aeYpGJ ... 21.11.

2006

atmavmu\ pdefac:oH

rnfolrqkdyg0ifa&;om;Edkifygonf/ þZmwfvrf;pkpnf;&jcif;\ &nf½G,fcsufrSm rifbmrsm;tcsif;csif;

pnf;vkH;rSK½Sdap&efESifY jrefrmESmayavmu\ yxrqkH; atmaygif;csKyfjzpfvm&ef &nf½G,fygonf/

vG,fuloufomap&ef vdkufem&rnfhpnf;urf;csufrsm;

1/ þZmwfvrf;jzpfwnf&m tcsdefumvrSm 19 &mpkjzpfNyD; w½kwfjynfwGif refcsL;rif;quf pdk;pHaom

tcsdefjzpfonf/ t*Fvdyfrsm;vnf; olwdkY\ M3 AsK[mudk tokH;jyKí ukefoG,f[efaqmifum bdef;ppfyGJjzpf&ef
BuKd;yrf;aecsdefvnf;jzpfonf/ M3 qdkonfrSm Merchant, Missionery and Military jzpfonf/ ae&m
a'oum; w½kwfjrefrme,fpyfjzpfonf/ xdktcsuftvufrsm;udk tokH;jyKí umv? a'oESifY abmif0ifatmif
a&;om;EdkifMuygonf/

2/ þZmwfvrf;\ ausm½dk;rSm odkif;0w¬K? [mo0w¬K ESifY atm0w¬KwdkYyl;wGJwifjyjcif;jzpfonf/ pdwful;ÓPf

uGefYjrL;ovdk csJUxGifa&;om;Edkifygonf/ tm;vkH;aom rifbmrsm;\ tdkif'D,mrsm;udkvnf; vufcHygonf/

3/ wef;pDpepf / / a&;olrsm;xyfrae&atmif udk,fYa½SUu olwyg;a&;zGJUNyD;oGm;aom ydkYpfatmufwGif uRefawmf^

uRefra&;ygr,f[k ydkYpfwckwifxm;ay;&rnf/ xdkodkY ydkYpfvkyfNyD; 24-em&DtwGif; aus;Zl;jyKí a&;om;Muapvdk
ygonf/

4/ usL;ypfrifbmrsm;\ emrnfrsm;tm; xnfhoGif;okH;pGJvdkygu yDtrfydkYí cGifYjyKcsufawmif;cHapvdkygonf/

5/ usK;ypftwGif;½Sd vufpGrf;vufp½Sdoltm;vkH;udk zdwfac: xm;onfjzpfí a&;om;&efapmifYqdkif;&yguvnf;

onf;cHay;yg&ef awmif;yeftyfygonf/ aus;Zl;wifygonf/

atmaygif;csKyfjzpfajrmufa&;aumfrwD

þaumfrwDudk obm&ifY 0g&ifYBuD;rsm;jzpfMuaom armf'a&wm udkrDeD? ADtdkiftrfpD udkplyg? udk*g;zD;?

udkrodbl;? udk½Gmpm;BuD;ESifY udktdkif;pwdkif;wdkYtm; em,ursm;tjzpf uRefawmf Zmenf 86 udk,fwdkif
a½G;aumufwifa`rSmufygonf/

tzGJY0ifrsm; ...
1/ Zmenf 86 2/ o&Jeuf 3/ udkwPSm qdkolwdkYESifY tMurf;zsif;zGJUpnf;vdkufygonf/ tjcm;tzGJU0iftjzpf
a½G;aumufwifajr§mufcHvdkol rsm;onf uRefawmf Zmenf 86 xHodkY yDtrfjzifYawmif;qdkEdkifygonf/

av;pm;pGmjzifY

Zmenf 86
pDpOfol
ESm*dka'gif pmaywdkuf? jrefrmESmayavmu/
 tcsdefum; 19 &mpk tpydkif;? w½kwfjynfwGif refcsK;rif;quftkyfpdk;aecsdef? NrKdUawmf yDuif;wGifvnf;
t*Fvdyfrsm; ajccsif;vdrfae\/ olYwdkY\ bdef;a&mif;0,fa&;rSmvnf; rsm;pGmwdk;wufaecsdefjzpfNyD;? w½kwfbdef;pm;
rsm;rSm vufnSKd;xdk;rvGJay/
odkif;avmuBuD;twGif;üvnf; bdef;pm;odkif;orm;rsm; acwfpm;vmonfhtjyif? bdef;pm;rS acwfrDonf[k
xifaeMucsdefvnf;jzpfavonf/ vlysif;rsm; rsm;jym;vmojzifY odkif;orm;rsm;rSm t&ifacwfuuJYodkY tvkyfr½Sd?
tudkifr½Sd ydkufqHb,fu&rSef;rodbJ avQmufoGm;raeEdkifMuawmYyJ tvkyfrsm;pGm vkyfaeMu&onf/
olwdkY txJwGif [efusaomolrsm;um; ... ig;rQm;wHodkif;orm;? ydkufuGefodkif;orm;? wlodkif;orm;
wdkUjzpfMuNyD; udk,fydkifvkyfief;jzifY olrsm;udkatmufusKdUp&mrvdkolrsm;jzpfonf/ olwdkY\vkyfief;rsm;um; ig;rQm;wH
odkif;orm;u ig;rQm;? ydkufuGefodkif;orm;um; avSwpD;iSm;íig;zrf;? wlodkif;orm;um; yef;yJzdkvkyfpm;onfhtjyif
tm;vQiftm;ovdk ausmufxkvdkufavonf/
xdkodkY uarmufurjzpfaeaomodkif;avmuBuD;xJwGif "m;odkif;orm;? vufodkif;orm;rsm;um rsufESm
i,fvGef;vSonf/ xif;cGJ? ig;ckwf? a&xrf;? t0wfavQmfponfjzifY olwyg;udktm;udk;&aom atmufajcodrf;
tvkyfrsm;udk vkyfudkifpm;Mu&if; tcsKdUodkif;orm;rsm;rSm zmvkyfief;udk ydkufqH½SdolwdkYuwnfaxmif? qif;&Jol
rsm;u wef;acgif;? wef;xdrf;rsm;jzpfvmMuavonf/ xdktcsdefwGif tvkyfr½Sdaom olawmifpm;*dkPf;rSmvnf;
*dkPf;om;OD;a&wdk;yGm;um tiftm;BuD;rm;vmavonf/
a½Smifvif? 0lwef? atmfar? 0gqef; paom bkef;BuD;? &aoY? oDv½Sifrsm;vnf; at;at;raeEdkifyJ
qGrf;cHí pm;&awmYonf/ tawmfrsm;rsm; *dkPf;udkpGefYcGm vlxGufukefMuNyD; oifYawmf&modkif;ynmjzifY vkyfudkif
pm;aomufMu avonf/
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
e,fpyf½Sd zmbdef;NrKdUuav; .....
xdkNrKdUwGif txifu&jzpfaom olaX;BuD;wa,muf½Sdavonf/ ol\trnfum; apmifNcKHxk? xl;qef;aom
trnfjzpf&m? ZmwfaMumif;jyefavaomf ...apmifNcKHxk\ tzdk;onf rdzJYzrJY uavuacswa,mufjzpfonf/
NrKdYawmfyDuif;wGif olcdk;vkyf&if; apmifqdkifudkazmufum þNrKdUuav;odkYxGufajy;vmNyD; apmifukefonfvkyf&if;
BuD;yGm;vmum rsKd;½dk;trnfudkvnf; apmifrsKd;tjzpfcH,lvdkufawmYonf/ xdkolum; apmifxJESKdufjzpfavonf/
olYom;jzpfol apmif&nf½TJvufxufüvnf; rdbvufikwfvkyfief;udkom qufvufvkyfudkifcJYonf/ tck
apmifNcKHxk vufxufwGifrS pD;yGm;a&;tifyg,m us,fjyefYvmNyD; bdef;vkyfief;vkyfudkifol olaX;BuD;wOD;jzpfaom
zefrsKd;EG,folaX;BuD;\orD; zefa½SmufcifESifY vufxyfum apmifvkyfief;? bdef;vkyfief;ESifY zmvkyfief;udk EdkifiHtESHU
vkyfudkifvsuf½Sdonf/ EdkifiHw0ef; ydkifqdkifrSKrsm;pGm½Sdaomfvnf; þNrKdUuav;wGif pD;yGm;a&;aumif;í tajccs
aexdkifjcif; jzpfavonf/
þodkYjzifY zmbdef;NrKdUuav;rSm olaX;BuD;\pGrf;aqmifrSKjzifY wdk;wufBuD;yGm;aeawmY&m apmifNcKHxk\
*kPfowif;rSm EdkifiHt0ef;odkY ysHUESHUaeavawmYonf .../
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

xdktcsdefü odkif;avmuxJwGif trsKd;orD;odkif;orm;rsm;onf vlxGufvmaom oDv½Sifrsm;? &aoYrrsm;ESifY

yl;aygif;um vifusda½Smif qdkol xufjrufaom rdef;r½G,fwOD;tm; *dkPf;csKyftjzpfwifa`rSmufvdkufMuNyD;
w½kwfjynf\ tBuD;qkH; trsKd;orD;pGrf;aqmif½Sifrsm;*dkPf;udk wnfaxmifvdkufMuonf/ *dkPf;\ t"du
&nf½G,fcsufrSmum; a,mufsm;rsm;enf;wl jynfhjynfh00 umr*kPfcHpm;&efESifY "m;jyvkyfief;vkyfudkif&efjzpfonf/
pdwfwlukd,fwl rdef;rrsm; pkaygif;xm;ojzifY pnf;vkH;nDnGwfaom*dkPf;BuD;onf olawmif;pm;*dkPf;enf;wl
BuD;xGm;qyGm;vmavonf/ xdkYaemuf EdkifiHtESHUtjym;wGif *dkPf;cGJrsm;xlaxmifum trsKd;orD;rsm;tm;
*dkPf;xJ0ifvQif zkef;ay;rnf? um;ay;rnf ...tJ [kwfaygif? v,f,mrsm;? jrif;rsm;ay;rnf[k pnf;½kH;
aeavawmYonf/
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 zefa½Smufcif? zefa½Smufcifonf zefrsKd;EG,f olaX;BuD;\ wOD;wnf;aom orD;vwfjzpfavonf/
tpfudkjzpfol zefavmifwD;? armifjzpfol zef*kxGif;wdkYESifY aexdkifBuD;jyif;cJY&oljzpfí taetxdkifyGifYvif;um
t½SuftaMumufenf;olvnf;jzpfonf/ i,fpOfuyif odkif;ynmudk txl;wvnfavYvmcJY&m twGif;tm;pkyf
odkif;udk aumif;pGmuRrf;usifonf/ zefavmifwD;ESifY zef*kxGif;wdkYrSmvnf; zefa½Smufciftm; tvGef*½kpdkufMu
ojzifY olwdkYyg odkif;ynmrsm;udk tywfwukwfBuKd;pm;um &mbmwkwfodkif;udk txl;wwfajrmufBuonf/
armifESr okH;a,mufpvkH; ESmBuD;olrsm;jzpfMuNyD; zefarmifESrrsm;tjzpf odkif;avmuxJwGif apmifNcKHxkrodatmif
vSKyf½Sm;aeavonf/
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
jrefrmEdkifiHydkif e,fpyf½Sd jymwaZYNrKdU (jynfhwefqm) .....

rif;nDrif;om;[efjzifY twefi,f 0zdkifYaomfvnf; oefpGrf;&mwGif jrif;uyift½SKH;ay;&rnfholwOD;jzpfonfh

