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212 Sample-Chapter PDF
212 Sample-Chapter PDF
2
Analysis of Stress
2.1 INTRODUCTION
A body under the action of external forces, undergoes distortion and the effect due to this system of
forces is transmitted throughout the body developing internal forces in it. To examine these internal
forces at a point O in Figure 2.1 (a), inside the body, consider a plane MN passing through the point
O. If the plane is divided into a number of small areas, as in Figure 2.1 (b), and the forces acting on
each of these measured, it will be observed that these forces vary from one small area to the next.
On the small area DA at point O, there will be acting a force of DF as shown in Figure 2.1 (b). From
this, it can be understood that the concept of stress is the internal force per unit area. Assuming the
material is continuous, the term “stress” at any point across a small area DA can be defined by the
limiting equation (2.1).
DF
Stress = lim (2.1)
DAÆ0 DA
where DF is the internal force on the area DA surrounding the given point. Stress is sometimes referred
to as force intensity.
F3 F4 F3
y M y M
Fi DF
n
O
O
F2 F2
N N
F1 Fn
F1
x x
z z
(a)
(b)
o
txz sx
F2
F1
otherwise it is written as
È sx txy txz ˘
Í ˙
S = Ítyx sy tyz ˙ (2.4)
Ítzx tzy sz ˙
Î ˚
tyy ∫ sy
tyx
tyz
txy
sx sz
tzy txx ∫ sx
tzx txz
X
tzz ∫ sz
sy
Èsm 0 0˘
Í0 sm 0 ˙˙
Í (2.6)
ÍÎ 0 0 sm ˙˚
The deviatorial type of stress is given by
D F1
s 11 = lim
DA1 Æ 0 D A1
D F2
s 12 = lim (2.8)
DA1 Æ 0 D A1
D F3
s 13 = lim
DA1 Æ 0 D A1
Here, the symbol s is used for both normal and shear stresses.
In general, all components of stress can now be defined by a single equation:
D Fj
s ij = lim (2.9)
D Ai Æ 0 D Ai
P
(a) One-dimensional stress P2
P2 P3
P1 P1
P1
P3
P2
(b) Two-dimensional stress (c) Three-dimensional stress
Y¢ Y y¢
Y q F3 X¢
F2
M tx ¢y ¢
sx q sx¢
t x¢ y ¢ X¢ q
sx ¢ F4 O
q txy
F1 txy
Fn P Dz
N
sy
X X
Z Z
Figure 2.6 Thin body subjected to Figure 2.7 Stress components acting on faces of a small
stresses in xy plane wedge cut from the body of Figure 2.6
Consider an infinitesimal wedge cut from the loaded body shown in Figure 2.6. It is required to
determine the stresses sx ¢ and tx ¢y ¢ , that refer to axes x ¢, y ¢ making an angle q with axes x, y as shown
in Figure 2.7. Let side MN be normal to the x ¢ axis.
Considering sx ¢ and tx ¢y ¢ as positive and area of side MN as unity, the sides MP and PN have areas
cos q and sin q, respectively.
Equilibrium of the forces in the x and y directions requires that
Tx = sx cosq + txy sinq
Ty = txy cosq + sy sinq (2.10)
where Tx and Ty are the components of stress resultant acting on MN in the x and y directions
respectively. The normal and shear stresses on the x¢ plane (MN plane) are obtained by projecting
Tx and Ty in the x ¢ and y ¢ directions.
sx ¢ = Tx cosq + Ty sinq (2.11)
tx ¢y ¢ = Ty cosq – Tx sinq
Upon substitution of stress resultants from Equation (2.9), Equation (2.10) become
sx ¢ = s x cos2q + s y sin 2q + 2t xy sinq cos q
tx ¢y ¢ = txy (cos2q – sin 2q) + (s y – s x ) sinq cos q (2.12)
Ê pˆ
The stress sy ¢ is obtained by substituting Á q + ˜ for q in the expression for sx ¢ .
