Geotechnical Engineering: e V V V V V e N V V V

GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING REVIEW MATERIAL
GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING
WEIGHT VOLUME RELATIONSHIP AND INDEX PROPERTIES OF SOIL
 VOID RATIO
VV
e= V =V V +V S
VS
n
e= V =V V −V W
1−n AIR
 POROSITY
VV
n=
V
e
n=
1+ e
 DEGREE OF SATURATION
VW
S=
VV
wG S
S=
e
 WATER CONTENT
WW
w=
WS
W S −W D
w= X 100 %
WD
w=( LI )( PI )+ PL
 UNIT WEIGTH OF SOIL
W W
γ= γ S= S
V VS
 DRY UNIT WEIGHT
WS
γ D=
V
γ
γ D=
1+w
GS γ W
γ D=
1+ e
 SATURATED UNIT WEIGHT
2018 I COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

(G S +e) γ w
γ SAT =
1+ e
(1+ w)G S γ w
γ SAT =
1+e
 SUBMERGED UNIT WEIGHT
( G S−1 ) γ w
γ ¿=
1+e
γ eff =γ SAT −γ w
 FOR SATURATED SOIL
e=w GS
 SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF SOIL
γS
GS =
γw
 BULK SPECIFIC GRAVITY
g=G S ( 1−n )
 UNIT WEIGHT OF WATER
Ww
γ w=
Vw
 RELATIVE INDEX/ DENSITY INDEX
e max−e
Dr =
emax −e min
1 1
−
γ d min γd
Dr =
1 1
−
γ d min γ d max
 RELATIVE COMPACTION
γd
R=
γ dmax
 PLASTIC INDEX
PI =¿−PL
 LIQUIDITY INDEX
w−PL
LI =
¿−PL
 CONSISTENCY INDEX
¿−w
CI =
¿−PL

 SHRINKAGE LIMIT
m1−m 2 v 1−v 2
SL=
[ m2
−
m2 w ]
γ 100
1 100 e
=
SL GS
 SHRINKAGE RATIO
m2
SR=
v2
 SPECIFIC GRAVITY
1
GS =
1 SL
−
SR 100
 GROUP INDEX
GI =( F−35 ) [0.2+ 0.005 ( ¿−40 ) ]+ 0.01( F−15)(PI −10)
Where F = percentage of soil passing through No. 200 sieve

LL = liquid limit
PI = plasticity index
 CRITICAL HYDRAULIC GRADIENT
G S−1
i CR =
1+ e
 UNIFORMITY COEFFICIENT
D 60
CU=
D 10
C U =0.009 ( ¿−10 ) (UNDISTURBED/VOID)
 COEFFIECIENT OF CURVATURE
C C =¿ ¿ ¿
 SORTING COEFFIECIENT
D75
SO =
√ D25
 SUITABILITY NUMBER
3
SN=1.7 √ ¿¿ ¿
¿

 HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY
(IF PARALLEL)
H 1 K 1 + H 2 K 2+ …+ H N K N
K P=
HT
A 1 K 1+ A 2 K 2 +…+ A N K N
K P=
AT
(IF PERPENDICULAR)
HT
KS=
H1 H2 H
+ + …+ N
K1 K2 KN
AT
KS=
A1 A2 A
+ +…+ N
K1 K2 KN
 CONSTANT HEAD TEST
Vol L Vol
K= ; Q=
+ Ah t
 FALLING HEAD TEST
aL h1
K=
At
log
h2( )
V
where; Q= AV ; V =kiV s =
n
h d
i= V s=
l t
 TOTAL PRESSURE
PT =γ 1 h 1+ γ 2 h2 +…+ γ n hn

 WATER PRESSURE
Pw =γ W h
 EFFECTIVE SOIL PRESSURE
Pe =PT −Pw
 CAPILLARY RISE
c
h=
e D 10
 DISCHARGE
Q= AV
Q=KiA
r1
Q ln ()
r2
K=
π (h 1¿¿ 2−h22)¿