olwOD;onf t&uftdk;rsm;udk ykHaeatmifaomufNyD; rrl;ao;[efjzifYvnf; xyfrSmaeavonf/ xdkolum;
bk&ifYa,mufzw0rf;uGJ\ r,m;ygom;\tdrfwGif Murf;wdkuf&ol\ajr;jzpfaom xdyfwifrsKd;vif; jzpfavonf/
bk&ifrif;jrwf\ aqGrsKd;t&if;BuD;jzpfojzifY xdkodkY eef;qefaejcif;jzpfonf/ bk&ifYtem;wGif uyfíae&aom
bk&ifYudkcsD;ukef;ay;&onfhtvkyfudk vkyfudkifcJUolvnf;jzpfonf/ xdktvkyf&½SdcJYykHrSm bk&if awmupm;xGufcsdef?
Adkufemvmí wudk,fwnf; NcKHxJüudpö½Sif;aepOf tem;üxif;acGaeaom rsKd;vif;ac: þoli,ftm;ac:í
csD;ukef;cdkif;&mrS bk&ifoabmusí cefYxm;vdkufjcif;jzpfonf/ &mxl;trnfum; csD;awmfukef; jzpfavonf/
xdk csD;awmfukef; xdyfwifrsKd;vif;onf w½kwfjynfxJodkYul;íavmif;upm;&ef? zmcs&efBuHpnfaeavonf/
tb,fYaMumifYqdkaomf bk&ifYxHrS jynfwefywÅjrm;udk cdk;,lvmcJYaomaMumifYwnf;/
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
xdkqdkifxJüyifvQif aqmif"m;udkvG,fxm;aom odkif;orm;wOD;onf avmif;upm;0kdif;udk apmifYMunfhae
av\/ ol\ aqmif"m;um; 0ufckwf"m;rjzpfum w½kwfvlrsKd;ppfppfwOD;jzpfonf/ w½kwfjynfzufwGif
pD;yGm;a&;raumif;ojzifY 0ufom;a&mif;pm;&if;odkif;oifum? okdif;wwfvQif jrefrmjynfzufodkY pD;yGm;½Sm&ef
xGufvmoljzpfavonf/ xdkpOfu odkif;oifcum; 0ufqDwwkH;jzpfavojzifY odkif;tawmfrsm;rsm;udk oif,lEdkifcJY
avonf/ olYtrnfrSm a½Smufzkef;uif...? 0goemBuD;oljzpfNyD; emrnfESifYvdkufatmif vkyfpm;wwfavonf/
wenf;tm;jzifY ESpfzufcRefwOD;jzpfonf/ jymwaZYNrKdUwGif pkrdaqmif;rd½Sdae&mrS rdbrsm;½Sd&m w½kwfjynf
vdk;&efNrKdUodkYjyef&ef tm;cJxm;avonf/
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
trsKd;orD;pGrf;aqmif½Sifrsm;*dkPf;\ *dkPf;csKyf vifusda&Smifonf odkif;avmuxJrS emrnfBuD; wkwfodkif;
orm;jzpfaom wdkifaxmifxkESifY vufxyfxm;oljzpfNyD; olwdkYESpfOD;wGif wdkifuG,fyGwf qdkaom orD;av;wOD;
udkvnf; arG;zGm;xm;avonf/ ,cktcsdefwGif 14ESpf wif;wif;jynfhNyDjzpfí olYtazudk,fwdkif *½kwpdkuf
jrif;zdkroef;&atmif Bunfh½SKapmifYa½Smufxm;onf/
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
olawmif;pm;*dkPf;üum; *dkPf;csKyfBuD; ½kwfw&ufuG,fvGefoGm;ojzifY 0g;pdrf;awmifa0S;ukd qufcH&ef
*dkPf;½Sd &mxl;BuD;yk*¾Kdvftawmfrsm;rsm; BuKd;pm;aeMuonf/ tvm;tvmtaumif;qkH;um; *dkPf;csKyfBuD;\
om;jzpfol oefjrefav½SD;jzpfavonf/ vufaxmuf*dkPf;csKyfrsm;jzpfMuaom vSefbm*smESifY zdk;a½SmufvifwdkY
rSmvnf; *dkPf;csKyf ae&mtwGuf BuKd;pm;aeMuavonf/
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
xdyfwifrsKd;vif;onf w½kwfjynfodkYoGm;a&muf&ef enf;vrf;½Smae&mrS avmif;upm;0kdif;wGif w½kwf½kyf
aygufaomolwOD;udk awGUojzifY tm;udk;wBuD;vSrf;Munfhvdkufonf/ vljrifvQif rdkufaMu;cGJcsifaeaom
a½Smufzkef;uifonf xdyfwifrsKd;vif;udk owdjyKrdoGm;ojzifY ol\pm;yGJodkYavQmufvmum vufwzuf
axmufvkdufavonf/ xdyfwifrsKd;vif;onf vlyg;wOD;jzpfojzifY olYtm;ae&may;um t&ufwdkuf&if;
rdwfaqGjzpfoGm;Muav\/ olUtaMumif;ukd,fYtaMumif;ajymMu&if; w½kwfjynfodkYoGm;&ef xdyfwifrsKd;vif;u
pdwf0ifpm;aerSef;udk odoGm;NyD; a½Smufzkef;uif udk,fwdkifvnf;jyefcsifaeNyDjzpfí w½kwfjynfodkYc&D;xGuf&ef
qkH;jzwfvdkufMuawmYonf/
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
aemufwaeY eHeufapmapmwGif olwdkYESpfOD;onf e,fpyfukdjzwfí w½kwfjrefrme,fpyfNrKdUav;jzpfaom
zmbdef;NrKdUodkY xGufcGmcJYMuavonf/ zmbdef;NrKdUwGifum; olaX;BuD; apmifNcKHxk\ pGrf;aqmifcsufjzifY
BuD;yGm;vsuf½Sdavonf/ a½Smufzkef;uifESifY xdyfwifrsKd;vif;wdkYonf atauususjzifY ajcvsifc&D;jzifY
xGufvmMuojzifY rdk;csKyfrS zmbdef;NrKdUodkYa&muf½SdMuavonf/ ( atau = atmufaMu; )
NrKdUodkYa&mufvsifa&mufcsif; tESdyfcef;½Smum tem;,lMuavonf/ em;rvnf yg;rvnf xdyfwif
rsKd;vif;onf tESdyfcH&if; tdyfaysmfoGm;ojzifY tESdyfcef;rSaqmfu ol\ydkufqH[lorQudk ESKduf,lum pD;yGm;jzpfí
xGufajy;oGm;av\/ xdkodkY tdyfaysmfoGm;&m reufrdk;vif;rSyif a½Smufzkef;uifu vmESKd;rS Edk;awmY\/ rdk;vif;NyD
jzpfí avQmufoGm;&ef jyifqifMuav\/ xdktcgrS ydkufqH½Sif;&efMunfhvdkufaomtcg ydkufqH[lí aMu;jym;
wjym;rSr½SdawmYonfudk awGU& avonf/ tESdyfcef;ydkif½SifESifY jyóemjzpfyGm;um wdkufcdkufMuaomfvnf;
tESdyfcef;vlrdkufrsm;udk r,SOfEdkifojzifY ESpfa,mufom; tvJtuGJ 'Pf&m&Muav\/ xdktcgrS ...
]] aMumufygNyD avmfyef? uRefawmf r½Sd½Sdwm aygifESHa&mif;csNyD; ay;ygYr,f }} [k xdyfwifrsKd;vif;u
ajymvdkuf\/
olaX;u ...
]] a[YaumifawG ...'DaumifawGudk ½SmMuprf; }}
]] [kwfuJY? [mawGUNyD 'DbufuaumifqDrSm ...}}
]] [if? 'Daumifu vOokH;vkH;eJYygvm; ...}}
]] [kwfw,f ...arG;uwnf;uyJ }} xdyfwifrsKd;vif;uajymvdkufonf/ trSefum; ywÅjrm;udk atmufcH
abmif;bDxJ xnfhvmaomaMumifYjzpfavonf/ a½Smufzkef;uifuvnf; axmufcHojzifY vlrdkufrsm;vnf;
qufr½SmawmYyJ a½Smufzkef;uif\ aiGtm;vkH;udk odrf;,lum ...ESpfa,mufvkH;udk uefxkwfvdkufav\/
olwdkYvnf; pdwfysufvufysufjzifYxGufvmMu&if; ...a½Smufzkef;uifu ...
]] oGm;NyD ...½Gmjyefcsif zmcHrS&awmYr,f? tJav ...ydkufqHwjym;rSr½SdawmYbl; }}
]] igBuHygYr,fuGm ...igYrSm a&mif;p&m½Sdygao;w,f }}
]] bmvJ ydkaewJYOwvkH;vm; ...}}
]] [kwfw,f ...tm b,fu OurSmvJ ...}} em;em;uyfí ...
]] ywÅjrm;uG ... ywÅjrm; }}
]] [if b,fvdkjzpfwmvJ }}
]] [kwfw,f ...pdwfrcswmeJY atmufcHabmif;bDxJxnfhxm;wm? awmfao;vdkY ...}}
]] [kwfvm; ...'gqdkvJ jrefjrefxkuGm ...}}
]] at; a½SUrSm trsm;okH;tdrfom½SdwmyJ ...c&D;xGufvmwmeJY rxk&ao;bl; }}
]] [m ...'Daumif? ywÅjrm;udk a&mif;zdkY ajymaewmuG }}
]] tif;av ...rif;u enf;enf;yg;yg;todtuRrf;½SdawmY ...pkHprf;MunfhaygY ...}}
]] at;av ...pkHprf;MunfhMuwmaygY }}
olwdkYvnf; vdkufvHpkHprf;Mu&m ...waeYvkH;vkH; pkHprf;NyD;rS xdkNrKdUü olaX;BuD; apmifNcKHxkonf tcsrf;omqkH;
jzpfaMumif; ...r[kwfwmtukefvkyfaMumif;od½Sd&avonf/ olwdkYonf pkHprf;od½SdonfESifYwNyKdifeuf apmifNcKHxk\
tdrfawmfBuD;odkYoGm;a&mufavonf/ aygifrsm;uGrwwf tonf;toefajy;oGm;MuNyD; NcH0odkYa&mufcsdefwGif
tarmqdkYí ypfvJoGm;Muavonf/
xdkpOf tjyifrSjyefvmaom apmifNcKHxkonf ol\a0g ½kwfw&uf&yfoGm;ojzifY qif;Munfh&m zkwfvSKduf
zkwfvSKdufjzpfaeaom owÅ0gESpfaumifudkawGU&ojzifY i,fom;rsm;tm; vrf;½Sif;cdkif;vdkufavonf/
i,fom;rsm;rSm olwdkYtm; qGJz,f&efjyifvdkufpOf ...xdyfwifrsKd;vif;u ]] olaX;BuD;twGuf wefzdk;½Sdr,fYypönf;wck
ygw,f }} [k ajymvdkufavonf/ apmifNcKHxkvnf; pdwf0ifpm;oGm;NyD; olwdkYESpfa,muftm; tdrfxJodkYac:vm&ef
ajymif;vJ trdefY ay;vdkufavonf/ olwdkYtm; a&rdk;csKd;cdkif;NyD; npmjzifY wnfcif;{nfhcHavonf/ npmpm;yGJwGif...
]] uJ armif&ifwdkYu wefzdk;½SdwJYypönf;wck ygvmw,fqdk? bmrsm;vJ ...}}
]] aeygOD;Asm ...AdkufqmaeawmY pm;NyD;rSajymyg&ap ...}}
]] aumif;NyDav ...r[kwf&ifawmY aozdkYomjyifxm; ...rif;wdkYtwGuf aemufqkH;npmjzpfoGm;r,f }}
]] uRefawmfwdkYrvdrfygbl; cifAs ...uJ pm;NyDaemf ...}}
xdyfwifrsKd;vif;wdkYvnf; tiwfab;'ku©onfrsm;yrm oGm;NzJem;NzJpm;aomufMuavonf/ pm;p&mrsm;um;
urm? ½kH;ywDoD;? MuufO? yef;rkefvm? unGwfESifYw½kwfeHeHwdkYjzpfavonf/ tm;vkH;aom pm;p&mrsm;onf
umrqE´udk tm;ay;aomtpmrsm;jzpfavonf/ olwdkYvnf; iwfiwfjzifYpm;vdkufNyD;rS apmifNcKHxk\
pmMunfhcef;wGif aqG;aEG;Muavonf/ pmMunfhcef;wGifvnf; tcsKdyGJjzifY{nfhcHojzifY iSufaysmoD;rsm;? ylwif;ESifY
t*Fvdyfukefonfrsm; xHrS&½Sdaom acsmuvufwdkYudk pm;&ao;onf/ xdyfwifrsKd;vif;vnf; tm;&atmifpm;NyD;rS
olaX;BuD;em;uyfí ...
]] 'DrSm olaX;BuD; ...udkifMunfhvdkufprf;yg }}
apmifNcKHxkvnf;udkifMunfhvkduf&m ...rmawmifaeaom tacsmif;wacsmif;ESifY tvkH;okH;vkH;udk udkifrd&m?
olu ...
]] rsm;udk bmvkyfMurvdkYvJ[if ...tJav acG;rom; apmfum;vScsnfvm; ...}}
]] aocsmMunfhNyD;rSajymygAsm? 'DrSm ...}}
]] rif;ypönf;udk igu ...bmvJ ½kHoGif;jy&rSmvm; ...vOokH;vkH;qkdNyD; ...}}
]] tararG;uwnf;u ESpfvkH;ygAs ...usefwJYwvkH;u ...}} qdkNyD; abmif;bDudkcRwfcsvdkuf&m ...&JueJ
t&mESpfck xGufvmMuavonf/ wckum; ywÅjrm; ...usefwckum; axmifxaeaom vD;BuD;xdyfrS uGrf;oD;
jzpfavonf/ apmifNcKHxkvnf; oefvScsnfvm;[k csD;rGrf;um ...ywÅjrm;BuD;tm; ,lMunfhvkdufavonf/
]] tif; woufeJYwudk,f 'Davmufaumif;wJY ywÅjrm;rsKd; rawGUzl;ao;bl; ? rif;b,fu&wmvJ ...
cdk;vmwmvm;? rSefrSefajymprf; }}
]] cdk;rvmvdkY arG;uwnf;u okH;vkH;rSr[kwfwm ...trSefyJ jrefrmEdkifiHbk&ifrif;jrwfqDu cdk;vmNyD;?
xGufajy;vmwm ...tck bdkifjywfwmeJYa&mif;pm;wm }}
]] trSeftwkdif;ajym&&if igYrSm 'DywÅjrm;&JUwefzdk;udkay;zdkY aiGravmufbl;? rif;[mu jynfwefywÅjrm;yJ?
tif; ... rif;vufcHr,fqdk wckajymcsifw,f ...}}
]] [kwfuJY ajymMunfhav ...}}
]] rif;udk ig om;tjzpfarG;pm;vkdufr,f ...igY½SdwJY pnf;pdrftukefvkH; rif;[myJ ...b,fES,fYvJ }}
xdyfwifrsKd;vif;vnf; a½Smufzkef;uifESifY twefMum wdk;wdk;wdk;wdk;jzifY wdkifyifaeavonf/ ig;rdepfavmuf
MumaomtcgrS apmifNcKHxkzufvSnfhí ]]taz}} [kac:vdkufavonf/ apmifNcKHxkvnf; 0rf;omoGm;NyD; ]]om;av;}}
[k vSKdufvSJpGmac:vkdufonf/ ywÅjrm;udk&rnfhtjyif olYwGif om;orD;vnf;rxGef;um;ojzifY
xdyfwifrsKd;vif;tm; tvGefcspfcifoGm;aomaMumifYwnf; .../
nwGif;csif;yif tapcHrsm;udkac:um &yfuGufvlBuD;rsm;tm; zdwfcdkif;NyD; xdyfwifrsKd;vif;udk tarGpm;tarGcH
om;tjzpf arG;pm;vdkufavonf/ emrnfudkvnf; apmifrsKd;vif;[k ajymif;vdkufNyD; vlBuD;rsm;ESifY rdwfqufay;
avonf/ vlBuD;rsm;jyefoGm;aomtcg apmifNcKHxkonf apmifrsKd;vif;tm; tdrfay:xyf tcef;us,fBuD;xJwGif
ae&mcsxm;ay;avonf/ a½Smufzkef;uifudkum; pm;avmufaomufavmufay;um jyefvTwfvdkufojzifY
vdk;&efNrKdUodkY jyefoGm;av\/
apmifrsKd;vif;wjzpfvJ xdyfwifrsKd;vif;onf tcef;us,fBuD;xJ½Sd ckwifBuD;ay:ü vJavsmif;&if; ol\
qef;Mu,fvSaom uHMur®mudk tHMoum awG;awmaerdavonf/ MumMumawmY rawG;vdkuf& ... abmif;bDxJwGif
cdk;vdk;ckvkjzpfvmawmYonf/ taMumif;um; apmifNcKHxk apwemAvyGjzifY auR;arG;vdkufaom umrtm;ay;onfh
tpm;tpmrsm;u aomif;usef;vmaomaMumifYjzpfavonf/ xdkYaMumifY olonf abmif;bDudkcRwfvdkufum
ckwifay:ü wukd,fwnf; xkaerdavonf/ tcsufig;q,fcefYxkvdkuf&m v&nfrsm;onf tcef;jyifodkYwdkif
tm;aumif;aumif;jzifY yef;xGufoGm;avonf .../ xdkpOf tcef;jyifrS qJoHwckudkMum;vkduf&avonf/
 ]] [JY nBuD;rif;MuD; b,faumifu a&eJYyufwmvJ ...zmonfrom;&JU? ,m;aevm;[JY }} [lí
Mum;vdkuf&um wzswfzswfjzifY 0ifvmaomajcoHudkMum;vdkuf&onf/ olvnf; ½kwfw&uf aMumifaeojzifY
xdktwdkif; rusao;aom vD;BuD;waxmifaxmifjzifY Munfhaerdavonf/ xdkpOf awmifYawmifYajzmifYajzmifY
w½kwfrwa,muf ,kdifwd,dkifwdkifjzifY 0ifvmonfudkawGUvdkuf&avonf/ w½kwfru ]] [,f ...tm;&p&mBuD; }}
[kajymvdkufavonf/
(rSwfcsuf / / w½kwfvdkajymonfrsm;udk jrefrmvdkom a&;om;oGm;ygrnf/)
olum; waeYvkH;avQmufvnfum emrnftwdkif; zifa½SmufcHNyD; jyefvmaom apmifNcKHxk\ZeD; zefa½Smufcif
jzpfavonf/ ajcukefvufyef;usae&mrS xdyfwifrsKd;vif;(apmifrsKd;vif;\ vD;BuD;udkjrifvkduf&ojzifY pdwf"mwf
wufMuGvmavonf/
apmifrsKd;vif;\vD;BuD;um; jrifolwdkif;atmcsavmufatmifyif BuD;xGm;avonf/ t½Snf udk;vufr?
vkH;ywfrSm vufarmif;avmuf½SdNyD; xdyfwGifvnf; rD;oD;avmuf½Sdaom uGrf;oD;acgif;BuD;u [D;aeav\/
jrefrmjynfüaepOf jrif;rsm;qDrS enf;em,lum tmz&duwdkufrS&aom ,dk[if;bD;qdkonfhaq;wrsKd;udkaomufNyD;
ysm;&nfokwf cgcsOfudkufcHumBuD;xGm;atmifvkyfNyD; jrif;rrsmxH x&defeifqif;aeoljzpfonf/ odkYaomf
jrefrmjynfwGif rdef;uav;rsm;uvnf; ryGifYvif;? oluvnf; odyfNyD;tjzpfr½SdojzifY rdef;rrvdk;zll;vdkufacs/ tckrS
awGU&BuKH&jcif; jzpfavonf/
(a½SUavQmufí xdyfwifrsKd;vif;(apmifrsKd;vif;udk pmvkH;csKHUonfhtaejzifY rsKd;vif; [kom
a&;om;oGm;ygrnf/)
zefa½Smufcifonf xdkvD;BuD;udkjrifojzifY tBuD;tus,f0rf;omoGm;NyD; ajy;zufum ukef;rSKwfvdkufav\/
pifppf zefa½SmufcifrSm tvGefESmBuD;oljzpfNyD; apmifNcKHxkESifY tm;r&ojzifY wNrKdUvkH;vSnfhum zifcHaeol
jzpfavonf/ apmifNcKHxkrSm olUxuf toufESpfq,fausmfBuD;aom vlBuD;ydkif;odkY0ifump vkyf&nfudkif&nf
usaeoljzpfavonf/ yxr wv ESpfvom pHcsdefrDvdk;ay;EdkifNyD; tcsdefMumvmonfESifYtrQ vdk;tm;usvm
avonf/ xdkYaMumifY zefa½Smufcifonf odkif;avmuxJ vSnfhvnfoGm;vmum vkyfazmfudkifzufudk ½SmazGaejcif;
jzpfavonf/ ol\ twGif;tm;pkyfodkif;jzifY odkif;orm;rsm;tm; vlnGefYwkef;atmif vkyfEdkifojzifY tm;aumif;
armif;oef odkif;orm;rsm; wjznf;jznf;½Sm;yg;vmNyD; vifusda½SmifOD;aqmifaom trsKd;orD;pGrf;aqmif½Sifrsm;
*dkPf;ESifY &efnSKd;&efpwck xlaxmifrd avonf/
,ckvnf; rsKd;vif;tm; wtm;oabmusoGm;um cH&eftm;xkwfavawmYonf/ rsKd;vif;\ vD;BuD;tm;
ukef;rSKwfae&mrS twGif;tm;pkyfodkif;jzifYpkyf,lvdkuf&m rsKd;vif;vnf; awmifYrcHEdkifawmYyJ zefa½Smufcif\
yg;pyfxJodkY wtm;ukefyef;xkwfvdkufavonf/ zefa½Smufcifonf ½kwfw&ufyef;xGufvmaomv&nfrsm;aMumifY
touf½SLyif rSm;oGm;um acsmif;w[Gwf[Gwfqdk;&if; vl;vSdrfYaeavonf/ cPMumrS ykHrSefjyefjzpfoGm;NyD; rsKd;vif;
tm;&yg;& vdk;Edkifap&ef twGif;tm;tenf;i,fudk rsKd;vif;\ausmjyifrSwqifYxnfhay;vdkufavonf/xdktcgrS
rsKd;vif;vnf; aeomxdkifom½SdoGm;um vD;BuD;rSmvnf; aemufwBudrfjyefvnf touf0ifvmav awmYonf/
zefa½Smufcifvnf; 0rf;omoGmum olYudk,folrdwfqufavonf .../
]] rremrnfu zefa½Smufcifyg? olaX;BuD;zef&JUorD;aygY }} (apmifNcKHxk\ZeD;[k rajymay)
]] [kwfuJY uRefawmfu rsKd;vif;yg? jrefrmjynfuvmwm ...}}
]] aMomf ...'DaeYrSa&mufvmwmvm; ...}}
]] [kwfw,fav? pm;NyD;aomufNyD; xkNyD;aewkef; rreJYawGUwmyJ? rru odyfvSwmyJaemf }}
]] [if; [if; ...vS&ifvJ rrudk vdk;ay;av ...}}
]] tm; ...yGifYvif;vScsnfvm; ...}}
]] [kwfw,f rrutJvdkyJ ...i,fi,fwnf;u tudkeJYarmifeJYMum;rSmBuD;vmawmY 'DvdkyJav ...}}
]] uJ 'gqdkvJ rray;xm;wJY twGif;tm;eJY aumif;aumif;usKH;&awmYrSmaygY ... vm rr }} [kqdkum
zefa½Smufcifudk ckwifay:odkYqGJvSJvdkufavonf/ xdktcsdeftxd olwdkYESpfOD;pvkH; b,folb,f0grSef; *CeP
rodMuao;ay/ rsKd;vif;uvnf; tvnfvmonf[kxifovdk? zefa½Smufcifuvnf; rsKd;vif;udk apmifNcKHxk\
avmavmvwfvwfarG;pm;vdkufaom om;rSef;rodyJ {nfhonfwa,muf[komxifaeavonf/ rod&jcif;um;
vlBuD;pkH&mESifYarG;pm;onftcrf;tem;vkyfcsdefwGif tdrfwGifr½SdaomaMumifYjzpfavonf/
rsKd;vif;onf zefa½Smufcifudk ckwifay:odkYqGJvSJvdkufNyD;aemuf vufcv,fjzifY zefa½Smufcif\
pduyfaeaom tzkwfwGif;odkY xdk;oGif;vdkufonf/ zefa½Smufcifonf twGif;tm;pkyfodkif;udk wwfajrmufcsdefrSpí
ol\tzkwfudk BuKdufovdk csJUEdkifcsKHUEdkifojzifY þodkYykHrysufwnf½Sdaejcif;jzpfonf/ csKHUEdkifonfhtpGrf;½Sdaomfvnf;
wwfEdkifoavmuf vD;BuD;BuD;ESifYom cHavY½Sdavonf/ rsKd;vif;vnf; vufcv,fjzifYoGif;ae&mrS pdwfrxdef;Edkif
ojzifY ukef;vsufvdkuf avonf/ olonf tawGUtBuKHr½SdojzifY tay:rSomtjym;vdkufvsufaeojzifY
zefa½Smufcifu enf;ay;vrf;Ny vkyfvdkuf&avonf/ xdktcgrS olonf zefa½Smufcifay;xm;aom twGif;tm;udk
vQmwGifpkpnf;vdkufNyD; olr\ tpdudk xdk;xnfhvdkufav&m zefa½SmufcifxHrS tm;ueJtoHxGufvmavonf/
xdkYaemuf t0wGifwcsufawYvdkufNyD; vQmudk twGif;tm;okH;íqGJqefYum zefa½Smufcif\tzkwfwGif;odkY
xdk;oGif;vdkufNyD; tm;&yg;&vsufawmYonf/ tarT;wdkifwwdkifcefYMumaomf zefa½Smufcifonf raeEdkifawmYyJ ...
]] armifav;&,f rrudkvdk;ay;ygawmY ...}}
]] vdk;ay;&if bmay;rSmvJ }} rsKd;vif;u aps;udkifvkduf&m ... zefa½Smufcifu ...
]] armifav;BuKdufwmay;rSmaygY ...}}
]] aumif;NyDav? uwdwnfyapaemf ...}} [kajymvdkufNyD; twGif;tm;udk vD;wGifpkum zefa½Smufcif\
tzkwf0odkYawYvdkufonf/ roGif;ao;yJ twGif;tm;udk ykHrSefvnfywfESKef;&atmifvkyfaepOfyif zefa½Smufcifu
twGif;tm;pkyfodkif;udkokH;í tvdkufoifYqGJoGif;vdkufavonf/ (rSwfcsuf/ / vufrokH;yg)? rsKd;vif;vnf;
xdktcgrS owd0ifvmNyD; twGif;tm;udk cg;ESifYvD;ay:odkY rQumydkYxm;NyD; tm;ygygjzifY aqmifYvdk;awmYonf/
zefa½Smufcifu twGif;tm;pkyfodkif;jzifY pkyf,laomfvnf; rsKd;vif;onf ol\twGif;tm;udk vD;ay:odkYydkYNyD;
cHvdkufí twGif;tm;pkyfodkif;rSm rxda&mufawmYay/ qufvufí rsKd;vif;vnf; ½SdorQtwGif;tm;udkxkwfí
tm;&yg;& aqmifYvdkufaomtcg zefa½Smufcif\ESKwfrS wtif;tif;jrnfoHrsm;xGufay:vmavonf/
zefa½Smufcifvnf; tm;usrcH twGif;tm;udk tzkwfodkYydkYum wefjyefwdkufppfjzifY jyefaumYvdkuf? ESKwfcrf;om;
rsm;jzifY pkyf,lvdkufjzifY BuKd;pm;aeavonf/ zefa½Smufcifonf twGif;tm;okH;umpkyf,lygaomfvnf; rsKd;vif;u
yg;eyfpGmjzifY acszsufum wGifwGifomvdk;aeawmYonf/
xdkYaMumifY zefa½Smufcifvnf; v&nfrsm;udkpkyf,l&ef rBuKd;pm;awmYyJ tvdkufoifYcHaqmifaeavawmYonf/
wcsufwcsufwGif twGif;tm;jynfh0aom vkd;csufcHcsufrsm;aMumifY? oHoHcsif;xdoHvdk ]]xef 'vef}} paomtoH
rsm;vnf;xGufvmwwfavonf/ xrif;tdk;wvkH;csufcefYMumaomf rsKd;vifvnf; raqmifYEdkifawmYyJ
cg;anmif;ojzifY zefa½Smufcif\ udk,fay:rSqif;um ckwifay:odkY yufvufvSefcsvkdufavonf/ vD;MuD;um;
tvHwdkifuJYodkY axmifrwfvsufyif .../
zefa½Smufcifvnf; ]] armifav;? armoGm;&if rrvkyfay;r,fav ...}} [kajymum tvHwkdifay:rSaeí
xdkifcsvdkufavonf/ xdkYaemuf twGif;tm;udk tzkwfxJodkYpkpnf;vdkufNyD; aqmifYcsvkduf? vSKyf½Sm;aeavonf/
rsKd;vif;vnf; vD;BuD;udk oHacsmif;uJYodkYrmawmifaeatmif twGif;tm;udkokH;NyD; atmufrSaeí aumYaumY
ay;avonf/ zefa½Smufcifu aqmifYvdkuf? rsKd;vif;uaumYay;vdkufjzifY tcef;xJwGif ]]xef 'vef}} paom
toHrsm;vnf; xGufay:aeavonf/ rsKd;vif;onf twGif;tm;udk vD;t&if;wGifxm;NyD; tzkwfwGif;ü paum0dkif;
vSnfhay;vdkufaomtcgwdkif; zefa½SmufcifxHrS ]][kdif;,m; [dkif;,m;}} jzifY rmefoGif;oHrsm;xGufay:vmavonf/
twGif;tm;NyKdif&if;jzifY rsKd;vif;onf tHBudwfí atmufrSaqmifYwifay;ae&mrS tarT;wdkifwwdkifcefYtMumwGifum;
olYxuftwGif;tm;omol zefa½Smufcifudk t½SKH;ay;um v&nfrsm;udkxkwfay;vdkuf&avawmYonf/ yef;rxkwfcif
rsKd;vif;vnf; wudk,fvkH;½SdtwGif;tm;rsm;udk vD;wGifpkpnf;vkdufum vufoD;udkqkyfí cg;aumYxm;NyD;
v&nfrsm;udk xkwfay;vdkufawmYonf/ tm;&yg;&yef;vdkufaom v&nfrsm;aMumifY zefa½Smufcifvnf;
aqmifYae&mrS v&nfrsm;ay:wGifajrmufwufoGm;NyD; avxJüyif qefYiifqefYiifjzpfoGm;um wcsDNyD;oGm;
avawmYonf/ a&yef;ozG,f xGufvmaom v&nfrsm;ukefoGm;rS ckwifay:jyefusvmum vJavsmif;&if;
tem;,laeavonf .../
 aemufwaeY reufrdk;vif;aomtcgwGifum; zefa½Smufcifudk rawGU&awmYay/ olwa,mufxJ ckwifay:wGif
t&nfrsm;ywfvnf0dkif;í usef&pfaeonfudkomawGU&awmYonf/ rsKd;vif;vnf; ayyGaeonfrsm;udk aq;aMum?
rsufESmopf oGm;wdkuf a&csKd;vkyfNyD; tapcHrsm;udkac:í½Sif;cdkif;&avonf/ NyD;rS atmufodkYqif;vmum
xrif;pm;yGJü apmifNcKHxkESifYawGU&avonf/
]] taz aeaumif;w,faemf ...}}
]] at; aumif;w,f? 'geJYnu rif;tdyf&&JUvm; }}
]] &ygw,f bmjzpfvdkYvJ }}
]] rodbl;av ...nOD;ydkif;u rif; odkif;usifYaewJYtoHrsm;Mum;vm;vdkY }}
]] r[kwfygbl; taz&,f ...aMomf 'geJY tckrSowd&w,f }}
]] bmudkvJuG }}
]] w½kwfjynfudkvmwm odkif;oifzdkYtaz&JU ...tJ'g uRefawmfYudk ulnDygOD; }}
]] at; at; 'DaeYvm; ...}}
]] jrefavaumif;avyJ taz }}
]] uJ uJ reufpmpm;vdkufOD; ...aMomf aqmfac:cscsifvJajymaemf ...'DNrKdUudkigydkifw,f }}
]] [kwfYuJ taz }}
xdkodkYajymvdkufNyD; eHeufpmudk w0wNyJpm;aomufum tcef;xJjyefítem;,l&if; zefa½SmufciftaMumif;
awG;aerdavonf/ awG;&if;awG;&if;jzifY vD;awmifvmum ig;csDqufwdkufxkypfvdkufavonf/ 'DwcgwGifum;
tcef; wHcg;udk ydwfxm;ojzifY jyóemr½SdawmY .../ þodkjzifY aeYvnfa&mufaomtcgwGif apmifNcKHxku
olYudktac:vTwf vdkufojzifY t0wftpm;rsm;0wfum jyifqifaeavonf/
apmifNcKHxkrSmum; tjyifrSjyefa&mufvmaom zefa½SmufcifESifY pum;pjrnfajymaeavonf/ aeYcif;buf
jzpfaomfvnf; zefa½Smufcifwa,muf cGifrwnfhojzifYjyefvmjcif;jzpfavonf/ xdktcg apmifNcKHxku ...
]] b,fvdkvJ rdef;r tvkyfrjzpfbl;vm; ...jyefvmwm apmom;yJ }}
]] tif;av ...tJ'gqmvmwmeJY tdrfrSmyJaeawmYr,fqdkNyD; jyefvmwm ...}}
]] aMomf rif;udkudk,fwckajym&OD;r,f ...raeYnuyJ om;wa,muf tarGpm;tarGcH arG;pm;vdkufw,f}}
]] [kwfvm; ...b,fvdkaevJ }}
]] rqdk;ygbl; aumifav;u &nf&nfrGefrGefav;yg ...}}
]] 'gqdk tckxrif;yGJrSm awGUay;av }}
]] at; at; a[m[dkrSm ajym&if;qdk&if;a&mufvmNyD }}
]] [if ...}}
]] rdef;r bmjzpfvdkYvJ }}
]] aMomf bmrSrjzpfygbl; }}
zefa½SmufcifrSm nu olESifYvdk;cJYMuaom rsKd;vif;udkrSwfrdoGm;ojzifY tmar#dwfoHjyKvdkufjcif;jzpfonf/
odkYaomf rsKd;vif;u rrSwfrd ...njzpfonfhtjyif vdk;csifpdwfrsm;uom ae&m,lxm;ojzifY aocsmrrSwfrdjcif;
jzpf\/ xdkYaemuf apmifNcKHxku ...
]] om; 'DrSm ...'g tazYrdef;r }}
]] [kwfuJY taz ...r*Fvmyg tar }}
]] at;at; om; }}
]] raeYu oltjyifoGm;aevdkY rif;eJYrawGUvdkufbl; ...emrnfu zefa½SmufcifwJY }}
]] [if ...}}
]] a[Yaumif bmjzpfwmvJ }}
]] aMomf tarYemrnfu vSyNyD; t"dyÜg,fjynfhpkHvdkYyg }}
]] at; a`rSmufajym odvm; ...}} zefa½Smufcifu rsufpdrSdwfjyvdkuf&if;ajymvdkufonf/
apmifNcKHxkum; bmrSrodyJ ...]] a[mifvm; a[mifvm; ....xdkufa[mifvm; }} [kajymvdkufavonf/
 NyD;vQif xrif;pm;cef;xJodkYoGm;NyD; toD;oD;ae&m,lvdkufMuavonf/ pm;aomufzG,f&mrsm;um; ,refaeY
nuuJYodkYyif oabmw&m;½Sdaom tpm;taomufrsm;jzpfMuonf/ apmifNcKHxkrSm vD;ao;oljzpfojzifY aq;rsKd;pkH
okH;pGJum zefa½Smufcifudkxdef;csKyf&efBuKd;pm;aomfvnf; ratmifjrifcJYay ...rsKd;vif;ESifYawGUrS zefa½Smufcif