Ë 2¯
By means of trigonometric identities
1 1
cos2q = (1+ cos 2 q), sinq cosq = sin2q, (2.13)
2 2
2 1
sin q = (1–cos2q)
2
Analysis of Stress 11
The transformation equations for stresses are now written in the following form:
1 1
sx ¢ = (
2
) ( )
sx + sy + sx - sy cos 2q + txy sin 2q
2
(2.13a)
1 1
( ) ( )
sy ¢ = sx + sy - sx - sy cos 2q - txy sin 2q
2 2
(2.13b)
1
( )
tx ¢y ¢ = - sx - sy sin 2q + txy cos 2q
2
(2.13c)
Êsx -sy ˆ
Maximum shear stress, t max = Á (2.17)
Ë 2 ˜¯
T (n ) = –T(-n )
T (n ) = s T (n ) (2.18)
where (n ) is the unit normal to ΔS and s is the stress matrix. Further, in the regions where the field
variables have sufficiently smooth variations to allow spatial derivatives up to any order, we have
rA = div s + f (2.19)
where r = material mass density
A = acceleration field
f = body force per unit volume.
This result expresses a necessary and sufficient condition for the balance of linear momentum.
When Equation (2.18) is satisfied,
s = sT (2.20)
which is equivalent to the balance of moment of momentum with respect to an arbitrary point. In
deriving (2.19), it is implied that there are no body couples. If body couples and/or couple stresses
are present, Equation (2.20) is modified but Equation (2.19) remains unchanged.
Cauchy’s stress principle has four essential ingradients
1. The physical dimensions of stress are (force)/(area).
2. Stress is defined on an imaginary surface that separates the region under consideration into two
parts.
3. Stress is a vector or vector field equipollent to the action of one part of the material on the
other.
4. The direction of the stress vector is not restricted.
B
n
b
P
g a
X
O C
B n
Ty
dy
Tx
Tz dx
P X
C
dz
In Figure 2.9, Tx , Ty , Tz are the Cartesian components of stress resultant T, acting on oblique plane
ABC. It is required to relate the stresses on the perpendicular planes intersecting at the origin to the
normal and shear stresses acting on ABC.
The orientation of the plane ABC may be defined in terms of the angle between a unit normal n
to the plane and the x, y, z directions. The direction cosines associated with these angles are
14 Elasticity for Engineers
cos (n, x) = l
cos (n, y) = m and (2.21)
cos (n, z) = n
But the three direction cosines are related by
l2 + m2 + n2 = 1 (2.22)
The area of the perpendicular plane PAB, PAC, PBC may now be expressed in terms of A, the area
of ABC, and the direction cosines.
Therefore, area of PAB = APAB = Ax = A . i
= A (li + mj + nk) . i
Hence, APAB = Al
The other two areas are similarly obtained. In doing so, we have altogether
APAB = Al, APAC = Am and APBC = An
Here, i, j and k are unit vectors in x, y and z directions, respectively.
Now, for equilibrium of the tetrahedron, the sum of forces in x, y and z directions must
be zero.
Therefore, Tx A = sx Al + txy Am + txz An (2.23)
Dividing throughout by A, we get
Tx = sx l + txy m + txz n (2.23a)
Similarly, for equilibrium in y and z directions,
Ty = txy l + sy m + tyz n (2.23b)
and Tz = txz l + tyz m + sz n (2.23c)
The stress resultant on A is thus determined on the basis of known stresses sx , sy , sz , txy , tyz , tzx
and a knowledge of the orientation of A.
Equations (2.23a), (2.23b) and (2.23c) are known as Cauchy’s stress formula. These equations
show that the nine rectangular stress components at point P will enable one to determine the stress
components on any arbitrary plane passing through point P.