SETTLEMENT OR COMPRESSIBILITY OF SOIL
 PRIMARY SETTLEMENT
(NORMALLY CONSOLIDATED CLAY)
( e−e ' ) H
∆ H=
1+ e
H P O +∆ P
∆ H=
1+ e
C C log ( PO )
WITH PRE-CONSOLIDATED PRESSURE PC
( P¿¿ O+∆ P)< PC ¿
H PO + ∆ P
∆ H=
1+ e
C S log (PO )
( P¿¿ O+∆ P)> PC ¿
H PC H PO + ∆ P
∆ H=
1+ e
C S log ( )
+
PO 1+e
C C log
PC ( )
Where;
e−e '
C C =0.009 ( ¿−10 ) C C =
PO + ∆ P
log ⁡( )
PO
C S=0.2C C
 Secondary settlement

' t1
∆ H =Ca H log ⁡( )
t2
' Ca
C a=
1+ e p
∆e
C a=
t2
log ⁡( )
t1
PO +∆ P
∆ e=Cc log ( PO )
e p=eo −∆ e
∆e
a v=
∆p
∆e
∆p
mv =
1+e AVE
H dr 2 T v
C v=
Time
k =m v C v γ w

SHEAR STRENGTH OF SOIL

NORMALLY CONSOLIDATED SOIL
 MAX PRINCIPLE STRESS/AXIAL STTRESS
σ 1 =σ 3+∆ D
 ADDITIONAL/DEVIATOR TEST
∆ D=2 r
 MIN PRIN. STRESS/CONFINING/LATERAL/RADIAL/CELL/
 CHAMBER PRESSURE
σ 3 =σ 1−∆ D
 ANGLE OF INTERNAL FRICTION
∅
θ=45° +
2
r
sin ∅=
σ 3 +r

COHESIVE SOIL
 NORMAL STRESS
'
σ n=(tan t ∅)( τ)
σ n=rsinϕ
 SHEAR STRESS
σn
τ= =rCOSϕ
tanϕ
 COHESION
C=xtanϕ
r
sinϕ=
x +σ 3+ r

DIRECT SHEAR STRESS

NORMALLY CONSOLIDATED SOIL
σ3
tan ϕ=
σn
COHESIVE SOIL

c σ
tan= = 3
x x +σ n
RANKINE EARTH PRESSURE

ACTIVE (AWAY FROM THE RETAINED SOIL)
PASSIVE (TOWARD FROM THE RETAINED SOIL)

 ACTIVE PRESSURE
cosβ−√ cos 2 β−cos 2 ϕ

K a =cosβ
[
cosβ + √ cos2 β−cos 2 ϕ ]
When β=0
1−sinϕ
Ka=
1+ sinϕ
1
Pa= K a γ H 2−2 CH √ K a
2
 FACTOR OF SAFETY
RM
FS=
OM
 PASSIVE PRESSURE
cosβ + √ cosβ−cosϕ
K P=cosβ [ cosβ −√ cos β−cos ϕ ]
When β=0
1+ sinϕ
K p=
1−sinϕ
1
P p= K p γ H 2−2CH √ K p
2
FLOW NETS
 SEEPAGE
NF
q=KH ( )
Nd
N F−NUMBER OF FLOW CHANNEL
N d −NUMBER OF PRESSURE DROP
 HEAD LOSS
HEAD LOSS H
=
DROP Nd
HEAD LOSS
h w =Initial Head− [ DROP
Nd ]
 UPLIFT PRESSURE
P1 + P2 +…+ P n
R= [ n ]
( L)

STRESSES IN SOIL MASS
@ σ x ∧σ y
Both Compression¿
Both Tension¿
Clockwise ¿
Cpunter Clockwise ¿
TERZAGHIS BEARING CAPACITY

