N-¥-X≥ Ie-
]ne F∂ ]Z-{]-tbmKw Bg-ta-dnb A¿∞-Xew Dƒs°m≈p-∂X - m-Wv. AhnsS FØ-
s∏-Sp∂ P\-ka - q-lw; Ah¿°p th≠ Ah-iy- L - S- I
- ß- ƒ F∂nh kmln-Xy- k - z- m-Z\
- X
- e
- -
Ønepw {]k-‡a - m-Wv. F√mXcØnep≈ km[-\ß - fpw N¥-bn¬ In´pw. ss]¶n-fn-km-
ln-Xy- Ø
- nepw ]I-zhpw hnNm-c{- ]-hW - h- p-a√
- mØ ]eXpw e`n-°pw. AhnsS tIƒ°p∂
i_vZt- Im-em-le - ß - ƒ \qdp-IW
- °- n\v t]Pp-If - n¬ Fgp-Xn-°q-´p∂ A£-c° - q-´ß - ƒ am{X-
am-Wv. Ah-bv°v s]mcpfn-√. AØcw ÿe-ß-fn¬ s]mńb Nne-ºn-s®m-scm-®-bn¬
Iqcn-cp-fn-sem-‰bv°pv ]mSn \n¬°p-∂ IhnXbpw Ihnbpw Ah-KW - n-°s - ∏-s´∂p hcmw.
]s£ ]mSm-\p≈ Xzc AZ-ay- a - m-bX
- p-sIm≠v Ah¿ ]mSp-∂p. aÆ-Í - ƒ°n-Sb - nse Ccp-
fn¬ \n∂pw aßnb shfn-®-Øn-te-bv°pv \bn® IY; Dd-°-Øn¬ \n∂pw DW¿®-bn-
tebv°pv B\-bn® ssII-fp-sSbpw ssIt°m-ń-t‚bpw i‡n-sb-∏‰- n; X]- ns‚ NqSn¬
Xs∂ kv^pSw sNbvsX-SpØ A·n-sb-∏‰- n; X∂n¬ \mZIe Dƒt®¿ØnW-°nb BZn-
tam-j- n-s\-∏‰n; Xncp-\-S-bn¬ ka¿∏n-®pv IÆo-scm∏n \n∂ ssII-sf-∏-‰n; D≈n¬ apg-
ßp∂ HmwIm-c-sØ-∏-‰n. Ch-sb-°p-dn-s®ms° aWn°pv ]mSntb aXn-bm-hq. Aßs\
]mSp-tºmƒ aWnsb kw_-‘n-®n-St- Ømfw tZh-\p-Wc - p-∂p; iwJ-\mZw apg-ßp-∂p; XnS-
sº-gp-∂-≈p-∂p. s]m∂-Wn-™m-\-Iƒ sNhn-bmń \n¬°p-∂p; P\w h∂p-Xn-ßp-∂p:
\qdp\qdp ssII-fp-b¿∂p aWn sIm´p-∂p. `K-hms\ hnfn Iq´p∂p ..... Cu A\p-`h-
amWv Ihn-bp-sSbpw Ihn-X-bp-sSbpw kX-yw. AXmWv Bfl-hn-i-zm-k-Øns‚ B[mcw.
Rßƒ AhnsS Xn°n-Øn-c-°p-∂ns√∂v P\-ßƒ ]d-t™-°mw. ]s£ P\-ßƒ
h∂p Xnßp∂p F∂-Xm-Wpv kzm-\p-`qXn. Cu Xn°pwXnc°pw Imev]\ - n-Ia- m-Wv. Xnc°v
Dt≠m C√tbm F∂Xpv {]iv\a-√. Ds≠∂ hni-zmkw D◊-bpsS êw sNøpw. Ihn-
Iƒ C√m-bva-bn¬ \n∂pw D◊sb Dbn¿sØ-gp-t∂ev]n-°p-∂-h-cmWv. Ah¿ aqI-X-
bpsS Ihm-SØ - n¬ apń-Øp-d∂p kwKo-XsØ DW¿Øp-∂p. kam-\[ - ¿Ωw D≈-h¿°p-
th≠n ]mSp-∂p. Ah¿°p-th≠n ]mSp-tºmƒ P∑w k^-ea - m-Ip-∂p. IrXm¿∞-am-Ip∂
aWnbv°p kz¥w [¿Ω-amWpv hep-Xpv. A√msX as‰m-∂p-a-√.
68
c≠p ]pd-Øn¬ Ihn-bmsX DØ-c-sa-gp-Xp-I.

1. ‘‘Akv]r-iy- b
- mw ap\n-I\- y- I
- b
- m-bvX]
- w-sNbvhq’’ Hm´pa-Wnsb ap\n-I\ - y- I
-
bmbn k¶¬∏n-®-Xns‚ HuNn-Xyw ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I.
2. ‘‘F¥n-\n-\n-sbm-‰b- v°p-Xq-ßpao aWn-sbmtc a{μ-\mZw apg-°p-∂p? ’’ C{]-
Imcw tNmZn-°m-\n-S-bmb kml-N-cyw hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-I?
3. Nne-ºn® H®-bn¬ F¥n-s\-°p-dn-s®-√m-amWv aWn Hm¿tØm¿Øp
]mSp∂Xmbn Ihn hn`m-h\w sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂Xpv?
4. ‘‘Cu aWn X\n-®n∂p ]mSp-sºm-fn-s∏m-gpw Poh-ssN-X\ - y- a
- p-Wc
- p∂p’’
kzm-ck
- yw hy-‡a - m-°p-I.
\mep ]pd-Øn¬ Ihn-bmsX DØ-c-sa-gp-Xp-I.
1. hmb-\° - m-cpsS A¥-cm-flm-hns‚ XrjvWI - sf Xr]vXn-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥
‘‘Aº-ea - Wn’’ ]cym-]vXa
- mtWm F∂v ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I?
2. ‘‘a\p-jy- s\ tZh-\m°n Db¿Øm\pw B tZh-Xz- sØ hmgvØm\pw Xs‚
\mZw DX-Is´ F∂mWv Aº-e-a-Wn-bpsS apg-°-Øn-eqsS {]Xn-[-z-\n-°p-
∂Xv ’’ hnebn-cp-Øp-I.
69
hymI-cWw
hn`‡n
Hcp \ma-]Z- Ø- n\pv a‰p ]Z-ßt- fm-Sp≈ _‘w ImWn-°p-hm≥ \ma-ßf - n¬ tN¿°p∂
{]X-yb
- Ø- n\p hn`-‡n F∂pv ]d-bp-∂p. hn`‡n {]X-yb - ß
- ƒ \ma-i_
- vZß
- t- fmtSm k¿Δ-
\m-ai
- _- vZß
- t- fmtSm am{Xta tN¿Øp {]tbm-Kn-°p-Ib- p≈q F∂p-≈Xp {]tX-yIw {i≤n-
°-Ww.
kwkvIr- X
- Ø
- n¬ {]Ya, Zzn-Xob, Xr-Xo-b, NXp¿∞n, ]©-an, jjvTn, k]vXan F∂n-
ß-s\-bmWv hn`‡n \ma-ßƒ. tIc-f] - m-Wn\n ae-bmfssien°\p-kc - n®v Ahsb ]mtS
am‰p-Ib
- p-≠m-bn. B t]cp-Ifpw Hmtcm-∂n-s‚bpw {]X-yb- ß
- fpw tkmZm-lc - Ww NphsS
tN¿°p-∂p.
hn`-‡n-bpsS t]cv {]X-ybw DZm-lc

- Ww
1) \n¿t±-inI ˛ Cu hn`-‡n°pv {]X-ybw C√. ˛ cma≥,

\ma-i_vZw Xs∂-bmWv cq]w koX, Ah≥
2) {]Xn-{Km-lnI ˛ F, G. ˛ cmas\
koXsb
Ah-s\.
3) kwtbm-PnI ˛ HSp, HmSpv ˛ cma-t\m-Spv
koX-tbm-Spv
Ah-t\m-Spv
4) Dt±-inI ˛ °pv ,\pv ( Dv ) ˛ cma-\pv
koX-bv°pv
Ah-\pv
5) {]tbm-PnI ˛ B¬ ˛ cma-\m¬
koX-bm¬
Ah-\m¬
6) kw_-‘nI ˛ s‚ (sS), DsS ˛ cmas‚
koX-bpsS
Ahs‚,
Ah-fpsS
7) B[m-cnI ˛ C¬ ˛ cma-\n¬
koX-bn¬
Ah-\n¬
B[m-cnImhn`‡n°v I¬ Fs∂mcp {]X-ybw IqSn ]d-bp-∂p-≠pv. B {]X-ybw

hfsc hnc-f-am-bnt´ Ct∏mƒ {]tbm-Kn-°m-dp-≈q.
70
DZm:˛ cma≥I¬, koX-bn≥I¬, Ah≥I¬
kwt_m-[\mhn`‡n Fs∂m-cn\w IqSn-bp-s≠∂v kwkvI-y-X- ssh-bmIcW-∑m¿