wa,muf avQmufrvnfEdkifawmYyJ jzpfoGm;jcif;aywnf;/
]] rdef;r igYom;u odkif;oifcsifw,fajymw,f tJ'grif;u tquftoG,fawG½SdawmY vkyfay;vdkufygOD; }}
]] tif; udkBuD;eJY armifav;qDrSmtyfay;r,fav ...tckawmY twGif;tm;aq;vkH;ay;vdkufr,f ...a&mY
xrif;pm;NyD;aomufvdkuf ...}}
]] aus;Zl;yJ tar }}
aeYvnfpmpm;tNyD;wGif zefa½Smufcifu rsKd;vif;tem;uyfí ]]nusvmcJYr,faemf}} [kajymNyD; apmifNcKHxkESifY
vdkufoGm;avonf/ apmifNcKHxkum; rnfoludkrQrouFmrjzpfyJ ...q,fYokH;ESpforD;av;udk ac:jzKwf&efpOf;pm;ae
avonf/ tb,fYaMumifYqdkaomf xdkavmufrS tH0ifcGifusjzpfaomaMumifYwnf;/
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
xdktcsdefwGifum; olawmif;pm;*dkPf;ü tvkyf½SKyfaeMuavonf/ olawmif;pm;*dkPf;csKyfBuD; oefjref
wkwfBuD; zmusKd;NyD;uG,fvGefoGm;ojzifY psmyeESifY tjcm;jyKzG,fudpörsm;aMumifY ysm;yef;cwfrQ vSKyf½Sm;aeMu
avonf/ EdkifiHt0ef; odkif;*dkPf;BuD;rsm;udk zdwfpmrsm;ydkYNyD; tokbESifY *dkPf;csKyfopfa½G;cs,fyGJudk wNyKdifwnf;
usif;y&ef&nf½G,faeMuonf/ om;jzpfol oefjrefav½SD;rSmum; taztwGufylaqG;NyD; pdwfnpfnpfjzifY wNrKdUvkH;
vSnfhvnfumzmcsaeonf/ {nfhonfrsm;a&mufvmrS {nfhcH&efvdkuf½Sm&m rl;NyJNyD; zmwef;üvJaeonfh oefjref
av½SD;udk awGU&avonf/ *dkPf;odkY jyefa&mufrS trl;ajyaq;wkdufNyD; {nfhcHcdkif;&avonf/
{nfhonfrsm;rSm a½Smifvif? 0lwef? atmfar? 0gqef;? cGefvGefpaom *dkPf;BuD;rsm;rSjzpfNyD; odkif;avmu\
tiftm;tBuD;qkH;*dkPf;rS *dkPf;csKyfBuD;twGuf tvGef0rf;enf;&ygonf[k wwGwfwGwfajymaeMuavonf/
olwdkY\ olawmif;pm;*dkPf;rSm wEdkifiHvkH;twdkif;twmtm;jzifY *dkPf;om;OD;a& q,foef;ausmf½SdojzifY þodkY
cefYnm;av;pm;&jcif;jzpfavonf/ tjcm;*dkPf;rsm;rSm tiftm;rawmifYwif;onfudk vma&mufolrsm;udkMunfhí
odEdkifavonf/ a½Smifvifausmif;rS ½SdpkrJYpk q&mawmfa½Smifukef; OD;aqmifaom bkef;BuD;½Spfyg; ... ausmif;wGif
wyg;om usefcJYonf/ tjcm;atmfar 3? 0lwef 20? usef*dkPf;rsm;rSmvnf; tm;vkH;aygif;rS tpdwfcefY½Sdonf/
0lwefrSm tawmftoifYtiftm; ½Sdao;NyD; &aoYrsm;jzpfí aA'if? "gwf½dkuf"gwfqifvkyfum toufquf
aeMujcif;jzpfonf/ aeYcif; aeylBuD;xJwGif olawmif;pm;*dkPf;csKyfBuD;\tavmif;udk rD;oN*KØ[f *g&0jyK&m
vufaxmuf*dkPf;csKyfrsm;jzpfMuaom vSefbm*smESifY zdk;a½SmufvifwdkYrS rD;½SKdUay;NyD; tm;vkH;0dkif0ef; t½dktao
ay;Muavonf/
naeapmif;aomf NrKdUjyifZ&yfBuD;wGif tpnf;ta0;vkyfMuNyD; a½SUquf&rnfhvkyfief;wm0efrsm;twGuf
tm;vkH;pkpnf;íwdkifyifMuum *dkPf;csKyfopfa½G;cs,fyGJtwGuf pnf;urf;csufrsm;owfrSwfNyD; aemufwaeY
a&mufvQif NyKdifyGJusif;y&ef qkH;jzwfvdkufMuavonf/ 'dkifvlBuD;rsm;um; oufBuD;0gBuD;*dkPf;em,ursm;?
*dkPf;cGJrSL;rsm;jzpfNyD; olwdkYu NyKdifyGJ0ifrsm;jzpfMuaom oefjrefav½SD;? vSefbm*smESifY zdk;a½SmufvifwdkYtm;
trSwfay;Murnfjzpfonf/ NyKdifyGJrsm;rSm 1/t½SnfNyKdifyGJ 2/twkwfNyKdifyGJ 3/tyef;NyKdifyGJ 4/tMumNyKdifyGJ
5/cHEdkif&nfESifYpGrf;aqmif&nfNyKdifyGJ 6/trSKwfNyKdifyGJESifY 7/xda&mufrSKNyKdifyGJwdkYjzpfMuonf/ xdkodkYjzifY NyKdifyGJ0if
rsm;onf *dkPf;csKyfae&m&½Sda&;twGuf tpGrf;ukef jyifqifaeMuavonf/
aemufwaeY a&mifeDvmcsdef .... em,uBuD;wOD;u NyKdifyGJudkzGifYvSpfaMumif;aMunmvdkufonf/ xdkYaemuf
oefjrefav½SD;? vSefbm*smESifY zdk;a½SmufvifwdkY wef;pDí0ifa&mufvmMuonf/ 'dkifvlBuD;rsm;tm; *g&0jyKvdkuf
MuNyD; y&dwfowfrsm;qDrS vufckyfoHrsm;udk em;axmifvdkufMuonf/
NyKdifyGJtrSwfpOf 1/t½SnfNyKdifyGJ ...oefjrefav½SD; 9vufr? vSefbm*sm 8vufrcGJ? zdk;a½Smufvif 8vufr/
þodkY yxryGJwGif oefjrefav½SD;uEdkifvdkufojzifY ol\y&dwfowfrsm;u 0rf;omtm;&atmf[pfvdkufMuonf/
olonf rdef;uav;rsm;bufodkYvSnfhNyD; aumYjyvdkuf&m a[;ueJ toHBuD;xGufvmavonf/ vSefbm*smum;
vufr0ufESifY uyf½SKH;&ojzifY rausreyfjzpfaeavonf/
 'kwd,yGJpOf twkwfNyKdifyGJusif;y&m oefjrefav½SD; 8vufr? vSefbm*sm 10vufr? zdk;a½Smufvif 8vufr/
vSefbm*smtEdkif&oGm;onf/ olYy&dwfowfrsm;uxatmf&m oefjrefav½SD;\y&dwfowfrsm;ESifYndMuavonf/
odkYaomf 0dkif;0ef;jzefajzvdkufMuojzifY jyefvnfNidrfoufoGm;avonf/
okH;yGJajrmuf tyef;NyKdifyGJ ...yxrqifYtaejzifY uGmvDzdkif,m ac: v&nfppfyGJudkqifETJ&onf/ 'dkifvlBuD;
rsm;u ayESpfq,fa&mufatmif yef;xkwfEdkifrS v&nfppfyGJatmifjrifrnfjzpfaMumif; ½Sif;vif;ajymMum;avonf/
'dkifvlBuD;rsm;u toifYjyif[kajymNyD; pnfoHMum;vQif yef;xkwf&rnfjzpfaMumif;ajymum ypfuGif;zufokdY
rsufESmrlcdkif; xm;avonf/ xdkYaemuf pnfoHBuD; 'kef;ueJxGufvmojzifY tm;vkH;qwfueJjzpfoGm;Muonf/
'dkifvlBuD;rsm;u ppfaq;&m wa,mufrSxGufrvmMuojzifY aemufwBudrfjyefvnf,SOfNyKdif&efajymMum;avonf/
taMumif;rSmum; pnfoHBuD; 'kef;ueJudk vefYoGm;NyD;rxGufMujcif;jzpfavonf/
aemufwBudrfwGifrl wa,mufcsif;,SOfNyKdif&ef zdk;a½SmufvifutBuHjyKavonf/ xdkYaMumifY yxrqkH;tjzpf
tBuHjyKol zdk;a½Smufvifu pwifyef;xkwfvdkuf&m ESpfq,fYig;aya&mufavonf/ vSefbm*smu ayESpfq,fom
a&mufNyD; oefjrefav½SD;rSm ayig;q,ftxda&mufavonf/ v&nfppfyGJjzpfí oefjrefav½SD; tEdkifr&ao;ay/
xkdYaemuf NyKdifyGJpwif&m ...oefjrefav½SD;u pwif,SOfNyKdifavonf/ twGif;tm;udk vD;ay:odkYydkYNyD; yef;xkwf
&mwGif tvsm; ay 100rQ ½SnfvQm;aomuGif;BuD;wGif 60 a&mufavonf/ y&dwfowftm;vufraxmifjyNyD;
uGifab;xdkifcsvkdufonf/ 'kwd, ,SOfNyKdifolum; zdk;a½Smufvif olu ay 70 a&mufojzifY y&dwfowfrsm;
tHYMooGm;Muonf/ oefjrefav½SD; ½SKH;edrfY&jcif;taMumif;u v&nfppfyGJwGif tiftm;udkrvdktyfbJ jzKef;wD;
vdkufjcif;aMumifYjzpfavonf/ aemufqkH;xm; ,SOfNyKdifolum; vSefbm*smjzpfonf/ zifrsm;yg usKHUoGm;atmif
twGif;tm;ygygjzifYyef;xkwfvdkuf&m uGif;xdyf½Sdpm;yGJwGif xdkifum trSwfay;aeMuaom 'dkifvlBuD;rsm;tm;
oGm;pOfavonf/ tcsKdvGefoGm;aomaMumifY þrQc&D;a&muf&jcif; jzpfavonf/ odkYaomf 'dkifvlBuD;rsm;u
vSefbm*smtm; apmfum;rSKjzifY teDuwfjyvdkufaomaMumifY ay 70 a&mufol zdk;a½Smufvifu tEdkif&oGm;
avawmYonf/ vSefbm*smrSm rcHcsdrcHomjzpfaeovdk oefjrefav½SD;rSmvnf; ryg;eyfí cHvdkuf&jcif;udk a'go
xGufaeavonf/ ,cktcsdefwGif okH;a,mufpvkH; wyGJpDtEdkifjzifY wlnDoGm;Muavonf/
þodkYjzifY tem;ay;csdef em&D0uf&½SdMuavonf/ olwdkYvnf; iSufaysmoD;pm;? MuufOaomufjzifY tm;arG;
MuNyD; vD;BuD; wef;vef;wef;vef;ESifY [efa&;wjyjyjzpfaeavonf/ tem;ay;csdefjynfhojzifY tm;vkH; uGif;xJodkY
jyefvnf0ifa&mufvmMuavonf/ oefjrefav½SD;um; zcif\t½dkuft&mudk xdef;odrf;&ef t½dk;ausaus v&nf
cef;cef; ,SOfNyKdifrnf[k qkH;jzwfxm;aomykHrsKd;ESifY wufMuGaeavonf/ rMumrDyif 'dkifvlBuD;rsm;a&mufvmNyD;
pwkw¬yGJpOftjzpf tMumNyKdifyGJudk ,SOfNyKdifMu&avonf/ ,SOfNyKdifykHum; NyKdifyGJ0ifokH;a,mufpvkH; oufqkdif&m
trsKd;orD;qDwGif trSKwfcHMu&rnfjzpfonf/ rSKwfay;rnfhtrsKd;orD;rsm;rSm vifusda½Smif\ trsKd;orD;
pGrf;aqmif½Sifrsm;*dkPf;rS tultnDudk awmif;cHxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ trsKd;orD;*dkPf;csKyf vifusda½Smifvnf; apwem
AvyGjzifY rSKwfay;&ef 3OD;? tvdk;cH&ef 3OD;? t&ef 3OD;wdkYudk ay;ydkYvkduf&m ...olvdkufrnf igvdkufrnfjzifY
tjiif;yGm;cJYMuao;onf/ vifusda½Smifudk,fwdkif vdkufcsifaomfvnf; a,mufsm;jzpfol wdkifaxmifxkuwm;ojzifY
aecJY&jcif;jzpfavonf/ þodkYjzifY NyKdifyGJ0if 3OD;onf uGif;xJwGif toifYapmifYqkdif;aeMuaomtrsKd;orD;rsm;qDodkY
&ifabmifwef;í avQmufvSrf;vmcJYMuavonf/
xdkrdef;rrsm;a½SUodkYa&mufaomf tm;vkH; vD;rsm;udk yg;pyfrsm;xJodkYxdk;xnfhvdkufMuavonf/ yxr ppcsif;
rrSKwfao; ...'dkifrsm;u trdefYay;vdkufrS pwifrSKwfMuawmYonf/ ponfESifYwNyKdifeuf wjyGwfjyGwfwpGwfpGwf
toHrsm;u wuGif;vkH;nHatmif xGufay:vmawmYonf/ trsKd;orD;*dkPf;rSay;ydkYvdkufaom rdef;rrsm;uvnf;
tm;& yg;&rSKwfaeMuykHrSm b,fwkef;ursm;iwfaeonfrqdkEdkif/ okH;wGJvkH;qDrS toHAvHrsm;xGufaeMuonf ...
NyKdifyGJ0ifwdkY w[if;[if;nnf;ovdk rdef;rrsm;uvnf; tifYueJYtifYueJatmfaeMuonf/
wem&DavmufMumvmonftxd rnfolYrnfolrQ *dk;roGif;Edkif tJtJ ...rNyD;Muao;/ xdkYaMumifY 'dkifvlBuD;rsm;
pka0;wdkifyifMuNyD; t½Sdefwdk;`rSifYumrSKwfcdkif;awmYonf/ olwdkYvnf; twGif;tm;udk vD;qDodkYydkYum tpGrf;ukef
xdef;xm;&if; wa,mufESifYwa,muf aemufajymif½SKwfcsaeMuavonf/ þodkYjzifY 'dkifvlBuD;rsm;u pdwfr½Snf
MuawmYyJ aemufxyf enf;vrf;wckudk xyfrHtokH;jyKavonf/ enf;vrf;rSm 'dkifvlBuD;rsm;u 1 rS 100 txd
a&wGufrnf ...1 [ka&wGufygu rdef;rrsm;u tm;&yg;&wcsufpkyf&rnfjzpfNyD; 100 xdatmif tm;vkH; awmifYcH
EkdifMuvQif xdkyGJ&v'fudk y,fzsufrnf jzpfavonf/ a&wGuf&if;jzifY 50 ausmfvmaomtcg tm;vkH; NyD;csif
vmMuNyD ...55 ta&muf oefjrefav½SD;cifrsm taMumawGqGJvmNyD; 58 wGifNyD;oGm;avawmYonf/ tm;vkH;xJwGif
toufti,fqkH;jzpfí xdkodkY½SKH;edrfYoGm;jcif;jzpfonf/ usefaom obmESpfa,mufvnf; raeEdkifawmYyJ a½SUqifY
aemufqifY NyD;oGm;avawmYonf/
&v'frsm;udk aMunm&m zdk;a½Smufvifu 87 jzifYtEdkif&oGm;avonf/ vSefbm*sm 84 jzpfNyD; oefjrefav½SD;
wa,mufrSm jywfom;pGm½SKH;edrfYoGm;avonf/ 'dkifvlBuD;tzGJUu xkwfjyefaMunmtNyD;wGif NyKdifyGJudk
&yfem;aMumif;ESifY nae 4em&DwGif jyefvnfpwifrnfjzpfaMumif; aMunmxm;avonf/ y&dwfowfrsm;vnf;
xdktcgrS qlnHqlnHESifY xjyefoGm;Muavonf/ NyKdifyGJ0iftoD;oD;wdkYvnf; tdrfjyefumtem;,lMuavonf/
zdk;a½Smufvifvnf; tdrfjyefa&mufonfESifYwNyKdifeuf BuD;aq;rsm; xefaq;rsm;udk BuKdwifokH;pGJxm;onf/
pdwfwnfNidrfap&eftwGuf w&m;xdkifum uGrf;w,mnufavmufMumrS jyefvnfxvmNyD; iSufodkufrsm;udk
rSD0Jonf/ vSefbm*smum; twGif;tm;axmifodkif;udk avYvmaeNyD; oefjrefav½SD;um; MuufOaomufum
tdyfa&;0atmif tdyfaeavawmYonf/
naeav;em&D ...olawmif;pm;*dkPf;\uGif;jyif ...&moDOwkum; cg;upm;orm;rsm;tBuKdufjzpfonf/
wdrftenf;i,fzkH;aeaomfvnf; tvif;a&miftoifYtwifY½Sdaeonf/ 'dkifvlBuD;rsm;u olwdkYokH;a,mufudk taMum
prf;um wm;jrpfaq;okH;rokH; ppfaq;onf ...xdkcP zdk;a&Smufvif aq;usawmYonf/ taMumif;um; BuD;aq;
okH;vmcJYaomaMumifYjzpfavonf/
NyKdifyGJpnf;urf;um; obm0vD;jzifY ,SOfNyKdif&rnfjzpfavonf/ zkd;a½SmufvifrSm þyGJpOftwGufomru
NyKdifyGJ0ifcGifYudkyg ydwfyifcH&avonf/ w½kwfrif;rsm;vnf; tm;upm;udpöwGif wm;jrpfaq;okH;pGJrSK wdkufzsufa&;
pDrHcsufaMumifY zdk;a½SmufvifrSm pHjytaejzifY tjypfay;cH&jcif;jzpfonf/ ,ckawmY ESpfOD;wnf;om NyKdif&awmYrnf
jzpfonf/ trsKd;orD;pGrf;aqmif½Sifrsm;*dkPf;rS rdef;rrsm;uawmY vdk;rnfhol wa,mufavsmYoGm;ojzifY vk&if;
qGJ&if; tcsif;csif;xcsukefMuavonf/
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
NyKdifyGJ trSwf 5 jzpfaom cHEdkif&nfESifY pGrf;aqmif&nfNyKdifyGJudk pnf;urf;wif;usyfpGmjzifY qufvufusif;y
av\/ 'dkifvlBuD;rsm;u pnf;urf;csufrsm;udkaMunmvdkufaomtcg y&dwfowfrsm;tm;vkH; [ifueJ [mueJ
jzpfukef Muavonf/ taMumif;rlum; NyKdifyGJ0ifwdkY\vD;rsm;udk ayay:wifí wlESifYxkrnfjzpfaomaMumifYwnf;/
'dkifvlBuD;rsm;rS tcsufay;vdkufonfESifYwNyKdifeuf tm;aumif;armif;oef olawmif;pm;*dkPf;om;ESpfOD;onf
q,faygifwlBuD;rsm;udkxrf;í ay:xGufvmMuavonf/ oefjrefav½SD;onf rsufvkH;wcsufjyL;oGm;aomfvnf;
ab;rS vSefbm*smu bmrSrjzpfovdkMunfhaeonfudkawGU&ojzifY [efudk,fYzdkYqdkum rmefwif;vdkufNyD;
abmif;bDudk cRwfcsvdkufavonf/ ESpfa,mufpvkH;yif vD;rsm;udk ayay:wifvdkufMuNyD; ]]toifY}} [k
atmfvdkufMuavonf/
'dkifrsm;uvnf; acgif;ndwfjyvdkufojzifY *dkPf;om;ESpfOD;onf wlrsm;udka`rSmufwifvdkufMuNyD; ayay:wGif
wifxm;aomvD;rsm;udk tqufrjywfxkESufMuavonf/ wcsufxkcsvdkufwdkif; oHESifYoHxdí xGufay:vm
ouJYodkY xefueJ xefueJ toHrsm;udkMum;ae&avonf/ oefjrefav½SD;onf yxrqkH;wcsuftxkwGif
vefYjzwfNyD; ptdkudk BuKHUxm;rdaomfvnf; 'dkifvlBuD;rsm;u ptdkBuKHUcGifYrjyKaMumif; atmfajymvdkufojzifY jyefzGifY
tay;wGif awmifYxm;orQ jyefavsmYoGm;ojzifY tm;ueJatmfvdkufrdavonf/ odkYaomf xdkwcsufrSvGJí
*dkufay;rysufawmifYcHaeavonf/
tcsdefMumvmonfESifYtrQ vD;wifxkaeaomayrSm wjznf;jznf;csKdifY0ifvmNyD; csKdifYoGm;aomae&mxJodkY
vD;u 0ifoGm;wjzifY xkaeolrsm;rS xkr&awmYaMumif; 'dkifrsm;tm;tpD&ifcHojzifY ayrsm;udk topfvJay;&ao;\/
rsm;rMumrD wlrsm;yg ESpfjcrf;uGJxGufvdkxGuf BuKHU0ifvdk0ifjzifYjzpfukefMu&m 'dkifvlBuD;rsm;vnf;NyKdifyGJudk &yfem;um
tm;vkH;\tBuHOmPfrsm;udk awmif;cHNyD; oa&yGJtjzpfowfrSwfvdkufavonf/
NyKdifyGJudk em;aMumif;aMunmNyD; aemufaeYwGif aeYvnfbufyg r&yfrem;,SOfNyKdifMunfh½SK&eftwGuf
uGif;BuD;udk wdkifxlum trdk;rdk;&ef 'dkiftzGJUrScdkif;avonf/ *dkPf;om;rsm;rwl;rDyif oefjrefav½SD;u tvdkuf
wodjzifY ol\vD;udk tokH;NyKum wGif;wl;ay;vdkufavonf/ vSefbm*smum; jyefoGm;NyD;jzpfojzifY rwl;vdkuf
&ay/ oefjrefav½SD; wOD;wnf; wGif;aygif; ESpfq,fcefYwl;ay;vdkufonf/ vdktyfaomwGif;rsm;jynfhpkHoGm;rS
olvnf; tdrfjyefem;avonf/
aemufwaeYreuf ... 'dkifvlBuD;rsm;u aMunmvdkufonf/ ,refaeYu NyD;qkH;oGm;aom cHEdkif&nfESifY
pGrf;aqmif&nfNyKdifyGJtwGuf &v'frsm;udkjyefvnfjyifqifaMumif; aMunmNyD;? oefjrefav½SD;udk tEdkifay;aMumif;udk
aMunmvdkufavonf/ vSefbm*smvnf; rausreyfjzifY 'dkifaumfrwDtm; apm'uwufavonf/
]] tbdk;BuD;awG cifAsm;wdkYu bmvJAs ... *dkPf;csKyfom;qdkNyD; rsufESmvdkufwmvm; }}
]] a[Yaumif pum;udk ajyajyvnfvnfajym }}
]] uJ ... 'gqdk oefjrefav½SD;udk bmjzpfvkdY tEkdifay;&wmvJ }}
]] tif; 'DNyKdifyGJ&JU emrnfudka&m rif;aocsmod&JUvm; }}
]] odom;yJ ...cHEdkif&nfNyKdifyGJr[kwfvm; ...}}
]] tif; ...tJ'DrSm pawGUwmyJ }}
]] bmvJ tbdk;BuD; ½Sif;atmifajymAsm }}
]] NyKdifyGJ&JUemrnfu cHEdkif&nfeJY pGrf;aqmif&nfNyKdifyGJuG ...rif; w,fnHhwmyJ }}
]] tJ'DawmY bmjzpfwkef; }}
]] pGrf;aqmif&nftwGuf xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&r,fuG/ raeYnaeu NyKdifyGJNyD;wJYtxd rif;wdkYESpfa,muf
pvkH;&JU &v'fawGu wlwlyJ/ oefjrefav½SD;udk tEdkifay;&wJYtaMumif;uawmY raeYu uGif;udktrdk;rdk;zdkYudpörSm
wGif;wl;zkdYudk oefjrefav½SD;u wm0ef,loGm;vdkYyJ ...rSwfxm;vdkuf }}
]] wGif;wl;wmrsm;Asm ...twGif;tm;eJY ½dkufvdkufjzpfwmyJ }}
]] tJ'Dvdkr[kwfbl;uG ...[dkaumifu vD;eJYwl;oGm;wm ...}}
]] tif;av rodvdkYcHvdkuf&wmyJAsm ...aemufyGJudkawmYEdkifatmifBuKd;pm;r,f ...aMomf tb nus&if
tdrfvmcJYr,faemf ...}}
vSefbm*smvnf; oefjrefav½SD;udk rormaomenf;vrf;jzifY tEdkif,l&efjyifqifaeavawmYonf/
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
aemufwpfaeY NyKdifyGJwGifum; ...
'dkifvlBuD;rsm;rS tcsufay;vkduf&m oefjrefav½SD;vnf; pdwfysufvufysufjzifY twGif;tm;udk yg;pyfwGif
pkum ta0;rSvSrf;NyD;rSKwfavonf/ cHaeaomrdef;rum; rsufvkH;rsm;ta&mifawmufvmaomfvnf; ig;rdepfcefY
tMumwGif a[mufoHrsm;xGufvmum tdyfaysmfoGm;awmYonf/ olvnf; yg;pyfanmif;anmif;jzifY pdwfysuf
vufysuf xdkifcsvdkufavawmYonf/ 'dkifrsm;u qufvuf,SOfNyKdif&ef wdkufwGef;aomfvnf; b,fvdkrS rwwfEdkif
awmYonfhtwGuf olvnf; vufa`rSmufumaevdkufavonf/
xdkcPwGif trSKwfq&m vSefbm*smonf ol\ausmfMum;vSaom rkefwdkif;waxmifavodkif;udkokH;um
ol\ odkif;usrf;xJrS 03012007 ckajrmuftuGufjzpfonfh 0dnmOfESKwfvQm trSKwfq&m trnf½Sdaom
odkif;uGufudkokH;? yg;pyfxJodkY twGif;tm;udkydkYxm;vkdufNyD; ayig;q,ftuGmta0;odkYyif avQmufoGm;vdkufNyD;
tpGrf;jyavonf/
trSKwfcHae&aom trsKd;orD;onf "mwfvdkufonfhES,f wudk,fvkH;wGefYvdrfaeNyD; olYudkwifxm;onfh
pm;yGJay:wGif vSKyfcgaeavonf/ xdkrdef;r\ apmufpdudk ta0;rSaeum vQmay:rStwGif;tm;vSKdif;udkydkYvTwfNyD;
vSrf;NyD; uvdvkdufonfhtcgrsKd;wGif atmfoHBuD;u em;uGJrwwfxGufvmavonf/ vSefbm*smonf ol\
odkif;uGufrsm;xJrS taumif;qkH;odkif;uGufrsm;udk a½G;cs,fxkwfESKwfí y&dwfowfrsm;tm;azsmfajzaeonf/
oefjrefav½SD;onf jzpfay:aeonfhtajctaersm;udk okH;oyfNyD; ol½SKH;awmYrnfudk cefYrSef;rdojzifY
'dkifrsm;tm; cGifYawmif;um ausauseyfeyft½SKH;ay;vdkufavawmYonf/ 'dkifrsm;u oefjrefav½SD;t½SKH;ay;aMumif;
aMunmaomfvnf; vSefbm*smurl rSKwfaumif;wkef;½Sdaeao;onf/ xkH;pHtwdkif; xdkrdef;rtm; tcsDcsDNyD;atmif
rSKwfay;NyD;rS y&dwfowfrsm;zufodkYvSnfhum ]]trSKwfynm igq&m}} [kaMuG;aMumfvdkufavawmYonf/
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 xdkaeYnwGif csdef;xm;onfhtwdkif; 'dkifaumfrwDtBuD;tuJxHodkYoGm;a&mufNyD; reufjzefNyKdifyGJwGif olYtm;
rsufESmomay;&eftwGuf zifukef;awmif;yefum a½Tig;rl;om;ay;í vmbfxdk;avonf/ 'dkifvlBuD;u
vSefbm*smtm; aemufqkH;NyKdifyGJ\ vQKdU0SuftrSwfay;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk rNcGif;rcsefajymjyvdkuf&m vSefbm*smvnf;
csufcsif;tdrfjyefNyD; aemufaeYNyKdifyGJtwGuf avYusifYawmYonf/ pnf;urf;um; ydkatmfatmifcsEdkifoltm;
tEdkifay;rnf[k jzpfavonf/
oefjrefav½SD;rSmrl ½dk;om;ojzifY MuufOESifY ½kH;ywDoD;udkom t0pm;NyD;tdyfpuf&efjyifqifonf/
rtdyfcifwGif olYtm;cifrifMunfndKav;pm;aom *dkPf;0ifwOD;rS udk;uG,f&efay;xm;aom vD;bdk;awmf½kyfxktm;
uefawmYNyD;rS tdyf&may:vSJcsvdkufavonf/ csufcsif;tdyfraysmfao;bJ rsufpdaMumifaeojzifY zdkuf0rf;qGJvdkufrS
tdyfaysmfoGm;onf/
tdyfrufxJwGif oludk;uG,faom vD;bdk;awmfESifYawGUavonf/ tdyfrufxJqdkaomfvnf;
pum;tajctwif aqG;aEG;Muavonf/ vD;bdk;awmfu ...
]] tdkrDwdkzm ...a,mufsm;av;tm;vkH; vD;BuD;NyD; usef;rmMuygap }} [k arwÅmydkYav&m oefjrefav½SD;u...
]] bdk;awmfBuD;cifAsm ...bdk;awmfBuD;u b,folygvJ ...'Dudk bmvmvkyfwmvJ }}
]] tdrf; ...igu vD;bdk;awmfyJ ...rif;rtdyfcifu igYudk½Sdcdk;NyD; qkawmif;vdkY igay:vm&wm }}
]] tm; ...awGU&wm odyf0rf;omw,f bdk;awmf }}
]] aumif;NyD vli,fvD;BuD;uav; ...}}
]] bkd;awmf reufjzef uRefawmf NyKdifyGJ0if&rSm odovm;cifAsm ...}}
]] at; tJ'gaMumifY rif;udk 'Dypönf;av;ay;rvdkYuG ...a&mY,lxm;vdkuf }} [kqdkum aysmufuG,foGm;
avonf/
oefjrefav½SD;vnf; vefYEdk;vmNyD; vufxJwGif t&m0w¬Kwckudkprf;rdojzifY Munfhvdkuf&m uwÅDygtdwfwck?
txJwGifawmY rnf;wl;aeaom tyfwkH;BuD;wacsmif;/ pdwf½SKyf½SKyfjzifY jyeftdyfvdkufNyD; reufvif;MuufwGefrS
renf; tdyf&mx&avonf/
olvnf; 0wfpkHrsm;udk aoaooyfoyf0wfum rsufESmopf? oGm;wdkuf? *Gif;wdkufNyD; reufpmpm;um NyKdifyGJ
usif;y&m uGif;jyifqDodkYxGufvmcJYawmYonf/ uGif;xJwGifrawmY y&dwfowfrsm;tm;vkH;ae&m,lNyD;aeMuNyD/
aemufqkH; NyKdifyGJaeYjzpfojzifY vufrSwfarSmifcdkaps;uvnf; BuD;jrifYvSonf/ odkYaomf tm;vkH; tdk;ypftdrfypf
vmMu&m olcdk;rsm; tBuKdufyifjzpfaeavonf/
rsm;rMumrD vSefbm*sma&mufvmNyD; vdkufvHESKwfqufaeavonf/ olum; olomtEdkif&&rnf[k ,kHMunfrSK
tjynfhjzifY 0if;xdefajymifvufaeaomrsufESmBuD;udk NzD;aeavonf/ xdkYaemuf NyKdifyGJudk oefjrefav½SD; wGif;wl;
ay;xm;aom rdk;vkHavvkH tm;upm;½kHBuD;wGif usif;yavawmYonf/ 'dkifrsm;u NyKdifyGJ0ifrsm; pdwfBuKdufpGrf;&nfudk
jy&ef aMunmum pdwfBuKduf,SOfNyKdifcGifYay;vdkufawmYonf/ reufydkif;wcsdefom usif;yrnfjzpfonf/
yGJponfESifYwNyKdifeuf vSefbm*smonf rdef;rrsm;bufodkY vufa0SU&rf;jyum olUtwGufay;xm;aom
rdef;rudk tomt,macsmYxnfhvdkufavonf/ rdef;ry&dwfowfrsm; auseyfoGm;MuNyD; tm;&if olYqDvmukef;OD;rS
qdkaom tawG;rsm; ay:xGufvmMuavonf/ yGJpNyD; ig;rdepfavmuftxd tomt,mom Budwfvdk;
aevdkufonf/ tiftm;udk csKdxm;NyD; oefjrefav½SD;uJYodkY rEl;reyfaumifudk tEdkif&a&;twGuf jyifqif
aeavonf/
oefjrefav½SD;rSm taz\t½dkuft&mudkxdef;odrf;&ef pdwftm;xufoefaeaomfvnf; vSefbm*smuJodkY
b0tawGUtBuKH rMuG,f0ojzifY pdwftm;i,faerdavonf/ tm;&yg;&aqmifYvdk;&if; tm;i,frSKrsm;udk ajzazsmuf
ae&avawmYonf/ odkYaomf ol\vD;um; tm;ri,f? trkef;axmifrwfaeavawmYonf/ tcsdeftenf;i,f
tMumwGif vSefbm*smonf tiftm;ukd tpGrf;ukeftokH;jyKum aqmifYcsav&m rdef;rqDrS atmfoHrsm;
tqufrjywf xGufvmawmYonf/ olvnf; vdk;ae&if;jzifY 'dkifvlBuD;rsm;bufodkY rsufpdupm;vdkufav&m
raeYnu vmbfay;xm;aom acgif;aqmif'dkifESifY rsufvkH;csif;qkH&m 'dkifvlBuD;u rodrom vufraxmifjy
avonf/ vSefbm*smonf EGm;odk;twGif;tm;udk olwDxGifxm;aom ]]vkH;ywfwkwfBuD; igYuGrf;oD;}} odkif;jzifY
aygif;pyfokH;pGJum cHaeaomrdef;r acgif;razmfEdkifatmif ckefckefNyD;vdk;awmYonf/ rdef;ruatmfavav Edkif&rnf
qdkaompdwfu wGef;tm;ay;avavjzifY trkef;vdk;av&m atmfoHrsm;rSm em;rcHomatmifxGufaeavonf/
wbGwfbGwf wzwfwzwfjzifY pnf;csufnDnDxGufay:aeaom toHrsm;atmufwGif oefjrefav½SD;u idkufpdkuf
idkufpdkufjzifY tm;½SdoavmufxkwfNyD; usKH;vsufyif .../
oefjrefav½SD;onf wufMuGaom vSefbm*sm\trlt&mudk NyKdifyGJrpcifuwnf;u rouFmjzpfaeavonf/
odkYaomf pdwfxifwmyJjzpfrnf[k cParYxm;vdkufonf/ NyKdifyGJxJodkYa&mufrS aoaocsmcsm tuJcwfaomf 'dkifESifY
vSefbm*smwdkY rsufpypfjyaeMuonfudk trSwfrxifawGUvdkuf&avrS ol\ qwfpyufpdwfrsm; ydkrdkBuD;xGm;vmNyD;
vSefbm*sm toHxGufatmifvdk;aeonfrSm trSwfay;pnf;rsOf;yifjzpf&rnf[k awG;rdavawmYonf/ oefjrefav½SD;
trkef;vdkufusKH;aomfvnf; vSefbm*smavmufrwwfEdkifyJjzpfaeavonf/ tm;ukefxkwfumvdk;ygaomfvnf;
vSefbm*smavmuf toHrxGufjzifY enf;vrf;pOf;pm;aeavonf/ xdktcg udk,fYudk,fudk ]]apmufokH;ruswJYvD;}}
[kqJumpOf;pm;&if;rS vD;[laom pmvkH;ESifYtwl vD;bdk;awmfudk owd&rdavonf/ olvnf; npfrS&awmYrnfudk
odoGm;NyD; vD;bdk;awmfay;xm;aomtyfudk ol\uGrf;oD;ab;wGif om;a&uGif;ESifYwGJí csnfaESmifxm;vdkuf