EQUATION FOR SHALLOW FOUNDATION
A. GENERAL SHAER FAILURE

(DENSE SAND AND STIFFCLAY)
1. SQUARE FOOTING
q ult =1.3 c N c +q N q+ 0.4 γ B N γ
2. CIRCULAR FOOTING
q ult =1.3 c ' N c ' +q N q +0.3 γ B N γ
3. STRIP FOUNDATION
q ult =1.3 c N c +q N q+ 0.5 γ B N γ
WHERE COHESION, c

qu
c=
2
q=γ DF
ϕ=GIVEN
Nc
Nq
Nγ
B. LOCAL SHEAR FAILURE
(FOR LOOSE SAND AND SOFT CLAY)
1. SQUARE FOOTING
q ult =1.3 c ' N c '+q N q ' +0.4 γ B N γ '
4. CIRCULAR FOOTING
q ult =1.3 c ' N c ' +q N q ' +0.3 γ B N γ '
5. STRIP FOUNDATION
q ult =c ' N c ' + q N q '+0.5 γ B N γ '
WHERE COHESION, c
2
c '= c
3
BEARING CAPACITY FACTOR
 (WITHOUT GIVEN TABLE)

N c =(N ¿¿ q−1)cotϕ ¿
ϕ
N q =tan 2 (45+ ) e π tan ϕ
2
N γ =(N ¿¿ q−1) tan ⁡(1.4 ϕ) ¿
 ALLOWABLE BEARING CAPACITY
qult
q allow =
F .S.
 ALLOWABLE LOAD
Pallow =qallow ( AREA )
q ult
Pallow = ( AREA )
F.S .
 ULTIMATE LOAD

Pult =q ult ( AREA )
 NET LOAD
Pnet =q net ( AREA )
q ult −q
q net =
F. S.
q=P0 @ BASE OF FOOTING
LOAD
q out =
AREA
ALLOWABLE BEARING CAPACITY IN SHALLOW FOUNDATION

EFFECTS OF WATER TABLE IN TERZAGHIS EQUATION
CASE I

γ ' =γ sat −γ w
q=γ ( D f −d ) + γ ' d
CASE II
γ ' =γ=γ sat −γ w

q=γq=γ D f
CASE III
IF d ≤ B

1
γ ave = [ γ d + γ ' (B−d) ]
B
IF d > B
γ ave =γ
CAPACITY OF DRIVEN PILE

PILE IN SAND LAYER
1+sin ϕ
K=
1−sin ϕ
 LOOSE SAND
D c =10 ( DIAMETER OF PILE )
 DENSE SAND
Dc =20 ( DIAMETER OF PILE )
 FRICTION CAPACITY
Q f =( AREA PRES DIAGRAM ) K ( PERIMETER ) tanα
 BEARING CAPACITY
QB =( EFF PRES BOTTOM ) N q (A BEARING )
 DESIGN
Q Design=Q Allow

Q B +Q f
Q Design=
F. S.
PILE IN CLAY LAYER
 FRICTIONAL RATIO
f
α=
C
 FRICTION CAPACITY
Q f =αCPL
 BEARING CAPACITY
QB =C N c A B
 TOTAL CAPACITY
Q T =Qf +Q B
 GROUP EFFICIENCY
2 ( m+n−2 ) S+ 4 D
G . E .=
mnπD
BRACING SYSTEM IN OPEN CUT

SAND BRACING
NOTE:
ASSUME ALWAYS HINGED SUPPORT FOR ALL INTERNAL SUPPORT.
 PECKS EMPHIRICL PRES. DIAGRAM
Pa=0.65 K a γ H
1−sinϕ
Ka=
1+ sinϕ
W =Pa ( L0+ L1 ) ( S )
NOTE: BETTER USE 3 EQUILIBRIUM

Σ F V =0

Σ F H =0
Σ M =0
CLAY BRACING
Pa=γ H−4 C c
SLOPE STABILITY
INFINITE SLOPE
 FACTOR OF SAFETY AGAINTS SLIDING

(WITHOUT SEEPAGE)
C tanϕ
F . S .= +
γ d H sinβcosβ tanβ
 FACTOR OF SAFETY AGAINTS SLIDING