]d-bp-∂p-≠pv.
DZm: aItf, tZ-ho, apX-em-b-h. ae-bmfw AXns\ Imc-y-ambn ]cn-K-Wn-®n-ń-√.
an{i-hn-`‡n
Nne- kμ¿`ß-fn¬ \ma-i_
- vZß
- ƒ°pv CX-c]
- Z- ß
- f
- p-am-bp≈ _‘w hn`‡n {]-X-
y-b-ßƒ sIm≠p am{Xw hy-‡am-°m≥ Ign-bmsX hcpw . AØcw L´-ß-fn¬
hn`‡n{]Xybßsf klm-bn-°m≥ KXn-Isf D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. X∑qew KXnbpw hn`-
‡nbpw tN¿∂ hmN-Ihpw hn`-‡n-°pv Xpeyw Xs∂-bm-Wpv. AXn-\m¬ KXn tN¿∂ hn`-
‡y¥Øn\pv an-{i-hn-`‡n F∂pv ]dbpw.
DZm:˛ ]p{X-t\m-Sp IqsS hcp∂p.(-Ch
- nsS HmSpv F∂ kwtbm-PnIm hn-`‡
- nsb klm-
bn-°m≥ IqsS F∂ KXn {]tbm-Kn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xp-sIm-≠pv AXpv an{i-hn-`-‡n-bmWv.
as‰mcpZm-l-c-Ww:˛ hy-£-Øn¬ \n∂p hogp∂p C¬ - F∂ B[m-cn-I-hn-`-‡n-tbm-Spv
\n∂v F∂ KXn {]tbm-Kn-®m¬ am{Xsa Bibw hy-‡-am-Ip-I-bp-≈q.
kam-k-hn-`‡n
hn`‡n{]X-yb- ß
- ƒ°v ]Icw Nne ]Z-ßƒ kam-kn®pw hn`-‡y- ¿∞w P\n-∏n-°m-
dp-≠pv. Ahbpw Hcp Xcw hn`-‡n- Xs∂-bm-Wv. AØcw hn`-‡n-Is
- f k-
amkhn`-‡n-Iƒ F∂p ]d-bp-∂p- .
DZm:˛ AXp\nanØw, Ch≥aqew.
Cu DZm-lc - W
- ß
- f
- n¬ b-Ym-{Iaw \nanØw, aqew F∂o i_vZß - ƒ hn`-‡n-{]-Xy- b
- -
sØ-t∏m-se-bmWv {]tbm-Kn-°s - ∏-ń-´p-≈X
- pv. F∂m¬ Ah-sbm´p {]X-yb
- ß
- f
- √
- X
- m-\pw.
AXp-sIm-≠pv Chsb k-amkhn`-‡n F∂p ]dbmw.
hn`‡-ym-`mkw
hn`-‡n-tbm-Spv kZ-yi
- a
- m-bX- pv F∂mWv hn`-‡y- m-`mkw F∂ t]cns‚ hmN-ym¿∞w.
hn`-‡n-bpsS A¿∞w hy-‡a - m-°p-hm-t\m, hn`-‡n-bn¬ Nne A¿∞-t`-Zß- ƒ hcp-Øp-
hmt\m tN¿°p∂ cq]-ßƒ°mWv hn`-‡y- m-`mkw F∂p ]d-bp-∂X - pv.
aq∂p hn[-Øn-emWv hn`-‡y- m-`m-kß
- ƒ {]tbm-Kn-®p ImW-s∏-Sp-∂X
- pv.
1) Jnew 2) ep]vXw 3) Cc-ń-∏pv
F√m \ma-ß-fnepw {]tbm-Kn-°m≥ Ign-bmØ Nne {]X-y-b-ß-fmWv Jnew F∂
hn`m-KØ
- n¬s∏Sp-∂X
- pv.
DZm:˛ B[m-cn-Im-hn-`-‡n-{]-X-y-b-amb I¬
-Jnew F∂ hm°n\p {]Nmcep]vXw F∂m-W¿∞w. I¬ {]X-ybw Ct∏mƒ
hfsc A]q¿Δ-amtb {]tbm-Kn-°-s∏-Sm-dp-≈q-sh-∂pv t\scsØ kqNn-∏n®p Ign-™p.
71
ep]vXw F∂m¬ tem]n-°-s∏-´-Xpv F∂¿∞w. Nne \ma-i-_vZ-ß-fn¬ hn`-‡n-{]-

X-ybw ep]vXa
- m-bn-cp-∂mepw hn`-‡y- ¿∞w In´pw.
DZm:˛ tImgn-t°m-´pv t]mbn. (-tIm-gn-t°m-ń¬ t]mbn F∂p {]tbm-Kn-°p-∂n-√)
a[pc t]mbn. (a-[p-c-bn¬ t]mbn F∂p th≠)
2009 Pq¨ 3mw Xob-Xn. (C-hnsS Hcn-SØpw hn`‡n {]X-ybw C√).
Hcp {]X-yb
- Ø
- n\p ta¬ as‰mcp {]X-ybw IqSn tN¿Øp {]tbm-Kn-°p-∂X
- pv Cc-ń-∏pv.
DZm:˛ \mń-tem-´pv t]mbn. (\m-Spv+ C¬+-Hm-Spv )
IS-en-te°v Cdßn
k‘n
k‘n F∂ ]Z-Øn-\pv tN¿® F∂m-W¿∞w. c≠pv h¿Æ-ßƒ XΩn¬ tNcp-tºmƒ
AXn¬ Hcp h¿Æ-Ønt\m As√-¶n¬ c≠p h¿Æ-ßƒ°pw IqSntbm D≠m-Ip∂ am‰-
ß-sf-bmWv hym-I-c-W-Øn¬ k‘n F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xpv.
k‘n°v ]e-am-Xncn hn`m-K-ß-fp-≠pv.
k‘n-°p∂ h¿Æ-ßf - psS ÿe-t`-Za

- \
- p-kc
- n®v BZyw k‘nsb aq∂mbn hn`-Pn-°mw.
1. ]Z-a-≤y k‘n 2) ]Zm¥ k‘n 3) D`b k‘n
1) ]Z-a-≤y k‘n:
Hcp {]I-yX
- nbpw {]X-yb
- hpw XΩn¬ tNcp-tºmƒ D≠m-Ip∂ hnIm-ca
- mWv ]Z-a≤
- y
k‘nbv°m[m-cw.
DZm:˛ acw+ C¬= ac-Øn¬
2) ]Zm¥ k‘n:
c≠p ]Z-ßƒ XΩn¬ tNcp-tºm-gmWv h¿Æ hnImcw kw`-hn-°p-∂s
- X-¶n¬ AXp
]Zm¥ k‘n.
DZm:˛ s]m≥+ ]q= s]m¬∏q
3) D`b k‘n:
]Z-a-Zv[y k‘n-bnepw ]Zm-¥-k-‘n-bnepw hcp-∂Xp D`b k‘n.
DZm:˛ aWn+Ad+-C¬=- a-Wn-bd- b

