General Motors Egypt

Manufacturing technology road map

By:
Ahmed Elgazar
Sherief Ali
Anas H Al-Haroun
Nesrin

Supervised by:
Dr. Mohamed Mamdouh Awny

Spring 2020
Table of Contents
Introduction.................................................................................................................................................3
Market drivers.............................................................................................................................................3
Future Needs...........................................................................................................................................3
Scenarios.................................................................................................................................................3
Market Drivers and Priorities...................................................................................................................3
Business drivers...........................................................................................................................................4
Current situation.....................................................................................................................................4
Vision.......................................................................................................................................................4
Competitors strategy...............................................................................................................................4
Business Drivers and Priorities................................................................................................................4
Product features..........................................................................................................................................4
Technology drivers......................................................................................................................................5
Technology alternatives and selection........................................................................................................5
Technology Roadmap..................................................................................................................................7
Current status..........................................................................................................................................7
Critical factors..........................................................................................................................................8
Implementation recommendations.........................................................................................................8
Introduction
XXXXXXXXXXXXXX

About General Motors

XXXXXXXXXXXxx

Market drivers
Future Needs
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Scenarios
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Market Drivers and Priorities

Based on the customer expectations we can prioritize the market as following:

1. Safety
2. Operating Cost
3. Range
4. Price
5. Infrastructure
6. Regulations
7. Customer Experience

Business drivers
Current situation
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Vision
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Competitors strategy
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Business Drivers and Priorities

Based on the business situation and capability we defined the below drivers;

1. Safety in everything
2. Earn customers for life
3. Build brands that inspire passion and loyalty
4. Translate breakthrough technologies into vehicles and experiences that people love
5. Create sustainable solutions that improve the communities in which we live and work
Product features
To Identify the product features, the following matrix will be used;

Market GM Egypt Score

GM Egypt
Market
9 10 7 4 3 2 5 8 6 Prioritization
Product Features
3 1 2 12 17

1 3 -1 2 2 17 28
-1 3 1 1 1 2 28 20

-1 3 2 3 21 34
-2 1 1 3 1 1 1 14

1 3 1 2 39 20

Based on the scoring system, the selected product features will be;

1. Urban Mobility
2. Super Cruise
3. Over The Air Updates
4. Pro-Active Alerts
5. Autonomous
6. Personalization
7. Remote Functions
Technology drivers
Based on the selected product features, we can identify the technology drivers as following;

Product feature Technology drivers

Technology alternatives and selection

Manufacturing technology alternative identified based on the technology drivers for each product
feature;

Product feature Technology Alternatives

To decide the suitable technologies to be implemented, we will use the decision matrix as below:

Technologies Product Features Score

 GM Egypt
Market
6 7 9 8 10 Market
7 9 8 10 8 GM

3 18 21
3 18 21

1 6 7
3 3 48 51

-1 1 2 19 18
3 27 24

3 3 54 54

Based on the previous table, the selected technologies for execution will be as following;

1. Cameras – Provide real-time obstacle detection to facilitate lane departure and track roadway
information (like road signs).
2. Radar – Radio waves detect short & long-range depth.
3. LIDAR – Measures distance by illuminating target with pulsed laser light and measuring reflected
pulses with sensors to create 3-D map of area.
4. GPS – Triangulates position of car using satellites. Current GPS technology is limited to a certain
distance. Advanced GPS is in development.
5. Ultrasonic Sensors – Uses high-frequency sound waves and bounce-back to calculate distance.
Best in close range.
6. Central Computer – “Brain” of the vehicle. Receives information from various components and
helps direct vehicle overall.
7. DRSC - Based Receiver – Communications device permitting vehicle to communicate with other
vehicles (V2V) using DSRC, a wireless communication standard that enables reliable data
transmission in active safety applications. NHTSA has promoted the use of DSRC.
Technology Roadmap
The road map and time chart of the selected technologies considered as following;
Current status

The current status for each technology is as following;