(WITH SEEPAGE)
C γ tanϕ
F . S .= + ¿
γ sat H sinβcosβ γ sat tanβ
 STABILITY NUMBER
C
m=
γH
 STABILITY FACTOR
1
SF=
m
FIXED SLOPE
 FAXCTOR OF SAFETY AGAINST SLIDING

F f + Fc
FS=
W sinθ
 FRICTIONAL FORCE
F f =μN
 COHESIVE FORCE
F C =Cohesion( AREA ALONG TRIAXIAL FAILURE)
 MAXIMUM CRITICAL HEIGHT (FS=10)
4C
H cr = ¿
γ
GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING
SOIL COMPOSITION
V =V s +V a +V w
V =V v + V s
V v =V w + V a
Where:

V = total volume ; Vv = volume of voids ; Vw = volume of water ; Va = volume of air
DETERMINING PROPERTIES OF SOILS
VOID RATIO (e) – ratio of volume of voids to volume of solids
Vv
e=
Vs
POROSITY (n) – ratio of volume of water to volume of voids
Vw e
n= =
V v 1+e
WATER CONTENT (ω) – ratio of water to weight of solids
Ww
ω=
Ws
DEGREE OF SATURATION – ratio of volume of water to volume of voids
V w ω Gs
S= =
Vv e
SPECIFIC GRAVITY – ratio of unit weight of the soil to unit weight of water
Ws γ
Gs = =
V s γw γ w
Note: If it is not given to the problem, use 2.7.
UNIT WEIGHT OF SOIL – total weight divided by the total volume of the soil
W ( G s +Se ) γ w G s γ w (1+ω)
γ soil = = =
V 1+e 1+e
DRY UNIT WEIGHT OF THE SOIL – weight of dry solids divided by the total volume of the soil
W s Gs γw γ
γ dry = = =
V 1+ e 1+ω
UNIT MASS OF SOIL – total soil mass divided by the volume
M
ρ=
V
EFFECTIVE/BUOYANT UNIT WEIGHT OF THE SOIL – the weight of the saturated soil surrounded
by the water, air, per unit weight, per unit volume of soil
' ( G s−1 ) γ w
γ =γ sat −γ w =
1+ e

SATURATED UNIT WEIGHT OF THE SOIL
(G¿¿ s+ e) γ w
γ sat = ; e=G s ω ¿
1+ e
RELATIVE DENSITY- an index that quantifies the degree of packing between the lowest and densest
possible state of coarse- gravelled soils as determined by some experiments.
e max−e
Dr =
emax −e min
Where: emax = maximum void ratio
emin = minimum void ratio
*To get emin:

γ max
G s−
γw
e min =
γ max
−1
γw
*To get emax:
γ min
G s−
γw
e max =
γ min
−1
γw
*If the dry unit weight (γ d) at in-situ , maximum dry unit weight (γ dmax) and minimum dry unit weight
(γdmin) are given,
γ dmax (γ d −γ dmin )
Dr =
γ d (γ dmax −γ dmin )
TYPICAL UNIT WEIGHTS FOR SOILS
SOIL γsat (kn/m3) γd (kn/m3)

TYPE
GRAVEL 20-22 15-17
SAND 18-20 13-16
SILT 18-20 14-18
CLAY 16-22 14-21
DESCRIPTION BASED ON RELATIVE DENSITY
Dr in percent DESCRIPTION
0-15 Very loose
15.1-35 Loose
35.1-65 Medium dense
65.1-85 Dense
85.1-100 Very dense
CRITICAL HYDRAULIC GRADIENT – brings a soil mass to static liquefaction wherein effective
stresses is not needed.
G s−1
i cr =
1+e
CLASSIFICATION OF SOIL AND ITS ANALYSIS