- n¬
C\n k‘n-bn¬ XΩn¬ tNcp∂ h¿Æ-ß-fpsS kz-c-h-y-RvP\ t`Z-a-\p-k-cn-

®pv \membn Xncn-°p-∂p.
1) kz-c-k‘n 2) kz-c-h-yR-- vP\ k‘n
3) hy-RvP\ kz-c-k‘n 4) hy--RvP\ k‘n
1) kz-c-k-‘n:
k‘n-°p∂ h¿Æ-ßƒ c≠pw kz-c-ß-fm-bm¬ kz-c-k-‘n.
DZm:˛ ag+-A-√= ag-b√; hmg+-C-e= hmg-bn-e.
72
2) kz-c-h-y-RvP\ k‘n:
k‘n-°p∂ h¿Æ-ßf - n¬ BZ-ytØXv kz-chpw c≠m-at- ØXv hy-RvP\
- h
- p-am-bm¬
kz-ch
- y- R
- vP\ k‘n.
DZm:˛ hmg+-Ip-e= hmg-°p-e;
Fen+-]Ø
- m-bw= Fen-∏Ø - m-bw.
3) hy--RvP\kzc k‘n:
k‘n-°p∂ h¿Æ-ßf - n¬ H∂m-at- ØXv hy--RP
v \
- hpw c≠m-at- ØXp kz-ch
- p-am-bm¬
hy--RvP\
- k
- z- c k‘n.
DZm:˛ I¨+ C√= IÆn√
tX≥ +D≠p= tX\p-≠p.
4) hy--RvP\ k‘n:
k‘n-°p∂ h¿Æ-ßƒ c≠pw hy-RvP\-ß-fm-bm¬ hy-RvP\ k‘n.
DZm:˛ s\ev+a
- W
- n=-s\-∑Wn
I¨+\o¿= IÆo¿.
k‘n hcp-tºmƒ h¿Æ-ßƒ°p≠m-Ip∂ hnIm-cw(-am-‰w) A\p-k-cn-®pv
\membn Xncn-°p-∂p.
1) tem] k‘n 2) BKa k‘n
3) Zzn-X-z-k‘n 4) BtZi k‘n
1) tem] k‘n:
k‘n-°p∂ h¿Æ-ßf - n¬ HscÆw C√m-Xm-hp-∂Xp tem]-k‘ - n. {][m-\a
- mbn kw-
h-yt- Xm-Im-cØ
- n-\m-Wpv tem]w hcp-∂X - pv. (D Im-cw c≠p hn[-ap-≠pv. kwh-yt- Xm-Im-chpw
hnh-yt- Xm-Im-chw. Dv kwh-yt- Xm-Imcw D hnh-yt- Xm-Im-cw. kwh-yt- Xm-Imcw izmkw D≈n-
te-°pv hen-®pv AS-®p-®-cn-°p-∂p. hnh-y-tXm-Im-c-am-Is´ izmkw Xpd∂p hn´pv D®-cn-°p-
∂p).
DZm:˛ XWp-∏pv+ D≠pv=X-Wp-∏p-≠pv
Im‰pv +C-√= Im‰n√ BZ-y-]-Z-Ønse kwh-y-tXm-Imcw tem]n-®p.
k‘n-bn¬ D≠m-Ip∂ F√m h¿ÆhnIm-c-ßƒ°pw ASn-ÿm\w D®m-cW
kuI-cy- a
- m-Wpv.
I≠p+C√= I≠n√
t]mIp-∂p+-Fß- pw= t]mIp-s∂ßpw
ChnsS H∂m-asØ ]Zw ap‰p-hn-\b - m-Wpv. AXns‚ HSp-hn¬ D≈ h¿Æw hn-hy- t- Xm-
Im-c-am-Wpv. Hcp kzcw ]c-ambn h∂-t∏mƒ hnh-y-tXm-Imcw tem]n-®p.
C√+-Fß - pw= Cs√ßpw
th≠+-Fß - pw=-th-s≠ßpw
ChnsS ]q¿h-]-Z-Ønse A Imc-amWp tem]n-®n-´p-≈-Xpv-.
sNbvXp+-F¶
- n¬= sNbvsX¶n¬; sNbvXp-sh-¶n¬
73
tI´p+-Hm= tIt´m; tI´p-thm.
Cu DZm-lc
- W
- ß
- f
- n¬ kzcw tem]n®pw tem]n-°m-sXbpw {]tbm-Kn-°p-∂X
- mbn ImWmw.
2) BKak‘n:
c≠pv kz-cß
- ƒ tN¿∂p hcp-tºmƒ Ah D®cn-°m≥ {]bm-ka - m-bX
- p-sIm-≠pv Ah-
bpsS \Sp-hn¬ Hcp hyRvP-\-h¿Æw tN¿Øp-®-cn-°p-∂p. Hcp ]pXnb h¿Æw IS∂p
hcp∂ k‘n-bm-b-Xp-sIm-≠pv CXns\ BK-a-k‘n F∂p ]d-bp-∂p.
DZm:˛ Xncp+-Hm-Ww=-Xn-cp-thmWw
Ic+-D≈ - =-Ic - b
- p≈
]q+-Aº - v= ]qh-ºpv
‘b’ Imchpw ‘h’ ImchpamWv IqSp-Xe - mbn BK-an-°m-dp-≈X
- pv. Ah btYjvSw kz-
c-ßf
- psS Xme-hy- , HmjvTy- ß
- ƒ°-\p-kc
- n-®pv bp‡w t]mse tN¿Øp tIƒ°m≥ A`wKn
D≠m-ImØ hn[w {]tbm-Kn-°-W-sa-∂p-≈-XmWv hy-h-ÿ. ImcWw Nne ÿe-ß-fn¬
CØcw h¿Æ-ßƒ k‘n-∏n-°p-∂-Xpv `mjm-]-c-ambn A`wKnbpw D≠m-°n-Øo¿°pw.
DZm:˛ GtXm +H-∂v=- G-tXm-H-∂pv. (C-ß-s\-b-√msX GtXm-shm∂p Fs∂gpXp-
∂Xp `wKn-b√ - . a‰p-Zm-lc- W- ß - ƒ
AXm+-Hc
- p-h≥= AXm-Hc
- p-h≥;
Ft¥m+-Ah - ≥=-Ft¥m Ah≥
3) Z-zn-X-z-k-‘n:
c≠pv ]Z-ßƒ hnti-jW - h- n-ti-jy- ß
- f
- mbn Iqń-t®¿°p-tºmƒ k‘n-°p∂ h¿Æ-
ß-fn¬ Hsc-ÆØ- n\v Cc-ń-∏pv kw`-hn-°p-∂X - n-s\-bmWv Zzn-Xz- k
- ‘n F∂p ]d-bp-∂X
- p.
DZm:= Xam-c+-Ip-fw= Xma-c-°pfw
]Wn+-]p-c=-]W- n-∏pc
ImSpv+t]m-Øpv = Im-´p-t]m-Øpv (tI-cf]mWn\n c≠masØ ]Z-Øns‚ BZ-y£ - -
c-Øn-\pv am{Xsa Zzn-Xzw hn[n-°p-∂p-≈q. AXn-\-]-hm-Z-am-Wpv Im´p-t]m-Øpv F∂ ]Zw.
AXn¬ H∂m-asØ ]Z-Øns‚ Ah-km\ A£-c-Øn\v Zz-nXzw h∂n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wpv.)
k‘n-°p∂ ]Z-ßƒ hnti-j-W-hn-ti-j-y-ß-f-s√-¶n¬ Cu Zzn-Xzw hcp-∂-X-√.
DZm:˛ ssI+Im¬=-ssI-Im¬
B\+-Ip-Xnc-Iƒ=B-\I - p-Xn-cI
- ƒ
k‘n°p∂ ]Z-ßf - n¬ ]q¿Δ ]Zw Aep]vXkam-ktam tIhe [mXpthm Bbmepw
Cu Zzn-Xzw hcn-I-bn-√.
DZm:˛ A≠¿+-tIm≥=-A-≠¿tIm≥ (-A-ep-]vX-k-am-kw)
Fcn+-Xo=-F-cn-Xo ( tIh-e-[m-Xp)
IS+-tIm¬=-IS- t- Im¬ ( tIh-e[- m-Xp)
74
BtZ-i-k-‘n:
BtZ-in-°pI F∂ ]ZØn\pv Hsc-ÆØ - ns‚ ÿm\Øpv as‰m-scÆw IS∂p hcnI
F∂m-W¿∞w. c≠pv ]Z-ßsf ]c-kv]cw kwtbm-Pn-∏n--°p-tºmƒ IqSn-t®-cp-∂ h¿Æß-
fn¬ HscÆw A{]-Xr-£a - m-Ip-Ibpw X¬ÿm-\Øp as‰m-scÆw IS-∂n-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-
∂-Xm-Wv BtZ-ik
- ‘
- n.
DZm:˛ hn¨+-Xew = hn≠ew
Cu DZ-ml-cWØn¬ ¨ X F∂o c≠-£-c-ß-fmWv IqSn-t®-cp-∂-Xp. Ah ]c-

kv]cw IqSn-t®¿∂t∏mƒ X A{]-Xr-£-am-Ip-Ibpw X¬ÿm-\Øp S IS∂p
hcn-Ibpw sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂p. as‰m-cp-Zm-lc
- Ww
F¨+-\q-dpv = F-Æq-dpv ( ¨,\q F∂o c≠p h¿Æ-ßƒ k‘n-®-t∏mƒ \q
hnse \ A{]-Xr-£a - m-Ip-Ibpw X¬ÿm-\Øp W IS∂p hcn-Ibpw sNbvXn-
cn°p∂p.
s]m≥ +IpSw =s]m¬°pSw
Cu DZm-l-c-W-Øn¬ \ Ip F∂o c≠p h¿Æ-ßƒ IqSn-t®¿∂t∏mƒ ]q¿Δ