X¢
n
Y¢
s x¢
tx¢y¢
tx¢z¢
X
Z¢
X Y Z
X¢ l1 m1 n1
Y¢ l2 m2 n2
Z¢ l3 m3 n3
'
Normal stress sx ¢ is found by projecting Tx , Ty and Tz in the X direction and adding:
sx ¢ = Tx l1 + Ty m1 + Tz n1 (2.25)
Equations (2.23a), (2.23b), (2.23c) and (2.25) are combined to yield
sx ¢ = sx l12 + sy m12 + sz n12 + 2(Txy l1 m1 +tyz m1 n1 + txz l1 n1) (2.26)
Similarly, by projecting Tx , Ty , Tz in the y ¢ and z ¢ directions, we obtain, respectively
tx ¢y ¢ = sx l1 l2+sy m1 m2+sz n1 n2+txy (l1 m2 + m1l2)+tyz(m1 n2 + n1 m2) + txz (n1l2 + l1n2) (2.26a)
tx ¢z ¢ = sx l1 l3 +sy m1 m3+sz n1 n3 +txy (l1 m3 + m1 l3)+tyz (m1 n3 + n1 m3)+txz (n1 l3+ l1 n3) (2.26b)
Recalling that the stresses on three mutually perpendicular planes are required to specify the stress
at a point (one of these planes being the oblique plane in question), the remaining components are
found by considering those planes perpendicular to the oblique plane. For one such plane n would
now coincide with y ¢ direction, and expressions for the stresses sy ¢ , ty ¢ , ty ¢z ¢ would be derived. In
a similar manner the stresses sz ¢ , tz ¢x ¢ , tz ¢y ¢ are determined when n coincides with the z ¢ direction.
16 Elasticity for Engineers
Owing to the symmetry of stress tensor, only six of the nine stress components thus developed are
unique. The remaining stress components are as follows:
sy ¢ = sx l 22 + sy m 22 + sz n 22 + 2 (txy l2 m2 + tyz m2 n2 + txz l2 n2) (2.26c)
2 2 2
sz ¢ = sx l 3 + sy m 3
+ sz n 3
+ 2 (txy l3 m3 + tyz m3 n3 + txz l3 n3) (2.26d)
ty ¢z ¢ = sx l2 l3 +sy m2 m3 +sz n2 n3+txy (m2 l3 + l2 m3)+tyz (n2 m3 + m2 n3)+txz (l2 n3 + n2 l3) (2.26e)
Equations (2.26 to 2.26e) represent expressions transforming the quantities sx , sy , txy , tyz , txz to
completely define the state of stress.
It is to be noted that, because, X ¢, Y ¢, and Z ¢ are orthogonal, the nine direction cosines must satisfy
trigonometric relations of the following form.
2 2 2
li + mi + ni =1 (i = 1,2,3)
and l1 l 2 + m 1 m 2 + n 1 n2 =0
l2 l3 + m 2 m 3 + n 2 n3 =0 (2.26f)
l1 l3 + m 1 m 3 + n 1 n3 =0
If we denote the expressions for direction cosines given in Table 2.1 by the matrix [ a ], then the nine
stress components in the new coordinate system X ¢, Y ¢, Z ¢ can be written as
Ès' ˘ = [ a ] [s] [ a ]T (2.26g)
Î ˚
In other words, in an expanded form:
È s x¢ t x¢ y ¢ t x ¢ z ¢ ˘ È 1 Ès t xy t xz ˘
m1 n1 ˘ Í x ˙ È 1 2 3 ˘
Í ˙
Ít y ¢ x ¢ s y¢ t y ¢ z ¢ ˙ = Í 2 m2 n2 ˙˙ Í t yx sy t yz ˙ Ím m2 m3 ˙˙ (2.26h)
Í Í ˙ Í 1
Ít z ¢ x ¢ t z¢ y¢ s z ¢ ˙˚ ÍÎ 3 m3 n3 ˚˙ Ít t zy s z ˙˚ ÍÎ n1 n2 n3 ˚˙
Î Î zx
∂n ∂n
T x+ T z = 0, Ty + Tz =0 (2.27b)
∂l ∂m
Tx Ty Tz
= = (2.27c)
l m n
These proportionalities indicate that the stress resultant must be parallel to the unit normal and
therefore contains no shear component. Therefore, from Equations (2.23a), (2.23b) and (2.23c), we
can write as below denoting the principal stress by sP
Tx = s P l Ty = sP m Tz = s P n (2.27d)
These expressions together with Equations (2.23a), (2.23b) and (2.23c) lead to
(s x – s P)l + txy m + txz n = 0
txy l+(s y – s P) m + tyz n = 0 (2.28)
txz l + tyz m + (s z – s P) n = 0
A non-trivial solution for the direction cosines requires that the characteristic determinant should
vanish.
where I1 = s x + s y + s z (2.30a)
2 2 2
I2 = s x s y + s y s z + s zs x – t xy – t yz –t xz (2.30b)
sx txy txz
I3 = txy sy tyz (2.30c)
txz tyz sz
The three roots of Equation (2.30) are the principal stresses, corresponding to which are three
sets of direction cosines that establish the relationship of the principal planes to the origin of the
non-principal axes.