*GRAIN ANALYSIS- determined by mean size of SIEVE ANALYSIS. For finer grained soil, the grain
size distribution can be obtained by means of HYDROMETER ANALYSIS. A SIEVE ANALYSIS is
conducted by taking a measure amount of dry, well-pulverized soil and passing it through a stack of
progressively finer sieve with a pan at the bottom, as shown in the figure.
*HYDROMETER ANALYSIS- based on the principle of sedimentation of soil grains in water. When a
soil specimen is dispersed, the particles settle at different velocities depending on their shape, size, weight
and viscosity of water.
US STANDARD SIEVE NUMBER AND THEIR SIEVE OPENINGS
US SIEVE SIZE SIZE OPENING

(mm)
4 4.75
10 2
20 0.850
40 0.425
60 0.250
100 0.150
200 0.075
PARAMETERS FOR GRAIN DISTRIBUTION CURVES
1. EFFECTIVE SIZE (D10) – the diameter at which 10% passes.

2. COEFFICIENT OF UNIFORMITY-
D60
C u=
D10
Where D60 – soil particle diameter @ 60%

D30 – soil particle diameter @ 30%
3. COEFFICIENT OF CURVATURE OR GRADIATION -

2
( D30 )
C u=
D60 D 10
4. SORTING COEFFICIENT – measures uniformity of the soil that is encountered in geologic
works.
D75
So =
√ D25
5. SUITABILITY NUMBER FOR SOILS
3 1 1
SN=
√ 2
+ 2
+
( D50 ) ( D20 ) ( D10 )
2

METHODS OF SOIL CLASSIFICATION

1. AASHTO Method
2. USCS Method
FOR AASHTO (American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials) Method:
GROUP INDEX – utilizes the soil passing percentage through Sieve no. 200 and determines the liquid
limit and plasticity index.
GI =( F−35 ) [0.2+ 0.005 ( ¿−40 ) ]+ 0.01( F−15)(PI −10)
Where F = percentage of soil passing through No. 200 sieve

LL = liquid limit
PI = plasticity index
Notes:
GI should be rounded off to nearest whole number
If GI < 0 , let GI = 0
For soils classified as A-2-6 and A-2-7:
GI =0.01( F−15)( PI−10)

Notes:
For grain size:
1. Gravel - fraction passing 75 mm sieve and retained on the no. 10 sieve (2 mm)
2. Sand – fraction passing no. 10 sieve and retained on the no. 200 sieve
Plasticity
SILTY – when the fine fractions of the soil has a plasticity index of 10 or below.
CLAYEY – for PI ≥ 11.
COUBLES and BOULDERS – size larger than 75mm.
ATTERBERG LIMITS
FOUR STATES OF CONSISTENCY FOR COHESIVE SOIL AS DSECRIBED BY ATTERBERG:
1. LIQUID STATE
2. PLASTIC STATE
3. SEMI-SOLID STATE
4. SOLID STATE
PLASTICITY INDEX – the difference between liquid limit and plastic limit
PI =¿−PL
LIQUID LIMIT – water content at which soil changes from liquid state to plastic state
CONSISTENCY INDEX – commonly used for engineering purposes
¿−ω
CI =
¿−PI
PLASTIC LIMIT – water content at which soil changes from plastic to semi-solid state
LIQUIDITY INDEX – used for scaling natural water content of a soil sample.