]Z-Ønse ≥ A{]-Xy- £ - a- m-Ip-Ibpw AXns‚ ÿm-\Øp ¬ IS∂p hcn-Ibpap≠m-
bn. CXp-t]m-se-Xs
- ∂-bm-Wpv s\ev+a- Wn ˛s\-∑WnbpsSbpw IY.
kam-kw
hn`-‡n-{]-X-y-b-ß-fp-sSbpw a‰pw klmbw IqSmsX i_vZ-ßsf Iqń-t®¿Øp
Ahbv°p XΩn-ep≈ _‘w Ipdn-°p-∂-XmWv kam-kw. kamkw F∂ ]Z-Øn\v ka-y-
°mIpwhÆw Iqń-t®¿°pI F∂¿∞w.
hn`-‡n°pdnIq-SmsX
]Z-tbmKw kam-kamw -F∂m-Wpv tIcf]mWn\n kam-ksØ
\n¿h-Nn-®n´p≈-Xpv.
kam-k-Øn¬ {]tbm-Kn-°-s∏-Sp∂ ]Z-ßƒ°v LS-I-]-Z-ßƒ F∂p ]d-bpw. Ah-
bn¬ H∂m-at- Ø-Xn-\pv ]q¿Δ-]Z- w F∂pw c≠m-at- Ø-Xn\v DØ-c]
- Z- w- F∂pw t]cn-
ńcn-°p∂p. LS-I-]-Z-ß-fpsS {]tbm-KØn-ep≈ {]m[m-\-ysØ Bkv]-Z-am-°n-bm-Wpv
kamkw \n¿Æ-bn-°p-∂-Xpv. kamkw \mep hn[-ap-≠pv.
1) X¬]p-cp-j≥ 2) Zz-μ-z≥
3) -_-lp-{holn 4) Ah-y-bo-`m-h≥
1) X¬]p-cp-j≥
Hcp hnti-jW - ]- Z- sØ hnti-jy- t- Øm-Spv kam-kn-°p-tºm-gmWv X¬]p-cp-j≥ D≠m-
Ip-∂X
- pv. LS-I]
- Z- ß
- f - n¬ DØ-c]
- Z- Ø
- n-\m-Wpv {]m[m-\y- w.
DZm:˛ Xe-th-Z\
- .
kam-kØ- n¬ ka-kvX]- Z- sØ hn-{K-ln-®mWv kamkw \n¿Æ-bn-°p-∂X
- p. hn-{K-ln-
75
°p-tºmƒ A¿∞w hy-‡a - m-IØ

- °
- X
- c
- Ø
- n¬ enwK, hN-\, hn`‡n{]Xy-bß - ƒ tN¿t°-
≠-Xp-≠pv. Xe-th-Z\ F∂ ka-kvX-]Zw hn{K-ln-°p-tºmƒ Xe-bnse th-Z\
F∂mbnØocpw. thZ-\b - v°m-Wpv ChnsS {]map-Jy- w. AXp-sIm≠p CXp DØc ]Z¿∞
{][m-\a
- m-Wp. X¬]p-cp-j\ - mWv G‰-hp-a[
- nIw Ahm-¥c - h
- n-`m-Kß
- f
- p≈ kam-kw. F√m
hn`-‡n-I-fp-sS-bpw KXn-I-fp-sSbpw hn`-‡-ym-`m-k-ß-fp-sSbpw A¿∞-Øn¬ Hcp ]q¿Δ-
]Zw DØ-c-]-Z-tØmSv kam-kn-®pv X¬]p-cp-j-\p-≠m-Ipw. Chbv°v bYm-{Iaw t]cp-Iƒ
NphsS tN¿°p-∂p.
kam-k-Øns‚ t]cv DZm-l-cWw hn{K-lw
1) \n¿t±-inImX¬]p-cp-j≥ ˛ t`Z-am-hpI ˛ t`Zw BhpI
2) {]Xn-{Km-ln-Im-X¬]pcp-j≥ ˛ Aº-ea - Wn ˛ Aº-e-Ønse aWn
3) kwtbm-Pn-IX - ¬]p-cp-j≥ ˛ ]s¥m°pw ˛ ]¥n-t\m-sSm-°p-∂X
- pv
4) Dt±-in-IX- ¬]p-cp-j≥ ˛ sImSn-acw ˛ sImSn-°p≈ acw
5) {]tbm-Pn-Im-X¬]p-cp-j≥ ˛ Cuń-s∏ń ˛ Cuń-bm-ep≈ s]ń
6) kw_-‘n-Im-X¬]p-cp-j≥ ˛ cma-_mWw ˛ cmas‚ _mWw
7) B[m-cn-Im-X¬]p-cp-j≥ ˛ act¶‰w ˛ ac-Øn¬ tIdpI
8) hn`-‡y- m-`m-kX- ¬]p-cp-j≥(G) ˛Xe-th-Z\ ˛ Xe-bnte thZ\
9) KXn-X¬]p-cp-j≥(-\n-∂p) ˛\mSp-\oßn ˛ \mń¬\n-∂p-\oßn
I¿Ω-[m-c-b≥:
kam-\m-[n-Ic- W
- a
- mb hnti-jWw hnti-jy- t- Øm-Spv tN¿∂p-≠m-Ip∂ X¬]p-cp-j-
\m-Wpv I¿Ω-[m-cb
- ≥.
DZm:˛ sIm∂-sØ-ßpv˛ sIm∂-bmb sXßpv
s]mÆ-Ø-Sn-b≥˛ s]mÆ-\mb XSn-b≥
cq]-I-X¬]p-cp-j≥:
c≠pv hnti-j-y-ßƒ XΩn¬ t`Z-an-√, H∂p Xs∂-bmWv F∂ A¿∞-Øn¬ kam-
kn-°p-∂Xp cq]-IX
- ¬]p-cp-j≥.
DZm:˛ ASn-a-e¿-˛-A-Sn-b-m-Ip∂ ae¿
a\-°p-cp-∂pv˛ a\- m-Ip∂ Ipcp-∂pv
a≤-y-a-]-Z-tem-]n-X¬]p-cp-j≥:
a[-yØ- p t- h-≠X- mb ]Zw {]-tbm-Kn-°msX A¿∞w sIm≠p kn≤n-°p-∂X
- mWv a[-
y-a]
- Z- t- em-]n-X¬]p-cp-j≥
DZm:˛ Xoh-≠n˛ Xobm¬ HmSp∂ h≠n
a™p-sXm∏n˛a™ns\ XSp-°p∂ sXm∏n
Imc-I-X¬]p-cp-j≥:
ImcIw {InbtbmSv kamkn-®p≠mIp∂Xp Imc-IX - ¬]p-cp-j≥
DZm:˛ X]- n-cn° ˛ X]- n¬ Ccn-°pI
th-fn-I-gn° ˛ thfnsb Ign-°pI
76
Zz-μ-z-k-amkw:
hnti-j-y-ß-fmb \ma-]-Z-ßƒ F{X-sbÆw thW-sa-¶nepw Iqń-t®¿Øpv GI-]-Z-
am°n kam- k n- ® m¬ Zzμz\m- I pw. Zz- μ - z - \ n¬ LS- I - ] - Z - ß ƒs°√mw
Xpe-y {- ]m-[m-\y- a
- m-Wp-ff
- X
- pv.
DZm:˛ kv{Xo]p-cp-j≥am¿- ˛ -kv{Xo-Ifpw ]pcp-j∑mcpw
IpS-X-g-Nm-a-c-ßƒ ˛ IpSbpw Xgbpw Nma-c-ßfpw
hnI-ev]m¿∞-Ønepw Zz-μz≥ {]tbmKn-°m-dp-≠pv
DZm:˛ \me-©v˛ \mtem At©m
_lp{holn-k-amkw:
kam-k-Ønse LS-I-]-Z-ß-sf√mw IqSn-t®¿∂v Hcp hnti-j-W-ambn amdn kam-k-
_m-ly- a
- mb Hcp A\y]ZsØ hnti-jn-∏n-°pw. AXp-sIm≠p A\-y]
- Z- m¿∞{][m-\a
- mb
kamkw _lp-{holn F∂p ]d-bp-∂p.
DZm:˛ Xma-c-°-Æ≥-˛-Xm-ac CXƒ t]mep≈ IÆp-≈-h≥(-{io-I-rjvW≥)
ChnsS ka-kvX-]-Z-ß-fmb Xmac IÆv Ch-bv°√ {]k-‡n. CXp c≠pw
sIm≠pv hnti-jn-∏n-°s
- ∏-Sp∂ {io-Ir- jvW\mWpv. a-s‰m-cp-Zm-lc
- Ww
Ipbn¬hm-Wn˛ Ipbn-ens‚ \mZw t]mep≈ hmWn-tbmSp IqSn-b-hƒ (-kp-μ-cn)
Ah-y-bo-`m-h≥:
]q¿h]-Za
- mb Ahy-bØ
- n\v {]m[m-\y- a
- p≈ kam-ka
- mWv Ah-yb
- o-`m-hk
- a
- mkw. ]q¿h-
]-Zm¿∞-{]-[m-\sa∂p Cu kam-ksØ hnfn-°mw.
DZm:˛ bYm-Im-ew ˛ Imew A\p-k-cn-®pv
{]Xn-Zn-\w ˛ Zn\w tXmdpw
Zzn-Kp-k-amkw:
]q¿h ]Zw Hcp kwJ-ym-hm-Nn-bmbm¬ AXns\ Zzn-Kp-k-amkw F∂p ]d-bmw.
DZm:˛ ap∏m-cpv ˛ aq∂p-]m-cpv
NXp¿th-Zß - ƒ ˛ \mep-vthZßƒ
k]vXt- emIw ˛ GgptemI-ßƒ
Ah-yb - o-`m-h\
- pw Zzn-Kphpw kwkvIr-XØ
- n¬ am{Xw {]tbm-Kn-°s
- ∏-Sp∂ kam-kß
- -
fm-Wv. ae-bm-f-Øns‚ coXnbv°v tN¿∂-h-b-√.
hrØw
]Zyw hm¿°p∂ tXmXn-s\-bmWv hrØw F∂pv ]d-bp-∂X - pv. Hcp ]Z-yØ
- ns‚ Hmtcm-
]m-Z-Ønepw C{X A£-c-ßƒ D≠m-bn-cn-°Ww; Ah GsX√mw Kpcp, GsX√mw eLp
XpS-ßnb hy-hÿ - I
- ƒ Imhyw sNm√p-∂X
- n\v klm-bI
- a
- m-bn-Øo-cpw. am{X-a√ Bi-b-
h-y-‡-Xbpw kwKo-Xm-fl-I-X-zhpw D≠m-hp-Ibpw sNøpw. kwkvIrX hr-Ø-ßfpw ae-
bm-fh- r-Øß- fpw D≠v. kwkvIrX hr-Øß - fn¬ A£-ch - y- h
- ÿ ¢n]vXa - m-Wv. ae-bm-
f-hr-Ø-ßƒ°v B ¢n]vXX C√.
hrØw 1 {kKv[c:
Gtg-gmbv aq∂p JWvUw ac-`-\-b-bbw {kK[Zcm hrØ-am-Ipw.
77
21 A£-cß - f
- p≈ Hcp kwkvIrX hr-Øa - mWv {kKv[c. Hmtcm 7 A£cw Ign-bp-
tºmgpw Hcp bXn ( \n¿Øv ) D≠m-Ipw. aK-Ww, cK-Ww, `K-Ww, \K-Ww, aq∂pbK-Ww
F∂n-ßs - \-bmWv KW-hy- h
- ÿ
- . Xmsg sImSp-°p∂ t«mIw {kKv[c hrØ-Øn\v DZm-
l-cW
- a- m-Wv.
]pjv]w {LmWn-®n-Sm-Xp-≈Xp Xfn¿ \J-cw˛
Xń-Sm-Xp-≈X
- p-Zy- ˛
{ZXv\w saøn¬ [cn-°m-ØXp ]pXn-sbmcp tX≥
kzm-Zp-t\m-°mØtXhw
k¬]p-Wy- Ø
- n¬ êw tIf-hn-Ie - a
- n-hX
- m≥
X\-zn-X≥ ip≤-cq]w
t`m‡m-hm-tb-hs
- \-t®¿Øn-Sp-an\n hn[n-sb˛
∂nßdn-™oe Rmt\m.
2) im¿±q-e-hn-{Io-UnXw;
]{¥-≠m¬ akPw kXw XKp-cphpw im¿±q-e-hn-{Io-Un-Xw.
19 A£-c-ß-fp≈ kwkvIrX hrØamWv im¿±q-e-hn-{Io-Un-Xw. aK-Ww, kK-Ww,
PK-Ww, kK-Ww, XKWw , XK-Ww, Kpcp F∂n-ß-s-\-bmWv KW-h-y-h-ÿ. ]{¥-≠m-
asØ A£cw Ign™p bXn D≠m-bn-cn°pw .
iq{iq-jn-°-Kp-cp-°sf {]nb-k-Jo-Xp-eyw
k]Xv\o Pt\
h¿Øn-°, {]nb-\-{]nbw XpScnepw
tIm]n-®n-S-™o-sSmem
Zm£n-W-y-sØm-Sn-cn° `r-Xycn¬ aZn˛
®osSm√ `mK-y-Øn-\m˛
en∞w Xm≥ Xcp-Wo-P\w Kr-ln-Wnbmw
hwim-[n-Xm≥ hma-am¿
F∂ t«mIw im¿±qe hn{Io-Un-X-Øn\pv DZm-l-c-Ww. {kKv≤-cbpw , im¿±qehn{Io-Un-
Xhpw kwkvIr- Xhr-Øß
- f
- mWv.
C\n ae-bmf hr-Ø-ßƒ hnh-cn-°p-∂p.
3) ImIfn:
am-{X-b-©-£cw aq∂n¬ hcp-t∂mcp KW-ßsf
F´p tN¿Øp-≈o-c-Sn°p sNm√mw ImI-fn-sb∂p t]¿
A©p am{X hoX-ap≈ aq∂-£-c-ßƒ Hcp- KWw. AXm-bXp c≠p Kpcphpw Hcp
eLphpw. Cß-s\-bp≈ \mep KWw tN¿∂Xp Hcp hcn. F´p KWw tN¿∂Xp Hcp
Cuc-Sn. Cu hn[w hcp∂ Cuc-Sn-If
- mWv ImIfn hrØØn¬ Fgp-Xs
- ∏-´h
- . ]n. Ip™p
cma≥\mb-cpsS Ifn-b-—≥ F∂ IhnX ImIfn hr-Ø-Øn-emWv cNn-®n-´p-≈-Xpv.
au-\i
- nev]w Ifn-t°m∏p ]pXp-°p-sI˛
∂m\μ tla¥ k‘-yIƒ sNm¬Inepw
78
4) aRvPcn:
«Y-Im-Ifn hrØ-Øn¬ c≠mw ]mZ-Øn-e¥ - y- amw
c≠-£cw Ipdn-®o-Sn-eXp aRvPcnbmbnSpw
ImI-fnbpw aRvPc - nbpw XΩn¬ Ipd®p _‘-ap-≠pv. ImI-fn-bn¬ F√m KW-ßfpw