1. Camera are a widely understood, mature technology. They are also reliable and relatively cheap
to produce. Vehicle applications that commonly rely on cameras today include advanced driver
assistance systems (ADAS), surround view systems (SVS) and driver monitoring systems (DMS).
Coupled with infra-red lighting, they can perform to some extent at night
2. radar is already employed to help keep our roads safe, with many modern cars using radar
sensors for hazard detection and range-finding in features like advanced cruise control (ACC)
and automatic emergency braking (AEB). These technologies depend on the information from
multiple radar sensors which is interpreted by in-vehicle computers to identify the distance,
direction and relative speed of vehicles or hazards.
3. lidar can provide the most detailed understanding possible of the road, road users and potential
hazards surrounding the vehicle. Impressively, lidar can spot objects up to 100 meters or so
away, and can measure distances at an accuracy of up to 2cm. Lidar is also unaffected by
adverse weather conditions such as wind, rain and snow, and in fact could even be used to map
inaccessible areas in heavy snow conditions

4. GPS Positioning in Autonomous Driving

1- No single positioning technology is sufficient for automated driving. Single technology

approaches lack the necessary accuracy and robustness for safety critical applications
the need for several independent positioning methods
 Satellite positioning and inertial positioning
 Telecom network positioning
 Car sensors and HD-map positioning

5. Machine Learning Methods

 CNNs are mainly used to process images and spatial information to extract features

 RNNs are powerful tools when working with temporal information such as videos.

 DRL combines Deep Learning (DL) and Reinforcement Learning. DRL methods let
software-defined ‘agents’ learn the best possible actions to achieve their goals in a
virtual environment using a reward function.
6. Distributed versus Centralized 

 centralized architecture the measurements from different sensors are independent

quantities and not affected by other nodes. The data is not modified or filtered at the
edge nodes of the system, providing the maximum possible information for sensor
fusion, and there is low latency. The challenge is that huge amounts of data needs to be
transported to the central unit and be processed there. That not only requires a
powerful central computer, but also a heavy wire harness with a high bandwidth.
Today’s vehicles contain over a kilometer of wires, weighing tens of kilo’s.

 Distributed architecture can be achieved with a lighter electrical system but is more
complex. Although the demand related to bandwidth and centralized processing is
reduced greatly in such an architecture, it introduces latency between actuation and
sensing phases and increases the challenges to the validation of data

7. Communication & Connectivity

In an autonomous car, we have to factor in cameras, radar, sonar, GPS and LIDAR –
components as essential to this new way of driving as pistons, rings and engine blocks.
Cameras will generate 20–60 MB/s, radar upwards of 10 kB/s, sonar 10–100 kB/s, GPS
will run at 50 kB/s, and LIDAR will range between 10–70 MB/s. Run those numbers, and
each autonomous vehicle will be generating approximately 4,000 GB –or 4 terabytes –of
data a day

In terms of technical performance requirements for higher levels of autonomy, many

experts voice that 5G-NR V2X is the technology of choice and that and that DSRC (nor
LTE-V2X PC5) won’t sufficiently support some key AV features. 
Critical factors

1- cameras often face many of the same limitations as we find with the human eye. They need a
clear lens to see properly, limiting where car makers can position them, and they don’t always
give a crisp or reliable picture in bad weather – particularly in heavy rain or snow. At night,
they’re often only as good as the vehicle’s headlights, a significant deterrent to achieving
accuracy
2- radar technology. One is that current 24GHz sensors can offer a limited resolution only – they
let the car ‘see’ the world, but in reality, the picture painted is somewhat blurry, leading to
problems identifying and reacting to multiple, specific hazards.
3- Lidar technology is not without its own set of specific limitations however. For a start, it takes a
huge amount of processing power to interpret up to a million measurements every second, and
then translate them into actionable data. Lidar sensors are also complex, with many relying on
moving parts which can make them more vulnerable to damage
4- GSP spoofing and security needs. Absolute position on the Global . Continents are moving a few
cm/year. This affects on global reference systems because coordinates of stations are changing
5- Central computer demand higher power throughput heats up the system. To keep electronic
components performing properly and reliably, they must be kept within certain temperature
ranges, regardless of the vehicle’s external conditions. Cooling systems, especially those that are
liquid based, can further add to the weight and size of the vehicle . 
6- the cloud network architecture is also a key component for autonomous vehicles. On that end,
the infrastructure already developed by companies such as Amazon AWS, Google Cloud and
Microsoft Azure for other applications is already mature enough to handle autonomous vehicle
applications

Implementation recommendations
This will mainly depend on final technology roadmap.