Therefore, the combination of stresses at a point that do not change with the orientation of coordinate
axes is called stress-invariants. Hence, the definition from Equation (2.30)
s x + s y + s z = I1 = First invariant of stress
2 2 2
s xs y + s ys z + s zs x – t xy – t yz – t zx = I2 = Second invariant of stress
2 2 2
s xs ys z – s xt yz – s yt xz – s zt xy + 2txy tyz txz = I3 = Third invariant of stress
tyx
sy
X
It is to be noted that the components of stress generally vary from point to point in a stressed
body. These variations are governed by the conditions of equilibrium of statics. Fulfilment of these
conditions establishes certain relationships, known as the differential equations of equilibrium. These
involve the derivatives of the stress components.
Assume that s x, s y, txy, tyx are functions of x, y but do not vary throughout the thickness
(are independent of z) and that the other stress components are zero.
Also assume that the x and y components of the body forces per unit volume, Fx and Fy, are
independent of z, and that the z component of the body force Fz = 0. As the element is very small,
the stress components may be considered to be distributed uniformly over each face.
Now, taking moments of force about the lower left corner and equating to zero,
Dy 1 Ê ∂sy ˆ Dx Ê ∂tyx ˆ
- (sx Dy )
2
( 2 Ë
)
+ txy Dy - Á sy +
∂y
Dy ˜ Dx
¯
+ Á tyx +
2 Ë ∂y
Dy˜ Dx Dy
¯
Ê ∂txy ˆ Ê ∂s ˆ Dy Dx 1
- Á txy + Dx˜ Dx Dy + Á sx + x Dx˜ Dy + sy Dx - tyx Dx +
Ë ∂x ¯ Ë ∂x ¯ 2 2 2
Dy Dx
( Fx Dy Dx ) - Fy Dx Dy =0
2 2
Analysis of Stress 19
Neglecting the higher terms involving Dx, and Dy and simplifying the above expression is reduced
to
txy Dx Dy = tyx Dx Dy
or txy = tyx
In a like manner, it may be shown that
tyz = tzy and txz = tzx
Now, from the equilibrium of forces in x-direction, we obtain
Ê ∂sx ˆ Ê ∂tyx ˆ
–s x Dy + Á sx + Dx˜ Dy + Á tyx + Dy ˜ Dx - tyx Dx + Fx Dx Dy = 0
Ë ∂x ¯ Ë ∂y ¯
Simplifying, we get
∂sx ∂tyx
+ + Fx = 0
∂x ∂y
∂sx ∂txy
or + + Fx = 0
∂x ∂y
A similar expression is written to describe the equilibrium of y forces. The x and y equations yield
the following differential equations of equilibrium.
∂sx ∂txy
+ + Fx = 0 (2.31a)
∂x ∂y
∂sy ∂txy
or + Fy = 0 since txy = tyx
+ (2.31b)
∂y ∂x
Differential equations of equilibrium for the case of three-dimensional stress may be generalized
from the above expressions as follows [Figure 2.12].