A©p-am-{X-bp-≈-Xm-bn-cn-°-W-sa-∂m-Wpv h-y-h-ÿ. Bdp am{X(-a-K-Ww) hcm≥ ]mSn-√.
«Y-Im-If
- n-bm-Ip-tºmƒ aK-Whpw (B-dp-am-{X) BIm-sa∂p ImI-fnbpw «Y-Im-If - nbpw
XΩn¬ hy-Xy- m-kw. A{]-Im-ca
- p≈ «Y-Im-If - n-bpsS c≠masØ hcn-bnse Ah-km-\sØ
c≠-£cw Ipd-®m¬ AXp aRvPc - n-bmIpw.
DZm:˛
ta\I ap≥]m-ba- m\n\nam-cpsS
ta\nsb \n¿Ωn-∏m≥ amX-yI - b
- m-bv.
tII:
aq∂pw c≠pw c≠pw aq∂pw c≠pw cs≠-s∂-gp-Øp-Iƒ
]Xn-∂m-en-∂mdp KWw ]mZw c≠n-ep-sa-m∂pt]m¬
Kpcp-shm-s∂-¶nepw thWw amdm-tXm-tcm-KW
- Ø
- nepw
\Sp-°p b
- Xn ]mZmZns∏mcpØ-anXp tII-bmw
Hmtcm hcn-bnepw 3,2,2,3,2,2 F∂ {Ia-Øn¬ A£-c-ß-tfm-Sp-IqSn Bdp-K-W-ßƒ.

AXm-bXp Hcp hcnbn¬ 14 A£cw. Bdp-KW - ß
- f
- n¬ Hmtcm-∂nepw Hcp Kpcp-sh-¶nepw
\n¿_-‘-ambpw D≠m-bn-cn-°-Ww. F√mw Kpcp-hm-bmepw hntcm-[-an-√. Hmtcm hcn-bp-
sSbpw \Sp-°pv (aq∂p KWw Ign-bp-tºmƒ)-bXn thWw. F√m Cuc-Sn-If - psSbpw B-Zy- -
£-c-ßƒ°v s]mcp-Øhpw D≠m-bn-cn-°-Ww.( H∂m-asØ hcn-bpsS BZ-y-£cw eLp-
hm-bm¬ c≠m-asØ hcn-bpsS BZ-y£chpw eLp-hm-bn-cn-°Ww). Cu KW hy-hÿ - -
bp≈ hrØ-amWv tII. _me-a-Wn-b-Ω-bpsS agp-hns‚ IY tIIm hrØ-Øn-\p-Zm-
l-cWw
aqI-im-¥amw atl-{μm-Ne
- i
- n-Jc
- Ø
- n˛
teI-\mbv Zqc-tØ°p t\m°n Rm\n-cn-°p-∂p.
sshtem-∏n≈n {io[-ct- a-t\ms‚ kl-ys‚ aI≥ F∂ Ihn-Xbpw tIIhrØØn-\p-