avawmYonf/ xdkYaemuf cyfomomav;prf;vdkuf&m olvdk;aeaomrdef;rrSm rsufjzLvefrwwf pl;pl;0g;0g;
atmfum wGefYvdrfoGm;avonf/ vSefbm*smyif raeEdkifawmYyJ vSnfhMunfh&avonf/
oefjrefav½SD;vnf; ]]ajcovkH;yavG½dk;eJY waeYvkH;taovdk;r,f}} [kaMuG;aMumfvdkufNyD; cyfrSefrSefyif
vdk;av&m atmfoHrsm;u b0*fvQHatmifxGufvmawmYonf/ tyfpl;ojzifY apmufzkwfxJrSa0'emudk rcHpm;Ekdif
awmYí olvdk;aeaom rdef;ronf owdvpfoGm;avawmYonf/ xdkYaMumifY t&efxm;aomtxJrS wa,mufudk
xyfac:NyD; olvnf; pdwf½Sdvuf½Sdvdk;jyefavonf/ tyf\xdk;ESufcsufaMumifY xdkrdef;ronfvnf; avmuBuD;ESifY
tqufjywfoGm;jyefonf/ aemufxyf xyfac:rnfjyKaomtcgrS 'dkifvlBuD;rsm;vnf; olawmif;pm;*dkPf;
emrnfysufrnf pdk;ojzifY NyKdifyGJudk&yfem;um oefjrefav½SD;udk tEdkifay;vdkuf&avawmYonf/
oefjrefav½SD;vnf; vD;bdk;awmfay;xm;aomtyfudk aocsmodrf;qnf;um b0wavQmufvkH; vD;bdk;awmfudk
udk;uG,fawmYrnf[k pdwfqkH;jzwfvdkufavawmYonf/ 'dkifrsm;u oefjrefav½SD;tm; *kPfjyKpum;ajymMum;MuNyD;
olawmif;pm;*dkPf;\ *dkPf;csKyfopftjzpf wifa`rSmufvdkufMuawmYonf/ xdkYaemuf aeYvnfpmjzifY zdwfMum;
xm;olrsm;tm; wnfcif;{nfhcHavonf/
aeYvnfpmpm;yGJwGif vSefbm*smu rdrdonf odkif;avmuxJrS ESKwfxGufaMumif;? a½SUavQmufNyD;
trSKwfoifwef;ausmif;ESifY tvdk;vkyfief;udk xlaxmifum pD;yGm;½SmNyD; at;at;csrf;csrf;aeawmYrnf jzpfaMumif;
ajymMum;vdkuf&m tm;vkH;tHYMooGm;MuNyD; rdef;rrsm;url 0rf;omoGm;Muavonf/
tm;vkH; pm;aomuftNyD;wGif *dkPf;csKyfopf oefjrefav½SD;u aus;Zl;wifpum;ajymMum;avonf/ olu
*dkPf;csKyfjzpfvmwJYtwGuf 0rf;ajrmufrdaMumif;? NyKdifbufaumif;BuD;jzpfaom vSefbm*smudk tvGef aus;Zl;
wifaMumif;? tem;,lawmYrnfjzpfí pdwfraumif;aMumif;? a½SUqufNyD; olawmif;pm;*dkPf;BuD;udk wdk;wuf
BuD;yGm;atmif aqmif½GufoGm;rnfjzpfaMumif; ponfjzifYajymMum;NyD; ed*kH;csKyf&efjyifqifvdkufpOf olYabmif;bD
atmufrS vD;BuD;u axmifxGufaeonfudk awGUvdkuf&avonf/ BuKd;pm;zkH;uG,faomfvnf;r&ojzifY ...
]] t[J tckuRefawmf xrif;pm;NyD;NyDav ...tJ'DawmY olawmif;pm;xrif;0&if vD;awmifw,f vdkY
rSwfxm;vdkufMuaygYAsm }} [kajym&if;ed*kH;csKyfum olawmif;pm;*dkPf;csKyftjzpf pwifaqmif½GufavawmYonf/
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
zdk;a½Smufvifonf rausreyfjzifYxGufcGmvmcJY&mrS rmBuD;Mumodkif;usrf;udk&½Sdum avYusifYav
awmYonf/ avYusifYykHavYusifYenf;rsm;udk udkwPSmrS owfowfa&;om;ygvdrfYrnf/ xdkodkif;usrf; atmifjrifrS
zdk;a½Smufvifonf oefjrefav½SD;udk jyefvnfpdefac:&ef `iSKd;xm;avonf/
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
trsKd;orD;*dkPf;XmecsKyf ...zmcHNrKdU? vD;pD;jynfe,f ...
vifusda½Smifxlaxmifxm;aom trsKd;orD;*dkPf;onf zmcHNrKdUü tcdkiftrm tajcpdkufxm;av\/ xdkNrKdUwGif
trsKd;orD;*dkPf;om;rsm;onf txdef;tuGyfrJYpGm aomif;usef;&rf;um;aeMuavonf/ vifusda½SmifrSmvnf;
olYvif wdkifaxmifxkwa,mufwnf;ESifYyif cHír0ojzifY aemufxyfvif,l&ef pOf;pm;aeao;av\/
vifusda½Smif\ cHEdkif&nfrSm ajymprSwfyifjzpfonf/ wcsDwcsDcHvQif ig;em&DcefYMumNyD; trSKwfcHvQifum; wem&DcefY
Mumonf/ xdkYaMumifY vifusda½Smifonf olawmif;pm;*dkPf;csKyfa½G;cs,fyGJodkYoGm;a&mufcJYMuaom *dkPf;olrsm;\
owif;ay;csuft& vSefbm*smxHoGm;í trSKwfcH&efjyifqifaeavonf/
vifusda½Smif cHEdkifoavmuf wdkifaxmifxkuvnf; pGrf;ayonf/ olYvD;BuD;um; t½Snf 16vufr?
vkH;ywf EdkYqDbl;cefY½SdNyD; a*:vDtvkH;ig;q,fcefYwyfqifxm;avonf/ xdkYaMumifY vifusda½Smifu oDcsif;
qdkavYyif½Sdonf/ ,if;um; ...
]] 16vufr 16vufr tdk[dk;[dk tdk[dk;[dk[dk; ...
16vufr 16csufcs tdk[dk ...
udkudk uRefawmfYudk qdkufum;eJY rac:eJY
atmf'g½Sdw,f rvdkufbl;od&JUvm; ...
udkudkeJYuRefawmf wnvkH;vdk;Murvm; ...
zifudkcswm odyftonf;,m; ...tm; [ [ [mY
tdrfrSm uRefawmfYudkpmjywJYtcgwdkif;
pmr&&if zifcsawmYwmyJ .....}} ponfjzifYjzpfavonf/
wdkifaxmifxkonf ,cifu usif;ycJYaom odkif;avmu\ vD;tu,f'rDay;yGJwGif yxrqk&cJYolvnf;
jzpfonf/ ,ckum; olonf odkif;avmurS tem;,lNyD; at;at;aq;aq; rdef;rvkyfpmxdkifpm;aeoljzpfonf/
tvum;aetvum; ysif;vmojzifY tdrfwGif vD;BuD;enf;oifwef;ay;&ef pDpOfavonf/ trsKd;orD;*dkPf;rSmvnf;
tqifoifY½SdojzifY avYusifY&eftwGufvnf; ryl&acs .../
olonf oifwef;udk bD*ifem? tifwmrD'D,dwfESifY tuf'fAefYpf ponfjzifY okH;rsKd;cGJjcm;xm;onf/
wjcm;aom ½Snfenf;oifwef;? wkwfenf;oifwef;rsm;vnf;½Sdavonf/ oifwef;trnfum; vD;tu,f'rD
jzpfonf/
oifwef;pzGifYaomaeYrSpí trsKd;orD;*dkPf;NcH0if;\ ab;csif;uyfvsuf½Sd ol\tdrfwGif BuD;BuD; i,fi,f?
½G,f½G,fvwfvwf a,mufsm;av;rsm;pka0;aeavonf/ em;csdefwGifzwf&ef atmpmtkyfrsm;udkvnf; wdkif;r½Sif;jzifY
tem*wfodkYoGm;um jrefrmusL;ypfa'gYeufrS ,lay;xm;ojzifY oifwef;om;vli,frsm;rSm rodbl;? uif;pwef?
Zmenf? ½Gmpm;BuD;? plyg? bvuf'DAJvf? vkyfenf;vkyf[ef abmYusefwdkYESifY &if;ESD;aeavonf/ ppcsif;
wufa&mufMuaom oifwef;om; q,fa,mufudk y½dkrdk;½Sif;ay;onfhtaejzifY ywfywfvnf a*:vD
xnfhay;avonf/ [dkem;'Dem;wGif a*:vD? jrif;`rSD;? qdwfrsufuGif;? pdefem;yef trsKd;pkH&aom ta&mif;qdkif
rsm;vnf; ay:xGufvmavonf/
olaX;BuD; apmifNcKHxkonf xdkowif;udkMum;vQifMum;csif; ol\arG;pm;om; rsKd;vif;udkac:um
oGm;a&muftyfESHavonf/ zefa½Smufcifudk rac:cJYaomfvnf; olu rsKd;vif;udkpdwfrcs[kqdkum vdkufvmcJYNyD;
oifwef;ausmif;teD;wGif tdrf0,fum [efusaeavonf/
apmifNcKHxkonf wdkifaxmifxkxHoGm;a&mufNyD; rsKd;vif;tm; oifwef;om;tjzpftyfESHavonf/
rsKd;vif;u vD;BuD;enf;tjyif odkif;ygoifvdkaMumif;ajymojzifY a½TwkH;ig;axmifay;vQif oifay;rnf[kajym&m
apmifNcKHxkuvnf; oabmwlojzifY rsKd;vif;vnf; vD;tu,f'rD\ oifwef;om;jzpfoGm;um wdkifaxmifxku
tifwmrD'D,dwftjzpf vufcHvdkufavonf/ wqufwnf;yif apmifNcKHxku teD;tem;wGif a*:vDqdkif
zGifYvdkaMumif;ajymNyD; qdkifcGeftjzpf oifwef;tm; pyGefqmay;rnfjzpfaMumif;ajymum a*:vDqdkifudkvnf;
xlaxmifvdkufavonf/
xdkqdkifum; atmufajcvlwef;pm;tBuKduf &mbmwkH;rSpí pdefrsm;? ywÅjrm;rsm; tjcm;tzdk;wefausmufrsm;
txd&Edkifav&m xdkNrKdUwGifvnf; apmifNcKHxk\trnfonf wkdifaxmifxk\ trnfESifYwGJí acwfpm;vmavonf/
xdkqdkifudkum; rsKd;vif;udkapmifYa½Smuf&efvdkufvmaom zefa½Smufcifu OD;pD;avonf/ aemufwacguf apmifNcKHxk
ypönf;vmydkYaomtcgü wdkifaxmifxkESifYxyfrHaqG;aEG;? pmcsKyfcsKyfqdkum NrKdUrdNrKdUzrsm;tm;today;NyD; qdkif;bkwf
wifí w½kwfjynf\ yxrqkH; vdifpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;jzpfaom ]] xk xa&;'if; }} ukrÜPDudk wnfaxmif
vdkufavonf/
 ]] xk xa&;'if; }} [líemrnfay;&jcif;um; olwdkYESpfOD;\trnfrsm;jzpfaom apmifNcKHxkESifY wdkifaxmifxk
wdkYrS aemufqkH;trnfrsm;jzpfMuaom ]] xk }} udk trSwfw&taejzifYay;vdkufjcif;jzpfonf/ apmifNcKHxkonf ol\
wpwpaumif;rGefvmaom pD;yGm;a&;tajctaeaMumifY refcsK;rif;BuD; csifvkH{u&mZfuyif aejynfawmfodkY
zdwfac:í olaX;BuD;bGJUay;jcif;udk cH,l&avonf/ (rSwfcsuf / / aejynfawmfrSm tpu xdkodkYrac:yg/
yDuif;rem;[k ac:onf/) wdkifaxmifxkESifYaygif;í tem*wfodkYoGm;a&mufvnfywfxm;aom olonf tdrfeD;csif;
EdkifiHwEdkifiH\ xdyfydkif;tdrfaxmifpkrsm;udk oabmusojzifY rif;BuD;\orD;awmfudk t&,l&efBuHavonf/
þum; ,Ofaus;rSK wdk;wufvmaom tajctaewnf; .../
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
wdkifaxmifxkonf ol\vD;tu,f'rDausmif;udk zGifYvSpfcJY&m wvrQMumjrifYaomtcsdefodkY a&mufcJYNyDj
zpfonf/ waeYoü ol\orD;jzpfol wdkifuG,fyGwfonf tdrfay:wGifwa,mufwnf; wdkifudkuG,fí yGwfae&mrS
ysif;vmojzifY jywif;wHcg;udkzGifYí Munfhvkduf&m tdrfab;½Sdoifwef;ausmif;rS wdkifaxmifxk\oifwef;om;rsm;
zdkuf0rf;NyKdifqGJaeMuonfudk awGUvdkuf&ojzifY xl;qef;tHMooGm;rdavonf/ olUtawG;xJüum; a,mufsm;av;
rsm;\ xl;qef;aom udk,fydkifypönf;wcku pdk;rdk;oGm;av\/ xdkolrsm;wGifom ½Sdoavm? tjcm;olrsm;wGifvnf;
½Sdr½Sd Munfhvdkuf&m tm;vkH; udk,fpDudk,fpD axmifxaeMuonfudkawGUjrif&avonf/ tb,fYaMumifYqdkaomf
wdkifaxmifxkudk,fwdkif ol\orD;udk arG;uwnf;u vD;rjrifbl;atmif apmifYa½Smufxm;aomaMumifYjzpfavonf/
wdkifaxmifxk\oifwef;um; tvGeftrif;atmifjrifaeaomumvjzpfonf/ oifwef;\wckwnf;aom
pnf;urf;csufjzpfonfh udk,fwkH;vkH; a*G;wef;vef;ae&onfhtcsufaMumifYvnf; vGwfvyfa&;BuKd;yrf;olrsm;
taejzifY twufrsm;um vlpnfjcif;jzpfavonf/
wdkifuG,fyGwfonf xdkodkYMunfhae&mrS rodpdwf\ obm0ESKd;aqmfrSKaMumifY wjznf;jznf; ,m;vm
avonf/ ,cifu rdrdudk,frdrdyGwfaerSom xdkodkYzDvifjzpfaomfvnf; ,ckrlum; tvdkvdkjzpfvmaomzDvifaMumifY
ae&xdkif& cufaeavawmYonf/ xdkYaMumifY jywif;aygufudkjyefydwfvdkufNyD; tdyf,mxJ0ifum cyfMurf;Murf;
yGwfaerdavonf/ wjznf;jznf; tm;r&ojzifY a&csKd;cef;xJrS tkef;qHb&yf½Sfudk,lNyD; yGwfcsvdkufrSom tmomajy
oGm;NyD; wcsDNyD;av\/ jrifcJY&aomtaMumif;udk rdcifjzpfol vifusda½SmifESifYawGUrS ar;&OD;rnf[k rSwfom;xm;
avonf/ wdkifuG,fyGwf tdrfay:rSvSrf;Munfhaeaomumvu tNyKdiftqdkifxkaeolrsm;xJwGif rsKd;vif;vnf;
ygav\/ tjcm;olrsm;u rawGUvkdufaomfvnf; rsufpdvsifaomrsKd;vif;url zswfueJvSrf;awGUvdkuf&&m tdrfay:
wuf&atmif BuKd;yrf;NyD; csKyfpm;&efjyifqifaeavonf/ xdkaeYrSpí rsKd;vif;vnf; w½kwfrav;wdkifuG,fyGwfudk
&&ef BuKd;yrf;aeavawmYonf/ wdkifaxmifxk\ jrif;zdkroef;atmif apmifYa½Smufxm;aom orD;uav;\
tem*wfum; &ifav;p&m jzpfavonf/
xdkaeYn npmpm;tNyD; vifusda½Smif olYtcef;xJokdYt0if wdkifuG,fyGwfvnf; aemufrSvdkuf0ifoGm;av\/
]] anmif ...orD;ar;p&m½SdvdkY ...}}
]] bmvJ uav;&JU ...ararodwmqdk tukefajymjyrSmaygY ...}}
]] [dkav ...aeYcif;u azazwdkYausmif;bufukd vSrf;Munfhrdw,f ...}}
]] aMomf ...tJ'DawmY ...}}
]] orD;av ...tJ'Du a,mufsm;av;awGqDrSm axmifaxmifeJYjrifrdvdkY ...tJ'g bmvJ arar }}
]] 'ku©ygyJuG,f ...orD;uvnf; 'gawmifrodbl;vm; }}
]] [kwfuJY arar ...}}
]] eifYtazuvnf; cufw,f ...uJ uJ ...orD;vnf; t½G,fa&mufNyDqdkawmY odoifYNyD ... tJ'gudk vD;vdkY
ac:w,f orD;&JU }}
]] vD; ...bmvkyf&wmvJ arar }}
]] at; tJ'DvD;qdkwmu ykHrSeftcsdefqdk ao;aygufwm ...aemufawmY t[J ...}}
]] bm t[JvJ arar&JU ...}}
]] waeY orD;odvmrSmyg 'DaeYawmY 'DavmufyJ ajymjyxm;OD;r,f }}
 xdkodkYajymaewkef; wdkifaxmifxkrSm tcef;xJodkY0ifvmav\/ zcifudkaMumuf&aom wdkifuG,fyGwfvnf;
tcef;xJrS xGufoGm;&av\/ xdktcgrS vifusda½Smifvnf; tcef;wHcg;udk xydwfvdkufavonf/
]] a,mufsm; ...bmudpö }}
]] bm&,fr[kwfygbl;uGm ...usL;ypfxJu pmawGzwfNyD; pdwfawGxvmvdkY ...tJ'g ...}}
]] aMomf ...oabmaygufNyD ...aemufxyfvmcsifvmyg rxl;qef;awmYyg ...tNrJwrf;toifYyg ...cHcsifaewm}}
xdkodkYoDqdkvdkufNyD; wdkifaxmifxkudk ckwifay:qGJvSJcsvdkufav\/ olwdkYvifr,m;um; tvkyfudpö rsm;jzifY
rtm;vyfonfursm;ojzifY xdkaeYrS ypfpwifbkd;&if; ckwfMu&av\/ vifusda½Smifu 0wfpkHrsm;udkcRwfcsNyD;
wkdifaxmifxkudkvnf; ,k,pGm t0wftpm;cRwfay;avonf/ xdkYaemuf ckwifay:jyefvSJum vuf,yfac:
avonf/
xdktcgrS wdkifaxmifxkvnf; vifusda½Smifay:odkY ckeftkyfvdkufNyD; ESKwfcrf;csif;pkyferf;vdkufavonf/
NyD;vQif toifYapmifYqdkif;aeaom vifusda½Smifu rvdk;cif*sm&efajymojzifY ckwifatmufodkYjyefqif;um
ckwifwdkifrSpNyD; *smavonf/ xdkYaemuf tdyf&mcif; ...ajczsm;acgif;zsm; csKdif;Mum;ygrusef ae&mrvyf*smav&m ...
vifusda½SmifqDrS wcpfcpf&,foHrsm;ay:xGufvmavonf/
xdktcdkuf zcifjyefoGm;NyDtxifESifY rdciftm; rjywfao;onfhpum;pudkjyefquf&ef a&mufvmaom
wdkifuG,fyGwfonf tcef;em;ta&mufwGif wcpfcpf&,foHrsm;udkMum;vkduf&ojzifY odcsifpdwfBuD;rm;vmavonf/
xdkYaMumifY tcef;em;uyfum w½kwfodkif;um;rsm;xJutwdkif; vufnSKd;udkwHawG;qGwfum tcef;eH&H½Sd puúLudk
xdk;azmufvdkufavonf/ NyD;aemuf rsufvkH;wzufudkrSdwfum taygufESifYuyfvdkuf&m arSmiftwdusaeNyD;
bmrSrjrif& ... wjcm;wzufrSm eH&Hudkjrifae&avonf/ tcef;xJrSm arSmifvScsnfvm;[k awG;aeNyD;rS rsufvkH;
rSm;uyfrdaMumif;udk owd&oGm;ojzifY ajymif;uyfvdkufrS tcef;xJ½Sd ausmufacwfvlom;ESpfOD;udk awGU&avonf/
awGUvkdufvQifawGUvdkufcsif;yif vifusda½SmifrSm ckwifapmif;wGifaygifum;xm;onfudkjrif&NyD; wdkifaxmifxk
wa,mufrSm ol\vD;udkcg;rSudkifNyD; tcef;axmifYwGif&yfaeonfudkawGU&avonf/ NyD;aemuf wdkifaxmifxku
usm;[k rmefoGif;vdkufum vSHpGyfxdk;ouJYodkY tcef;axmifYrS ckwifapmif;odkY ajy;aqmifYvkduf&m ZGyfueJ
toHudkMum;&NyD; vifusda½Smifonf qwfueJaumYwufoGm;awmYonf/
tjyifrSacsmif;Munfhaeaom wdkifuG,fyGwfrSm olUtaraoNyDxifNyD; tdkueJatmfrdrvdkjzpfoGm;NyD;rS jzwfueJ
yg;pyfudk vufESifYydwfvdkuf&onf/ cPaerS vifusda½Smif aeomxdkifom½SdoGm;onfudkawGU&rS 'gupm;
MuwmrSef; odoGm;&avonf/ wdkifaxmifxk\vD;BuD;rSm 16vufr½Snfaomfvnf; vifusda½SmifrSm apmufacgif;
qefYodkif;udk wwfajrmufxm;ojzifY tqifajyaeavonf/ xdkodkif;rSm vifusda½Smifudk,fwdkif atmfarY*dkPf;rS
cdk;,lxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ cHenf;aygif;pkHudk wwfajrmufaom vifusda½Smifudk&xm;aom wdkifaxmifxkrSm ESmBuD;
onfudk jznfhqnf;ay;&onfrSwyg; tvGefyiftusKd;½Sdaom r,m;xDaygufaejcif;jzpfonf/
odkYaomf wrdk;atmufwa,muf 16vufrvD;udkydkifqdkifaom wdkifaxmifxku tm;&yg;&vSefpGyfxdk;vdkuf&m
vifusda½SmifrS xifrSwfrxm;ojzifY owdvufvGwf cHvdkuf&jcif;jzpfonf/ xdkYaemuf wdkifaxmifxkonf
ol\vD;udk ausmufwdkifuJYodkY rwfaeatmifaxmifxm;vdkufNyD; vifusda½Smif\udk,fudk ckwifapmif;üxm;um
tm;&yg;&tpGrf;ukef aqmifYvdk;avawmYonf/ tcef;xJwGifum; wbGyfbGyf wpGyfpGyfjrnfoHu vTrf;rdk;
aeavonf/ olwdkYum; rsKd;vif;ESifY zefa½SmufcifwdkYuJYodkY twGif;tm;rokH;MuojzifY xef 'vefponfjzifY
rjrnfjcif;jzpfavonf/ ( awmfNyDAsm ... vdk;ykHawGawmY tus,fw0ifYra&;awmYbl;/ ) vifusda½Smif\
tzkwfwGif;odkY rSefrSefBuD;0ifxGufaeaom wdkifaxmifxk\ vD;BuD;udk jrifvdkuf&aom wdkifuG,fyGwftzdkY
aemufxyfvkyfief;aqmifwmwckudk od½SdoGm;avawmYownf;/
xdktcgrS wdkifuG,fyGwfvnf; rD;zdk½Sd i½kwfusnfayGUudk,lum olUtcef;xJodkYjyefavawmYonf/ tdyf&may:
wufvdkufNyD;aomtcg t0wftpm;tm;vkH;udkcRwfí i½kwfusnfayGUudk wjznf;jznf;xnfhMunfhavonf/
xdkodkYjzifY tHBudwfBuKd;pm;&if; r½SdrJY½SdrJYtysKda`rS;ygaygufoGm;awmYonf/ r½SdrJY½SdrJYrdkY odyfrodomvSyg/ xkdYaMumifY
t½Sdefrysufpí toGif;txkwfvkyfavonf/ vufjzifYvkyf&if;anmif;vmojzifY ckwifay:wGif axmifxm;vdkufNyD;
tay:rSaqmifYcsav&m cPMumvQif yef;wdkifa&mufoGm;avonf/ NyD;rS EGrf;vspGmjzifY tdyf&may:vSJNyD; tem;,lae
avawmYonf/
 xdkodkYvSJae&if;jzifY rMumrDyif apmufacgif;xJrS ylavmifvmí wppfppfa0'emudk cHpm;vm&avonf/
olonf rqifrjcifjzifY i½kwfusnfayGUudkokH;cJYrdonfudkvnf; aemifw&rqkH; ...aemufqkH;wGif rcHr&yfEdkifawmYí
atmfnnf;rdav&m wdkifuG,fyGwf tdyfaysmfraysmf Munfh&efvmaom vifusda½Smifu Mum;ojzifY tvsiftjrefvm&m
ckwifay:wGif nnf;aeaom wdkifuG,fyGwfudkawGU&ojzifY tusKd;taMumif;ar;Munfh&m tvkH;pkHudkod&ojzifY olu
]] rdkufvdkufwJY orD; }} [k a&½Gwfum ]] vkyfcsif&if c&rf;oD;wdkY rkefvmOwdkYeJY vkyf&w,f[JY }} [kqlNyD;rS
apmifYae[k ajymum vufudkify0gudka&qGwfNyD; apmufywfxJxnfhxm;ay;rS tyloufomum
tdyfaysmfoGm;avonf/
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
xdkodkY wdkifuG,fyGwfwa,muf tyloufomum tdyfaysmfoGm;csdef? rsKd;vif; zefa½SmufcifESifY nOD;ydkif;qGJNyD;
vif;qGJ qGJ&eftm;arG;aecsdef? zmcHNrKdUwNrKdUvkH;tdyfarmusaecsdef ...
zmbdef;NrKdU½Sd apmifNcKHxkum; tdyfraysmfEdkifao;/ ol\acgif;xJwGifum; bk&ifYorD;awmfudkvufxyf,l&efESifY
pD;yGm;a&;wdk;csJU&efudpörsm;jzifY tdyfvdkYudkr&Edkif? pD;yGm;a&;tifyg,mudk xyfrHwdk;csJU&ef? zefa½SmufcifudkuGm½Sif;&ef?
ydkYaqmifa&;vkyfief;rsm; xlaxmif&ef? vSefbm*smESifY ylaygif;um trSKwfqm;Apf oD;oefYay;&efwdkYjzifY jynfhESuf
aeonf/ ,ckxuf ydkrdkcsrf;omrS rif;orD;ESifYvufxyfvsif rsufESmyef;vSrnf r[kwfygvm; ... &if;xm;onf
aygYav .../
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
vSefbm*smonf olawmif;pm;*dkPf;\ *dkPf;csKyfa½G;cs,fyGJwGif ½SKH;edrfYcJYonfhaemufydkif; pdwfajy
vufaysmuf tyef;ajzc&D;xGufvmcJY&m zmbdef;NrKdUuav; ...,ck NrKdUBuD;eD;yg; wdk;wufaeaomae&modkYta&muf
aygrsm;vSaom zmvkyfief;rsm; ...olaX;rsm;uypfxm;MuojzifY tdrfxJwGifomtcsdefukefum ocGm;oD;? c&rf;oD;
azmufonfrsm; jzpfMuaom olaX;uawmfrsm; ...tdrfwGif;ykef; olaX;orD;uav;rsm; ponfwdkYudkjrifí pD;yGm;a&;
vkyfaqmif&ef pOf;pm;rdavonf/ odkYaomf tajctaeray;ao;ojzifY pD;yGm;a&;udpö tomxm;NyD; þNrKdUü
tajccsaexdkif&eftwGuf tdrfwvkH;udk ½SdpkrJYpkaiGuav;jzifY 0,f,lvdkufonf/ a½SUavsmufum; olawmif;pm;
*dkPf;0ifvnf; r[kwfawmYojzifY awmif;pm;r&awmY ...pdwftnpfBuD;npfum reufapmapmpD;pD;yifEkd;í tdrfa½SU
xdkif blaeavonf/
vD;wawmifcefYtMumwGif tdrfa½SUrSNyKd;NyKd;ysufysuf 0wfqifxm;olwOD; 0ifvmNyD; aemufvdkufaemufyg
rsm;yg NcH0ü apmifYaeMuavonf/ vSefbm*sm tHYMooGm;NyD; ysmysmovJyif c&D;OD;BuKdjyKvdkufonf/ xdkolum;
olaX;BuD; apmifNcKHxk? olu c&D;a&mufrqdkufyif pum;ponf/
]] aemifBuD;u olawmif;pm;*dkPf;u vufaxmuf*dkPf;csKyfa[mif; vSefbm*smaemf ...}}
]] [kwfygw,f cifAs ...olaX;rif;u ...}}
]] usKyfu 'DNrKdUrSm tcsrf;omqkH; olaX;BuD;yJ ...emrnfu apmifNcKHxkvdkY ac:w,f }}
]] awGU&wm 0rf;omygw,f olaX;rif; }}
]] vm&if;udpöuawmY ...}}
]] ajymyg olaX;rif; tm;remygeJY ...uRefawmfYvdk bmr[kwfnmr[kwfaumifqDvmwJY olaX;rif;udkom
uRefawmfu tm;em&rSmyg ...}}
]] tif;av rajymrNyD;awmYvnf; ajym&rSmyJ ...vm&if;udpöu pD;yGm;a&;udpöyJAs ...cifAsm;&JUtaMumif;
apmapmuwnf;u pkHprf;vdkY&NyD;NyD/ olawmif;pm;*dkPf;uxGufvmNyD; tvdk;vkyfief;eJY trSKwfvkyfief; axmifrvdkY
qdkvm;? tJ'g uRefawmfeJY yl;aygif;zdkYajymrvdkY ...tusKd;tjrwfuawmY ig;q,f ig;q,fpDaygY ...b,fvdkvJ }}
]] aumif;ygNyD olaX;rif;? uRefawmfvnf; udk,fudk,fwdkif aiGaMu;rjynfhpkHawmY vkyfief;vkyfzdkY
cufaew,f/ tJ'g ...}}
apmifNcKHxk wcsufpOf;pm;onf/ xdkYaemufolu ...
]] 'Dvdkvkyfav ...cifAsm;u uRefawmfYvkyfief;rSm OD;pD; ...wESpfjynfhwJYtcgrSm vkyfief;w0ufudk cifAsm;
vTJay;r,f ...auseyf&JUvm; ...}}
]] aus;Zl;BuD;vdkufwm olaX;rif;&,f ...uRefawmf olaX;rif;tay:woufvkH; opöm½SdygYr,f ...}}
 ]] uJ uJ aumif;NyDav ...tck cifAsm; 'DtdrfrSmraeeJYawmY ...usKyfNcH0if;xJ vdkufae/ tdrfwvkH;xyfNyD;
aqmufay;r,f? ypönf;awGvnf; o,fcJY }}
]] a[YaumifawG 'DrSm q&mYypönf;awG vmo,fMuprf; }} wynhfrsm;tm; vSnfhNyD; trdefYay;vdkuf
avonf/ vSefbm*smum; r,kHEdkifavmufatmifaom urf;vSrf;rSKtwGuf tdyfrufrufaeovdkyif .../
wywfcefYtMum? NrKdUvnfacgif vlpnfum;&mae&m? okH;xyfwdkufBuD;wGif ]] tJ,m;zmcH }} [laom
vkyfief;BuD;wck ay:xGef;vmonf/ pzGifYzGifYcsif;yif y&dwfowfrsm;tm; pm;zG,faomufzG,f tazsmf,rumrsm;udk
tvQHty,fwdkufauR;NyD; tjyefwGif [ef;rdwf yrf;zvufwckpD vufurf;vdkufavonf/ wdkufBuD;a½SUwGifum;
pmvkH;BuD;jzifY a½Ta&mifazmif;MuGqdkif;bkwfBuD;u [D;aeavonf/ a&;xm;onfum; ]] tJ,m;zmcH trSKwfqm;Apf}}
[kjzpfavonf/ avudkt"du tokH;NyK&ojzifY tJ,m;[kokH;NyD; ol\ vdifpD;yGm;a&;pwif&m zmcHNrKdUudk
tav;xm;aomtaejzifY ]] tJ,m;zmcH }} [kac:jcif;jzpfavonf/
trSKwfvkyfief;BuD; xlaxmifawmYrnf[k owif;Mum;Mum;csif; olawmif;pm;*dkPf;rS
wcsKdUwcsKdUaomolrsm; txl;ojzifY vSefbm*sm\wynfhrsm; a&mufvmMuNyD; olwdkYvnf;
tvkyfvkyfvdkaMumif;ajymMuojzifY vSefbm*smvnf; tm;vkH;udk okH;&uf &ufwdkoifwef;ay;vdkufNyD;
tvkyfcefYxm;vdkufavonf/ tvkyform; pkpkaygif; q,fa,muf½SdNyD; vSefbm*smvnf; tm;vsiftm;ovdk
vkyf&ef pDpOfxm;avonf/
yxraeYwGif rnfolrSr½Sd ajcmufuyfuyf ...apmifNcKHxkonf qdkifa½SU{nfhcef;rwGif xdkifae&if;rS tMuH&
vmonf/ vSefbm*smtm;ac:um wdkifyifavonf/ apmifNcKHxkonf ol\pD;yGm;zuf vSefbm*smudk &if;ESD;orSKjzifY
refae*smoabmvnf;jzpfojzifY ]] *smBuD; }} [kac:onf/
]] *smBuD;a& ...}}
]] cifAsm ...olaX; }}
]] rif;qdkifu vlr0ifygvm;uG ...}}
]] yxraeYrdkY xifygw,fAsm ...}}
]] xm;awmY y½dkrdk;½Sif;vkyfzdkY ig tBuHwck&vdkY ...}}
]] olaX; nTefMum;yg cifAsm ...}}
]] at; aemufudk igYudk olaX;vdkYrac:eJY q&mvdkYac: ...'DvdkuG ...rif;wynfhawGudk 'DnrSm wckcdkif;&r,f}}
]] bmrsm;vJ q&m ...}}
]] ajymrSmaygY *smBuD;&m ...'DnrSm rif;wynfhawGudk t0wfeufawG0wfcdkif; ...aemuf olaX;tdrfawGudk
0ifNyD; olaX;uawmfawGudk vdkuf*smcdkif;uGm ...tJ NyD;atmifawmY r*smeJYaemf ...enf;enf;aumif;vmNyDqkd&if
ab;rSm qdkifaMumfNimudk csxm;NyD; tjrefqkH;jyefxGufvmcdkif;/ &rvm; ...}}
]] aumif;vdkufwJYtBuHyJ q&m ...uRefawmf tjrefqkH;pDpOfvdkufr,f }}
xdkaeYn aEG&moDudkra&mufwa&muf vuav;uauG;aumuf ...t*smorm;awG vSKyf½Sm;awmYonf/
tm;vkH; tqifajypGmyJ atmifjrifMuygonf/ wNrKdUvkH; rdef;rtodkif;t0dkif;wGif tkwfatmfaomif;wif; jzpfoGm;
avonf/ aps;wGifvnf; nutaMumif;yJ ajymaeMuonf/ olawmif;pm;*dkPf;u vufaxmuf*dkPf;csKyfa[mif;
vSefbm*smu OD;pD;wmwJY ...[k Mum;ae&onf/ tJ,m;zmcH tJ,m;zmcHESifY vlajymrsm;aeonf/
reuf udk;em&DqdkifrzGifYcifuwnf;u olaX;uawmfBuD;rsm; wef;pDaeNyD ...qdkifzGifYaomtcg qdkifvkvif
rsm;u {nfhcef;xJac:oGm;NyD; ae&mcsay;onf/ aps;ESKef;pm&if;ay;onf/ pm&if;rSm ...