Y ∂t yx
t yx + y
∂s y ∂y
sy +
∂t yz ∂y y ∂s z
t yz + y sz + Dz
∂y ∂z
∂t xz ∂t xy
t xz + z t xy + Dx
∂y ∂y
xz
∂s x
x zy sx + Dx
∂x
xy zx
X
z
yz z
yx ∂t xz
y
t xz + Dx
∂x
x y
∂t yz
t yz + Dz
Z ∂z
Tx = s 1 l, Ty = s2 m and Tz = s3 n (2.33)
Y 2
B n B Octahedral plane
oct
1 3 1
C
A
A C
3
Z X
2
1 +
2 2 – +
1 2
1
(b)
+
zy
zy
zy – +
2 1
yz
(c)
Figure 2.14 Simple biaxial stress systems: (a) compression, (b) tension/compression, (c) pure shear
B
txy Ty
txy
y¢ sx ¢ x¢
sx Tx
sx sx
q
q
A C
txy
sy sy
t 1
s¢ = (sx + sy )
2
y D
B(sy , txy )
s2 tmax
y¢ B¢
A1 s
O B1 C
2q
A¢ x¢
–tmax
A(sx , – txy )
E
x
s1
An angle of 2q on the circle corresponds to an angle of q on the element. The state of stress
associated with the original x and y planes corresponds to points A and B on the circle respectively.
Points lying on the diameter other than AB, such as A¢ and B ¢ , define state of stress with respect to
any other set of x ¢ and y ¢ planes rotated relative to the original set through an angle q.
Analysis of Stress 25
dq Ê ∂sq ˆ dq dq Ê ∂trq ˆ
-sq dr cos + sq + dq ˜ dr cos + trq dr sin + trq + dq ˜ dr
2 ÁË ∂q ¯ 2 2 ÁË ∂q ¯
dq Ê ∂trq ˆ
sin - trq rdq + ( r + dr ) dq Á trq + dr ˜ + Fq = 0
2 Ë ∂r ¯
On simplification, we get
Ê ∂sq ∂trq ˆ
ÁË ∂q + trq + trq + r ∂r ˜¯ dq dr = 0
IN THREE DIMENSIONS IN A sz + ∂s z dz
∂z
CYLINDRICAL COORDINATE
∂t q z ∂t zr
SYSTEM tqz +
∂z
dz tzr +
∂z
dz
EXAMPLE 2.2 The state of stress at a point relative to xyz coordinate system is given by the stress
matrix
È 15 10 -10˘
s ij = ÍÍ 10 10 0 ˙˙ MPa
ÍÎ-10 0 40 ˙˚
Determine the normal stress and magnitude of shear stress on a surface intersecting the point and
parallel to the plane given by the equation 2x – y + 3z = 9.
Solution: The direction cosines of the normal to the plane are
i 2 2 2
l = = = =
i2 + j2 + k 2 (2) 2 + (-1) 2 + (3) 2 4 +1+ 9 14
j -1
m = =
2
l + j +k 2 2 14
k 3
n = =
i2 + j2 + k 2 14
Tx = s x l + t x y m + t xz n
= 15 2 ( ) (
14 + 10 -1 14 + (-10) 3 ) ( 14 )
\ Tx = – 2.67 MPa
Ty = t xy l + s y m + t yz n
Ê -1ˆ
= 10 2 ( )
14 + 10 Á ˜ + 0 3
Ë 14 ¯
( 14 )
28 Elasticity for Engineers
1
0 = [c2 + c3 + 1]
3
\ 1 + c2 + c3 = 0 (2.52)
Solving equations (2.50), (2.51), and (2.52), we get
c1 = –1/2, c2 = –1/2 and c3 = –1/2
EXAMPLE 2.4 The state of stress at a point in a body is given by the matrix shown below.
Ès 2 1˘
s ij = Í 2
Í 0 1 ˙˙
ÍÎ 1 2 0 ˙˚
Determine s such that there is at least one plane passing through the point in such a way that the
resultant stress on that plane is zero.
Solution:
Since the resultant stress on the plane is zero,
Tx = Ty = Tz = 0
Hence,
Tx = sl + 2m + n = 0 (2.53)
Ty = 2l + 0 + 2n = 0 (2.54)
Tz = l + 2m + 0 = 0 (2.55)
From equation (2.55), l = – 2m
From (2.54), 2l = – 2n
2 (–2m) = – 2n
\ n = 2m
From equation (2.53), s (– 2m) + 2m + 2m = 0
2s m + 4m = 0
2sm = 4m
\ s = 2
EXAMPLE 2.5 The state of stress at a point in a material is defined by the components
È109 -22 47 ˘
Tij = Í-22 -54 63˙ MPa
Í ˙ Z
ÍÎ 47 63 83 ˙˚
N
Find the normal and shear stress on the plane parallel to z-axis and
equally inclined to the x and y-axes.