Zm-lc
- W
- a
- m-Wv.
D’hw \S-°b - m-Wº - e - a

- p-‰Ø
- p-b¿˛
∂pPz-e¬ Zosh-ń-I-fn-f°pw shfn-®-Øn¬.
\tXm-∂X:
KWw Zzr-£c - s
- a-s´-sÆ-sam∂mw ]mZ-Øn¬, a‰-Xn¬
KW-am-dc
- ; \nevt°Ww c≠p-sa-´m-hX - £
- tc
Kpcp-Xs∂sbgpsØ√man»o-en≥ t]¿ \tXm-∂X - .
79
h©n-∏m-´pv hrØ-amWv \tX-m∂X. h©n-∏m-ńs‚ CuW-amWv Cu hrØ-Øn¬

sNm√m\p]-t-bm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv.
Cu hrØ-Øns‚ H∂m-asØ hcn-bn¬ c≠-£c - wh- o-Xa

- p-ff F´pKW-ßƒ D≠m-
bn-cn-°pw. c≠mw hcn-bn¬ c≠-£cw hoXap-ff Bd-cK - W
- ß- fpw ImWmw. c≠m-asØ
A£-cØ - nepw F´m-as - ØA
- £
- c
- Ø
- nepwbXn-bp-≠p AIvjc-ßƒ F√mw Kpcp-hm-Wv.
Cu KW-hy- h - ÿ
- I
- f
- p≈ hrØw \tXm-∂X - .
DZm;˛
sIev-t]m-sS√m P\-ßƒ°pw tISp-Xo-c-Ø-°-hÆw
Ft∏m-gp-a-∂-Zm-\hpw sNbvXp sN©-tΩ.
\tXm-∂Xbv°v h©n-∏m-´pv hrØ-sa∂pw t]cp-≠pv. aRvPcn hrØhpw Nne-t∏mƒ
h©n-∏m-ń¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°m-dp-≠v.
Xcw-Kn-Wn:
Zzn-am{Xw KW-sa-s´Æw bXn-a-≤yw Xcw-KnWn
Hm´≥ Xp-≈-en¬ km[m-c-W-bmbn D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ hrØ-amWv Xcw-Kn-Wn.

c≠pv am{X hoX-ap≈ F´pv KW-ßƒ Hcp hcn-bn¬ hcp∂ hrØw Xcw-Kn-Wn. CXn-
\pv hcn-bpsS a[yÿm\-amb \memw KW-Øn\p tijw bXnbpw thWw.
DZm:˛ AWn aXn Iebpw kpc-hm-ln-\nbpw
^Wn ]Xn KW ^W aW-nI-fp-a-Wnbpw
Ip©≥ \º-ym-cpsS tLmj-bm{X Hm´≥ Xp≈-ense c≠pv hcn-If
- mWv ChnsS D≤-
cn-®X
- pv. kwkvIr-XØ
- nse
`P-tKm-hnμw `P-tKm-hnμw F∂p≈

Io¿Ø-\hpw Cu hrØ-Øn-em-Ip-∂p.
Ae-¶mcw
Imh-yß
- ƒ hmbn-°p-tºmƒ klr-Zb - ≥am-cpsS lrZ-bØ
- n¬ D≠m-Ip∂ Ihn-Xm-
[¿Ω-amWv Na-ev°m-cw. Na-ev°m-cap≠m-Ip∂ hmI-y-`w-Kn°v Ae-¶mcw F∂p ]d-bp-
∂p. A¿∞sØ B{i-bn®pw i_vZsØ B{i-bn®pw Ae-¶mcw hcmw. A¿∞sØ
B{i-bn®p hcp-∂-hsb A¿∞me-¶mcsa∂pw i_vZsØ B{i-bn®p hcp-∂-hsb
i_vZme-¶mcsa∂pw hnfn-°mw. Ch-bn¬ {][m-\s- ∏-´Xv A¿∞me-¶mcamWv.
1. D]a
H∂n-s\mt∂m-Sp kmZr-iyw
sNm∂m-ep-]a
- b
- m-aX
- v.
Hcp hkvXp-hn\v as‰m-∂n-t\mSv Na-ev°

- m-cI
- m-cI
- a
- mb kmZr-iyw sNm√p-∂X
- mWv D]-
am-e¶
- m-cw.
80
DZm : ˛a∂-th{μm ! hnf-ßp∂p
N{μ-s\-t∏mse \n≥ap-Jw.
alm-cm-Pm-hns‚ apJsØ N{μ-t\mSv Na-e° v- m-cI

- m-cI- a- mw hn[w kmZr-iy- s
- ∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-
°p-∂X- n-\m-emWv D]-am-e¶
- m-cw kn≤-am-Ip-∂X
- .v apJ-sØbpw N{μ-s\bpw hnf-ßpI F∂
{Inb sIm≠m-Wpv kmZr-iy- I - e
- ]
v \ sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂X - .v CXv Hcp A¿∞me-¶mc hn`m-K-
Øn¬s∏´ kmZr-iy- a - qeIme-¶mcamWv. Ifn-b® - ≥ F∂ Ihn-Xb - n¬ \n∂pw Hcp-Zm-lc - W
- w.
\oßp∂p Zqsc IY-I-fn-s∏-ń-Iƒ

\oem-{`-ta-NI
- t- a-Lß
- ƒ t]me-th.
IY-Ifn Ign™v IY-If- n-s∏-ń-Iƒ Zqtcbv°v Npa-∂p-sIm≠p t]mIp-∂X - ns\ \oem-

Im-iØ
- n¬ taL-°o-dp-Iƒ ]Xp-s°-∏X - ps° \oßp-∂X - n-t\mSp kmZr-iy- s
- ∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-
°p-∂p.
‘agp-hns‚ IY- ’bn¬ \n∂v Hcp-Zm-l-c-Ww.
\oehm-\n\p Xmsg ]®- \m-°n-e -sh®
t]mse an∂p-sa≥ \mń-te°p Rm≥ ItÆm-Sn-t°.
atl-{μ-]¿Δ-XØ- n¬ Ccp∂p tIc-fsØ t\m°n-°m-Wp∂ ]c-ip-cm-a≥ tIcfsØ
\oem-Im-i-Øn\p Xmsg h®n-cn-°p∂ Hcp ]® \m°ne t]msembmWpv I≠-Xpv. tIc-
fsØ ]® \m°netbmSv kmZr-iy- s - ∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
kl-ys‚ aI-\n¬ \n∂v Hcp-Zm-lc
- W
- w.
hmZ-yt- a-fØ
- n≥ Xmf-]mX-Øn¬ Xe-bm-ń˛
∏qØ Xmgvhct]mse acpho ]pcp-jm-cw.
Bƒ°q-´sØ ]qØ Xmgvhc-tbm-Spv kmZr-iy- s

- ∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
‘‘ t\cnb \nem-hns‚ \oen-a-bn¬
Ft∂m ]g-In-sbm-tcm¿Ω-Iƒam-Xncn
\n∂p hnd-bv°p-ao-tbIm-¥-Xm-c-Isf
bns∂m´p ImWs´ ’’
kêaobm-{X-bnse Cu hcn-Iƒ D]-am-e-¶m-c-Øn-\p≈ \s√mcp Iev]-\-bm-Wv.
\£-{X-ßsf Hm¿Ω-It- fmSp kmZr-iy- s
- ∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
2. D¬t{]£
D¬t{]£bpw A¿∞m-e¶
- m-c- hn-`m-KØ
- n¬s∏Sp-∂X
- p-Xs
- ∂-bm-Wv.
as‰m-∂n≥ [¿Ω-tbm-KØ - m˛
eXp Xm\-√tbm CXv
F∂p h¿Æ-y-Øn-em-i¶ ˛
bp¬t{]-£m-Jy- b
- e
- w-Ir-Xn.
81
Chn-sSbpw h¿Æ-yh - k
- X
v phpw Ah¿Æ-yh - k
- X
v phpw XΩn-ep≈ kmZr-iy- I
- e
- ]
v \
- b
- mWv
Ae-¶m-c`- w-Kn°v \nZm-\w. h¿Æ-yh- k
- vXphn¬ Ah¿Æ-yh - k
- vXphns‚ [¿Ω-Øn-\pv kmZr-
iyw ImWp-I-bm¬ AXp-Xs∂ Bbn-cn°mw CsX∂v kwi-bn-®p-t]m-Ip-∂-XmWv
D¬t{]£m-e¶ - m-cw.
DZm:˛
Npa∂p N{μ-°-e-t]m¬ hf™pw
hnfßn ]qsam-´p-Ss\ ]nem-in¬
h\m-¥e- £
- v-anbv°p \J-£X - ß
- ƒ
hk-¥t- bm-KØ- n-ep-Zn-®t- ]m-se.
Npa∂phf™ncn°p∂ πmin≥ ]qsam-ń-s\-°≠ Ihn AXpv h\m-¥e - £