vSefbm*sm OD;pD;aom tJ,m;zmcH trSKwfqdkif

wquf½Sif aiGwkH; ig;&m
2 quf½Sif a½TwpfwkH;
3 quf½Sif aiGwkH; 1400
4 quf½Sif aiGwkH;1800
5 quf½Sif a½TESpfwkH;
 atmufrSaeí vSefbm*smudk,fwdkif rSKwfygu ESpfq,lrnf[k a&;xm;avonf/
olaX;uawmfBuD;rsm; oabmusoGm;NyD; aps;rqdk;bl;[kajymum toD;oD; vla½G;um tay:xyfodkY
wufoGm;Muavonf/ tm;vkH;pdwfauseyfrSK&oGm;NyD; aemufwaeYwGif wNrKdUvkH;ü tatmifjrifqkH;vkyfief;
jzpfoGm;onf/ olwdkY tjyef aemufaeYrS vSefbm*smeJY trSKwfcHr,f[k ajymoGm;Muavonf/
apmifNcKHxkum; xdkrQESifY tm;r&Edkifao; ...ydkYaqmifa&;vkyfief;udkvnf; vuf0g;BuD;tkyfcsifao;onf/
xdkYaMumifY w½kwfEdkifiHwvTm; oGm;a&mufavYvmNyD; a&vrf;c&D;wGif oGm;vma&; tm;enf;aeonfudkawGU&ojzifY
zmcHNrKdUwnf½Sd&m ,efpDjrpfurf;rSpwifí jrpfwavsmuf½Sd NrKdUrsm;odkYvnf;aumif;? jrpf0gjrpfwavQmufwGif
vnf;aumif;? jrpfwGif;oGm; tifvef;0g;wm;x&efpydkYudk wnfaxmifum ]] 0g;wm;zmcH }} [laom a&aMumif;
ydkYaqmifa&;udk a&,mOf tpD;aygif;ajrmufjrm;pGm &if;ESD;jrKyfESHum wnfaxmifawmYonf/ ,cifu½SdESifYaeNyD;aom
EdkifiHydkif w½kwf0g;wm;a0;ESifY ,SOfNyKdifajy;qGJ&avonf/ tem*wfwGifvnf; EdkifiH&yfjcm;odkYyg wdk;csJUajy;qGJ&ef
pDpOfxm;ao;onf/ ( rSwfcsuf... xdkacwfu av,mOfysHrsm; rwGifus,fao;ojzifY ,aeYtcsdefuJYodkY rvkyfaqmif
Edkifjcif;jzpfonf/ )
xdkodkY wEdkifiHvkH;½Sd pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;tawmfrsm;rsm;udk csKyfudkifEdkifvmaom apmifNcKHxkonf
zefa½SmufcifESifY uGm½Sif;vdkufNyD; r,m;p&dwfay;um Nidrf;atmifpDrHvdkufavonf/ vGwfvyfoGm;aom
apmifNcKHxkonf wqifY wufí EdkifiHYacgif;aqmif csifvkHrif;BuD;\ orD;awmfudk t&csKdifavawmYonf/
wjznf;jznf; csKyf&if;csKyf&if;jzifY olwdkYESpfOD; eD;pyfoGm;avaomtcg rif;BuD;uvnf; apmifNcKHxkudkrsufpdus?
apmifNcKHxkuvnf; rif;BuD;ESifY aygif;um tmPmvdkcsifojzifY aemufqkH;wGif rif;BuD;u
apmifNcKHxkESifYorD;awmfudk xdrf;jrm;ay;vdkufawmYonf/
jrif;udk csKdwyfay;vdkufovdk jzpfoGm;aom apmifNcKHxk\MoZmtmPmonf wEdkifiHvkH;odkY
vTrf;rdk;vmonf/ olpD;aeus a0g,mOfudk pwpfum xlydef;aeatmifuyfum tjcm; olydkifqdkifaom jrif;vSnf;rsm;?
avSrsm;udkygrcsef aeYcif;bufyif txJbmrSrjrif&atmif pwpfumudk azmazmoDoDokH;avonf/ pD;yGm;zuf
rdwfaqGBuD; wdkifaxmifxkudkvnf; pwpfumuyf a0g,mOfwpD;vufaqmifay;xm;avonf/ q&mjzpfol
aumif;pm;vmojzifY vSefbm*smvnf; trSKwfvkyfief;udk apmapmpD;pD; w0ufvTJjcif;cHvdkuf&avonf/
vkyfief;rsm;udkvnf; tpOf ojzifY wdk;csJUvsuf½Sdav&m trSKwfvkyfief;tm; wdkifaxmifxk\rdef;rjzpfol
vifusda½Smif\*dkPf;rS rdef;rrsm;udk zdwfac:um oifwef;ydkYcsvsuf trsKd;orD;?trsKd;om; vlrsKd;bmomra½G;
ZdrfcHEdkifaom trSKwftifyg,m tjzpfodkY ajymif;vJum zmvkyfief;ESifYwGJí vkyfudkifavonf/
EdkifiHjcm;om; t*Fvdyfrsm;ESifYvnf; yl;aygif;um w½kwfwyfawmfBuD;twGuf vufeufrsm;udk
wifoGif;ay;& ao;onf/ tvkyfrsm;vSaom olaX;BuD;apmifNcKHxkrSm 0goemwckvnf; xyfrH&½Sdvmonf/
xkdt&mum; zJ½dkufjcif;? tm;vsiftm;ovdk t*Fvdyfrsm;ESifY zJ½dkuf&m ppcsif; bD*ifemvyfcf Edkifaomfvnf; ...
MumvmonfESifY trQ olYcifrsm t½SKH;BuD;½SKH;awmY&m aemufqkH; rsKd;vif;ay;xm;cJYaom jynfwefywÅjrm;BuD;yg
qkH;½SKH;oGm;avonf/ xdkYaMumifY olonf a,mu©rjzpfol csifvkHrif;BuD;\ cGifYjyKcsuft& taMuG;udk
a':vmESifYqyf&ef w½kwfe,fpyf½Sd uRef;opfrsm;ckwfa&mif; &avonf/ xdktcgrS aMuG;ausum olvnf; jyefvnf
vdr®mvmNyD; zJ½dkufjcif;udk pGefYvTwfxm;vdkufawmYonf/
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
xdkuJYodkY t½SKyftaxG;rsm;jzpfaeaomtcsdef ...rsKd;vif;onf zmcHNrKdUwGif wdkifuG,fyGwfudk&&ef BuKd;pm;
ae&mrS acwÅxm;cJYum zmbdef;NrKdUodkYjyefvmNyD; apmifNcKHxk\ wynhfBuD; vSefbm*smxHwGif tultnDawmif;
avonf/ vSefbm*smvnf; wwfuRrf;orQ trSKwfynmudk olYq&m\om; rsKd;vif;udk tdwfoGefzmarSmuf
zmyufvufvefonftxd oifay;vdkufNyD; ya&mfzuf½Sife,fjzpfoGm;atmif oifwef;ay;vdkufavonf/ ynmpkHí
rsKd;vif; jyefumeD;wGif vSefbm*smu ...
]] tudkav; ...'Dynm&&ifawmY xrif;iwfraoEdkifawmYbl; ...q&mrGJoGm;awmif 'DynmeJYvkyfpm;vdkY
&NyD ... tudkav;ajymwJY aumifrav;udkvnf; zrf;*smypfvdkufawmY ...tJ'gqdk tukeftqifajyNyD }}
]] jzpfygYrvm; OD;*smBuD;&m ...rawmfvdkY atmfvdkufrS ...'ku©a&mufaer,f }}
 ]] ryleJY tudkav; ...'Dynmudkav uRefawmftmrcHw,f ...b,favmufyJ atmfcsif atmfcsif qufNyD;
r*smawmYbl;vdkYomajymvdkuf/ NidrfcHaeap&r,f ...}}
]] 'Dvdkqdkvnf;NyD;a&m ...uRefawmf atmifjrif&if OD;*smBuD;udk rarYygbl; }}
]] xm;vdkufyg tudkav;&m ...tudkav;wdkYaus;Zl;awG uRefawmfYtay:rSm trsm;BuD;½SdwmyJ ...}}
xdkodkY ESKwfqufajymqdkNyD; rsKd;vif;vnf; ol\vQmtm; armif;wifum zmcHNrKdUodkYjyefcJYavonf/
zefa½Smufcif rSmvnf; xdkNrKdUwGifyif qufvufaexdkifvsuf½SdNyD; oifwef;udkrSDcdkí tvkyfjzpfaeayao;onf/
apmifNcKHxkuvnf; zefa½Smufciftm; ]] xk xa&;'if; }} wGif tdyfZufuwpfzf wae&may;xm;ao;ojziYf
bmrQylp&mrvdkawmY .../
rsKd;vif;onf jyefa&mufa&mufcsif;yif ol\ bm*smodkif;udk prf;oyf&ef zefa½SmufcifqDoGm;NyD;
pdefac:vdkuf awmYonf/ zefa½Smufcifuvnf; pdefac:rSKudk ausauseyfeyfyif vufcHvdkufavonf/ xdkodkY
rsKd;vif;u pdefac:vdkufojzifY pdefac:vQif tdrfay:txd zifvdkufcHwwfaom zefa½Smufcifonf tm;&0rf;om
vufcHvdkuf avawmYonf/ wef;í tdyfcef;xJodkY0ifoGm;MuNyD; rsKd;vifu zefa½Smufcifudk ckwifay:odkY
wGef;vSJvdkufavonf/ rsKd;vif;u ...
]] uRefawmfu rrudk pdefac:wmtaMumif;½Sdw,f ...}}
]] bmrsm;vJ armifav;&JU }}
]] uRefawmf tdrfudkcPjyefoGm;wm rrodw,frvm; ...}}
]] tif;av ...rif;tazqDu rkefYzdk;oGm;awmif;wmvm; }}
]] qdkygawmY ...pdwfajyvufaysmufjyef&if;eJY ynmwck&vmvdkY ...tJ'g }}
]] ynm ...}}
]] [kwfw,f rr&JU ...t&if olawmif;pm; vufaxmuf*dkPf;csKyf vSefbm*smqDuav ...}}
]] b,fol ...vSefbm*sm ...'gqdk trSKwfynmaygY }}
]] rr odw,fvm; ...}}
]] tif;av ...vSefbm*smu odkif;avmurSm trSKwfemrnfBuD;yJ ...uJ ...'gqdkvJ vmav }}
rsKd;vif;onf zefa½Smufciftm; t0wftpm;rsm;cRwfay;NyD; wcsuf zmacgif;NyKH; NyKH;jyvdkufonf/
xdkYaemuf zefa½Smufcif\ tzkwftm; vQmjym;BuD;jzifY odrf;vsufvdkufonf/ xdktxdawmY
bmrQrxl;qef;ao;ay/ ½dk;½dk;wef;wef; cPavmuf *smvdkufNyD;ESifY zefa½Smufciftm; cg;rSudkifum
rsufESmMuufqDodkYqGJa`rSmufvdkufonf/ jyefustvmwGif atmufrSaeí vQmudk tpGrf;ukefqefYxkwfvdkufNyD;
twGif;tm;udkydkYxm;um 90 'D*&D rwfaeatmifaxmifvdkufonf/ zefa½SmufcifrSm jyefustvm
tonf;at;ueJjzpfoGm;NyD; rsKd;vif;\vQmESifY xdawGUvdkuf&&m a,mifNyD; tm;ueJ atmfvdkufrdavonf/
zefa½Smufcifudk acgif;ay:xdrf;xm;NyD; atmufrSaeí vQmudk arQmYwaumifuJYodkYtokH;jyKum twGif;eH&Hrsm;rSaeí
aemufqkH; om;tdrfacgif;a&mufatmif yufyuf pufpuf *smypfvdkufavonf/ vSefbm*sm\ enf;ynmrsm;um;
qef;opfvSygayonf[k zefa½Smufcifu cHae&if;jzifYyif rSwfcsufjyKrdavonf/
rsKd;vif;\vQmonf ,cktcsdefwGif 8vufrcefY½SnfxGufaeavNyD ...wcsufwcsufwGif
twGif;tm;udk tpGrf;ukefokH;NyD; vQmudkoHacsmif;uJYodkY rmawmifapum aqmifYaqmifYay;aeao;&m
zefa½SmufciftzdkY tvdk;cH&onf xufyif cHpm;rSKtm;aumif;aeavonf/ rMumrDyif apmufacgif;twGif;rS
wppfppfjzifYjzpfvmNyD; w*gvHcefY½Sdaom apmuf&nfrsm;udk rsKd;vif;rsufESmay:odkY vTwfay;vdkufavonf/
rsKd;vif;\ yg;pyfxJodkYvnf; iSufaysmzl;ykvif;BuD; ESpfykvif;pmcefY t&nfrsm; qufwdkufqdkovdk 0ifvmMuojzifY
axG;xkwfjcif;iSm rpGrf;om awmYyJ rsKdcsvdkuf&awmYonf/ zefa½SmufcifrSm rsKd;vif;\rsufESmay:rS qif;vdkufNyD;
EGrf;vspGmjzifY tdyf,may:wGif vSJcsvdkuf&avonf/
]] b,fvdkvJ rr ...aumif;&JUvm; }}
]] tif; .....wcgrS 'Davmufraumif;zl;bl; }}
]] 'gawmif wuGufxJ½Sdao;wm ...vSefbm*smoifay;vdkufwJYenf;aygif; ig;q,favmuf½Sdw,f ...
aemufrsm;rS xyfprf;Munfh&rSmyJ ...}}
 ]] waeY wenf;yJ prf;yg armifav;&,f ...EdkYrdkY rr tm;jywfNyD;aoaeOD;r,f }}
]] tif;yg rr&JU udk,fYrryJ ...b,f'ku©a&mufatmif vkyfygYrvJ }}
rsKd;vif;um; trSKwfynm&yfwGif tmawGUaeavNyD ...xdkYaMumifY pum;a&mazma&mjzifY zefa½Smufcif\
tzkwfudk yGwfoyfvdkufjyefonf/ xdkYaemuf xyfrHí*sm&ef apmufpdudk vQmjzifY zdcsvdkuf&m ...
]] tm; ...armifav; ...armifav; ...awmfygawmYuG,f ...}}
]] bmjzpfvdkYvJ rr&JU ...rru odkif;avmurSm emrnfBuD;yJ ...'Davmufawmif aysmY&ovm; ...}}
]] wu,fyguGm ...rr wudk,fvkH; tm;r½SdawmYvdkYyg ...}}
]] &ygw,f rr&,f ...rr enf;enf; tm½kHajymif;atmif uRefawmfYvD; ikHxm;av a&m ...}} qdkvdkufNyD;
rsKd;vif;u ol\vD;udk zefa½Smufcifyg;pyfESifY awYay;vdkufonf/ olwdkYESpfa,mufrSm qpfpwDEdkif; ykHpH jzpfoGm;
Muonf/ rsKd;vif;\vD;um; rawmifao;rDrSmyif ajcmufvufrcefY½SdNyD; 'pfrSmvnf; uav;vufoD;cefY
½Sdavonf/ olYvD;rSm rnfonfhtcsdefMunfhMunfh aqmif;wGif;rSmyif ajcmufvufrxufavsmYoGm;jcif;r½Sd?
tvGefw&moefpGrf;oljzpfojzifY wdkifaxmifxkuyif xGef;awmufvmrnfh Mu,fwyGifYtjzpf arQmfvifYxm;ol
jzpfonf/
zefa½Smufcifonf rsKd;vif;\vD;udkikHvdkufNyD; vQmjzifY&pfywfum wjznf;jznf; qGay;aeonf/
ig;rdepfcefYwGif rsKd;vif;\vD;rSm ½kwfw&ufqwfueJBuD;xGm;vmojzifY owdrxm;rdaom zefa½SmufcifrSm
eifawmYrvdkjzpfoGm;onf/ odkYaomf tawGUtBuKH &ifYusufvSoljzpfí rMumrD tom;usoGm;onf/
rsKd;vif;rSmvnf; zefa½Smufcif\ tzkwfudkorm;½dk;us*smae&m cPtMumwGif ysif;&dvmojzifY
zefa½Smufcif yg;pyfwGif;rS ol\vD;udkqGJxkwfvdkufNyD; ta0;rS tjyeftvSefrSKwf&ef pDpOfvdkufonf/
zefa½Smufciftm; twGif;tm;udk rnfuJYodkYokH;&onf? vQmudk rnfodkYxm;&onfudk aocsmpGm½Sif;jyvdkufNyD;
ESpfa,mufom; vufa0SYorm;rsm;uJYodkY tcef;axmifYwGif toD;oD;ae&m,lvdkufMuonf/ rsKd;vif;u teDaxmifY?
zefa½Smufcifu tjymaxmifY ...tJav vufa0SYeJYa&moGm;NyD ...rsKd;vif;u ,d atmY pef; [katmfvdkufonfESifY
zefa½Smufcifu vufrwcsufaxmifjyum twGif;tm;udk vQmay:ydkYNyD; rsKd;vif;\uGrf;oD;udk *smvdkufonf/
rsKd;vif;vnf; ppcsif;cHvdkuf&ojzifY zefa½Smufcif\ oif,lwwfajrmufvG,fykHudk BudwfcsD;usL;vdkufum
tm;usrcHyif zefa½Smufciftm; avodkif;jzifY rSKwfay;vdkufonf/rwfwwf&yf&if; rSKwf&ojzifY ppcsif;rSvGJí
aemufydkif;wGif odyfNyD;rxda&mufawmYay .../ xkdYaMumifY &yfem;vdkufNyD; zefa½Smufcifu rsKd;vif;udk
t&ifrSKwfay;rnf[k ajymvdkufonf/
rsKd;vif;vnf; vufcHvdkufNyD; ckwifay:wGifvSJtdyfvdkufonf/ zefa½Smufcifu ESKwfcrf;udkoyfvdkufNyD;
ol\ vQmudk twGif;tm;xnfhum ta0;rSaeNyD; rsKd;vif;\ vD;BuD;udk tm;&yg;&rSKwfawmYonf/
twGif;tm;aumif;oljzpfí yg;pyfxJ xnfhrSKwfonfESifYrjcm; cHítvGefaumif;aeavonf/ rsKd;vif;rSm
wjznf;jznf;aumif;vmaomfvnf; tNyD;jrefonf[k txifao;cH&rnfpdk;ojzifY awmifYcHxm;avonf/
twGif;tm;udk vD;ay:ydkYum ya&mpwdwf*vif; tvkyfrvkyfatmif xdef;csKyfxm;aomfvnf; OD;aESmufESifY
twGif;tm;\xdef;csKyfrSKudk aoG;om;u wjznf;jznf;tmcHvmavonf/ MumvmonfESifYtrQ rsKd;vif;\
vD;BuD;rSm wqwfqwf wkefaeavNyD ... rsm;rMumrDtcsdeftwGif; NyD;awmYrnfudkodaom zefa½Smufcifonf
ta0;rSrSKwfae&mrS ajy;ikHvdkufNyD; twGif;tm;pkyfodkif;jzifY pkyf,lvdkuf&m rsKd;vif;vnf; t½Sdeft[kefjyif;pGmjzifY
v&nfrsm;udk yef;xkwfvkdufav awmYonf/
xdkaeYnu rnfolYrnfolrS xyfrrSKwfEdkifMuawmYyJ oa&yGJjzpfoGm;avonf/ reufrdk;vif;vnf; rEdk;MuyJ
aeYcif;aea&mifu zifudkxdk;rS ylavmiftdkufpyfum Edk;vmMuawmYonf/ rsKd;vif;um; ol\ynmudk auseyf
oGm;um wdkifuG,fyGwftm; rnfodkY csKyf&rnfudk tBuHxkwfaeavonf/
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
olawmif;pm;*dkPf; ...