45°
Solution:
Since the plane is parallel to z-axis, the normal to the plane is
X Y
perpendicular to the z-axis. Hence, the direction cosines of the normal
to the plane are
30 Elasticity for Engineers
x y z
1 1
x¢ 0
2 2
1 1
y¢ – 0
2 2
z¢ 0 0 1
Using Equations (2.26), (2.26a), (2.26b), (2.26c), (2.26d) and (2.26e), we get
1 1 1
s x¢ = 4 ¥ + 6 ¥ + 0 + 2 ¥1¥ + 0 + 0
2 2 2
= 6 MPa
1 1 1
s y¢ = 4 ¥ + 6 ¥ + 0 - 2 ¥ 1 ¥ + 0 + 0
2 2 2
= 4 MPa
s z¢ = 0 + 0 + 8 ¥ 1 + 0 + 0 + 0
= 8 MPa
1 1 Ê 1 1ˆ
t x¢y ¢ = -4 ¥ + 6 ¥ + 0 + 1Á - ˜ + 0 + 0
2 2 Ë 2 2¯
= 1 MPa
Ê 1 ˆ
t y¢z ¢ = 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 2 Á - ˜
Ë 2¯
= - 2 MPa
Ê 1 ˆ
t x ¢z ¢ = 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 2 Á
Ë 2 ˜¯
= 2 MPa
Hence, the new stress tensor becomes
È 6 1 2˘
Í ˙
Í1 4 - 2 ˙ MPa
Í ˙
ÍÎ 2 - 2 8 ˙˚
Now, the new invariants are
I1¢ = 6 + 4 + 8 = 18
I 2¢ = 6 ¥ 4 + 4 ¥ 8 + 6 ¥ 8 - 1 - 2 - 2 = 99
Ê 5 ˆ
I 3¢ = 6 ¥ 30 - 1 ¥ 10 + 2 Á - ˜ = 160
Ë 2¯
which remains unchanged. Hence proved.
Analysis of Stress 31
EXAMPLE 2.7 The state-of-stress at a point is given by the following array of terms
È9 6 3˘
Í6 5 2˙˙ MPa
Í
ÍÎ3 2 4˙˚
Determine the principal stresses and principal directions.
Solution: The principal stresses are the roots of the cubic equation
s 3 – I1 s 2 + I2 s – I 3 = 0
Here, I1 = 9 + 5 + 4 = 18
I 2 = 9 ¥ 5 + 5 ¥ 4 + 9 ¥ 4 - (6) - ( 2) - (3) = 52
2 2 2
I 3 = 9 ¥ 5 ¥ 4 - 9 ¥ 4 - 5 ¥ 9 - 4 ¥ 36 + 2 ¥ 6 ¥ 2 ¥ 3 = 27
\ The cubic equation becomes
s 3 – 18s 2 + 52s – 27 = 0
The roots of the cubic equation are the principal stresses. Hence, the three principal stresses are
s1 = 14.554 MPa; s2 = 2.776 MPa and s3 = 0.669 MPa
Now to find principal directions for s1 stress:
(9 - 14.554) 6 3
6 (5 - 14.554) 2
3 2 (4 - 14.554)
-5.554 6 3
= 6 -9.554 2
3 2 -10.554
È-9.554 2 ˘
A =Í =100.83 – 4 = 96.83
Î 2 - 10.554˙˚
È6 2 ˘
B = -Í ˙ = –(–63.324 – 6) = 69.324
Î3 -10.554˚
È6 -9.554˘
C =Í = 12 + 28.662 = 40.662
Î3 2 ˙˚
A2 + B 2 + C 2
y¢ x¢
y¢
x¢ 73.15°
28.15°
s2 = 16.5 s¢
t
s ¢ = 41.4
D
Y
B(27.6, 20.7) 2q ¢s
F s
O B1 C A1
2q ¢p
A(55.2, – 20.7)
E X
EXAMPLE 2.9 The stress (in N/m2) acting on an element of a loaded body is shown in Figure 2.20.