- a - nbv°v
hk-¥\mb-Ik
- w-Kaw aqew e`n® \J-£X
- a
- mtWm F∂v kwi-bn-®n-cn-°p-∂X - p-sIm≠v
D¬t{]£.
Ifn-b®- ≥ F∂ Ihn-Xb
- n¬ NphsS tN¿°p∂ `mKw D¬t{]£me¶mc-Øn\v DZm-
l-cW
- a
- m-sb-Sp-°mw.
t]mhm-sX-bm-b∂ - p-sXm-´p-Rm≥ : s]m∂Wn

t°mhn-en : ep’-h-∏-¥¬°-fn-I-fn¬
hy-{K-\m-sa-s∂-Øp-S¿s∂-Øn- ]-¥en˛
ep{K Kpcp-X-z-∏n-g-X≥ Icn-\n-g¬!
NqS-‰h
- o¿t∏mSp taIm-¥h - n-{iaw
tXSn he-™n-cpƒ aqSp-ao-b-¥n-bn¬
amSn-hn-fn-°p∂p s]m≥Xm-gn-I° - pSw
NqSnb tImhn-en≥ tKm]p-c-ho-Yn-Iƒ
s]m≥XmgnI-°pSw NqSnb tImhn-ens‚ tKm]p-c-ho-Yn-Iƒ I≠-t∏mƒ £oWn-X-

\mb IY-If
- n-\S- \pv AXp X
- s∂ ho≠pw amSn-hn-fn-°p-Ib
- m-tWm F∂pv Bi¶ P\n-®n-cn-
°-bm¬ D¬t{]£me¶mcw.
cq]Iw
Ah¿Æ-yt- ØmSp h¿Æ-yØ - n˛
∂t`Zw sNmevI cq]-Iw.
h¿Æ-y-hkvXphpw Ah¿Æ-y-hkvXphpw c≠-√ ; H∂p-X-s∂-bmWv F∂v At`Zw
Iev]n-°p-∂Xv cq]-Iw.
DZm:˛
kwkm-camw kmK-cØ - n˛
ewkm¥w apsßm-em-kt- J.
euIn-I-Po-hn-XØn\pw kap-{Z-Øn\pw XΩn¬ t`Z-an-√ c≠pw H∂p t]mse-bm-Wpv.
AXp-sIm≠v c≠nepw ]q¿Æ-ambn apgp-IcpXv F∂p kJn-tbmSv D]-tZ-in-°p-∂-Xnse
Na-evIm-ca
- mWv cq]-Im-e¶
- m-cw.
82
kvtac-at- \m-lc
- t- h-jß - ƒ I®p-t]mbv
tLmc-Kp-cp-im-]I - m-an-e_
- m-[b
- m¬
Ifn-b-—\nse Cu hcn-Iƒ cq]-Im-e-¶m-c-Øn-\p-Zm-l-c-W-am-Wv. tLmcKp-cp-im-]-

am-Ip∂ Iman-e_- m[ ˛ tLmcamb Kp-cp-im-]s - Ø ITn-\a- mb Iman-e_- m-[b
- mbn At`-
Z-Ie
- v]\ sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂p.
‘s]ßƒ’ F∂ Ihn-Xb - n¬ \n∂pw Hcp-Zm-lcWw.
‘‘ \ngemw \oe-∏m-ºn-s\-bn´p
Nhn-ń-b-Xmbn \Sp-ßo-]mhw ’’
\ngens\ \oe-∏m-ºmbn At`ZI-ev]\ sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂p.
k©cn-°p-Ib - m-Wm- m-lk- n, k¶-ev]Ø - n¬
h≥sN-hn-Ifmw ]p≈n-kz- m-X{- ¥-y]
- {Xw hoin.
kl-ys‚ aI-\nse Cu Cuc-Sn-If - n¬ h≥sN-hn-Isf kzm-X{- ¥-y]

- {- X-ambn At`ZI-
ev]\ sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂Xn\m¬ cq]-Im-e¶- m-cw.
AXn-i-tbm‡n
sNm√p-≈X - n¬ Ihn-™p-≈˛
sX√m-aX
- n-itbm-‡n-bmw.
bYm¿∞-Øn¬ D≈-Xn-t\-°mƒ IqSp-Xeps≠t∂m Ipd-®m-sWt∂m Na-evIm-cI - m-

c-I-ambn ]d-bp-∂-sX√mw AXn-i-tbm‡nbmWv. an°-hmdpw F√m Ae-¶m-c-ß-fnepw
AXn-itbm‡nbpsS t\cnb kv]¿iw ImWmw. AXn-itbm‡n ]e hn[-Øn¬ D≠pv.
t`ZImXn-i-tbm‡n, cq]ImXn-i-tbm‡n, kw_‘mXn-i-tbm‡n, Akw_‘mXn-i-
tbm‡n, tlX-zXn-itbm‡n F∂n-ßs - \. Chbn¬ cq]ImXn-itbm‡nbpw kw_‘mXn-
i-tbm‡nbpamWv IqSp-X¬ {]tbm-Kn®p ImWp-∂X - v.
Zo]Iw
At\-It- a-I[- ¿Ω-Øn˛
e\-z-bn-∏Xp Zo]Iw
At\Iw hkvXp-°ƒ°v Htc [¿Ω-Øn¬ A\-zbw Iev]n-°p-∂-XmWv Zo]-Iw.
DZm:˛ aZw-sIm-≠m\ tim`n-°p˛

auZm-cyw sIm≠p `q]Xn.
cmPm-hn\pw B\bv°pw tim`n-°pI F∂ km[m-cW [¿Ω-Øn¬ A\-zbw \¬In-

bn-cn-°p-∂Xpv c≠v LS-I-ß-fm-Wv. B\bv°v aZw, cmPm-hn\v HuZm-c-yw. B\ aZw
sIm≠v tim`n-°p-∂p. cmPmhv HuZm-c-yw sIm≠v tim`n-°p-∂p.
k^-ea
- o-bm-{X-bn¬ \n∂pw Hcp-Zm-lc
- Ww
‘‘GIm¥cmhn¬ \ob-cp-fp-ao-be
- nhpw
83
s\bvØn-cn-t]mse sXfnbpw InSm-ßƒX≥
hnS¿an-gn-sØ-fn-hnse kz-—-\m-f-ßfpw
DuXnØnf-°n-Øf - c- msX Im°pao
Zo\-Zn-\ß
- f- m-ae
- v]Z- n-\ß
- f - n¬
H∂p sXfn-bp-∂p.’’
kJn\¬Ip∂ Aenhpw InSm-ßf - psS hnS¿an-gn-sØ-fn-hnse kz-—\
- m-fß
- fpw sXfn-
bp∂p F∂ km[m-cW [¿Ω-Øn¬ A\-z-bn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ Zo]-Iw.
ZrjvSm¥w
ZrjvSm¥aXns\ ∫nw_˛
{]Xn-_nw-_ß
- f- m-°p-In¬
h¿W-y-h-kvXp-hnepw Ah¿W-y-h-kvXp-hnepw D≈ km[m-cW [¿Ω-sØ Hcp
_nw_hpw {]Xn-_nw-_hpw t]mse-bm- s- W∂pv ]d-™m¬ ZrjvSm¥me¶m-cw.
DZm:˛
Io¿Øn-imen `hm≥ Xs∂
Im¥n-imen kp[mw-ip-Xm≥
cmPm-hns‚ Io¿Ønsb kqc-ys - ‚ Im¥n-tbm-SmWv kmZr-iy- s
- ∏-Sp-Øp-∂X
- .v Io¿Øn-
imen _nw-_amsW-¶n¬ Im¥n-imen AXns‚ {]Xn-_nw-_a - m-sW∂v Ae-¶m-cI - e
- v]\
- .
t«jw
c≠p ImbvIs - fmtc sRń˛
ep≠mIpw t]mse `mj-bn¬
Htc i_vZ-Øn-e¿∞w c˛
≠pc-®m¬ t«j-am-aX - v.
Htc sRń¬ c≠p ImbvIƒ D≠m-Ip∂Xpt]mse Ihn-X-bn¬ Hcp i_vZ-Øn\v
c≠¿∞-ßf - psS A\p-`hw D≠m-Ip-∂Xv t«j-me¶m-cw. alm-Ihn Imfn-Zm-ks‚ imIp-
¥-f-Ønse H∂m-asØ t«mIw t«j-me¶m-c-Øn\pZml-c-W-am-Wv. B‰q¿ IrjvW-]n-
jm-cSnbpsS ]cn-`mj NphsS tN¿°p-∂p.
GtXm krjvSn-®X - m-Zywhn[n hn-[n-lp-Xamw
lh-yt- a-tXev]p tlmXm˛
thtXtXm \nev]p tIƒ°pw KpW-sam-sS-hn-sSbpw
Ime-Ir-tØXp ct≠m
GtXm-_o-PØ - n-s\√mw {]Ir-Xn-bp-eI - n\p
{]mW-\m-tb-Xs - X-√m˛
amIpw {]X-y£ - a - m-sa-´p-Se - n-\p-Sb
- h
- ≥
\sΩ c£n° \mY≥.
Bio¿h-N-\-tØm-sSm∏w Imh-ym¿∞w IqSn Cu t«mI-Ønse i_vZ-ßƒ kqNn-
∏n-°p-∂X
- n-\m-emWv CXv t«jm-e¶ - m-ca - m-Ip-∂X - v.
84
U.G Part-I – Malayalam/ I Year/LM-1: - Poetry and Grammar/C2500