XmecsKyfwGif *dkPf;csKyf;a½G;cs,fyGJjyKvkyfNyD; oefjrefav½SD; *dkPf;csKyfjzpfvmNyD;aemuf *dkPf;xJwGif

tpGrf;tp ½Sdolrsm;udk a½G;cs,fum ynm&yfrsm;xyfqifY rGef;rHoifMum;ay;NyD; *dkPf;\tiftm;ESifYpGrf;&nfudk
wdk;wufvm ap&ef tpOfwpdkuf aqmif½GufcJYavonf/ a½G;cs,foifMum;ay;olrsm;rSwqifY tjcm;&dwfwif;rsm;udk
jyefvnfvufqifYurf; ynmjzefYa0ay;&efvnf; pDpOfcJY&m twdkif;twmwcktxd atmifjrifcJYonf/ odkYaomf
vdktyfcsufwckum;½Sdaeonf/ ,if;um; x&defeif tDuGpfrefY (odkY) wD;csif;tdwf'f? oifaxmufulypönf;
rjynfhpkHjcif;yifjzpfavonf/
xdktcsufudk aumif;pGmoabmaygufaom oefjrefav½SD;onf *dkPf;om;rsm;\vdktyfcsufudk jznfhqnf;
ay;&ef BuKd;pm;aomfvnf; ...zifukef;ay;avmufatmifvnf; apwemr½SdojzifY ...pOf;pm;&if; pOf;pm;&if;jzifY
aiGukefaMu;usrrsm;yJ ynmudk aumif;pGmqnf;yl;Edkifrnfhenf;vrf;udk awGU½SdavawmYonf/ xdkYaMumifY
oefjrefav½SD;onf olawmif;pm;*dkPf;\ odkif;ynmwdk;wufap&eftwGuf vifusda½Smif\trsKd;orD;*dkPf;ESifY
ynmzvS,foif,l&eftwGuf vdktyfcsufrsm;udk aqG;aEG;&ef zmcHNrKdUodkYxGufvmcJYavonf/ XmecsKyfrS
zmcHNrKdUodkYvm&mc&D;wGifvnf; a&muf&mt&yfü uGif;qif;avYvmcJYao;&m rnfrQyiftwGif;tm;aumif;aomfvnf;
zmcHNrKdUta&mufwGif arsmYarsmYomusefawmYonf/
xdkYaMumifY zmcHNrKdUt0if0 anmifyif&dyfwGif zGifYvSpfxm;aom ]]a½Tzkwfzkwf}} wnf;cdkcef;wGif
0ifa&mufwnf;cdk &avawmYonf/ tcef;udk csufcftifvkyfNyD; a&rdk;csKd;um ajcypfvufypf
tdyfpuftem;,lvdkufavonf/ okdYaomf xdkwnf;cdkcef;um; vkHNcKHpdwfcs&onf[k rqdkEdkifay ...taMumif;um;
zefa½SmufcifESifY apmifNcKHxk uGm½Sif;tNyD;wGif zefa½Smufcif\ydkifqdkifrSKtjzpf xdkwnf;cdkcef;udk
cGJa0ay;cJYjcif;jzpfaomaMumifYwnf;/ zefa½Smufcifonf wnf;cdkcef;½Sd tvkyform;rsm;tm; odkif;avmurS
emrnfBuD;yk*¾Kdvfrsm; vma&mufwnf;ckdygu taMumif;Mum;&efrSmxm;NyD; olwdkYESifY BuKHvQifBuKHovdk
oGm;a&mufynmprf;avY½SdaomaMumifYjzpfavonf/ ,ckvnf; olawmif;pm;*dkPf;csKyf oefjrefav½SD;
vma&mufwnf;cdkaomowif;tm; qdkifvkvifrsm;u taMumif;Mum;ojzifY ynmprf;&ef jyifqifaeavonf/
xdkaeYnu zefa½Smufcifwa,muf oefjrefav½SD;ESifYawGUqkH&rnfhta&;awG;um pdwftm;wufMuGaeonf/
rsKd;vif;tm; 'DaeYnawmY ukd,fYtm;udk,fudk;&efrSmMum;NyD; twGif;tm;avYusifYum tcef;atmif;NyD;w&m;xdkif
aeawmYonf/ naeapmif;uwnf;u tcef;atmif;ae&m neufonftxd xGufrvmawmYay .../
]] atmuf tD tD; tGwf ...}}
]] atmuf tD tD; tGwf ...}}
]] atmuf tD tD; tGwf ...}}
neufvmNyDjzpfojzifY MuufwGefoHtcsKdU xGufay:vmonf/ yxrqkH; oli,ftdwfqdwfMuufwGefoH?
xdkYaemuf oufBuD;acgif;cs? aemufqkH; vlBuD;zifcsqdkaom MuufwGefoHtNyD;wGifum; zefa½Smufcifonf
twGif;tm;usifYae&mrS xum t0wfeufrsm;udk xufatmuf0rf;quf 0wfqifvdkufNyD; r[l&mvnfqGJwukH;udk
qGJum tcef;jywif;aygufrS ckefxGufcJYavonf/ OD;wnf&mum; NrKdUt0if½Sd olydkifqdkifaom a½Tzkwfzkwfwnf;cdkcef;
yifjzpfavonf/ vrf;wavQmuf udk,fazmYynmudkokH;í avay:rSysHum 'ufpwifae;½Sif;odkYta&muf csDwufcJY
avonf/ tvGefyifaumif;rGefaom wufuepfwckjzpfNyD; bwfpfum;cvnf; rukefay ...tm;vkH; twk,lEdkifu
,loifYayonf/
zefa½Smufcifonf xdkodkYa0[ifc&D;jzifY ysHoef;vmcJY&m a½Tzkwfzkwfwnf;cdkcef;ta&mufwGif acgifrdk;ay:odkY
qif;oufvdkufonf/ odkif;ynmjrifYrm;NyD; udk,fazmYynmaumif;oljzpfí toHwcsufrxGufbJ nifompGm
usa&mufoGm;onf/ xdkrSwqifY trdk;wavQmufajy;oGm;NyD; a&wHavQmufwckudkqGJcdkum ESpfxyf½Sdaom
wnf;cdkcef;\ tay:xyf 0&efwmodkY ckefqif;vdkufonf/ tm;vkH; aoaooyfoyf ydyd&d&dyif ...xdkYaemuf
oefjrefav½SD;\tcef;udk vdkufvH ½SmazGavonf/ wcef;NyD;wcef; vufnSKd;wHawG;qGwfNyD; xdk;azmufvdkuf
acsmif;MunfhvdkufjzifY tuJcwfvmav&m avSum;axmifYcsKd;em;ra&mufcif okH;cef;tvdkwGif &yfwefYoGm;
avonf/
zefa½Smufcifonf pdwf0ifpm;pGmjzifY aoaocsmcsmMunfhvdkufonf/ toHrsm;Mum;ae&aomvnf; bmrQ
aumif;aumif;rjrif&/ xdkYaMumifY olwDxGifxm;aom za,mif;wdkiftwGif;tm;udkxkwfazmfvdkufNyD; aMumifrsufvkH;
odkif;jzifY pl;pdkufvdkufrS tcef;xJ½Sd y,fy,fe,fe,fvdk;aeMuolrsm;udk jrif&awmYonf/ rdef;rESpfa,mufESifY
a,mufsm; wa,mufjzpfavonf ...rdef;rrsm;um; rnfolrSef;rod? odkYaomf ckwifapmif;wGif wa,mufudk*smum
Murf;jyifay: wa,mufxm;NyD; tm;&yg;&vdk;aeaomoludkum; rSwfrdonf/ aeYpOfvdkawGUae&aom rsufESm
jzpfojzifY rSm;,Gif;p&m vnf;r½Sday/ olum; zefa½Smufcif tvkyftrSKaqmifvkyfaeaom ]]xk xa&;'if;}}rS pDtD;tdk
jzpfol wdkifaxmifxk jzpfavawmYonf/ xdkYaMumifY zefa½Smufcifonf waeYaeYwcsdefcsdef vdktyfvmygu
EdkifuGufudkif&ef wdkifaxmifxk ol\wnf;cdkcef;odkY vma&muftdyfpufaomaeY&uf tcsdeftwdtusESifY vufrSwf
a'wmtcsuftvufrsm;udk atmufaumifwm½Sd pm&if;pmtkyfwGif oGm;a&mufqkwf,lum aocsmpGm odrf;qnf;
xm;vdkufavawmYonf/ xdkYaemufwGifrS qufvufí½Sm&m a0;a0;vHvHr½Smvdkuf&awmYyJ avSum;xdyf½Sd
tcef;wGif zifvSefumtdyfaysmfaeaom olawmif;pm;*dkPf;csKyfjzpfol oefjrefav½SD;udk awGUvdkuf&avonf/
zifvSeftdyfaejcif;jzpfojzifY aygifrkefYrD;uRrf;ESpfvkH;uvnf; atmf*vDqefp&mjzpfaeavonf/
pdwftm;xufoefaeaom zefa½Smufcifvnf; tcef;wHcg;udk tomuvefYNyD;zGifYvdkuf&m aoaocsmcsm
ydwfxm;[efrwlaom wHcg;½Gufrsm;rSm wjznf;jznf;yGifYxGufoGm;Muonf/ oefjrefav½SD;um; odkif;orm;aumif;
yDopGm tdyfaumif;aeavonf/ ,cktcsdef zifwufcsoGm;awmif odcsifrSodayrnf/ zefa½Smufcifwa,muf
pOf;pm;&awmYonf ...,cktcsdefom wufvkyfvdkufygu olodawmifodygYrvm;? ESKd;NyD;rS ynmprf;&rvm;[lí
awG;awmum OD;aESmufpm;oGm;avonf/ odkYaomf Edk;vmrS vufrcHvQifvnf; cufrnf[kawG;rdNyD; rxl;ygbl;[k
pdwfqkH;jzwfum t0wftpm;rsm;udk cyfoGufoGufcRwfvdkufavonf/ xdkYaemuf oefjrefav½SD;tm; aqmif,lvm
cJYaom "m;a`rSmifjzifY t0wfrsm;udk uRJaumoD;cGJovdk cGmcsvdkufavawmYonf/ ynm&yftm; ydkifEdkifuRrf;usif
ojzifY t0wftpm;rsm; tpdwfpdwft`rTm`rTm vGifYpifoGm;onfrSwyg; arG;nif;wyifrQyif jywfawmufxdcdkufjcif;
tvsif;r½Sday/
NyD;vQif tcef;wHcg;tm; vkHNcKHatmif aocsmjyefydwfvdkufNyD; ckwifay:wufum ckwifacgif;&if;odkY
ae&m,lvdkufNyD; olYtzkwfBuD;udk oefjrefav½SD;\rsufESmay:wGifxm;um qpfpwDEdkif;ykHpHtaetxm;jzifY oefjref
av½SD;tm; rSKwfay;avonf/ enf;pepfum; rsKd;vif;ajymjyxm;onfhtwdkif;jzpfavonf/ oefjrefav½SD;\
udk;vufr½Snfaom vD;BuD;udk 0rf;omtm;& t&if;rSqkyfudkifvdkufNyD; wcsufNyKH;vdkufum ESKwfcrf;ESpfvTmudk
zGifY[NyD; wcgwnf;ikHcsvdkuf&m oefjrefav½SD;vnf; tdyfae&if;rSyifwGefYueJjzpfoGm;avonf/ Edk;awmY
rEdk;ao; .../
qufvufí EdkifiHawmftBuD;tuJu ...tJav ...zefa½Smufcifu oefjrefav½SD;\vD;BuD;udk yg;pyfwGif;
xnfhoGif;NyD; yg;uav;rsm;BuKHUoGm;atmif pkyf,lvdkufonf/ xdkYaemuf uGrf;oD;w0dkufudk vQmjzifY
aumif;aumif;BuD; upm;ay;awmYonf/ xdkodkYvkyfae&if;jzifY oludk,fwdkifvnf;xefvmojzifY oefjrefav½SD;\
rsufESmay:wifxm;aom tzkwftm; ESmacgif;ay:odkYzdcsum yGwfaeavawmYonf/ yGwfae&if;jzifYyif 0wÅ&m;
rysuf vD;udkvnf;pkyfaeonf/zefa½Smufcifonf wjznf;jznf;,m;,Hvmaomtzkwfudk oefjrefav½SD;\
rsufESmESifY tm;&atmifyGwfaeawmYonf/ oefjrefav½SD;um; xdktcsdefwGif tdyfrufrufaeavonf ... tdyfruf
xJwGif olYtm; rsufESmESpfckudk wNyKdifwnf; opfay;aeonf[k rufjcif;jzpfonf/ tdyfrufxJwGifarsmygaeaom
olYtm; zefa½Smufcifu pdwf½Sdvuf½SdyGwfaeNyD; atmufwGifvnf; enf;rsKd;pkHjzifYrSKwfaeavonf/ Mumaomf
wjznf;jznf; pdwftm;wufMuGvmaom zefa½Smufcifonf wcsufwGif tzkwfjzifY oefjrefav½SD;\rsufESmtm;
paum0dkif;yGwfvdkufav&m apmufpdvnf; ESmacgif;xJodkY0ifum oGm;awmYonf/ xdkodkY 0ifvQif0ifcsif;yif
oefjrefav½SD;vnf; ]][wf [wf [wf ...[wfcsKd; }} [lí jyif;xefpGm ESmacsvdkufum Edk;vmawmYonf/ Edk;Edk;csif;
jrifvdkuf&onfum; MuufwufuJYodkY cRefxGufaeaom apmufpdwckESifY rtmYwtm tzkwfwck .../
oefjrefav½SD;vefYoGm;onf/ olMum;rdonfrSm þNrKdUü trsKd;orD;*dkPf;u BuD;pdk;aeonf[k owif;
Mum;xm;aomfvnf; ,ckuJYodkY twifY&JvdrfYrnfrxif/ xdkYaMumifY trSKwfcH&if;jzifY olYudkrnfolu ynm vmprf;
oenf;[lí pOf;pm;avonf/ pOf;pm;aeaomfvnf; tm½kHawGu ysHUvGifYum trSKwfcHae&onfhbufyJ pdwfa&muf
aeonf/ aemufqkH;awmY rxl;ygbl;[k awG;vdkufum NyD;atmiftrSKwfcH&if; aemufrSar;awmYr,f[k qkH;jzwf
vdkufavonf/
zefa½Smufcifonf rSKwfaumif;aumif;jzifYrSKwfae&m oefjrefav½SD;Edk;vmonfudkyif rodvdkuf? acsmajymif
uspfvpfrmawmifaom vD;BuD;udkom tjrwfwEdk;udk;uG,faeawmYonf/ Mumaomf cHaumif;vmaom oefjref
av½SD;u zefa½Smufcif\tzkwfudk vSrf;yGwfvdkufrSwGefYueJjzpfoGm;um Edk;aeNyDrSef; owdxm;rdavonf/
oefjrefav½SD;onf yGwfay;½kHjzifYtm;r&bJ udk,fudktomMuGvdkufNyD; zefa½Smufcif\apmufpdtm; tmabmif
tm&if; oefoefjzifY pkyf,lvdkufonf/ zefa½Smufcifvnf; NyKdifbufaumif;wa,muf&ayNyD[k awG;rdum
ydkrdktm;xnfhNyD;ynmjyawmYonf/
tarT;wdkifwwdkifcefYtMumwGif oefjrefav½SD; wuRwfuRwfjzpfvmovdk zefa½SmufcifrSmvnf;
w[if;[if; jzpfvmawmYonf/ oefjrefav½SD;onf usm;vQmodkif;udktokH;jyKum vQmjym;BuD;jzifY zdvsufvdkuf
aomtcgrsm;wGif zefa½Smufcifwa,muf xGefYxGefYvl;oGm;&ouJYodkY oefjrefav½SD;rSmvnf; zefa½Smufcif\
twGif;tm;pkyfodkif;atmuf qefYiifqefYiifjzpfvmawmYonf/ ESpfa,mufpvkH; tjrifYqkH;odkif;ynmrsm;udk xkwfazmf
vdkufonfhtcgwGifawmY tcef;xJwGif avzdtm;wckay:aygufvmNyD; 0kef;ueJrnfum ckwifusKd;usoGm;NyD;
NyKdifwlyifNyD;oGm;Muavonf/
ESpfa,mufom; ckwiftusKd;ay:wGif tem;,laeMu&if; oefjrefav½SD;upwifí ...
]] 'Du tpfrBuD;u b,folrsm;ygvJ cifAsm ...odcGifY½Sd&ifodyg&ap ...}}
]] rru zefa½SmufcifyguG,f ...'Dwnf;cdkcef;uvnf; rrydkifwmav ...}}
]] aMomf zefa½SmufcifwJYvm; ...tm; [kwfNyD [kwfNyD zdk;a½Smufvifudk 'Pf&m&atmif wdkufcdkufEdkifcJYwm
rraygYaemf ...av;pm;ygw,fAsm }}
]] tif; ...zdk;a½Smufvifu apmufcsKd;rajyvdkY qkH;rvdkufwmyg ...NyD;awmY aq;ukzdkYvnf; vrf;nTefvdkuf
ao;w,f ...armifav;udkawmY rru aumif;aumif;qufqHrSmyg ...olawmif;pm;*dkPf;csKyfBuD;udk b,fvdkvkyf
apmfum;&JrSmvJ ...aemf }}
]] aumif;ygNyDAsm ...}}
]] aMomf ...'geJY armifav;vnf; rSKwfwwfw,faemf ...b,fuoifxm;wmvJ }}
]] tif; ...uRefawmfi,fi,fwkef;u OD;av;vSefbm*sm oifay;xm;wmav ...uRefawmfu enf;enf;
ysif;awmY ynmudk tajccHavmufyJ&vdkufw,f }}
]] tif;av ...pum;ajymvdkYawmYaumif;yg&JU ...uJ uJ rif; tm;jyefjynfhNyDqdk&if ynmxyfzvS,fpdkY }}
]] cPavmuf rem;awmYbl;vm;Asm ...uRefawmf c&D;yef;vmvdkYyg }}
]] uJ ...'gqdkvnf; rrzmom yGwfaeOD;r,f ...rif; &&ifajymaygY ...}}
]] tdkauAsm ...tdkau ...}}
]] tif; ...[if; [if; [if; ...uRwf uRwf }}
ajymae&if;jzifYyif pdwfjrefaom zefa½SmufcifqDrS toHrsm;xGufay:vmonf/ oefjrefav½SD;rSm þuJYodkY
ESmBuD;aomrdef;rrsKd; wcgrSrjrifbl;ao;ojzifY xl;qef;tHYMoaeavonf/ zefa½SmufcifrSm at;at;aq;aq;
yGwfjcif;r[kwfbJ oefjrefav½SD;zufodkYvSnfhum aumYjyvkduf yGwfvdkuf vufudkoGif;vdkufxkwfvdkuf yg;pyfxJ
xnfhum pkyfvdkuf ponfjzifY `rSLqG,faeav&m e*dkuwnf;u twGif;tm;jynfh0aumif;rGefaom oefjrefav½SD;rSm
wjznf;jznf;axmifrwfvmavonf/ oefjrefav½SD;onf zefa½Smufciftm; Munfhae&if;jzifYyif axmifrwf
vmaom vD;BuD;udk qkwfudkifum rwfwwf&yfvdkufavonf/ zefa½SmufcifrSmum; udk,fYtm½kHESifY udk,fjzpfojzifY
ykHrSeftajctaejyefa&mufvmjcif;udk rodao;ay ...xdkYaMumifY oefjrefav½SD;u a½SUwGif oGm;&yfjyvdkufrS
rsufvkH;rsm; 0if;ueJjzpfoGm;um x&yfvdkufonf/
xdkYaemuf oefjrefav½SD;tm; ckwifay:wGef;vSJ&efpOf;pm;vdkufaomfvnf; ckwifrSm usKd;aeNyDjzpfí
pdwfysufoGm;rdavonf/ odkYaomf zefa½Smufcifonf oefjrefav½SD;tm;vufqGJum tcef;xJrSxGufvdkufavonf/
oefjrefav½SD;um; ½Suf½SufESifYyif aumf&pf'grSjzwfum tcef;vGwfvdkuf½Smonfhaemuf ygoGm;avonf/
wnf;cdkcef;twGif; arSmif&dyfusaomae&mwGif tcef;vGwfwcef;udkawGUvdkufojzifY tcef;wHcg;udkwGef;zGifYum
0ifa&mufae&m,lvdkufavonf/ xdkpOf touf½SLoHjyif;jyif;udkMum;vdkuf&aomaMumifY Munfhvdkuf&m qdkifvkvif
wa,muf tcef;vGwfxJ 0ifNyD; *Gif;qGJaeaMumif;awGU&ojzifY zefa½Smufcifu *kwfrSqGJum vTifYypfvdkufavonf/
NyD;rS ESpfa,mufom; ckwifay: vSJcsvdkufMuavawmYonf/
cHcsifpdwf jyif;jyaeNyDjzpfaom zefa½Smufcifonf oefjrefav½SD;upvmatmifyif rapmifYawmYbJ tay:rS
wufcGvdkufavonf/ zefa½Smufcifonf oefjrefav½SD;\vD;ay:wGif ol\tzkwfudkzdcsvdkufNyD; udk,fudk
MuGumMuGum tay:rSaqmifYay;awmYonf/ tvwfpwpfom;jzifY jyKvkyfxm;ovm;xifrSwf&aom
apmufzkwfonf rdrd\vD;tm; aumif;aumif;BuD;t&omay;pGrf;EdkifaMumif;udk awGUvdkuf&aom oefjrefav½SD;rS
tvGefyif0rf;omoGm;NyD; atmufrS jyefNyD; aqmifYwifay;vdkuf&m ]]bGyf}} qdkaomtoHu us,favmifpGm
xGufay:vmavonf/ odkYaomfvnf; rnfolrQ tiftm;avsmYcsjcif;r½SdyJ qufvuf aqmifYwifaqmifYcs
aeMuav&m ...wnf;cdkcef;wckvkH;yif xdktoHrsm;aMumifY vefYEdk;vmMuavonf/
zefa½Smufcifonf xdkodkYaqmifYae&if;rS oefjrefav½SD;tm; vD;udkrwfrwfaxmifxm;[k ajymvdkufNyD;
ol\ vD;ay:wGif wifyvifacGxdkifvdkufNyD; [,fvDaumfywmwufuepfudk tokH;NyKawmYonf/ twGif;rSvnf;
wif;usyfpGm nSpfxm;ojzifY oefjrefav½SD;rSm aumif;oxufaumif;aeavonf/ vD;udk ausmufwdkifuJYodkY
wm0efausyGefpGm axmifrwfxm;onfhtwGuf ESpfOD;pvkH;t&om½SdaeMuonf/ xdkodkYvdk;&if; q,fYig;rdepfcefY
Mumaomf zefa½SmufcifrSm anmif;vmonfhvu©PmjyvmonfhtwGuf oefjrefav½SD;u olwvSnfhtay:rSaeí
vkyfay;rnf[kajymvdkufNyD;aomf zefa½Smufcif\tzkwfwGif;rS vD;BuD;udkqGJxkwfvdkufavonf/
xdkYaemuf zefa½Smufciftm; zifukef;cdkif;vdkufNyD; twGif;tm;xkwfNyD;awmifYxm;[k ajymvdkufavonf/
NyD;vQif tay:rSaeum vD;udk zefa½Smufcif\ tzkwftm;prf;NyD;axmufvdkufonf/ taygufrSm;um zifodkY
oGm;axmufojzifY zefa½Smufcif wGefYueJjzpfoGm;onf/ olvnf; rSm;oGm;rSef;odoGm;ojzifY aocsmpGm prf;oyf
ppfaq;um tzkwfudk wnfhwnfhrwfrwf aqmifYoGif;csvdkufavonf/ oGif;xm;NyD; acwÅrQpdrfxm;vdkufao;onf
...NyD;rS zefa½Smufcif\ udk,fay:wGif 0rf;vQm;xdk;arSmufvkdufNyD; cg;udkcGufxm;cdkif;vdkufonf/ odkYNyD;wum;
oefjrefav½SD;onf zefa½Smufcif\ tzkwftm; A[dkjyKí tay:rS yefumvnfovdk wywfNyD;wywf
vSnfhawmYonf/ ,if;um; [,fvDaumfywmenf;\ rluGJwckjzpfNyD; tao;pdwfod½Sdvdkygu vkyf enf;vkyf[ef
udkabmYuseff tm; ar;jref;pkHprf;Edkifygonf/
xdkodkYvSnfhae&if; oefjrefav½SD;onf zefa½Smufciftm; twGif;rSnSpfay;&efajymvkdufonf/
zefa½Smufcifu nSpfvdkufNyD; oefjrefav½SD;u tHBudwfvSnfhvdkuf&m zspfzspf zspfzspfjrnfoHrsm; ay:xGuf
vmavonf/ oefjrefav½SD;rSm tawmfyif cHpm;vdkuf&NyD; rxl;bl;[líqkH;jzwfcsufcsum cyfoGufoGufyif
vSnfhav&m olYwudk,fvkH;onf w0SD;0SD; vnfywfaeawmYonf/ zefa½SmufcifrSm atmufrSawmifYcHxm;aomfvnf
a,mufsm;tm;ESifY rdef;rtm; r,SOfEdkifí vJusoGm;avonf/ xdktcgrS oefjrefav½SD;onf zefa½Smufciftm;
qGJxlvdkufNyD; av;bufjyefaxmufcdkif;vdkufonf/ xdkYaemuf vufnSKd;jzifY zifxJodkYxdk;oGif;vdkuf&m
zefa½Smufcifu ...
]] tm; uRwfuRwf ...rif; rif; bmvkyfwmvJ }}
]] bmvJ ...rcHcsifvdkYvm; ...rod&ifrSwfxm; oefjrefav½SD;qdkwJYaumifu rydkif&if zifawmifrESKdufbl;?
enf;enf;yg;yg; pkHprf;MunfhvdkufOD; }} [kqdkum vufnSKd;tqkH;xdk;oGif;vdkufawmYonf/
oefjrefav½SD;onf vufnSKd;jzifY zifayguftm; wjznf;jznf;us,fatmifcsJUvdkufNyD;aemuf ol\'pfudk
awYum zdcsvdkufawmYonf/ zefa½Smufcif\ ynmt& tzkwfudkonf tusOf;tus,fjyKvkyfEdkifNyD; ptdkudkawmY
tufqufrvkyfEdkifojzifY 'Dtwdkif;yif cHpm;ae&awmYonf/ oefjrefav½SD;onf wjznf;jznf;jzifYzdoGif;&m
vD;wqkH;txdyif 0ifoGm;awmYonf/ tqkH;0ifoGm;aomfvnf; pwifraqmifYao;bJ vD;ESifYzifayguf &if;ESD;
oGm;atmif pdrfxm;vdkufavonf/ cPMumrS ol\vD;udkjyefqGJxkwfvdkufNyD; tay:rSaeum aqmifYoGif;vdkuf
awmYonf/
zefa½Smufcifonf emrnfESifYvdkufatmif zifa½SmufcHzl;aomfvnf; þuJYodkY vkH;ywfBuD;rm;aom vD;rsKd;udk
rcH&JojzifY ykHrSeftaetxm;rsm;jzifYyif cHaejcif;jzpfonf/
zdk;a½SmufvifESifY cHNyD;uwnf;u x&defeifjywfaeojzifY oefjrefav½SD;\ qmurfz&efYpf 8vufr½Sdaom
vD;jzifY jyefvnfcH&ojzifY emaumif;BuD;jzpfaeavonf/ Mumvmaomf wjznf;jznf;tusifY&vmojzifY
zefa½Smufcifvnf; atmufrSukef;&if; aemufodkY jyefjyefaumYay;vmavonf/ ½dk;½dk;wef;wef;vdk;&onfudk
ysif;vmaom oefjrefav½SD;onf vdk;ae&mrS wcsufqGJtESKwfwGif tm;,lum avxJodkYysHwufvkdufNyD;
zefa½Smufcif tm;vnf; vdkufvm&efzdwfac:um jywif;aygufrS tjyifxGufvdkufavonf/ zefa½Smufcifvnf;
cHr0ao;ojzifY udk,fazmYynmjzifYavxJodkYysHwufum oefjrefav½SD;ac:&maemufvdkufoGm;avawmYonf/
 wnf;cdkcef;acgifrdk;ay:wGif rwfwwf&yfvdkufMuNyD; acgifrdk;pGef; wzufwcsufqDodkY avQmufoGm;Mu
avonf/ xdkYaemuf ESpfa,mufpvkH; avxJodkYysHwufoGm;MuNyD; rsufESmcsif;qdkif ysHoef;vmMuNyD; qkHawGU
cgeD;wGif vD;ESifYzif0udk wnfhay;vdkufMuonf/ ]]ZGyf}} qdkaomtoHxGufvmNyD; jyefvnfcGJcGmum rlvae&mrsm;
qDodkY jyefa&mufoGm;Muonf/ xdkYaemuf zefa½Smufcifu oefjrefav½SD;\ rsufESmqDodkYckef0ifoGm;&m oefjref
av½SD;u vufjzifYzrf;wm;xm;vdkufNyD; ]]arQmYwaxmifodkif;}}jzifY zrf;*sm ypfvdkufonf/
cPMumaomf oefjrefav½SD;u zefa½Smufciftm; ajcaxmufrSudkifum aZmufxdk;qGJvdkufNyD; zefa½Smufcif
rsufESmu oefjrefav½SD;\vD;BuD;ESifYeD;toGm;wGif zefa½Smufcifu ]]tdk&,ftwufcf}} [katmfvdkufNyD; twGif;tm;
tjynfhokH;um pkyfvdkufavonf/ oefjrefav½SD;uvnf; xdef;udkifxm;&if;yif rrSDrurf;vSrf;*smvdkufao;onf/
aemufqkH;wGif ESpfa,mufom;avxJodkY ysHwufvdkufMuNyD; yufvufpif;taetxm;jzifY aqmifYvdk;MuawmYonf/
xdkYaemuf ESpfOD;om;arSmufvkdufMuNyD; zifcs&if;jzifY anmifyifBuD;qDodkY ysHoef;oGm;MuNyD; tyifay:ta&muf
wGifawmY NyKdifwlyifNyD;oGm;MuavawmYonf/
þodkYjzifY tyifay:wGiftdyfvdkufMuNyD; reufvif;umeD;rS tcef;jyefum oefjrefav½SSD;rSm [efrysuf
jyeftdyfaeavonf/ zefa½Smufcifum; tdrfjyefum ajcypfvufypf tdyfarmusaeawmYonf/ xdknum;
atmavmuwGif xl;jcm;aomnwnjzpfcJYavonf/
aemufwaeY reufrdk;aomuf tvif;a&mufvQif oefjrefav½SD;onf tdyf&mrSEdk;vm\/ wukd,fvkH;
anmif;nm? emusifudkufcJNyD; 'l;rsm;ygacsmifaeavonf/ xdkYaMumifY tdyf&mrSx t0wftpm;rsm;0wfNyD; tay:xyf
avSum;xdyfodkY a&mufatmif tm;wif;íoGm;um pm;yGJxdk;tm; MuufO? iSufaysmoD;ESpfzD;ESifY EGm;EdkYwtdk;udk
vSrf;rSm&avonf/ twefMumrS pm;yGJxdk;u tcef;xJodkYvmydkYonf/ oefjrefav½SD;onf tirf;r& pm;aomuf
vdkufNyD; iSufaysmoD;rsm;tm; tcGHygrusef 0g;pm;vdkufawmYonf/ xdkYaemuf 'l;cdkifusifYpOfudk wem&DcefYMumatmif
usifYvdkufrS xlxlaxmifaxmif jyefjzpfavonf/
xdktcgrS olvnf; trsKd;orD;*kdPf;ESifYaqG;aEG;&efxGufvmcJYonf/ vrf;wGifvnf; awGUawGUorQ
rdef;rrsm;tm; rsufpdupm;&if; vD;awmifvmavonf/ okdYaomf 0g&ifYodkif;orm;yDyD xdef;csKyfum [efrysufyif
trsKd;orD;*dkPf;\ XmecsKyf½Sd&modkY pkHprf;íavQmufvSrf;vmcJYavonf/ odyfMumMumrpkHprf;vdkuf&? trsKd;orD;
*dkPf;onf olxifxm;onfxuf vlodrsm;aMumif;od&avonf/ a,mufsm;av;wdkif;vdkvdk odxm;MuNyD; NrKdUvnf
em&DpifBuD;a½SUwGif ½SdaMumif;odvdkuf&onf/
þodkYjzifY oefjrefav½SD;onf trsKd;orD;*dkPf;\ t0if0odkYa&mufvmcJYavonf/ trsKd;orD;*kdPf;
wHcg;0wGif trsKd;orD;ESpfa,mufonf apmufzkwfudkvSefjyNyD; apmifYaeMuonfudkawGU&avonf/ trsKd;orD;
*dkPf;\ pnf;urf;rSm *dkPf;odkYvmaomolonf vD;awmifcGifYr½Sd ...vD;awmifcJYygu tapmifYESpfOD;ESifY wdkufcdkuf
&rnf ...EdkifygrS 0ifcGifY jyKrnfjzpfonf/ xdkpnf;urf;udk vifusda½Smifudk,fwdkifxkwfxm;NyD; wdkifaxmifxk
udk,fwdkif vdkufem&avonf/ xdkYaemuf oefjrefav½SD;tm; trsKd;orD;rsm;u ppfaq;ar;jref;aepOfrSmyif MuufO?
iSufaysmoD;wdkYu wefcdk;jyav\/
ppfaq;aeMuaom trsKd;orD;ESpfOD;onf vSefjyxm;&if;rSmyif oefjrefav½SD;\trnf? ae&yfESifY
rSwfykHwifwdkYudk ppfaq;onf/ xdkYaemuf vufeufygryg ½SmazGaomtcgwGifum; oefjrefav½SD;\ udk;vufr
t½Snf½Sdaom vD;BuD;u axmifxGufvmawmYonf/ xdktcg trsKd;orD;ESpfOD;u *dkPf;pnf;urf;rsm;udkzwfjyNyD;
oefjrefav½SD;tm; wdkufcdkuf&ef t0wftpm;rsm;udk cRwfypfvdkufavonf/ oefjrefav½SD;onf xdktcgrS ydkrdk
vD;awmifoGm;NyD; ol\vD;udk twGif;tm;xnfhum trsKd;orD;ESpfOD;tm; vdkufvH½dkufESufavonf/ ynmcsif;
r,SOfEdkifaom trsKd;orD;ESpfOD;onf zifxJMuGuf0ifonfhtvm; wGefYvdrfa½Smifwdrf;um aemufqkH;wGif oefjref
av½SD;tm; zifukef;NyD; t½SKH;ay;vdkuf& avonf/ oefjrefav½SD;vnf; wa,mufudk wcsDpDNyD;atmifqGJay;NyD;rS
a&oefYwbl;pmcefYv&nfrsm;udk olwdkY\ rsufESmrsm;ay:odkY yef;xkwfay;vdkufNyD; t0wftpm;rsm;udk jyef0wfum
*dkPf;xJodkY0ifvmcJYavonf/
vkHNcKHa&;wif;usyfaom *dkPf;jzpfojzifY ESpfa,mufNyD; av;a,muf? av;a,mufaemuf ½Spfa,mufESifY
aemufqkH; q,fYajcmufa,mufudkyg wdkufcdkuftEdkif,lNyD; vifusda½Smifa½SUodkYta&mufwGif r[efEdkifawmYyJ
ypfvJusoGm;awmYonf/ aemufqkH;tqifY q,fYajcmufa,mufxm;&jcif;rSm olYvif\ vD;t½Snf q,fYajcmuf
vufr\ txdef;trSwfjzpfavonf vifusda½Smifonf oefjrefav½SD;tm; ESpfwaxmifaMumifol&J\vOtm;
t½Sifvwfvwf xkwf,lazmfpyfxm;aom umrtm;wdk;aq;udk wdkufvdkufrS jyefvnfvef;qef;vmavonf/
xdkaMumifol&JrsKd;rSm tvGefyif½Sm;yg;vSNyD; w½kwfjynfw0ef;vkH;rS waumifom½SdNyD; vdkufvHzrf;qD;olu
wvkH;om&½SdcJYojzifY xdkaMumifol&J 00BuD;rSm vOwvkH;wnf;jzifYtouf½SifaeNyD; vdkcsifolrsm;uvnf;
aeYnrjywfvdkufvH zrf;qD; aeavonf/odkYaomf xdk ESpfwaxmifaMumifol&Jonf ,ckxd vGwfaeayao;onf/
oefjrefav½SD;onf ykHrSeftaetxm;odkY jyefvnfa&muf½SdoGm;NyD; vifusda½Smifudkyg vdkao;vm;ar;ojzifY
vifusda½Smifu rvdkawmYaMumif;? twm;tqD;tm;vkH;udk ausmfjzwfvmEdkifNyDjzpfaMumif;ajymum ESpfodrfYxm;&
av\/vm&if;udpöudk ajymjyvQif vifusda½Smifu 'DtaMumif;awGudk *dkPf;om;rsm;tm; tvsifpvdk ajymjyí
rjzpfaMumif;? ulnDcsifolrsm;aernfjzpfojzifY at;at;aq;aq;rS pDpOfcGJwrf;csrnfjzpfaMumif;ajymum
tdrfodkYvdkufNyD; wnf;cdk&ef urf;vSrf;vdkufavonf/ oefjrefav½SD;uvnf; tvG,fwulyifvufcHvdkufavonf/
vGefcJYaomESpf&ufu wdkifaxmifxkonf rsKd;vif;tm;oabmusum apmifNcKHxk\tifyg,mESifY yl;aygif;
vdkojzifY tdrfodkYtvnfvm&efcGifYjyKvdkufNyD; BuKdufovdk 0ifapxGufap cGifYay;vdkufavonf/ rsKd;vif;onf
tcGifYta&;&onfESifYwNyKdifeuf wdkifuG,fyGwfem;uyfum aumif;aumif;BuD;csKyfawmYonf/ a,mufsm;rsm;ESifYqdkí
tawGUtBuKH jrLrSKefrQr½Sdaom wdkifuG,fyGwfonf rsKd;vif;tm; tawmftwefyif &ifckefrdavonf/ xdkYaMumifY
[kdtaMumif; 'DtaMumif;ajym&if; vD;taMumif; tzkwftaMumif;ajymrdMuum pdwfrsm;xMuGvmavonf/
pm;aeus rsKd;vif;onf wdkifuG,fyGwftm; wjznf;jznf;odrf;oGif;um ol\vD;udkxkwfjyavonf/ xdktcg
wkdifuG,fyGwfvnf; cg;vnfrSzrf;udkifvkdufNyD; tomt,myGwfoyfMunfhavonf/ xdkYaemuf rsKd;vif;tm; ...
]] 'D vD;BuD;u arG;uwnf;u ygwmaygYaemf }}
]] 'gaygY wdkifrdef;uav;&JU ...}}
]] tJ'gBuD;u b,fvdkokH;&wmvJ[if }}
]] 'Dvdk ...tif; olu trsKd;rsKd;okH;vdkY&w,fav ...wdkifuG,fyGwfodcsif&if vufawGU½Sif;jyqdk&ifvnf;
jyygYr,f ...b,fvdkvnf; Munfhrvm; ...}}
]] tif; 'gqdkvnf; ckjyav ...}}
olwdkYESpfa,mufonf NcHaxmifY½Sd opfyifatmufwGifxdkif&if; ajymqdkaeMujcif;jzpfonf/ rsKd;vif;onf
opfyifudk rSDvdkufNyD; ol\vD;BuD;udk vufjzifYa½SUwdk;aemufiif *Gif;wdkufjyavonf/ wdkifuG,fyGwfonf
Munfhae&if;jzifY olr\tzkwfrS t&nfrsm;pdk½TJvmojzifY tHYMoaerdavonf/ tb,fYaMumifYqdkaomf ,cifu olr
uvdvdkufrSom xGufvmNyD; ,ck tvdkvdkxGufvmojzifY xl;qef;aeavonf/ odkYaomf rsKd;vif; jyoaeaom
vD;udk pdwf0ifwpm;jzifY Munfhum r½Sif;onfrsm;udk ar;jref;aeavonf/
xdkYaemuf rsKd;vif;u aemufwenf;odcsifvm;[kar;&m wdkifuG,fyGwfuvnf; acgif;ndwfojzifY
rsKd;vif;u wdkifuG,fyGwftm; ol\vD;udkudkifcdkif;NyD;*Gif;wdkufenf;udk oifjyay;um aemufqkH;rawmY yg;pyfjzifY
ikHcdkif;vdkufavonf/ wdkifuG,fyGwfvnf; bkrodbrodjzifY ikHvdkuf&mrsKd;vif;u oMum;vkH;vdkpkyf&aMumif;ajymum
