Formula Sheet - Aeroelasticity - Assessment 2

Euler-Lagrange Energy Equations Potential Energy

Kinetic Energy
2 2
d ∂T ∂T ∂F ∂U ∂(𝛿W 2
1 s 2 1 s 1 s ∂ zSC 1 s ∂𝜃
- + + = T = ∫ 𝜇z␒ CM dy + ∫ 𝜒𝜃␒ 2 dy U = ∫ EI dy + ∫ GJ dy
dt ∂x␒ i ∂xi ∂x␒ i ∂xi ∂(𝛿xi ) 2 0 2 0 2 0 ∂y 2 2 0 ∂y

Divergence (instant gust w g ) Single fixed root wing Aircraft trim in heave (discard 𝛿𝜃0 & LT if not mentioned)
T = 0 𝜃0 ' = 𝜃0 + atan(V / w g ) s dL s dL
𝛿W = ∫ (ec𝛿𝜃)dy 𝛿W = (W - LT )𝛿z - LT lt 𝛿𝜃0 + 2∫ (-𝛿z + ec𝛿𝜃 + lw 𝛿𝜃0 )dy
dL = qcaw 𝛼dy , 𝛼 = 𝜃0 + 𝜃 0 dy 0 dy
q = 1 / 2𝜌V 2 , 𝜌 ≈ 1.225 kg m -3 Div.: 𝜃T → ∞ : qW Div.: 𝜃T , 𝜃0 → ∞ : trimmed qA 𝜃0 = 0 : fixed root qW
Flutter
Assumed solution: { q } = { q } e pt ⟹ { ␒␒q} = p 2 { q }, { q␒ } = p{ q } a22 - 4a4 a0 < 0 : p = ± 𝜎 ± iw → flutter
If
[𝐴] { ␒␒q} + [𝐵] { q␒ } + [C] { 𝑞 } = 0 → p 2 [A] + p[B] + [C] { q } = 0 Else if a0 < 0 : p = (±𝜎, ±i𝜔) → div. & neutral
⟹ det p 2 [A] + p[B] + [C] = 0 → a4 p 4 + a2 p 2 + a0 = 0 Else if a2 < 0 : p = (±𝜎1 , ± 𝜎2 ) → divergence
2
⟹ p1,2 = 1 / (2a4 ) ⋅ -a2 ± a22 - 4a4 a0 Else p = (±i𝜔1 , ± i𝜔2 ) → neutral

Routh-Hurwitz - Flutter and Divergence

a1 1 a1 2 q␒␒1 b1 1 b1 2 q␒ 1 c1 1 c1 2 e1 1 0 q1 Assumed solution: { q } = { q0 } e 𝜆t

+V + V2 +
a2 1 a2 2 ␒␒q2 b2 1 b2 2 q␒ 2 c2 1 c2 2 0 e2 2 q2 e11 = xV 2 e22 = 𝜇xV 2 𝜔flutter = b1 / b3
Flutter Divergence
2 2 2 2
a1 1 𝜆 + Vb1 1 𝜆 + (c1 1 + x)V a1 2 𝜆 + Vb1 2 𝜆 + c1 2 V (c 1 1 + x )V 2 c1 1 V 2
det =0 det =0
a2 1 𝜆 2 + Vb2 1 𝜆 + c21 V 2 a2 2 𝜆 2 + Vb2 2 𝜆 + (c2 2 + 𝜇x)V 2 c21 V 2 (c2 2 + 𝜇x)V 2
⟹ b4 𝜆 4 + b3 𝜆 3 + b2 𝜆 2 + b1 𝜆 + b0 = 0 → b4 b12 - b1 b2 b3 + b0 b32 = 0 → Routh-Hurwitz Criteria, solvable for x
k-Method

Assumed solution: { q } = { q0 } e i𝜔t [ D] = i g [ E ]

g = 2𝜉 = Im(𝜆) / Re(𝜆)
2 1 + ig
[𝐴] { ␒␒q} + (𝜌 𝑉 [𝐵] + [𝐷]){ q␒ } + 𝜌 𝑉 [𝐶] + [𝐸] { 𝑞 } = 0 𝜔 = 1 / Re(𝜆) 𝜆=
2 𝜔2
b b 1 + ig V2 g1 - V1 g2
⟹ [A] - i𝜌 [B ] - 𝜌 [C ] - [E] { q0 } = 0 ⇔ ([F] - 𝜆[E]){ q0 } = 0 𝜔b
k k 𝜔2 V= V flutter =
k g1 - g2
pk-Method

[𝐴] { ␒␒q} + (𝜌 𝑉 [𝐵] + [𝐷]){ q␒ } + 𝜌 𝑉 2 [𝐶] + [𝐸] { 𝑞 } = 0 Assumed solution: { q } = { q 0 }e (𝜎+i𝜔)t = { q 0 } e pVt/b
V2 V2 V V p2 F1 - p1 F2
⟹ 2
[ A] p 2 + 𝜌 [B ] + [D] p + 𝜌V 2 [C] + [E] { q0 } = 0 p = 𝛿+ik = (𝜎 + i𝜔) p3 =
b b b b F1 - F2

Swept Wing (y 0 , s0 along 𝛬 rotated frame and y, s along frame perpendicular to root. x A ≡ ec, perpendicular to y)
∂z
𝛼 = 𝜃0 + 𝜃 cos(Λ) + sin(𝛬)
∂y0
2
y0 y0
For z = qb , 𝜃 = qt with s𝛬 = sin 𝛬 , c𝛬 = cos 𝛬 𝛬 = 0 ⟹ qw = 3GJ / cso2 aw xA
s0 s0

Control Reversal (tipically bc < 0 ⟹ qrev < qw )

s dL dM
𝜙␒ 𝜙␒
2 𝛿W = ∫ y𝛿𝜙 +
𝛿𝜃 dy
dL = qc a0 + aw 𝜃0 + 𝜃 - + ac 𝛽 dy
dM = qc b0 + bw 𝜃0 + 𝜃 - + bc 𝛽 dy
dy
0 dy
V V
s dL
Symmetric wing: a0 = b0 = 0, bw = aw e No roll: 𝜙 = 𝜙␒ = 0 Steady roll: 𝜙␒ = cte Mroot = ∫ y dy = 0 → qrev
0 dy
qrev eac (1 - q / qrev ) (𝜙␒ / 𝛽)flexible q
= No roll: ℑ = Steady roll: ℑ = = 1- 𝜃T → ∞ : qw (𝜙␒ / 𝛽) = 0 → qrev
qw (eac - bc ) (1 - q / q w ) (𝜙␒ / 𝛽)rigid qrev