Apply Mohr’s circle to determine the normal and shear stresses acting on a plane defined by q = 30°.
Y
Solution: Mohr’s circle drawn below describes the state of sy = 14 ¥ 106
stress for the given element. Points A1 and B1 represent the
stress components on the x and y faces, respectively. The radius
106
of the circle is (14 + 28) = 21 ¥ 106 . Corresponding to the sx = 28 ¥ 106
2 30°
30° plane within the element, it is necessary to rotate through X
60° counterclockwise on the circle to locate point A¢. A 240°
counterclockwise rotation locates point B ¢ .
Figure 2.20
Analysis of Stress 35
240 Ê 1 ˆ 2
s=0+ Á ˜ + 0 = 120 N/mm
2 Ë 2¯
Resultant stress on the plane is
2
È 240 ˘
= 0+Í ˙ +0
Î 2˚
T = 169.706 N/mm 2
But shear stress t can be determined from the relation
T2 = s 2 + t 2
or t = T2 -s2
= (169.706) 2 - (120) 2
t = 120 N/mm2
1
Case (ii) For l = m = n =
3
2
È 240 ˘
T = 0+Í ˙ +0
Î 3˚
T = 138.56 N/mm 2
EXAMPLE 2.11 A body is subjected to three-dimensional forces and the state of stress at a point
in it is represented as
È 200 200 200 ˘
Í200 -100 200 ˙ MPa
Í ˙
ÍÎ200 200 -100 ˙˚
Determine the normal stress, shearing stress and resultant stress on the octahedral plane.
Solution: For the octahedral plane, the direction cosines are
1
l=m=n=
3
Here s x = 200 MPa
s y = – 100 MPa
s z = – 100 MPa
txy = tyz = tzx = 200 MPa
Substituting the above in Cauchy’s formula, we get
Ê 1 ˆ Ê 1 ˆ Ê 1 ˆ
Tx = 200 Á ˜ + 200 Á ˜ + 200 Á ˜ = 346.41 MPa
Ë 3¯ Ë 3¯ Ë 3¯
Ê 1 ˆ Ê 1 ˆ Ê 1 ˆ
Ty = 200 Á ˜ - 100 Á ˜ + 200 Á ˜ = 173.20 MPa
Ë 3¯ Ë 3¯ Ë 3¯
Ê 1 ˆ Ê 1 ˆ Ê 1 ˆ
Tz = 200 Á ˜ + 200 Á ˜ - 100 Á ˜ = 173.20 MPa
Ë 3¯ Ë 3¯ Ë 3¯
Normal stress on the plane is given by
s = Tx . l + Ty . m + Tz n
Ê 1 ˆ Ê 1 ˆ Ê 1 ˆ
= 346.41Á ˜ + 173.20 Á ˜ + 173.20 Á ˜
Ë 3¯ Ë 3¯ Ë 3¯
s = 400 MPa
Resultant stress = T = Tx2 + Ty2 + Tz2
Ê 1 ˆ Ê 1ˆ Ê 1ˆ
Ty = -20 Á ˜ + 20 Á ˜ + 10 Á ˜ = 0.858 kPa
Ë 2¯ Ë 2 ¯ Ë 2¯
Ê 1 ˆ Ê 1ˆ Ê 1ˆ
Tz = 40 Á + 10 Á ˜ + 30 Á ˜ = 48.28 kPa
Ë 2 ˜¯ Ë 2¯ Ë 2¯
Now, resultant stress is given by
( )
T = 45.35 i + 0.858 j + 48.28 k kPa
EXAMPLE 2.15 The stress tensor at a point is given by the following array
È40 20 30 ˘
Í20 30 40˙ (kPa )
Í ˙ kPa
ÍÎ30 40 20˙˚
È( 40 - 30) 20 30 ˘
Í ˙
= Í 20 (30 - 30) 40 ˙
ÍÎ 30 40 (20 - 30)˙˚
È10 20 30˘
Í
= Í20 0 40˙˙ kPa
ÎÍ30 40 -10˙˚
Èsm 0 0˘
Í sm 0 ˙˙
Spherical stress tensor = Í 0
ÎÍ 0 0 sm ˙˚
È30 0 0 ˘
= ÍÍ 0 30 0 ˙˙ kPa
ÍÎ 0 0 30˙˚
40 Elasticity for Engineers
\ (ii) becomes 0 + 5 xz + 3 + 3 xy 2
to zero.
