MULTIPLE-EFFECT EVAPORATORS

The cost of energy forms the main part of the cost of evaporation and for the purpose of increasing
the economy of the evaporator (increasing the amount of evaporated water per unit of mass of
steam) evaporation is used in multiple-stages.

METHODS OF FEEDING
1. Forward feed:
 Solution moves easy between evaporators.
 Not required pumps between stages.
 Need control valves.

2. Backward feed:
 Need pump between stages.
 Give high products.

3. Parallel feed:
 Product from each evaporator.
 Used for crystalline solution.

EVAPORATORS OF EQUAL SIZE

( )
( )
Where:
: Heat transfer rate for first effect.
: Overall heat transfer coefficient in the first effect.
: Heat transfer surface area for first effect.
: Temperature difference in the first effect.
: Steam temperature.
: Boiling point of solution in first effect.

9
 ( )

( )

Where:
: Heat transfer rate for second effect.
: Overall heat transfer coefficient in the second effect.
: Heat transfer surface area for second effect.
: Temperature difference in the second effect.
: Boiling point of solution in second effect.

( )

( )

Where:
: Heat transfer rate for third effect.
: Overall heat transfer coefficient in the third effect.
: Heat transfer surface area for third effect.
: Temperature difference in the third effect.
: Boiling point of solution in third effect.

Evaporators of equal size... that mean all areas are equal.

IF:

But

CAPACITY AND ECONOMY OF MULTI-EFFECT EVAPORATOR

Where:
N: Number of stage effect.

( ) ( ) ( )
( )
̇ ̇ ̇ ̇ ̇ ̇
̇
, ̇ ̇
, ̇ ̇
̇ ̇
̇

01
EXAMPLE:-
Estimate the requirements of steam, heat transfer surface, evaporating temperature in each
effect, and the amount of evaporated in each stage, for a triple effect evaporator evaporating
(500 Kg/hr.) of a 10% solution up to a 30% solution. Steam is available at (200kPa) gauge and
(134 ºC); the temperature in the evaporation space in the final effect is (86 ºC). Assume that the
overall heat transfer coefficients are 2270, 2000, and 1420(W/m2. ºC) in the first, second and
third effects respectively. Neglect sensible heat effects and assume no boiling-point evaluation,
and assume equal heat transfer in each effect.
𝐾𝐽 𝐾𝐽 𝐾𝐽 𝐾𝐽
Given: 𝜆𝑠 2164 , 𝜆𝑣 2200 , 𝜆𝑣 2240 𝐾𝑔 , 𝜆𝑣 2294 𝐾𝑔
𝐾𝑔 𝐾𝑔

Solution
𝑞 𝑞 𝑞
𝑈 𝐴 𝑇 𝑈 𝐴 𝑇 𝑈 𝐴 𝑇
𝑇𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑇 𝑇 𝑇 (𝟏)
𝑇𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 (𝑇𝑠 𝑇 ) 134 86 48℃
IF: 𝐴 𝐴 𝐴 𝐴
𝑭𝑶𝑹 (𝟏): 𝒒𝟏 𝒒𝟐
𝑈 𝐴 𝑇 𝑈
𝑈 𝐴 𝑇 𝑈 𝐴 𝑇 𝑇 𝑇 𝑇 (𝟐)
𝑈 𝐴 𝑈
𝑭𝑶𝑹 (𝟐): 𝒒𝟏 𝒒𝟑
𝑈 𝐴 𝑇 𝑈
𝑈 𝐴 𝑇 𝑈 𝐴 𝑇 𝑇 𝑇 𝑇 (𝟑)
𝑈 𝐴 𝑈
𝑺𝒖𝒃 𝒆𝒒 (𝟐, 𝟑)𝒊𝒏 (𝟏)
𝑈 𝑈 𝑈 𝑈
𝑇𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑇 𝑇 𝑇 𝑇𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑇 (1 )
𝑈 𝑈 𝑈 𝑈
2270 2270
48 𝑇 1 𝑇 12 9℃ [𝒔𝒖𝒃 𝒊𝒏 𝒆𝒒 (𝟐)]
2000 1420
𝑇 (𝑇𝑠 𝑇 ) 𝑇 𝑇𝑠 𝑇 𝑇 134 12 9 121 1 ℃
2270
𝑇 (12 9) 14 6℃ 𝑇 (𝑇 𝑇) 𝑇 121 14 6 106 5 ℃
2000
Overall material balance:
𝑚̇ 𝑓 𝑚̇ 𝑉 500 𝑚̇ 𝑉
Solute material balance:
𝑚̇ 𝑓 x𝑓 𝑚̇ x𝑚 (500) × (0 1) 𝑚̇ × (0 3) 𝑚̇ 167 𝑘𝑔/ ℎ𝑟
𝑉 𝑉𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 500 167 333 𝑘𝑔/ ℎ𝑟
𝑉𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 333 𝑉 𝑉 𝑉 (𝟒)
𝐵𝑢𝑡: 𝑞 𝑞 𝑞 𝑞𝑠
𝑉 𝜆𝑣 𝑉 𝜆𝑣 𝑉 𝜆𝑣 𝑚̇ 𝑠 𝜆𝑠
𝜆𝑣
𝑭𝑶𝑹 (𝟏): 𝒒𝟏 𝒒𝟐 𝑉 𝜆𝑣 𝑉 𝜆𝑣 𝑉 𝑉 (𝟓)
𝜆𝑣
𝜆𝑣
𝑭𝑶𝑹 (𝟐): 𝒒𝟏 𝒒𝟑 𝑉 𝜆𝑣 𝑉 𝜆𝑉 𝑉 𝑉 (𝟔)
𝜆𝑉
𝜆𝑣
𝑭𝑶𝑹 (𝟑): 𝒒𝟏 𝒒𝒔 𝑉 𝜆𝑣 𝑚̇ 𝑠 𝜆𝑠 𝑚̇ 𝑠 𝑉 (7)
𝜆𝑠
𝑺𝒖𝒃 𝒆𝒒 (𝟓, 𝟔)𝒊𝒏 (𝟒)
𝜆𝑣 𝜆𝑣 2200 2240 𝑘𝑔
333 𝑉 𝑉 𝑉 333 𝑉 1 𝑉 113 [𝒔𝒖𝒃 𝒊𝒏 𝒆𝒒 (𝟓, 𝟔, 𝟕)]
𝜆𝑣 𝜆𝑉 2240 2294 ℎ𝑟
2200 2240
𝑉 2240
(113) 𝑉 111 𝑘𝑔/ ℎ𝑟 ,𝑉 2294
(113) 𝑉 108 𝑘𝑔/ ℎ𝑟
2200
𝑚̇ 𝑠 (113) 𝑚̇ 𝑠 115 𝑘𝑔/ ℎ𝑟
2164
(115)(2164)(1000)
𝑞 𝑚̇ 𝑠 𝜆𝑠 𝑈 𝐴 (𝑇𝑆 𝑇) (2270)(𝐴)[(134) (121 1)] 𝐴 24𝑚
3600

𝐵𝑢𝑡: 𝐴 𝐴 𝐴 𝐴𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐴1 𝐴2 𝐴3 𝐴𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 24 24 24 7 2𝑚

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