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Lecture 9 1
DC machines – Introduction
DC machine is a versatile device having superior torque-speed characteristics.
The speed control is one of its positive features. Both stator (field) winding and
rotor (armature) winding have DC currents at the terminals.
Lecture 9 3
DC machine construction
Lecture 9 4
DC machine construction
Lecture 9 5
Principles of operation
Consider the simplest DC machine with
Magnetic poles
the diagram shown on the right.
T e = Gia i f
Shown below is the equivalent circuit with corresponding dynamic equations:
di f + vf _ La Ra
vf = Rf if + Lf
dt Rf if ia
+
va
Gωmif
dia Lf
v a = R a i a + La + Gω m i f _
dt Back EMF
Lecture 9 7
Armature power Pa = Va I a = Ra I a2 + Gω m I a I f
Field power Pf = V f I f = R f I 2f
Mechanical power Pm = T eω m = GI a I f ω m
It can be seen that the mechanical power comes from the armature terminals.
This allows the use of permanent magnet for the field winding in small machines.
The armature and field windings can be connected in different ways for various
applications. The three main ways are called the separate excitation, series
excitation, and shunt excitation.
Lecture 9 8
Separately excited machines
The field and armature windings are supplied by separate power sources. The
field winding is often connected to constant voltage source, resulting in a constant
magnetic field. The speed and torque of the machine are controlled by the
armature current.
Bω m = GI f I a − Tload Va = Ra I a + Gω m I f
leading to Torque-speed
Va − Gω m I f Va − Gω m I f
Ia = T e = GI f
Ra Ra
Torque-speed characteristic is a straight line, and in another form
Va Ra Ra
ωm = − T e = ωm 0 − Te
GI f (GI f )2
(GI f )2
Lecture 9 9
Torque-speed characteristic
Brake operation occurs when power is put into the machine both from the
armature (Pa > 0) and the shaft (Pm < 0), and all of this power is dissipated in the
armature resistance Ra.
Generator operation corresponds to Pm < 0 and Pa < 0, and occurs when ωm >
Va/(GIf). Motor operation occurs when Pa > 0 and Pm > 0 (Fig. 8.7).
Lecture 9 11
Lecture 9 12
Series-excited machines
The field coil and the armature coil are in series, resulting in the equivalent
circuit shown below.
La + Lf
v = (Ra + R f )i + (La + L f ) + Gω m i
di Ra + Rf
dt i +
T e = Gi 2 Gωmi
v
_
Steady-state operation with constant
voltage is described by
ωm
V
I=
(Ra + R f ) + Gω m Increasing V
V2
T =G
e
[
(Ra + R f ) + Gω m ]2
Te
Lecture 9 13
Universal motors
Universal motors are essentially series-excited DC motors, which can run on
AC or DC power supply. When excited with an AC voltage, the inductance of the
windings should be considered.
V
I=
(R a + R f + Gω m ) + (La + L f
2
)ω
2 2
e
GV 2
T = GI =
e 2
av
(Ra + R f + Gω m )2 + (La + L f )2 ωe2
where ωe is the electrical frequency.
The input AC voltage can also be chopped using SCR or triac circuits to reduce
the rms value of current, hence reducing the developed torque.
Lecture 9 14
Shunt-excited machines
In shunt-excited machines, the field coil and the armature coil are in parallel,
resulting in the below equivalent circuit (for motor operation).
di f i La Ra
v = Rf if + Lf
dt +
dia Rf ia
v = Ra i a + La + Gω m i f
dt v Gωmif
T = Gia i f
e if Lf
_
For steady-state operation with constant
input voltage v = V,
V V − Gω m I f R f − Gω m
If = Ia = T e = GI a I f = GV 2
Rf Ra R 2f Ra
Speed control is best done with an external resistance in the field winding.
Lecture 9 15
Shunt generators
A shunt-excited machine can be operated as a generator, with a load RL
connected across the terminals as shown below.
di f i La Ra
v = Rf if + Lf
dt +
Rf ia
di
v = Gωmi f − Ra ia − La a
dt RL v Gωmif
v = RL (ia − i f )
if Lf
_
V = I f R f = Gω m I f − Ra I a = R L (I a − I f )
Lecture 9 16
Compound-excited machines and starting
In a compound-excited machine, part of the field winding is in series with the
armature, whilst the remaining part is in parallel. There are four different
combinations of the two parts of the field winding.
The main reason of using a compound field winding is to limit the armature
current at low speeds (down to starting).
When starting or running at low speeds, the back EMF of the machine is much
smaller than the applied voltage, therefore excessive current is only limited by the
armature resistance. An external resistor can be used to reduced the current to
an acceptable level at the cost of wasting energy on that resistor.
A better way of starting the motor is to use power converters to adjust the
average voltage applied to the armature, using the so-called Pulse Width
Modulation (PWM) technique.
Lecture 9 17