enf;ay;vdkufavonf/
wdkifuG,fyGwfonf vD;taMumif;udk odcsifae&mrS rdbrsm;uvnf; ajymrjy? ar;vnf;r&ojzifY
,ckuJYodkY rsKd;vif;ESifY tawGUwGif om,maerdjcif;jzpfonf/ rdbrsm; oifcef;pm,loifYayonf/ rsKd;vif;onf
wdkifuG,fyGwf\ rrSKwfwwf rSKwfwwfjzifY yavGay;rSKwGif vGefpGmcHvdkYaumif;aeavonf/ zefa½SmufcifESifY
wkef;u olucsnf; OD;aqmifoGm;ojzifY þuJYodkYzDvifrsKd; rcHpm;vdkuf& ...xdkYaMumifYvnf; vGefpGm oabmusum
wdkifaxmifxktm;vnf; aus;Zl;wifrdavonf/ twefMumaomf wdkifuG,fyGwfvnf; tm;jzifY pkyft,l yg;pyfxJodkY
t&nfyspfyspfrsm; 0ifvmojzifY xdwfvefYoGm;av&m rsKd;vif;u raMumuf&efajymNyD; xdkt&mrsm;udk
v&nf[kac:aMumif;? rsKdcsvQif tm;½SdaMumif;ajymojzifY wdkifuG,fyGwfvnf; 0rf;omtm;&rsKdcsvdkufawmYonf/
xdkYaemuf rsKd;vif;onf wdkifuG,fyGwftm; odkif;zufvdkufNyD; olr\tzkwfudk nifompGm yGwfay;
vdkufonf/ xdktcg wdkifuG,fyGwfu cyfMurf;Murf;yGwf&efajymojzifY rsKd;vif;vnf; tm;&yg;&
yGwfay;vdkufavonf/ rsm;rMumrD rsKd;vif;vnf; vQmawmifvmojzifY wdkifuG,fyGwf\tzkwfESifY rsufESm
tyfvdkufawmYonf/ tzkwfxJrS nSDpdkYpdkYteHYu rsKd;vif;tm; qGJaqmifaeonf/ rsKd;vif;vnf; vQmudk waycefY
½Snfatmif qefYxkwfvdkufNyD; wdkifuG,fyGwf\tzkwfxJ wa½GUa½GUESifYxdk;oGif;vkdufavonf/ wdkifuG,fyGwfvnf;
udk,fYbmomudk,fvkyfwkef;uxuf aumif;aomt&omudk cHpm;vdkuf&ojzifY tonf;w,m;,m;?
&ifwvSyfvSyfjzifY NidrfcHaerdavonf/
rsKd;vif;vnf; enf;ynmrsm;udk uRrf;usifpGmtokH;csae&mrS wcgwGif wdkifuG,fyGwf\zif0tm;
vufnSKd;ESifY xdk;oGif;vkduf&m xGefYxGefYvl;oGm;avonf/ wdkifuG,fyGwfvnf; raeEdkifrxdkifEdkifjzpfvmum
rsKd;vif;\ acgif;udkudkifNyD; tzkwfESifYawYyGwfawmYonf/ rsKd;vif;rSm ½kwfw&ufjzpfojzifY touf½SLusyfoGm;um
atmYcsiftefcsifovdkjzpfoGm; avonf/ aemufrS owd0ifvmum wdkifuG,fyGwftm; twif;wGef;vTwfvdkufrS
aeomxdkifom½SdoGm;onf/ xdkYaemuf rsKd;vif;vnf; &wkef;&cdkuf tcGifYta&;udk ydkifydkifEdkifEdkiftokH;cs&ef
pDpOfavonf/
rsKd;vif;onf wdkifuG,fyGwftm; wGef;vSJvdkufNyD; t0wftpm;tm;vkH;udk cRwfypfvdkufavonf/
wdkifuG,fyGwfwa,muf tawGUtBuHKopftm; pl;prf;vdkpdwfrsm;aeojzifY NidrfcHaevdkufonf/ NyD;vQif rsKd;vif;u
ol\vD;BuD;udk qvdkufum wdkifuG,fyGwf\tzkwftm; uGrf;oD;ESifYawYumyGwfay;vdkuf&m wdkifuG,fyGwfvnf;
xGefYxGefYvl;um oGm;avawmYonf/ rsKd;vif;vnf; yGwfaumif;aumif;jzifYyGwfae&m ESpfa,mufpvkH;xdyfrsm;
usdef;vmrS &yfvdkufavonf/
wdkifuG,fyGwfonfvnf; wpkHwckaomtiftm;u olYtm; trdefYay;ovdkxifvdkufum rsKd;vif;\vD;udk
qGJí olvnf;aumYum tvdk;cHvdkufawmYonf/ jrif;vD;wrQBuD;rm;aomvD;BuD;wdk;0ifvmojzifY wdkifuG,fyGwfrSm
rsufjzLvefoGm;avonf/ xdktjcif;t&mudk jrifvdkufaomrsKd;vif;u tomjyefESKwfum qGJudkifvSKyf&rf;vdkufrS
jyefvnfowd&vmawmYonf/ rsKd;vif;vnf; jyefxkwfxm;aomvD;udkudkifum tzkwf0wGifawYNyD; tomt,m
acsmYxnfhvdkufonf/ wjznf;jznf;ESifYyif t&if;a&mufonftxd0ifoGm;aomtcg wdkifuG,fyGwfwa,muf
rsufvkH;av;rsm;arS;pif;aeawmYonf/ xdktcgrsKd;vif;onf wdkifuG,fyGwf tdyfcsifaeNyDrSwfNyD; wef;vef;
xm;&ufom; rwfwwf&yfvdkufum ykcufvTJenf;udkokH;NyD; tm;&yg;&odyfawmYonf/
wdkifuG,fyGwf rsufvkH;rsm;jyefyGifYvmNyD; rsKd;vif;\taqmifYrsm;udk auseyfpGmjzifY wtif;tif;wtm;tm;
pnf;vdkufum tm;&yg;&cHawmYonf/ rsKd;vif;tm; tawGUaemufusavjcif;[kvnf; ajymvdkufao;onf/
rsKd;vif;vnf; tm;&0rf;omjzifY wdkifuG,fyGwftm; trkef;vdk;avawmYonf/ wdkifuG,fyGwf\tzkwfum; twGif;rS
vufESifYnSpfxm;ouJYodkY wif;usyfaeonf/ arQmYvnf;ygykH&ojzifY rsKd;vif;vnf;vdk;onfrSm tvGefyif
t&omawGU aeavonf/ xdkYaMumifY vdkifpifqGJum tydkifvufxyf,lvdkuf&ef pdwfqkH;jzwfvdkufawmYonf/
odkYaomfvnf; olYtxifESifY vufawGUum; aemufwGifvGJrSm;oGm;onf/ tb,fYaMumifYqdkaomf wdkifuG,fyGwfonf
vifusda½Smifvdk tvGefESmBuD;aom ratwlorD;jzpfaomaMumifYwnf;/ olYpdwfxm;t&qdkvQif b,fawmYrS
vif,lrnfr[kwfyJ zefa½SmufcifvdkrsKd; odkif;avmuxJavQmufoGm;um tm;&yg;& odkif;ynmzvS,frnfh
rsKd;qufopfjzpfawmYonf/
rsKd;vif;vnf; wdkifuG,fyGwfrufavmufatmif om;tdrfudk t"duxdaom aqmifYcsufrsm;jzifY
rD;ukef,rf;ukef aqmifYvdk;ay;aeonf/ wdkifuG,fyGwfvnf; wjznf;jznf;zDvifwufvmum rsKd;vif;tm; 'Dxuf
jyif;jyif;av;aqmifYygOD;[k ajymvdkuf&m rsKd;vif;uvnf; 'DavmufawmifjzpfvSwm[k awG;vdkufNyD; ajrBuD;ay:
ypfvSJvdkufum ckefckefNyD; aqmifYawmYonf/ xdktcgrS wdkifuG,fyGwfvnf; wif;wdrfoGm;NyD; taMumrsm;qGJukefum
rsKd;vif;\vD;BuD;tm; twGif;rS tm;&yg;&nSpfawmYonf/ rsKd;vif;vnf; qufvufxdef;rxm;EdkifawmYyJ ½SdorQ
v&nfrsm;udk yef;xkwfay;vdkufonf/ xdkYaemuf zvufjyumtdyfaysmfoGm;NyD; naeapmif; olEdk;vmaomtcg
ab;em;wGifrnfolrQ r½SdawmY .../
wjznf;jznf;csif; olcHpm;vdkuf&onfrSmum; ol\vD;ESifYywf0ef;usifrS pyfzsif;zsif;cHpm;rSK? nae
apmif;aeNyDjzpfí renf;jyL;NyJumMunfhvdkuf&m ...cgcsOfrsm;u ol\v&nfrsm;jzifY pdk½TJaeaomvD;tm; 0dkif;tkH
udkufcJaeonf/ ol wckowd&oGm;onf/ þodkY cgcsOfenf;udkokH;NyD; vD;BuD;&eftwGufavYusifYrSKudk olysufuGuf
cJYonfrSm wESpfcefY ½SdavNyD/ jrefrmEdkifiHrSxGufvmuwnf;u wdkifaxmifxk\oifwef;wGif wufa&muf ynm
oifMum;cJYonftxd olonf cgcsOfenf;tm; ravYusifYjzpfcJYay/ xdkYaMumifY tqifoifYwkef; vD;BuD;a&;udk
aqmif½Guf&ef qkH;jzwfvdkuf awmYonf/
 wem&DcefYMumatmif tudkufcHNyD;rS a,mif,rf;vmaomtajctaeaMumifY avYusifYcef; tqkH;owf&ef
tcsdef a&mufNyDjzpfaMumif; olYtawGUtBuKHt&odvdkuf&onf/ xdktcgrS jcH0if;xJ½Sda&uefodkYajy;NyD; a&xJckefcsum
cgcsOfrsm;udk ½Sif;vif;vdkuf&onf/ cgcsOftpGrf;jzifY ol\vD;um; azmif;MuGa,mifudkif;vsuf .../
xdkaeYnwGif wkdifaxmifxkwdkYtdrfü oefjrefav½SD;tm; npmzdwfauR;avonf/ wdkifaxmifxku
rsKd;vif;tm; vma&muf0dkif;zGJU&efzdwfac:ygaomfvnf; cgcsOfwefcdk;jzifY ESpfqwdk;BuD;xGm;aeaomvD;\ aerxd
xdkifrom½SdrSKESifY zsm;csifovkdvdkcHpm;rSKwdkYaMumifY rvdkufEdkifawmYyg[k awmif;yefvTwfvdkuf&avonf/ xdkodkYjzifY
oefjrefav½SD;tm; npmpm;yGJjzifYwnfcif;{nfhcH&m wdkifuG,fyGwftm; vifusda½Smifu qmYAfvkyfcdkif;ojzifY yifyef;
EGrf;e,fpGmjzifYyif rdcif tvdkus jyKpk&awmYonf/ oefjrefav½SD;vnf; pm;aumif;aumif;jzifY oGm;NzJem;NzJ
pm;vdkuf&m pm;yGJwckvkH;wGif yef;uefrsm;awmifvdk ykHaeavonf/ pm;ydk;eifYatmifpm;NyD;rS pdwfudkavQmYcs? taMum
qefYvdkufawmYrS txufu qdkcJYaom ol\tusifYtwdkif; vD;BuD;rSm axmifxvmawmYonf/
xdktjcif;t&mudk wdkifuG,fyGwfu jrifjzpfatmifjrifvdkufNyD; pdwf0ifpm;oGm;avonf/ aemufydkif;wGif
oefjrefav½SD;u tvsiftjrefzkH;uG,fvkdufojzifY vlBuD;ESpfOD;um; rjrifvdkuf/ wdkifuG,fyGwfum; yifyef;aeonf
udkyif arYavsmYoGm;NyD; ukef;rSKwfcsifpdwfrsm; jzpfay:vmawmYonf/ odkYaomf roifYawmfojzifY pdwfudkxdef;csKyfum
bmrSrjzpf[efaqmifvdkufNyD; tdrfomxJajy;um tcsufig;q,fcefYyGwfvdkufawmYrS aeomxdkifom½Sdum
NyD;oGm;avawmYonf/
vlvnfjzpfol oefjrefav½DS;um; wdkifuG,fyGwfwa,muf pdwfvSKyf½Sm;oGm;rSef;udk odvdkufojzifY
nusvQif tcef;xJ0ifcsKyf&ef pdwful;aeavonf/ xrif;pm;aomuftNyD; {nfhcef;wGif tcsKdyGJrsm;pm;aomufNyD;
vifusda½Smifu oefjrefav½SD;tm; ...
]] *dkPf;csKyfBuD; wnf;cdkzdkYae&m tqifajy&JUvm; ...}}
]] tif; ...trSeftwdkif;ajym&&ifawmY odyftqifrajybl; }}
tcGifYta&;udk trdt& ,lvdkufonf/
]] 'gqdkvnf; 'DrSmyJwnf;ygvm; *dkPf;csKyfBuD;&JU ...}}
]] ta':wdkYudk tm;emp&mrsm;jzpfaervm;vdkY ...aMomf ...NyD;awmY uRefawmfYudk *dkPf;csKyfBuD;qdkNyD;awmYY
rac:ygeJYAsm ...udk,fYwlvdk om;vdkoabmxm;NyD; ...av½SD;vdkYac:&if&ygNyD ...}}
]] tm;remygeJY av½SD;&m ...rif;igwdkYqDrSmwnf;&if igwdkYu *kPf,l&rSyg ...}} [k wdkifaxmifxku0ifí
ajymvdkufonf/ ajrGayG;udk cg;ydkufydkufrdvdkufaMumif;um; rodvdkuf? oefjrefav½SD;av tifwifwifykHpHvkyfum
'DrSmyJ wnf;&ef oabmwlvdkufavonf/ olYpdwful;xJwGifum; wdkifuG,fyGwfuom pdk;rdk;vsuf .../
jzpfcsifawmY olwdkYtdrfwGif {nfhonfrsm; wnf;cdk&eftwGuf oD;oefYxm;ay;aom tcef;onf
wkdifuG,fyGwf\ tcef;ESifYab;csif;uyfvsuf½Sdonf/ oefjrefav½SD;onf tcef;odkYtem;,l&eftoGm;wGif ab;bD
rsufpdupm;vdkuf&m wzufcef;wGif wdkifuG,fyGwftm; &dyfueJjrifvdkuf&ojzifY 0rf;omoGm;um ½TDueJ avcRef
vdkufawmYonf/ vdkufydkYol vifusda½Smifu xl;qef;ovdkMunfhojzifY olu wcsuf&,fjyvdkufum ½l;csifa,mif
aqmifaevdkufonf/ xdkYaemuf vifusda½Smiftm; ol w&m;rSwf&OD;rnf jzpfaMumif;ajymum tcef;xJ 0ifoGm;
avawmYonf/
vifusda½SmifxGufoGm;onfESifY tcef;wHcg;udkydwfvdkufNyD; ol\c&D;aqmiftdwfxJrS oGm;av&m
aqmifaom vD;bdk;awmf½kyfudkxkwfum pm;yGJay:wifvdkufonf/ xdkYaemuf wwGwfwGwfjzifY wdkifuG,fyGwfudk
csKyfvQif ulnDu,fr&ef qkawmif;awmYonf/ xdkYaemuf vD;bdk;awmf½kyfrS vD;BuD;tm; vQmjzifYvsufvdkufNyD;
tcsdefaumif;udk *Gif;xk&if;apmifYaeavonf/
þae&mwGif BuKHBuKdufwkef; xdkvD;bdk;awmf½kyftaMumif; ajymjyygrnf/ vD;bdk;awmf\ &mZ0ifum;
10-&mpkcefYu w½kwfjynfwGifausmfMum;cJYaom oHrPdvlom;[k wifpm;ac:a0:Muaom avmifwD;½Gmpm;BuD;
azmifyifzmcsqdkol ½Sdavonf/ xdk½Gmpm;BuD;rSm rdef;rbufwGif tvGefyif0goemBuD;vSNyD; r½Sd½Sdonfudk aygifESH
a&mif;csNyD; rdef;rvdkufpm;oljzpfonf/ aemufqkH;wGif aygifESHa&mif;cs&if; rGJawoGm;ojzifY zifaygifum vkyfudkif
pm;aomuf&onf/ rdef;rvdkufzdkYqdkvQif toufyifaoao aiG&&ef zifudkaygifoljzpfojzifY a,mufsm;tmZmenf
tjzpf owfrSwfcH&onf/
 oluG,fvGefcsdefwGif olYtm;av;pm;tm;usMuaom trsKd;aumif;om;rsm;u aumif;uifbkHwGif
vD;bdk;awmfjzpfoGm;onf[k ,kHMunfudk;uG,fMujcif;jzpfNyD;? acwftqufquf vufqifYurf;um udk;uG,fcJY
Mujcif;jzpfavonf/ ol\½kyfxkum; vufwxGmcefYjrifYNyD; oefrmuspfvpfaomcE¨mudk,f½Sdum ajcaxmufudk
um;í rwfwwf&yfae[efjzifY xkvkyfxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ cg;wGif vD;udk ckepfywfywfxm;NyD; ydkaeaomtpudk
vufwzufrSudkifum rdk;ay:qefYwef;í ajr§mufxm;[efjzpfNyD; a,mufsm;av;wdkif;tm; aqmfudpöESifYywfoufí
rponf[k,kHMunfMuavonf/
vD;bdk;awmftm; ylaZmfyo&mwGif tzkwfarT;ckepfacsmif;? varT;ckepfacsmif;? MuufO ckepfvkH;jzifY
ylaZmfygrnf[kt"dXmefNyD; ...atmifjrifvQif xdkodkYylaZmf&avonf/ udk;uG,folwdkif;u tpOfrpaMumif;
axmufcHMuavonf/ þum; vD;bdk;awmf\ &mZ0ifwnf; .../
oefjrefav½SD;vnf; *Gif;xk&if;jzifY neufvmonfudk apmifYaeavonf/ tdrf½Sdvlrsm; tukeftdyfrS ol\
tBuHtpnfudk taumiftxnfazmf&ef pDpOfxm;avonf/ xdkodkY apmifYqdkif;&if;jzifY vlBuD;zifcsqdkaom
MuufwGefoHudk Mum;vdkuf&&m tdrf½Sdvlrsm; tdyfavmufNyD[kawG;NyD; tcef;jyifxGufum wdkifuG,fyGwf\
tcef;tm; wjznf;jznf;csif; wGef;zGifYvdkufawmYonf/ wdkifuG,fyGwfuvnf; na&mufvQif oefjrefav½SD;
vmavmufonf[k BuKdwifwGufq xm;ojzifY tcef;wHcg;rSm tvG,fwulyif yGifYoGm;avonf/ tcef;xJ½Sd
ZmjcifaxmifxJwGifawmY zifuav;auG;um tdyfcsifa,mifaqmifaeaom wdkifuG,fyGwf .../
oefjrefav½SD;\tawGUtBuKHt& vlwOD;tdyfaeraeudk em;wcsufpGifYvdkuf½kHjzifYodavonf/ xdkYaMumifY
,ckvnf; wdkifuG,fyGwfwa,muf tdyfcsifa,mifaqmifaeaMumif;udk odvdkuf&ojzifY odyfNyD; cufcufcJcJ
csKyf&rnf r[kwfaMumif; pOf;pm;rdavonf/ olonf tcef;wHcg;udk toHrjrnfatmif tomt,m jyefydwf
vdkufNyD; ckwifab; jcifaxmiftjyifüxdkifcsvdkufonf/ xdkYaemuf t0wftpm;rsm;udkcRwfvdkuf&m udk,fay:wGif
vefuGwfwDav;wckom usefawmYonf/ xdkYaemuf jcifaxmifatmufem;pudktomrum vufvQKdoGif;vdkufNyD;
wdkifuG,fyGwftm; vSrf;prf;&m auG;xm;ojzifY ydkrdkBuD;xGm;aeaom wifyg;BuD;udkprf;vdkufrdavonf/
wdkifuG,fyGwfonf tdyfcsifa,mifaqmifae&mrS xdkodkYtudkifcHvdkuf&&m aeYvnfcif; rsKd;vif;ESifY
vdk;cJYwkef;u zDvifrsm;jyef0ifvmavonf/ okdYaomf csufcsif;BuD;wkefYjyefvQif t½Sufenf;onf[k xifjrif
cH&rnfudk pdk;&drfojzifY oefjrefav½SD;\yGwfoyfrSKudkcHum qufvufítdyfcsifa,mifaqmifaeavonf/
wjznf;jznf;ESifY oefjrefav½SD;\ vufrsm;onf wdkifuG,fyGwf\ wudk,fvkH;tm; yGwfoyfrdavNyD/
oefjrefav½SD;onf vsifjrefaomvufrsm;jzifY olr\ abmif;bDtm; atmufokdYavsmcsvdkufonfh cPwGifawmY
wdkifuG,fyGwfvnf; qufvuf [efaqmif raeEdkifawmYbJ ckwifay:wGifxxdkifvdkufavawmYonf/ xdkYaemuf
rl,mrm,mjzifY oefjrefav½SD;tm; a[mufvdkufonf/
]] [if ...½Sif ...½Sif 'DvdkyJ rdef;uav;wa,muf&JUtdyfcef;xJ 0ifvm&ovm; ...}}
]] 0ifvm&wmaygY ...rdef;uav;uvnf; vSwmudk ...NyD;awmY qmvnf;qmaewmyJ ...}}
]] ½Sif ...rapmfum;eJYaemf ...uRefratmfvdkufrSm ...}}
]] atmfvdkufav ...'Dn rif;awmY tvdk;rcH&awmYbl;rSwfvdkufaygY ...}}
]] 'D ...}}
wdkifuG,fyGwfwa,muf qkH;atmifratmfvdkuf&yg/ tpOfowd½Sdaom jrefrmEdkifiH&JwyfzGJU tJ ...[kwfygbl;?
oefjrefav½SD;u csufcsif;yif yg;pyfudkzrf;ydwfvdkufojzifY olr\toHu wdueJ&yfoGm;onf/ oefjrefav½SD;onf
yg;pyfudkydwfxm;vsufyif wdkufuG,fyGwf\ EdkYvkH;vkH;av;rsm;udk tomt,myGwfay;vdkuf&m olr\
rsufvkH;av;rsm; pif;usoGm;&awmYonf/ xdkodkYtusÐay:rSyGwfay;ae&mrS wqifYwufum tusÐudkcRwfcGmvdkuf&m
wdkifuG,fyGwfqDrS jiif;qefrSKudk wckrSrawGU&awmYay/ oefjrefav½SD;vnf; tajctaewnfNidrfNyDrSef; odoGm;NyD;
olryg;pyfudk ydwfxm;aom vufudkjyefz,fvdkufum ESKwfcrf;jzifY olr\ESKwfcrf;rsm;ay:odkY zduyfpkyferf;
vdkufawmYonf/
ESKwfcrf;csif;pkyferf;ae&if;jzifY olr\abmif;bDudk atmufodkY avsmcsvdkufaomtcgwGif wdkifuG,fyGwf
onf oefjrefav½SD;\vuftm; zrf;udkifum yg;pyfrSvnf; tkdueJ toHav;xGufoGm;avonf/ oefjrefav½SD;
uvnf; ESKwfcrf;udkwif;usyfpGm jyefvnferf;vdkufNyD; vufwzufu olr\EdkYvkH;vkH;av;udke,fay;vdkuf&m
wdkifuG,fyGwfrSm wudk,fvkH; tm;r½SdawmYovdkjzpfoGm;NyD; oefjrefav½SD;\ cs,fvS,frSKrsm;udk tavsmYay;vdkuf
&um abmif;bDrSmvnf; atmufokdYavsmusoGm;onf/ tay:ydkif;wGifvnf; tusÐu &ifbwfzGifYxm;jcif;udk
cHxm;&&m olrwukd,fvkH;wGif t0wftpm;r½SdawmYoavmufjzpfoGm;avawmYonf/
rsKd;vif;ESifYwkef;u xdkodkY ESL;ESyfjcif; ESKwfcrf;csif;pkyferf;jcif;rsm; rcHpm;&ojzifY oefjrefav½SD;ESifY
tawGUwGif olYtm; ydkrdk,k,ol[krSwfxifum tpGJBuD;pGJoGm;awmYonf/ 'gawmif tvdk;cH&ao;wmr[kwfao;?
oefjrefav½SD;\ yGwfoyfqkyfe,fjcif;udk cHvdkuf&½kHjzifYyif rsKd;vif;tm;arYypfvdkufavawmYonf/
oefjrefav½SD;onf wdkifuG,fyGwf\ EdkYav;rsm;udkqkyfe,fay;ae&mrS wcsufwGif ESKwfcrf;jzifY EdkYav;
wzufudk ikHum tomt,mpkyf,lvdkufavonf/ xdktcg wkdifuG,fyGwfvnf; rcHpm;zl;aomt&omudk cHpm;
vdkuf&aomaMumifY oefjrefav½SD;tm; tm;udk;wBuD;zufxm;vdkufrdonf/ oefjrefav½SD;vnf; tDoD,dk;yD;,m;rS
vmolvdk tirf;r&yif pdkYay;ae&m wdkifuG,fyGwf\EdkYoD;acgif;av;rsm;axmifxvmawmYonf/
tarT;wdkifwwdkifpmcefY EdkYpdkYay;vdkufNyD;rS atmufodkYavsmcsum wdkifuG,fyGwf\aygifrsm;udk qGJum;
vdkuf&mwGifawmY zufxm;aom olr\vufrsm; tvdkvdk uGmusoGm;awmYonf/
xdkYaemuf oefjrefav½SD;vnf; wdkifuG,fyGwf\cg;rS taMumwckudkESdyfvdkuf&m olr\cg;rSaeí
'l;acgif;txd tvdkvdkxkHusOfum cHpm;rSKrJYoGm;awmYonf/ oefjrefav½SD;vnf; Zm*emodkif;udkokH;um
wdkifuG,fyGwf\ apmufarT;rsm;udk wjAKwfjAKwfjzifYESKwfvdkufawmYonf/ apmufarT;tm;vkH;udk ajymifpifatmif
ESKwfvdkufNyD; xdktxJrS q,facsmif;udk vD;bdk;awmftm; ylaZmfyo&eftwGuf oD;oefYz,fxm;um tem;wGif
awGUaom puúLw½GufjzifY xkyfxm;vdkufonf/ NyD;rS taMumjyefzGifYay;um olr\apmufzkwftm; tomt,m
ESdyfe,fay;aeonf/ apmufarT;rsm;udk ESKwfxm;ojzifY emusifraeap&ef toifYaqmifvmaom aq;ykvif;xJrS
aq;&nftenf;i,fjzifY okwfvdrf;ay;xm;vdkufavonf/ xkYdaemuf apmufpdav;ay:atmif vufjzifYNzJvdkufNyD;
ESKwfcrf;jzifY tm;&yg;&pkyf,lvdkufavawmYonf/
xdkodkY tpDtpOfusus vkyfaqmifrSKrsm;udk rcHpm;bl;aom? vdk;w,fqdkwm vD;eJYapmufzkwfwyf&if
NyD;a&m[k xifxm;rdaom wdkifuG,fyGwfonf oefjrefav½SD;\ yGwfay;jcif;? erf;jcif;? rSKwfjcif;wdkYudk tvGefw&m
oabmusum woufvkH; olUxHwGif cH&ygu rnfrQaumif;vdkufrnfenf;[kawG;vdkufavonf/ rsKd;vif;rSm
vSefbm*smqDrS ynmrsm; rcRif;rcsefoif,lvmaomfvnf; tESL;tESyfrwwfojzifY wkdifuG,fyGwfvdkrsKd;
tawGUtBuKHenf;yg;olESifYawGU&mwGif odyfNyD;tqifrajyawmYyJ xdkodkY ESL;ESyfwwfolaemuf xnfhvdkuf
&awmYonf/
oefjrefav½SD;onf rsKd;vif;uJYodkY apmufacgif;twGif;xJtxda&mufatmif vSrf;vsufay;jcif;rsKd;udk vkH;0
rvkyfbJ t0em;wGifom rSKwfay;um wdkifuG,fyGwf r½dk;r½GjzpfatmifjyKvkyfaeavonf/ ig;rdepfcefY
rSKwfay;vdkuf&m wdkifuG,fyGwf\apmufacgif;wGif;rS apmuf&nfrsm; wpdrfYpdrfYpD;usvmawmYonf/ xdkt&nfrsm;
udkyg odrf;vsufvdkufNyD; qufvufrSKwfay;aejyefonf/ apmufpdav;udkvQmjzifYxdk;vdkufNyD; vufnSKd;udkokH;um
tzkwf0udkvSrf;ESKdufvdkuf&m wdkifuG,fyGwfqDrS ...raewwfawmYbl; vdk;ygawmY[k ajymoHxGufvmawmYonf/
oefjrefav½SD;onf tawGUtBuKH t& olr tysKdr[kwfawmYaomfvnf; 0gEkao;aMumif;odxm;ojzifY vdk;ay;&ef
oabmwlvdkufavonf/ vdk;rnf[krajymcif tvdk;cHcsifygu vD;pkyfay;&efcdkif;vdkuf&m wdkifuG,fyGwfvnf;
rjiif;qefEdkifawmYyJ ol\udk;vufrvD;BuD;udk vSrf;NyD; ikHvdkufavawmYonf/
wdkifuG,fyGwfvnf; rsKd;vif;oifay;xm;aomenf;twdkif; oefjrefav½SD;\vD;BuD;udk yg;pyfxJtqkH;
0ifatmif ikHvkdufjyefxkwfvdkufjzifY pdwf½Sdvuf½SdrSKwfay;aeavonf/ wcsufwcsufwGif vD;BuD;tm; oGm;jzifY
cyfqwfqwfav; udkufvdkufonfhtcgrsKd;wGif oefjrefav½SD;rSm wudk,fvkH;wkefwufoGm;ao;onf/ xdkYjyif
uGrf;oD;acgif;BuD;udkvnf; vQmjzifY&pfywfpkyf,laeao;&m oefjrefav½SD;wa,muf xdef;&odrf;&cufvm
awmYonf/ þodkYjzifY oefjrefav½SD;vnf; qufvufxdef;rxm;EdkifawmYyJ wdkifuG,fyGwf\acgif;udkudkifNyD;
av;ig;q,fcsuf aqmifYvdk;um ol\v&nfrsm;udk apwemaumif;pGm yef;xkwfay;vdkufawmYonf/
wdkifuG,fyGwfvnf; vD;BuD;udk yg;pyfxJrS jyefxkwfvdkufNyD; v&nfrsm; ukefpifatmif aocsmpGmrsKdcsvdkuf
awmYonf/
 oefjrefav½SD;\vD;BuD;rSm emrnfESifYvdkufatmifoef&um; wcsDNyD;oGm;aomfvnf; xl;jcm;rSKr½SdyJ
qufvufí axmifrwfaeavonf/ wdkifuG,fyGwfvnf; tvGefoefpGrf;vSaom oefjrefav½SD;tm; txifBuD;
oGm;rdum ckwifay: vSJavsmif;NyD; olr\tzkwftm;NzJjyvdkufavonf/ xdkYaemuf vufacsmif;rsm;jzifY yvyfuif
ukwfaeav&m toHrsm; w[if;[if;xGufay:vmawmYonf/ xdktcg oefjrefav½SD;vnf; pdwf"gwfrsm;
wufMuGvmNyD; wdkifuG,fyGwftm; ckwifapmif;odkYqGJac:um olr\tzkwftm; ol\vD;ESifYawYNyD; yGwfae
vdkufonf/ oefjrefav½SD;onf yGwf½kHomyGwfNyD; roGif;ao;ojzifY wdkifuG,fyGwfu olr\zifBuD;tm; yifYum
ajr§mufumESifY oefjrefav½SD;\vD;ESifY tzkwf0 wnfhatmif BuKd;pm;aeavonf/ rMumrDyif oefjrefav½SD;onf
olr\cg;av;udkxdef;udkifNyD; vD;BuD;udk aqmifYoGif;vdkufawmYonf/
wdkifuG,fyGwfonf oefjrefav½SD;\yGwfay;jcif;udkcHae&mrS xifrSwfrxm;aomtcsdefwGif ½kwfw&ufBuD;
vD;BuD;uwdk;0ifvmojzifY atmfrnfjyKum yg;pyf[vdkuf&m tuGufjrifaom oefjrefav½SD;u ESKwfcrf;csif;
pkyferf;NyD; xdef;csKyfxm;vdkufojzifY toHonf vnfacsmif;xJüyif wdk;0ifaysmufuG,foGm;&onf/ xdkYaemuf
ESKwfcrf;csif;erf;&if; ol\vD;BuD;tm; ykHrSefav;acsmYNyD; toGif;txkwfvdkufaevdkufonf/ wdkifuG,fyGwf\
tzkwfwGif;rS apmuf&nfrsm; pdrfYqif;vmNyD; oGif;&xkwf& twefi,fvG,fulvmavonf/ xdktcgrS oefjref
av½SD;vnf; wdkifuG,fyGwftay: arSmufcsum tm;&yg;&aqmifYavawmYonf/
oefjrefav½SD;onf ckwifapmif;wGifukef;um atmufrS wdkifuG,fyGwftm; cyfMurf;Murf;aqmifYvdk;vdkuf&m
tcef;xJwGif wbGwfbGwf wjApfjApfjzifY toHrsm;xGufvmavonf/ cg;tm;oefoljzpfojzifY wdkifuG,fyGwfudk
zd&if; cg;udkomMuGíaqmifYae&m ckwifqDrS wBuGDBuGDjrnfoHrsm;vnf; qlHnHaeawmYonf/ jzpfcsifawmY
vifusda½Smif\ tdyfcef;rSm wdkifuG,fyGwf\tcef;atmufwnfhwnfhwGifjzpfí tay:rSqlnHoHrsm;aMumifY vefYEdk;
vmavawmYonf/ vifusda½Smifvnf; pdk;&drfwMuD;jzifY tay:xyfodkYtajy;wufvm&m rnfolrSr½SdyJ yGifY[
aeaom oefjrefav½SD;\ tcef;tm; jrifawGUvdkuf&ojzifY wdkifuG,fyGwftcef;odkY qufvufMunhf½SKvdkuf&m
wHcg;udktwGif;rSydwfxm;onfudk awGUvdkuf&avonf/ xdkYaMumifY vifusda½Smifvnf; tcef;eH&HpuúLudk
vufnSKd;jzifY xdk;azmufvdkuf&m yGJMurf;aeaom oefjrefav½SD;ESifY atmufrSNzJum;NyD; tvdk;cHaeaom
wdkifuG,fyGwftm; awGUvdkuf&&m ½kwfw&ufvefYjzwfoGm;rdonf/ aemufrS aoaocsmcsm jyefpOf;pm;NyD;
'DvdkemrnfBuD;wJY *dkPf;csKyfrsKd;eJY igYorD; oabmwlp&mr½Sdygblav[k qkH;jzwfum atmufodkYjyefqif;oGm;NyD;
olwdkYESpfOD;tm; reufvif;vQifwdkuf&ef MuufOESifYEGm;EdkYrsm; pDpOfaeavawmYonf/
tcef;xJrS ESpfa,mufrSmvnf; zDvifwufaeMuojzifY vifusda½Smif vma&mufMunfh½SK oGm;onfudk
rodvdkufyJ aumYoluaumYay; aqmifYoluaqmifYcsjzifY tay;t,lrQaeMuavonf/ xrif;tdk;wvkH;csufMum
aqmifYtNyD;wGif wdkifuG,fyGwfum; okH;csDrQNyD;cJYavNyD/ odkYaomf oefjrefav½SD;um; ra&mufao;bl; oGm;wkef;/
cg;rsm;vnf;anmif;í aeav&m aemufwcsDwGif oefjrefav½SD;onf ckwifay:wGifwufvSJvdkufNyD;
wdkifuG,fyGwftm; tay:rSwufxdkifcdkif; vdkufNyD; olUtm;vdkufydkYcdkif;awmYonf/
a½S;vlBuD;rsm;\ Mo0g't& ...
1/ vdifrm&rnf ...
2/ rcHcsifatmifrajym& ...
3/ vQmauR;&rnf
4/ tay:pD;ucsnf;yJ rqufqH& ...qdkaom tcsufrsm;udk oefjrefav½SD;u tokH;csojzifY
wkdifuG,fyGwfrSm udk,fcsif;pmw&m;xm;½Sdaom olYtm; t&rf;uma&m av;pm;MunfnKdoGm;rdum odkif;avmuxJ
avQmufoGm;NyD; ynmzvS,f&eftpDtpOfudkyif arYoGm;rdavonf/ wdkifuG,fyGwfonf tvHwdkifuJYodkY axmifrwf
aeaom vD;BuD;tay:rS cGxdkifum csufcsif;roGif;ao;yJ tzkwfESifYuGrf;oD;awYyGwfaeavonf/ aemufrS
vufnSKd;vufrjzifY tzkwftm;NzJum oefjrefav½SD;\ 'pfNyJvefBuD;udk wjznf;jznf;csif; oGif;,lvdkuf
avawmYonf/
xdktcg wif;usyfaomtxdtawGUaMumifY ESpfa,mufpvkH; tHBudwfxm;vdkufrdavonf/
wdkifuG,fyGwfonf olr\tzkwftm; ESJYumESJYumjzifY oefjrefav½SD;\vD;BuD;0ifoGm;atmif aqmif½Gufvsuf
½Sdavonf/ aemufqkH;wGif pdwfr½SnfawmYojzifY aqmifYtcsvkduf? olruJYodkYyif pdwfr½SnfawmYaom
oefjrefav½SD;uaqmifYvdkufav&m tifYueJ xdxdrdrdjzifY uGrf;oD;ESifYom;tdrfacgif;wdkY aqmifYrdoGm;av
awmYonf/ wdkifuG,fyGwfvnf; twefMumrSdef;aeNyD;rS oefjrefav½SD;tm; tm;emvmojzifY zifudkMuGum
aqmifYcsay;vdkufavawmYonf/
t½Sdefaumif;vmonfESifYtrQ oefjrefav½SD;\vD;BuD; azmif;MuGrmwif;vmovdk olr\ tzkwfwGif;
rSvnf; arQmY[kac:aomMuGufom;u &pfywfqGJpkwfvmawmYonf/ yxru wdkifuG,fyGwfuom vdkufydkYae&mrS
aemufwGif oefjrefav½SD;uyg aqmifYwifay;vmawmYojzifY t*Fgpyfcsif;½dkufoH wjzwfjzwfuvnf;
pnf;csufusus Mum;ae& avonf/ olwdkYESpfOD; csdefom;udkufaqmifYMuojzifY tzkwfxJwGifvnf;
t0iftxGufrSefum om;tdrfacgif;ESifYuGrf;oD; xdrdojzifY w'kwf'kwftoHu cyftkyftkyfxGufvmum ESpfOD;om;
taMumrsm;yif wqwfqwfwkefvmavawmYonf/ xdkYaemuf oefjrefav½SD;onf tay:rSaqmifYaeaom
wdkifuG,fyGwfudkzufí ab;wapmif;vSJcsvdkufNyD; waygifausmf ykHpHjzifY tcsufESpfq,fcefYaqmifYvdkuf&m
tcsdefMumjrifYpGmxdef;csKyfxm;cJYaom ol\v&nfrsm;onf wdkifuG,fyGwf\ om;tdrfxJodkY wmusKd;ovdk
0ifa&mufoGm;um olr\tNyD;ESifYqkHoGm;NyD; ukwifay:odkY tdkifxGef;vmavawmYonf/
oefjrefav½SD;onf NyD;oGm;aomfvnf; jyefrxkwfao;bJ wdkifuG,fyGwf\ tzkwfxJwGifpdrfxm;um
pnf;pdrf,laeavonf/ tarT;wdkifwwdkifcefYMumatmif pdrfxm;NyD;rS jyefvnfxkwf,lvdkufonfhtcg tzkwfxJwGif
aygif;pkaeaom t&nfrsm;onf acsmif;wckuJYodkYpD;um ckwifatmufodkYyifusvmavawmYonf/ xdkYaemuf
wGifawmY ESpfa,mufom; ckwifay:wGif zvufjyum wacgacgjzifYtdyfarmusoGm;avawmYonf/
reufvif;umeD; vif;MuufwGefaomtcgwGifvnf; oefjrefav½DS;onf tdyfcsifrl;wl;jzifYvl;vJxNyD;
ab;rS wdkifuG,fyGwfudkESKd;um vif;qGJwaMumif;qGJvdkufao;onf/ w½kwfjynfwGifum; MuufwGefoHrsm;onf
vGefpGmyif tokH;usavonf/ &yfuGufwdkif;vdkvdk MuufarG;MuNyD; ,ckacwfvdk MuufwkyfauG;vnf;r½SdojzifY
rsm;pGm *½kpdkufí arG;&jcif;r½Sday/ odkYaomf &½SdaomtusKd;rsm;um; rsm;jym;vSawmYonf/ vif;qGJqGJtNyD;