ω−PL ω−PL
LI = =
¿−PL PI
SHRINKAGE LIMIT (SL) – water contents at which soil changes FROM SEMI-SOLID STATE to
SOLID STATE OR THE SMALLEST WATER CONTENT at which the soil can be completely
saturated.
( V −V o ) ρ w
SL=ω−
Mo
m1 −m 2 γ w ( v 1−v 2 )
SL= −
m2 m2
Where ω = water content of soil
V = volume of wet soil pat (same as volume of shrinkage dish in cm 3)
Vo = volume of oven dried soil
ρw = density of water (1 gm/cm3)
ALSO:
m1 = initial mass of the soil
m2 = final mass of the soil
v1 = initial volume of the soil
v2 = final volume of the soil
LI DESCRIPTION
Below 0 Soil will have brittle fracture when sheared
0 Water content is in PLASTIC LIMIT
0-0.99 Soil will behave like a plastic
1 Water content is in LIQUID LIMIT
Above 1 Water content > LL
ACTIVITY OF SOIL – used as an index for identifying the potential of clay soils.
PI
A=
% of clay ¿ by weight
SENSIVITY OF CLAY – the reduction of unconfined compression strength when soils are tested after
remolding without any change in the moisture content; ratio of unconfined compression strength of
undisturbed to remolded state.
qu (undisturbed )
St =
qu (remolded )
CLASSIFICATIONS:
St Description
Less than 1 Insensitive
1-1.99 Slightly sensitive
2-3.99 Medium sensitive
4-7.99 Very sensitive
8-15.99 Slightly quick
16-31.99 Medium quick

32-63.99 Very quick

64 and above Extra quick

GEOTECHNICAL
ENGINEERING

GEOTECHNICAL
ENGINEERING
(REVIEW CENTER)

Geotechnical Engineering: e V V V V V e N V V V

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Geotechnical Engineering: e V V V V V e N V V V

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING REVIEW MATERIAL

WEIGHT VOLUME RELATIONSHIP AND INDEX PROPERTIES OF SOIL

 DRY UNIT WEIGHT

 SATURATED UNIT WEIGHT

2018 I COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

 SUBMERGED UNIT WEIGHT

 FOR SATURATED SOIL

 SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF SOIL

 BULK SPECIFIC GRAVITY

 UNIT WEIGHT OF WATER

 RELATIVE INDEX/ DENSITY INDEX

2018 I COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

GI =( F−35 ) [0.2+ 0.005 ( ¿−40 ) ]+ 0.01( F−15)(PI −10)

Where F = percentage of soil passing through No. 200 sieve

C U =0.009 ( ¿−10 ) (UNDISTURBED/VOID)

2018 I COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

 CONSTANT HEAD TEST

 FALLING HEAD TEST

2018 I COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

 EFFECTIVE SOIL PRESSURE

2018 I COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

SETTLEMENT OR COMPRESSIBILITY OF SOIL

( P¿¿ O+∆ P)< PC ¿

2018 I COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

2018 I COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

SHEAR STRENGTH OF SOIL

 MAX PRINCIPLE STRESS/AXIAL STTRESS

 ANGLE OF INTERNAL FRICTION

2018 I COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

2018 I COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

DIRECT SHEAR STRESS

2018 I COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

RANKINE EARTH PRESSURE

PASSIVE (TOWARD FROM THE RETAINED SOIL)

2018 I COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

cosβ−√ cos 2 β−cos 2 ϕ

N F−NUMBER OF FLOW CHANNEL

N d −NUMBER OF PRESSURE DROP

2018 I COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

STRESSES IN SOIL MASS

TERZAGHIS BEARING CAPACITY

A. GENERAL SHAER FAILURE

2018 I COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

BEARING CAPACITY FACTOR

 (WITHOUT GIVEN TABLE)

Pallow =qallow ( AREA )

2018 I COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Pult =q ult ( AREA )

Pnet =q net ( AREA )

ALLOWABLE BEARING CAPACITY IN SHALLOW FOUNDATION

2018 I COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

γ ' =γ=γ sat −γ w

2018 I COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

CAPACITY OF DRIVEN PILE

D c =10 ( DIAMETER OF PILE )

Dc =20 ( DIAMETER OF PILE )

Q f =( AREA PRES DIAGRAM ) K ( PERIMETER ) tanα

QB =( EFF PRES BOTTOM ) N q (A BEARING )

2018 I COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

PILE IN CLAY LAYER

BRACING SYSTEM IN OPEN CUT

 PECKS EMPHIRICL PRES. DIAGRAM

NOTE: BETTER USE 3 EQUILIBRIUM