Hence, the given stress components do not satisfy the equilibrium equations.
Recalling (a), (b) and (c) with body forces, the equations can be modified as below.
∂sx ∂txy ∂txz
+ + + Fx = 0 (d)
∂x ∂y ∂z
42 Elasticity for Engineers
EXAMPLE 2.18 At a point in a given material, the three-dimensional state of stress is given by
s x = s y = s z = 10 N/mm 2 , t xy = 20 N/mm 2 and t yz = t zx = 10 N/mm 2
Compute the principal planes if the corresponding principal stresses are
s 1 = 37.3 N/mm 2 , s 2 = -10 N/mm 2 , s 3 = 2.7 N/mm 2
Solution: The principal planes can be obtained by their direction cosines l, m and n associated with
each of the three principal stresses, s 1, s 2 and s 3.
(a) To find principal plane for stress s1
(10 - 37.3) 20 10 -27.3 20 10
20 (10 - 37.3) 10 = 20 -27.3 10
10 10 (10 - 37.3) 10 10 -27.3
-27.3 10
Now, A= = 745.29–100
10 -27.3
A = 645.29
20 10
B=-
10 -27.3
= -(-546 - 100)
B = 646
20 -27.3
C=
10 10
= 200 + 270.3
C = 470.3
A -46.71
l3 = = = -0.326
2
A + B +C 2 2 142.92
B -46
m3 = = = -0.322
2
A + B +C 2 2 142.92
C 127
n3 = = = 0.888
2
A + B +C 2 2 142.92
EXERCISES
1. Define stress at a point in a body under the action of external forces.
2. Derive the differential equation of equilibrium in two dimensions.
3. Explain (a) invariants of stress and (b) octahedral stresses.
4. What is meant by octahedral shear stress. Arrive at its value in terms of principal stress.
5. Given the following stress matrix (in kN/m2), obtain the principal stresses and their direction
cosines.
È 10 20 - 40 ˘
Í 20 - 20 - 20˙˙
Í
ÍÎ-40 - 20 10 ˙˚
sx =
w
10 I
(
5 x 2 + 2c 2 y -
w 3
3I
y )
sy = -
w
6I
(
2c3 + 3c 2 y - y 3 )
txy =
w
2I
x c2 - y 2 ( )
Find the body forces required to satisfy the equilibrium conditions.
8. The components of stress at a point are
s x = 2 MPa s y = 1.5 MPa t xy = t yz = 1 MPa t zx = -1 MPa
Determine the normal and shearing stresses on the octahedral plane and the direction of the
shearing stress.
9. The state of stress at a point is given by the following array of terms in the x,y,z coordinates
system
È10 15 20˘
t ij = ÍÍ15 25 15 ˙˙ MPa
ÍÎ20 15 30 ˙˚
46 Elasticity for Engineers
if a new set of axis x ¢ y ¢ z ¢ is formed by rotating x y z axes through 60° about the z-axis in the
anticlockwise direction, determine the components of stress for the new axes. Also prove that
the invariants remain unchanged.
17. The components of stress at a point are:
s x = 10 kPa t xy = 20 kPa
s y = -20 kPa t yz = 30 kPa
s z = -20 kPa t xz = 30 kPa
Determine
(a) The principal stresses at the point
(b) Deviatoric and spherical stress tensors.
18. The stress components at a point in cylindrical coordinates are:
sr = r 3q + r trq = r 2q
sq = r 2 z + q 2 tq z = q z + q 2
2 2
sz = r z + q z trz = rz 2
p
Determine the body force distributions at the point (3, , 5) for the body to be in equilibrium.
3
19. The state of stress at a point in a body is specified by the following stress components:
s x = 110 MPa t xy = 60 MPa
s y = -86 MPa t yz = t zx = 0
s z = 55 MPa
Determine the principal stresses, direction cosines of the principal stress directions and the
maximum shearing stress.