ANNAMALAI UNIVERSITY PRESS 2013-2014

Part-I - 04Malayalam-I Yr - Poetry and Grammar

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Part-I - 04Malayalam-I Yr - Poetry and Grammar

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BA/BSC 113

B.A. and B.Sc. Degree Programme

ae-bmf Imev]-\nI Ihn-I-fn¬ c≠mw Xe-ap-d-bn¬ s]´ alm-I-hn-bmWv

X-aq-eap≠mIp∂ Ccpƒ®;-`· - k- ¿Δ-kz- ≥˛F√mw XI¿∂-h≥;-Im-fmw-_pZw˛Im-ft- a-Lw;-

Cu {]]©w apgp-h≥ Xt∂mSp Iev]n-®mepw Cu Ifn h´-Øn¬ HØp Ifn°phm≥

tXm‰p Xpe™p lm hsø-\n-°n-∏Sp

ho´n-te°p aS-ßn-t∏m-Im-sa∂p Nn¥n-®p.-Ah - n-sSbpw CS-an-√. `mKw hmßn F√mw

BsI Xf¿∂p . cmh-W\pw Xm\pw H∂m-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Bc-y]

sa®w Xg-®-h: \mcp-Rm-\n-°fn

`mh-\m-lpw-I-yXn Imf-k¿∏w t]mse Cg-bp-I-bm-bn. Akq-bbpw Imam-‘X -- bpw

sIt´≠ thjw apJ{io sXmSm-Ø-h≥

AXp-sIm≠v AWn-b-d-bv°p-≈n¬ sN∂p ]‰nb sX‰p-Iƒ DS≥ Xncp-Øp-I-bm-

B Znhykzcw ho≠pw XpS¿∂p. Kpcpim]-ta-‰h- \v Hmtcm Ifn-∏¥

I-fn-b-—s‚ IY tIh-e-\mb a\pjy-\n-epw,-in-j-y-\n-epw,-I-hn-bnepw Hcp t]mse

IhnbpsS Pohn-X-hp-ambpw Ifn-b-—\nse {]tabsØ tN¿Øp-shbv°mw. Ifn-b-

‘n-®n-S-tØmfw Ifn-b-—≥, Cui-z-c\pw ]nXmhpw Kpcp\mY\pw IqSn-t®¿∂v H∂mb

]ns∂ BZna tKl-Øn-te-°p≈ Xncn®p t]m°v.]p\¿P-∑sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ {]Xo£.

h√ t\cØpw ]Xn™ ]Zw \n∂p

]Xn™ ]Zw ˛ D≈n¬ X´mØ IhnX ˛AXp Xs∂bmbn-cp∂p Bk-zm-Z-I-cpsS

F∂ Dƒhnfn tI´p. hnP-b-Øns‚ am¿§w ap∂n¬ Xpd-°p-I-bm-bn.

Ifn-b-—-\nse IY-Ifn a\p-jy Pohn-Xam-Wv. \S≥ km[m-cW a\p-j-y\pw . Ifn-b-

F∂n-ßs\bp≈ Iev]-\-Iƒ `mh-k-ºq¿Æßfpw Imh-ym-¥-co-£-Øn\v A\p-

Kpcp-im]w In´nb Hcp IY-If - n-\S- ≥ \S-Øp∂ Ipº-km-cØ

kvtac at\m-lc thj-ßƒ I®p-t]mbv

A`n-\b Pohn-XØ - ns‚ BZ-y\ - m-fp-If

ktvacw Kpcp-hn≥ apJw Idp-Øo-Sth

C{X-sbm-s°-bm-bn´pw a\- p-sIm≠v H∂p ]›m-Ø] - n-°p-hmt\m am∏n-c°

tXm∏n¬°nfn¿Øp Ifn-b— - t- \mSp Rm≥

hntZ-zjsØ apƒs®-Sn-bmbn cq]Ww sNbvX-Xn-eqsS hntZ-z-j-Øns‚ Xo{h-Xbpw

Ffp∏w km[n-®n-´p-≠v. tIhew kzm-{ibt_m[w am{X-a√ \Ss\ Kpcp-\n-μ°v t{]cn-∏n-

a™n¬ Ipfn®p Ipfn-cm¿s∂m-cm-Xnc ˛

Cu {]tem-`-\-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ IYm-\m-b-Is‚ kz-h¿§-c-Xnsb [z-\n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\pw

tXmg\mw sIm®p anSp-°s‚ bp¿Δio ˛

anc-fpI F∂ hm°n\v t]Sn-°pI F∂p am{X-a√ A¿∞-ap-≈-Xv. ab-°p-I, hi-

F∂ khn-tij _nw_-I¬∏-\bpw Ch-cpsS Nn¥Isf _e-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.

A‘-Im-cØ - n¬°fn-Ig- n-™mSp∂

\S-∑m¿°v tZl-ap-gn-®n¬ thW-at- √m. sN√ptºmƒØs∂ AXm-cw-`n-°pw. AXp tZinI-

F∂mWv \S-\nse `mh-\m-lp-¶-yXn. Imf-k¿∏-Øns‚ Cg™p \S-°¬ a\p-jy

D¿Δio thj-an-cp-´Øp I≠p anc-≠Xpw CXn\p t]mZv_e - I

]®bpw IØnbpw XmSnbpw Xncn-®d- n-bmsX Acßv apjn-∏n®v , Kpcp-hns‚ apJØv

{][m-\-s∏´ tNmZy amX-rI-Iƒ

F\n-°n-tX-th≠q ]d-™p-t]m-Ic - p-XnXp as‰m-∂ns‚ ]I¿s∏-∂p-am{Xw F∂p

c\pw, s\√p-Ip-Øp-Imcn ]mdphns‚ IY, AΩbpw `mc-ybpw, Atß ho´n-te°v XpS-

Acn-iw˛ tIm]w, sImSm-Ø-Xn-\v˛ sImSp-°m-Ø-Xn-\v, sam®n-ß˛a®nß, Ie˛

Hcp sIm®p s]Ïp-ń-bpsS PohnX Zpc-¥-Øns‚ Zb-\o-b-X-Iƒ ImńØcp-hm≥

NndIp hnS¿Øp-tºmƒ ]pXnb amkva-c a[p-c-amb £oWw Ahsf Ipg-bv°p-∂p-≠p.

fmWv B IÆpIƒ. Nn¥m-¢m¥n hym-]n-°p-∂ -s\-‰n-bn¬ `wKn-bp-ff \oe-®p-cpƒ apSn-

IWvTØn¬ \n∂pw Zp:-J-Øns‚ aq¿Ø\mZw C{]-Imcw Db¿∂p -tI-´p. DÆn, -\-ap-

tIhew A©p hb p am{Xw {]mb-°q-Sp-X-ep-≈-h-fmWv ktlm-Z-cn. A\p-Ps\

F∂pv Ah-fpsS {]mbsØ Ihn khn-ti-j-{]m-[m-\-y-tØmsS Xs∂ Nq≠n-°m-Wn-

C∂pw kpμ-ca- ma°ebm

F∂v CS-t»cn Fgp-Xp-tºmƒ B s]ßƒ°v Bß-f-tbm-Sp≈ kvt\l-Øns‚

BSn∏mSn°-fn®p \St°≠ kpμ-c-amb _me-y-Im-eØv B s]¨Ip-™n\v A\p-

Ahsf Abmƒ Bb-ncw AwK-\-amcn¬ Hcm-fm-b√ I≠-Xv. Ah≥ F√m \nio-Y-

]n®n-®o-¥nb t]mse tXm∂n

ap\n-bp∂ sIm®p hnf-°ns‚ hnf-dnb {]Im-iØ- m¬ B sImt®m-e∏ - pc timIm-Xp-

AΩrZp tNX\ Nqfn hndbv°pw

Dd-ßp∂ sIm®-\p-Ps‚ amdn¬ s]m¥n \n¬°p∂ F√p-I-fn¬ XgpIns°m≠v

tNX\ hnd-sIm-≈p-I-bm-Wv. Ahƒ Cf-In-bn√. C-{X-am{Xw ]d™p. t]mIq-˛- hm-Xn¬

Hcp ]mbvs°´p inc- n¬, °øn¬

sXcp-hn¬, Iq¿Ø Nc¬°-√pI-fn¬IqSn PohnXc‡w ]m‰n-s°m≠v Ahƒ Cd-ßn-\S- -

Xs∑bv hf-cm≥ amwk-f-am-hm≥

B bpham\-y\- p-b¿Øoem apJ