olYtcef;odkY jyefvmcJYaomtcgwGif vifusda½Smifvmay;oGm;aom EGm;EdkYwydómESifY MuufO ESpf'gZifwdkYu
qD;BuKdaeavonf/ olonf 0rf;omtm;&jzifY MuufOESifYEGm;EdkYrsm;udk pm;aomufvdkufNyD;rS q,fvkH;om
usefawmYonfhtcsdefrS vD;bdk;awmfudk ylaZmf&efowd&awmYonf/
xdkYaMumifY nOD;ydkif;u jyefvnfodrf;qnf;xm;aom vD;bdk;awmf½kyfudk txkwfxJrSjyefxkwfí
tarT;eHYomrsm; yufjzef;um olodrf;xm;aom puúLxkyfuav;udkzGifYvsuf apmufarT;ckepfacsmif;udk
xkwf,lvdkufNyD; ol\varT;udkvnf; ckepfacsmif;ESKwfum vD;bdk;awmfa½SUwGif wifa`rSmufyovdkufavonf/
xdkYaemuf MuufOckepfvkH;udkvnf; a½SUcsum bdk;awmf okH;aqmifawmfrlyg aemufvnf;rpyg [líqkawmif;um
jyefvnf tdyfpufvdkufavonf/ odyfrMumvdkufyg? tdyfrufwckrufNyD; rD;cdk;vkH;rsm;xJwGif vD;w&rf;&rf;ESifY
vD;bdk;awmfa&mufvmonf/
]] b,fvdkvJ tqifajyw,frvm; ...}}
]] [kwfuJY bdk;awmfBuD; ulnDvdkYyg ...}}
]] &ygw,fuGm ...rif;vkyfaewkef; igvnf; tem;rSm½SdaewmyJ? 0goemt&av ...aMomf aumifrav;
tarawmif vmacsmif;MunfhoGm;ao;w,f/ rif;odvdkufvm; ...}}
]] rodbl; bkd;awmf ...udk,fYb0eJYudk,f qdkawmY ...}}
]] igvnf; xifygw,f ...tJ'gaMumifY jyefajymjywm ...rif;vdkifpif&&if igYvnf;rarYeJYaemf ...'Dwcg
apmuf&nfeJYylaZmf&rSm ...}}
xdkodkY ajymum rD;cdk;vkH;rsm;ay:vmNyD; vD;bdk;awmf jyefvnfaysmufuG,foGm;avonf/ xdkaeY eHeufu
olawmif;pm;*dkPf;ESifY trsKd;orD;*dkPf;wdkYyl;aygif;aqmif½Guf&ef tBuKdoabmwlnDrSKudk &½SdcJYojzifY oefjref
av½SD;onf tvGefyif 0rf;omaysmf½TifaeawmYonf/
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
xkdodkY oefjrefav½SD;u wdkifuG,fyGwfudk ausmfoGm;csdefwGif apmifNcKHxkrSm aejynfawmfwGif tvkyf
½SKyfae\/ oltvkyf½SKyf&jcif;taMumif;um; aejynfawmfwGif odkif;NyKdifyGJusif;y&eftwGuf pDrHcefYcGJae&
aomaMumifYwnf;/ xdkYjyif ol\arG;pm;om; rsKd;vif;tm;vnf; yGJxkwfcsifaomaMumifYjzpfavonf/
apmifNcKHxkonf aeYrtm; nrem;jzifY tvGef BuKd;pm;um rif;BuD;xHwGif rsufESmaumif;&a&;twGuf zm;ae&aom
umvvnf;jzpf&um; [dkudpövnf; vkyfay;vdkuf? 'Dudpövnf; 0ifygvdkufESifY pyfpyfq&mBuD;jzpfaeavawmYonf/
wcsdefwnf;rSmyif 0g;wm;zmcH a&aMumif;ydkYaqmifa&;tm; wdk;csJU&eftwGuf jynfyrS 0g;wm;bwfpf
a&,mOfwpD;ESifY tjcm;cyfydef;ydef; a&,mOfESpfpD;udk xyfrH0,f,lonf/ oabmFom;rsm;udkvnf; 0g;wm;bwfpf
a&,mOftwGuf armif;ESifrnfh a&,mOfrSL;oifwef;udkvnf; jynfywGifoifMum;ap&ef pDpOf&ao;avonf/ xdkodkY
EdkifiHw0ef;wGif pD;yGm;a&;tifyg,m xlaxmifa&;twGuf rif;BuD;qDrS cGifYjyKrdefYrsm;awmif;cHum a½SUquf
vkyfudkifaeavonf/
pD;yGm;wdk;wufvmaom apmifNcKHxkonf w&kwfjynfwckvkH;udk csKyfudkifEdkif&ef BuKd;pm;vm awmYonf/
odkYjzifY pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;tawmfrsm;rsm;wGif xdyfqkH;ae&mrS&yfwnfNyD; a,mu©r jzpfonfh rif;BuD;\t&Sdeft0gjzifY
rnfolrQ armfrMunfh&Javmufatmif ajrBuD;xJ 0ifaeavonf/ ( rSwfcsuf/ / aemifb0 i&Ja&mufrnf[k
qdkvdkjcif; jzpfonf/)
tazjzpfol atmifjrifaeaomfvnf; rsKd;vif;wa,mufum; aqmfudpövkH;yef;jcif;jzifY tcsdefukefNyD;
taMumif;rxl;jzpfaeavonf/ enf;ynmvdktyfcsuf&SdojzifY olYcrsm wdkifuG,fyGwfudk rnfodkYyif csKyfcsKyf
r&awmYay/ xdkYaMumifY wdkifaxmifxk\ oifwef;rS xGufvdkufNyD; atmavmutESHU avQmufoGm;avawmYonf/
rsKd;vif;onf aemufwaeYreuf vif;vif;csif;yif zmcHNrKdUrS xGufcGmvmcJY&m rnfolrQyifrodvdkufyJ
NrKdUjyifodkY at;at;aq;aq;a&muf&Sdvmavonf/ olonf wdkifuG,fyGwfudk rnfodkYrQ csKyfr&awmYojzifY
pdwfavoGm;NyD; odkif;avmuxJodkY vSnfhvnfoGm;vm&ef qkH;jzwfvkdufavonf/ yxrOD;pGm jrif;wpD;udk0,f,lNyD;
jrif;OD;wnfh&modkY c&D;ESifvmcJYonf/ waeYvkH; c&D;jyif;ESifvmcJY&if; naeapmif;rS NrKdUuav;wNrKdUodkY
a&muf&SdcJYavonf/ om;em;pGm jyifqifxm;aom wnf;cdkcef;wckxJodkY 0ifa&mufcJY&if; t&ufwtdk;rSmvdkufonf/
qdkifvkvifrsm;udkvnf; ol\jrif;tm; tpmauR;xm;&ef ajymvdkufonf/
xdkYaemuf pm;&if;aomuf&if;jzifY pkHprf;od&Sd&onfrSm ,cka&mufaeaomNrKdUrSm vdk;&efNrKdUjzpfaMumif;?
zmvkyfief;rsm; tvGefaygrsm;vSNyD; olaX;BuD;a&Smufzkef;uifrSm NrKdUwGifMoZmt&SdqkH;jzpfaMumif;odvdkuf&avonf/
NyD;rS olonf a&Smufzkef;uifqdkonfh emrnftm; Mum;zl;onf[kxifrdonf/ odkYaomf csufcsif;pOf;pm;r&ojzifY
pm;aomufNyD; tcef;wcef;,lum tdyfpufvdkufavonf/
wnvkH; ESpfESpfNcKdufNcKduf tdyfaysmfoGm;onf/ reufa&mufawmY a&mifeDrvmrD Edk;aeonf/ jywif;
aygufab; xdkifum ol w&kwfjynfodkYxGufvmpOfu taMumif;rsm;udk jyefawG;aerdonf/ xdkodkYawG;&if; ...
olowd&vmonf/ a&Smufzkef;uif ...olYudk vrf;jycJYaomol r[kwfygvm; ...aocsmNyD ol vdk;&efNrKdUodkY
jyefrnf[kajymoGm;onf/ aumif;NyDav ...'DaeY oGm;awGUvdkufOD;rSyJ[k awG;vdkufonf/
aexGufvmNyD ...tcsrf;enf;enf;aygYvmNyDjzpfí tcef;xJrSxGufum reufpmpm;&ef atmufqif;cJYonf/
apmapmpD;pD; t&ufaomufaeolrsm;vnf; &Sdao;onf/ aemufrS 'gYaMumifY qdkifrSm 24em&D t&ufa&mif;onf[k
pmqGJxm;wmaerSm[k awG;vdkufonf/ vmbfjrifolawG rsm;jym;vSonfwum; .../ pdwfapmaeojzifY reufpmudk
cyfoGufoGuf pm;vdkufonf/ xdkYaemuf wnf;cdkcef;aemuf&Sd jrif;aZmif;odkY wcsuf0ifum olYjrif;taetxm;udk
ppfaq;vdkufNyD; olaX;BuD;a&Smufzkef;uiftdrfodkY ar;&if;prf;&if;xGufvmcJYonf/
rsKd;vif;wa,muf vrf;avQmufNyD;vmaecsdef? wdkufwdkufqdkifqdkifyif a&Smufzkef;uifonf [dktwdwfu
udpörsm; jyefawG;aerdonf/ olonf apmifNcKHxk xkwfay;vdkufaomaiGrsm;jzifY þNrKdUwGif tjrwfjrefjref&onfh
pD;yGm;a&;jzpfaom zmpD;yGm;a&;udk vkyfudkifcJYonf/ atmufoufaMuoljzpfojzifY tcsdefwdktwGif;yif csrf;omvm
cJYonf/ taygif;toif;0ifqefYolvnf;jzpfí cPcsif;rSmyif NrKdUrsufESmzkH;jzpfvmonf/ apmifNcKHxk ay;vdkufaom
aiGrsm;jzifYcsrf;omcJYonfrSm rSefaomfvnf; olYudk rwlrwefovdk qufqHcJYonfudkum; olwaeYrS arYr&cJY/
xdkYaMumifY awG;rdwdkif; pdwfxJwEkHYEkHY jzpfum wauGUauGUwGif vufpm;acsrnf[k pOf;pm;xm;cJYonf/
odkYaomf tvSrf;u wjznf;jznf;uGmvmonf/ ,ck apmifNcKHxku bk&ifYorufawmfBuD;? wEdkifiHvkH;&Sd pD;yGm;a&;
rSeforQudk vuf0g;BuD;tkyfxm;oljzpfonf/ odkYaomf zmvkyfief;wckwnf;om vGwfvyfpGm vkyfudkifcGifY ay;xm;
ojzifY cHomaejcif; jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifY pD;yGm;a&;uyfBuD; ydkqdk;rvmcif apmifNcKHxkudk jzpfonfhenf;jzifY
vufpm;acsrnf[k awG;aeavonf/xdkYaemuf ola'goxGufvQif vkyfwwfonfh tusifYtwdkif; zGm;zufawmfudk
qGJumxk&if; tcef;xJ&Sd ukvm;xdkifwGif xdkifaeavonf/ rsm;rMumrD tdrf0rS toHrsm;Mum;&NyD; olaX;BuD;udk
awGUcsifvdkY[k tapcH wa,mufu vmajymonf/ ol a'goydkjzpfoGm;onf/ *Gif;xkaewkef; taESmifYt,Suf
0ifvmvQif vkH;0rBuKduf? odkYaomf {nfhonfudk BuKdqdk&rnfh 0wÅ&m; &Sdaeao;ojzifY olpdwfudk tcsdefrD
xdef;vdkufNyD; {nhfcef;odkYxGufvmcJYonf/
MunfhvdkufawmY jrefrmvkdvdk w&kwfvdkvdkESifY om;em;aomolwa,muf? ol &kwfw&uf pOf;pm;r&?
xdkYaMumifY olu pl;prf;vdkufonf/
]] rdwfaqGu b,folrsm;vJ cifAsm }} vlwumESifY qufqHae&oljzpfojzifY awmfuDawmY nufonf/
]] olaX;BuD;u a&Smufzkef;uif qdkwmaemf }}
]] [kwfygw,f ...uRefawmfwdkY t&ifu odcJYMuovm; }}
]] xifygw,f ...uRefawmfu rsKd;vif;yg ...olaX;BuD; t&ifwkef;u jrefrmjynfrSm tvkyfvkyfzl;vm;}}
a&Smufzkef;uif Za0Z0gjzpfoGm;onf/ ol jrefrmjynfrSm qif;qif;&J&JjzifY tvkyfvkyfcJYonfudk rnfolurQ
roday ...xdkYaMumifY rsKd;vif;udk pmMunfhcef;xJodkY ac:aqmifvm cJYonf/ NyD;vQif qufvufí aocsmatmif
ar;jref;Munfhavonf/ olu ...
]] cifAsm; uRefawmfYudk b,fvkd odovJ ...}}
]] olaX;BuD;uvnf;Asm ...ydef;vdkufwm ...uRefawmfu orufawmf apmifNcKHxk&JU arG;pm;om;av }}
]] [m ...odNyD ...ig rif;udk vrf;jyvkyfcJYwmrvm; ...}}
]] [kwfw,fAs ...cifAsm;eJY uRefawmf wnf;cdkcef;rSmwnf;&if; ydkufqHawG tvkcHvdkuf &ao;w,fav }}
]] [kwfNyD [kwfNyD ...0rf;omw,fuGm ...rif; igYudk olaX;BuD;vdkYrac:ygeJYuGm zkef;uifvdkYyJac:yg ...
[kwfNyDvm;...}}
]] aumif;ygNyDAsm ...b,fvdkwkef; cifAsm;u w,fNyD;atmifjrifaeygvm; ...bdk;awmfudk tm;usvdkY
xifw,f}}
]] at;aygYuGm ...rif;bdk;awmfuawmY odyfNyD;awmfwmyJ ...ckqdk orufawmfawmif jzpfaeNyD ...'geJY 'DrSm
rif; b,frSmwnf;vJ }}
]] wnf;ckdcef;rSmaygYAsm ...bmjzpfvdkYvJ ...}}
]] bmjzpf&rSmvJuG ...igwa,mufvkH;&SdaewmyJ ...igYtdrfrSmaeaygY ...}}
]] aumif;ygNyD zkef;uif&m ...}}
xdkodkYjzifY a&Smufzkef;uifvnf; rsKd;vif;\ypönf;rsm;udk tdrfrStapcHrsm;vTwfí,lcdkif;NyD; tdrfwGif
ae&mcsay; xm;vdkufonf/ ol\ pdwfxJwGifawmY vufpm;acsp&m&NyD[k awG;vsuf .../
rsKd;vif;onf a&Smufzkef;uiftm; ,kHMunfpdwfcspGmjzifY ol\tdrfwGif wnf;cdkcJYavonf/ xdkodkY
wnf;aepOf twGif; a&Smufzkef;uifonf olYtm; rsm;jym;vSpGmaom ol\pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;xJrS rdef;uav;rsm;ESifY
npOf nwdkif; {nfhcHcJYavonf/ þodkYjzifY rsKd;vif;tm; t,kHoGif;xm;NyD; vufpm;acs&efBuHpnfaeawmYonf/
ol\tpDtpOfrSm rsKd;vif;tm; tus,fcsKyfjzifY xdef;csKyfxm;NyD; apmifNcKHxkxHrS aiGawmif;? rsKd;vif;tm;
vlpOfrrSDatmif qkH;rum? aiG&vQifjyefvTwfay;NyD; EdkifiHjcm;wGiftajccs&efjzpfonf/ ol\tpDtpOftwdkif; tm;vkH;
tqifajyacsmarGUcJYygu apmifNcKHxkwa,muf r[mt&SufawmfuGJawmYrnfjzpfonf/
aemufxyf ESpfywfcefYtMum rsKd;vif; nvkH;aygufqGJtNyD; ajcypfvufypftdyfarmusaepOf olYtm;
vlwcsKdUu BuKd;wkyfvdkufMuNyD; oHwdkifrsm;jzifYum&Hxm;aom tcsKyfcef;xJodkYxnfhvdkufavonf/ aemufwaeY
olEdk;aomtcg tem;wGifrnfolrQr&Sd? ZdrfuscJYaom arGU,may:wGifr[kwfawmYyJ aumuf&dk;rsm;cif;xm;aom
Murf;jyifay:wGif&SdaeNyD; ab;wGifvnf; oHwdkifrsm;umxm;aMumif;awGU&avonf/ olawmfawmf pdwfnpf
oGm;onf/ olYudk þuJYodkY rnfolu zrf;qD;xm;ygenf;/ &efnSKd;&Sdol[lívnf; pOf;pm;r& ...pdwfnpfnpfjzifY
jyefvnfí tdyfaysmfoGm;jyefonf/ rnfrQMumatmif tdyfaerdonfrod ...AGrf;ueJtoHESifYtwl rsufESmay:odkY
at;NyD; pdkpGwfaom txdtawGUa&mufvmrS ol 0l;0g;0l;0g;jzifYEdk;vmonf/ armYMunfhvdkufawmY ...a&Smufzkef;uif/
ol tawmftHYMooGm;onf/ NyD;rS ...
]] zkef;uif ...rif; vmw,f ...igYudk b,foluzrf;xm;vJuGm ...vTwfay;zdkYajymygOD; ...}}
 ]] bmuG ...rif;u igYudk zkef;uifvdkYac:&atmif ...&m&mpp }}
]] rif;yJ zkef;uifvdkYac:qdk ...}}
a&Smufzkef;uifu [efygygrJYvdkufNyD; ...
]] at; ...t&ifuawmY [kwfw,f ...tck rif;u igYtusOf;om;jzpfaeNyD ...rif;bdk;awmfqDudk ig
aiGawmif;xm;w,f/ tJ'DaiGray;Edkif&if rif;udk owfypfr,fvdkYvnf; ajymxm;w,f ...rif;bdk;awmf rif;udk
b,favmufcspfovJ od&wmaygYuGm ...}}
]] rif;eJYig bmrsm; &efnSKd;&SdvdkYvJuGm ...}}
]] at; ...ajym&wmaygY ...rif;udk apmifNcKHxku arG;pm;wkef;u igYudk vrf;p&dwfavmufyJay;NyD;awmY
jyefvTwfcJYw,f ...'gu wck/ aemufwcku rif;bdk;awmfu w&kwfjynfwjynfvkH;&JU pD;yGm;a&;udk csKyfudkifxm;NyD;
vlawG usyfwnf;aeMuw,f ...igwdkYvnf; vGwfvGwfvyfvyf pD;yGm;a&;rvkyf&bl; tJ'gwck ...'DawmY awmf&kH
wef&kHeJYawmY rauseyfEdkifbl;/ jzpfEdkif&if rif;udkygowfcsifwm ...}}
]] rvkyfygeJYAsm ...olaX;BuD; ...aeygOD; ...awmuf ...}}
a&Smufzkef;uifonf pum;ajymNyD;NyD;csif;jyefxGufoGm;&m rsKd;vif;vnf; wzspfawmufawmufjzifY a'go
xGufNyD;usefcJYavonf/ xdknu rsKd;vif;onf tcsKyfcef;xJwGifom tdyfvdkuf&NyD; r0a&pmom pm;cJY&avonf/
tpmxJwGifvnf; umrtm;wdk;aq;rsm;xnfhauR;xm;ojzifY wudk,fvkH; aerxdxdkifromjzpfum [dktayguf
vQKdcsifovdk 'DtaygufvQKdcsifovdk jzpfaeavonf/ cufonfu *Gif;xkzdkYudkyif rwwfEdkifaom taetxm;/
vufjyefBuKd;wkyfxm;NyD; tpmpm;csdefavmufom BuKd;jznfay;onf/ xdkYaMumifY olYcrsm taygufvnf;&Smr&?
vufudkvnf; tm;udk;r&ojzifY a0'emtBuD;tus,fcHpm;ae&avawmYonf/
nOfheufonftxd a0'emudkBudwfrSdwfcHpm;&if;rS Murf;jyifay:wGifvl;vSdrfYum acwfaumif;pOfwkef;u
uJcJYonfrsm;udk jyefvnfpOf;pm;aeavonf/ xdkodkY pOf;pm;aepOfwGif tcsKyfcef;wHcg;qDrS ]]*avmuf}} qdkaom
toHMum;&onf/ ol tESdyfpufrsm;cH&OD;rnfvm;awG;NyD; vSKyfawmifrvSKyf&J ...rsm;rMumrDyif tapmifYwa,muf
0ifvmNyD; olYudkajcaxmufjzifY vSdrfYuefawmYonf/ ol aMumuftm;vefYtm;jzifY atmfonf ...rnfolrQrMum;/
oltawmfarmoGm;NyD; atmfvdkufwdkif; toHu w&SJ&SJomxGufawmYonf/ toH0ifoGm;ojzifY olpdwfnpfoGm;onf/
rauseyf&ifawmif atmfrqJEdkifawmYwJYb0 .../
xdkYaemuf tapmifYu olYudkqGJxlNyD; eH&HwGifrDvsufom; axmifxm;vdkufonf/ tm;uvnf;r&SdawmY
olrsm;jyKorQEkae&awmYonf/ xdkYaemuf a&wykH;qGJvmNyD; acgif;rSavmif;csonf/ csrf;at;aom&moDwGif tvGef
at;jrvSaoma&aMumifY olYwudk,fvkH; cdkufcdkufwkefonf/ tapmifYu wkwfcyfwdkwdkwacsmif;udk,lum
olYyg;pyfudk zGifYaxmufxm;vdkufNyD; nv,fpmtjzpf *efZDudk avmif;xnfhoGm;onf/ aemuf wHcg;u
cGyfueJydwfoGm;onf/
cPaeawmY tapmifYcsif; *sLwDcsdef;onfxifonf/ pum;ajymoH wdk;wdk;wdk;wdk;ESifYMum;&NyD; vuf0g;csif;
&dkufvdkufoHudk Mum;vdkuf&onf/ olarS;ae&mrS vefYoGm;NyD; wHcg;0qDodkY vSrf;arQmfMunfhrdonf/
eH&HwGifpdkufxm;aom rD;wkwftvif;a&mif 0gusifusifwGif vl&dyfESpf&dyfjrif&onf/ xdkYaemuf
t&dyfw&dyfaysmufoGm;NyD; usefw&dyfu olYbufodkYavQmufvmonf ...ajcoHwzswfzswfygMum;vdkuf&onf/
eHapmfrTefxlaeaom t&ufeHYwaxmif;axmif; udkvnf; &vdkufonf/ tapmifYu tcef;0odkYa&mufvmjyefonf/
aomYcavmufudkzGifYvdkufonf .../
'DtapmifYudkMunfh&wm vlykHcyfxGm;xGm;ESifY t&yfu ajcmufayausmfrnf/ tvGefoefpGrf;ykH&NyD;
wudk,fvkH; MuGufom;awGomzkH;vTrf;aeonfudk jrif&onf/ t&uf&SdefjzifY aEG;axG;aeonfxifY ... csrf;at;aom
&moDwGif tusÐudk,fuRwfjzifY&Sdaeonf/ xdkYaemuf tcef;xJodkY avQmuf0ifvmonf/ olu rsKd;vif;udk yg;wcsuf
jzwf&dkufvdkufNyD; vnfacsmif;oHBuD;jzifYar;onf/
]] 'DrSm aumifav; ...rif; 'DtcsKyfcef;xJu rvGwfcsifbl;vm; }}
]] q&m&,f ...b,fvdkajymvdkufygvdrfYAsm ...vGwfcsifwmaygY ...&TD ...&TD ...}}
]] ajzmif; ...rMum;&bl;uG ...us,fus,fajymprf; ...}} tapmifYu em;&if;ydwftkyfumar;onf/
rsKd;vif;vnf; raeEdkifbJ &SdorQtoHudknSpfxkwfum ajz&onf/
 ]] vGwfcsifygw,f ...}}
]] at; ...'gqdk igwdkYnSdvdkY&NyD ...rif;vGwf&if igYudk b,fvdkaus;Zl;qyfrvJ ...}}
]] a&TwkH; ig;axmifay;r,fAsm ...ig;axmifaemf ...rauseyf&if waomif;Asm ...}}
]] awmfprf;yg ...udk,fYbmomudk,f qif;&JaewmyJaumif;w,f ...igu aiGrvdkcsifbl; ...}}
]] 'gqdk q&mYudk uRefawmf b,fvkdaus;Zl;qyf&rvJ ...}}
]] vG,fygw,fuGm ...uJ ...}}
]] atmifrav;As ...&TD ...}}
tapmifYu jAKef;pm;BuD;yif olYudkzifqGJcRwfawmYonf/ xdkYaemuf tcsKyfcef;Murf;jyifay:odkY wGef;vSJ
vdkufNyD; aemufaygufwG,fpD;&ef BuKd;yrf;avawmYonf/ rsKd;vif;b0uawmY qdk;vSonf ...olYtjzpfu zifcsrS
vlnmrSef; odonfudk; .../
tm;aysmYaq;t&SdefaMumifY &kef;uefjcif;rjyKEdkifaom rsKd;vif;onf tapmifY\vufwGif jyKorQEk&awmY\/
olYabmif;bDum; tpdwfpdwft`rTm`rTmjzpfaeNyD; r&SdrJY&SdrJYtiftm;av;jzifY wcsufwcsufwGif wGefYueJ wGefYueJ
&kef;uefaeonf/ aemufqkH;wGifrawmY olvTwfay;rSmyJ ...igvnf; 'DwcgyJ cH&rSmqdkNyD;awG;vdkuf&if; tm;rwef
rmefavQmYvdkuf&awmYonf/ xdktcsdefrSmyif tapmifY\vlESifYvdkufzufnDpGmBuD;xGm;aom vD;wefBuD;u olYptdk
xJodkY wdk;0ifvmawmYonf/
]] &TD; ...}}
ol emusifpGmatmfvkdufonf/ toHuawmY odyfNyD;us,fus,favmifavmifxGufrvmyg/ rsKd;vif;
wa,muf toH0ifaejcif;u tapmifYtm; pdwf&Sdvuf&SdMurf;&eftwGuf wGef;tm;ay;ovdkjzpfaeonf/ rsKd;vif;
crsm ptdkudk &EdkifoavmufusKHUxm;ao;aomfvnf; aemufqkH;wGifrawmY vD;wefBuD;\ tqkH;wdk;0ifjcif;udk
vufcHvdkuf&onf/ tapmifYuvnf; ]]pD;aewmyJuGm ...}}[laom pum;rSwyg; tjcm;bmrSrajymyJ tESpfESpf
tvvu iwfaeovdk aemufaygufudk 'vMurf;wG,fpD;avonf/ rsKd;vif;rSm tvGefyif emusifvSojzifY
rsuf&nfrsm;yifpD;usvmonf/ MumvmawmY tapmifYvnf; Murf;jyifay:wGifvkyfae&onfudk tm;r&
jzpfvmonfxifY ...ykHpHajymif;vdkufonf/
rsKd;vif;\udk,fudk apGUueJrcsDvdkufNyD; uif;uGmoGm;aomvD;udk wcsufqvdkufum eH&HwGif uyfxm;
vdkufNyD; atmufrSaevQKdum aqmifYoGif;vdkufjyefonf/ rsKd;vif;rsufjzLvefum avmuBuD;ESifY tquftoG,f
jywfoGm;onf/ b,favmufMumonfrod ...olowdjyef&vmonftxd armifrif;BuD;om;u zifvdk;aumif;wkef;
&Sdao;onf/ xdkYaemuf olYudk cg;rSudkifum rwfwyf&yfcdkif;vdkufNyD; cg;ukef;cdkif;um av;bufaxmufcdkif;NyD;
wrsKd;qGJjyefonf/ 'DwcgawmY rsKd;vif;vnf; cHpm;&wm aumif;vmykH&onf/ ol\vD;rSm wjznf;jznf;
axmifrwfpjyKvmavonf/ aemufrS tapmifYuvnf; jyif;xefpGmaqmifYvdk;aeonf/ MumvmawmY
aqmifYcsufawGpdyfvmNyD; rsKd;vif;zifxJodkY v&nfrsm;yef;xnfhvdkufavonf/ atmufrS cHae&aomrsKd;vif;vnf;
raeEdkifawmYbJ olYvD;rS v&nfrsm;udk tcsKyfcef;Murf;jyifay:odkY yef;csvdkufavawmYonf/
xdkodkYtjzpftysufrsm; jzpfyGm;vmvdrfYrnf[k olaX;BuD; a&Smufzkef;uifwa,muf rodr[kwf? odonf/
odkYaomf rsKd;vif;tm; xkdodkYtajctaea&mufatmif wrifwum tuGufqifcJYjcif;jzpfawmYonf/ xdkYaemuf
vJaeonfh rsKd;vif;tay:odkY a&wykH;a&mufvmjyefonf/ olYudk aemufaygufwG,fpD;cJYaom tapmifYrS xyfrH
ESdyfpuf&ef [efjyifvdkufjcif;vnf;jzpfonf/
rsKd;vif;u ...
]] q&m ...uRefawmf 'DtcsKyfcef;xJu b,fawmYxGuf&rSmvJ q&m ...}}
]] ig vkyfvdkY0&if vTwfay;rSmaygYuG ...rif;om vdrfvdrfrmrmeJY taetxm;rSefzdkY ta&;BuD;wm }}
]] [kwfuJYyg ...q&m ...}}
rsKd;vif;wa,muf qufvuftEdkifusifYcH&OD;rnfhta&;udkawG;í &ifav;oGm;rdavonf/ wu,fawmY
olYtm; tEdkifusifYum aemufaygufwG,fpD;aeaom tapmifYrSm olYudkvTwfay;Edkifaom tcGifYtmPm enf;enf;rS
&Sdonfr[kwf ...xdkolrSm pm;aeMu aMumifzm;BuD;jzpfNyD; olaX;BuD;\ apmufjrifuwfyk'frjzifY zrf;csKyfjcif;udk
cH&olrsm;tm; vdrfnmjzm;a,mif;í pm;aomufaejcif;jzpfavawmYonf/ rdk;vif;awmY rsKd;vif;crsm tm;jywf
aeavNyD ...a&Smufzkef;uifu vmMunfhaomfvnf; olrxEdkifawmY .../ a&Smufzkef;uifuawmY bmrSrSwfcsuf
ray;yJ olYudk ajcjzifYwcsufuefum jyefoGm;avonf/
a&Smufzkef;uifonf tdrfodkYjyefa&mufonfESifY pmMunfhcef;xJ wef;0ifvmcJYonf/ pdwfxJrSmawmY
c&D;vrf;qufoG,fa&;\ aESmifYaES;MuefYMumykHudk tjypfwifaerdonf/ taMumif;um; orufawmf apmifNcKHxkxH
ydkYxm;aom aiGawmif;pmudk jyefMum;rSKr&ao;ojzifYjzpfavonf/ xdkpOf olYtapcHu yDuif;rem; aejynfawmfrS
olwdkYvl,kH jyefa&mufaMumif;ESifY apmifNcKHxkxHrS pmudkay;onf/ ol tvsifpvdkazmufzwfvdkuf&m ...
]] a&Smufzkef;uif ...
rif;awmfawmf,kwfrmwmyJ ...igYudk rauseyf&if igeJYa,mufsm;yDyD pm&if;&Sif;ygvm;/ rif;uckawmY
igYom;udkzrf;NyD; aiGawmif;w,f ...vkyfxm;aygYuGm igYom;toufu rif;vufxJrSmyJ ...wckawmY&Sdw,f/ igYrSm
avmavmq,f aiGaMu;usyfwnf;NyD; rvnfywfEdkifwmeJY rif;awmif;wJY a&TwkH;wodef;udk csufcsif;ray;Edkifbl;/
ig;aomif;,lxm;NyD; usefwmudkaemufrSay;r,f ...igYom;udk vTwfvdkuf ...'gyJ ...
rSwfcsuf / / tck rif;vleJY a&Tudkxnfhay;vdkufw,f/ }}
a&Smufzkef;uif pmudkzwfNyD; twefi,fwif;oGm;avonf/ odkYaomf ,ck&&Sdxm;aom a&TwkH;ig;aomif;
rSmvnf; enf;enf;aemaem yrmPr[kwfojzifY ol pOf;pm;cef;0ifoGm;&avonf/ xdkYaemuf qkH;jzwfcsufwckudk
ckdifrmpGmcsrSwfvdkufNyD; usefaoma&Tudk r,lawmY&ef qkH;jzwfvdkufonf/ odkYaomf rsKd;vif;tm; rSwfavmuf
om;avmuf ynmay;&ef waeYvkH;pOf;pm;aeavonf/ naeydkif;rS rnfodkYjyKvkyf&rnfudk pOf;pm;&NyD; olYwynfh
rsm;udkac:um taumiftxnfazmfcdkif;vdkufonf/
,if;um; ...rsKd;vif;\vD;udk t&if;rSaeí jzwfawmufypfvdkufapjcif;yifwnf;/ xdkYaemuf rsKd;vif;tm;
aejynfawmf - vdk;&ef tjrefjrif;vSnf;tm; iSm;NyD; wifvTwfvdkufawmYonf/ emMunf;pGm vufpm;acsjcif;um;
rsKd;vif;twGuf cg;oD;rnfrSefaomvnf; a&Smufzkef;uiftwGufawmY csKdNrdefaeavonf/
apmifNcKHxkonf rsKd;vif;\owif;udk aeYnrjywfpkHprf;aecJY&m uHraumif;taMumif;rvSojzifY rnfodkYrQ
owif;r&bJ&Sdae&mrS &kwfw&uf rarQmfvifYyJjyefa&mufvmojzifY tvGefyif tHYtm;oifYoGm;rdav\/ csufcsif;yif
jymjymovJjzifY BuKdqdkum zuf&rf;erf;&SKyfjcif;udkjyKav\/ odkYaomf rsKd;vif;u vGwfajrmufvmonfudk
0rf;om[ef rjyonfhtwGuf xl;qef;aerdavonf/ odkYayr,fY [dkae&mrSm pdwfqif;&J udk,fqif;&J
jzpfcJYvdkYxifygw,fav[k awG;um oHo,jyefvnfuif;&Sif;oGm;av\/
vGwfajrmufvmaomfvnf; 0rf;om[efrjyonfh rsKd;vif;onf tpmvnf;aumif;aumif;rpm;? bmrSvnf;
[kwfwdywfwdrvkyfbJ aeYwkdif;omtcef;atmif;aeavonf/ waeYoü rsKd;vif;wa,mufwnf; pdwfnpfnpfjzifY
rl;jyJaeatmifaomufum tcef;wHcg;ydwfítdyfaeavonf/ jzpfcsifawmY olYtcef;wHcg;udk aoaocsmcsm csufcs
xm;jcif;rvkyfcJYay .../ apmifNcKHxkonf rif;BuD;xH tcpm;0if&mrStjyef rsKd;vif;wa,muf aerSaumif;&JUvm;
[kawG;um arwÅmtjynfhjzifY owif;ar;&efvmcJYavonf/ rsKd;vif;\tcef;odkYa&mufaomtcg tcef;wHcg;udk
ydwfxm;ojzifY jyefvSnfhxGufrnfjyKNyD;rS wHcg;apY&kHapYxm;ovm;[kxifNyD; wGef;zGifYvdkuf&m yGifYoGm;awmYonf/
xdkodkY wHcg;yGifYoGm;onfESifYwNyKdifeuf tcef;xJ&Sdckwifay:wGif yufvufBuD;tdyfaysmfaeaom rsKd;vif;udk
awGUvdkuf&av\/ csrf;at;aom&moDwGif t&uf&SdefaMumifYaEG;axG;aeoljzpfí txl;wvnf taEG;xnfrsm;udk
0wfqifxm;jcif;r&SdbJ apmifwxnfuom cg;ay:wGifuefYvefYjzwfí wif&SdaeonfrSwyg; tjcm;t0wftpm;
r&Sday .../ 'DaumifawmY csrf;aerSmyJav ...oem;ygw,f [laom zcifarwÅmu 0ifa&mufae&m,lojzifY rsKd;vif;
cg;ay:rSapmifudk qGJ,lí NcKHay;&ef wcsufjzefYvdkufavonf/ xdkYaemuf NcKHay;rnfjyKNyD; rNcKHay;cifav;wGif
rsufpdwcsufa0YMunfhvdkuf&m rlrrSefonfudk owdxm;rdvdkufavonf/
apmifNcKHxkonf vufxJ&Sdapmifudkcsxm;vdkufNyD; rnfonfht&mursm; rSm;,Gif;aeygovJ[k aocsmpGm
ppfaq;vdkufavonf/ olaX;BuD;wOD;tjzpf ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm vkyfief;rsm;udk BuD;MuyfpDrHcefYcGJvmaom tawGU
tBuKH &SdcJYojzifY ,ckvnf; rSm;aeaomt&mudk &SmazGawGUoGm;avonf/ apmifNcKHxkwa,muf rdrdrsufpdudk
r,kHEdkifatmif jzpfoGm;avonf/ taMumif;rlum; rsKd;vif;\aygifMum;ü pif;vkH;acsm yuwdjzpfaeonfudk
awGUvdkufjcif;aMumifY jzpfavawmYonf/
 ol rsufvkH;rsm;udkyGwfum aocsmpGmMunfhvdkufonf/ [kwfygonf wu,fYudkrSwu,fYudk r&SdawmY
ygav/ oGm;NyD ...igYarQmfvifYcsufawGawmY a&pkefarsmygNyD ...igu rsKd;vif;udk ynmpkH&if atmavmu&JU
odkif;bk&if jzpfatmifvkyfay;&r,f/ 'grS apmifrsKd;wrsKd;vkH;twGuf *kPf,lp&mjzpfrSm ...ckawmY oGm;ygNyDuGm/
b,faumifu jzwf,lxm;vdkufwmygvdrfY[kawG;um 0rf;enf;yufvufjzifY tcef;xJrS xGufvmcJYav\/
naeapmif;a&mufaomtcg rsKd;vif;wa,muf MunfMunfvifvifjzifYEdk;vmonf/ tapcHwa,mufudk
acgif;avmif;qGJíac:vdkufNyD; pm;aomufzG,f&mrsm;udk pDpOfcdkif;vdkufonf/ olu bmtjzpftysufrSrjzpfcif
tm;&Sdatmif pm;aomvdkufOD;rS[kawG;NyD; ckwifay:wGifxdkifaepOf tcef;wHcg;acgufoHudkMum;&avonf/
]] a'guf a'guf a'guf }}
]] b,folvJ ...}}
]] t&l;rBuD; rpmO tJav ...igyguG tyg;yg ...}}
]] tm; ...tyg; 0ifcJYav ...a&mufaewmMumNyDvm; ...}}
]] ckrSa&mufwmyguGm ...tif; tck rif;bmvkyfaewmvJ ...}}
]] AdkufqmvmvdkYav ...tJ'g wckckpm;rvm;vdkY pDpOfckdif;xm;wm ...}}
]] at;av ...pm;pm; ...NyD;&ifawmY igYtcef; cPvmcJYOD; ...}}
]] [kwfuJY tyg; ...}}
]] at;at; ... 'gqdk igoGm;r,f }}
]] [kwfuJY ...at; 0ifcJYav ...}}
apmifNcKHxkjyeftxGufrSmyif tapcHu pm;aomufzG,f&mrsm;udk vmydkYojzifY 0ifcdkif;vdkufNyD; ckwifay:wGif
wifum ae&mrSra&GUbJpm;vdkufonf/ pm;aomufzG,frsm;um; w&kwfolaX;wdkYxkH;pHtwdkif; iSufodkuf? *sifqif;
ponfwdkYESifY umrtm;ay;aomtpm;tpmrsm;jzpfavonf/ odkYaomf pm;ae&ifjzifY olYb0olawG;NyD; pdwf"mwf
usqif;oGm;avonf/ csufcsif;yif a&SUavQmuf b0udk [efaqmifaexdkifum jzwfoef;&rnfudkawG;NyD; &ifav;
oGm;rdavonf/ tpm;taomufrsm;ukefrS t0wftpm;rsm;udk oyfoyf&yf&yf 0wfqifvdkufNyD; apmifNcKHxkxHodkY
oGm;a&mufavonf/
apmifNcKHxkonf pmMunfhcef;xJwGif pdwfvSKyf&Sm;pGmjzifY apmifYaeavonf/ cPMumaom tjyifbufrS
wHcg;acgufoHMum;vdkuf&NyD; rsKd;vif;0ifvmonf/ apmifNcKHxku rsKd;vif;tzrf;cHxm;&onfudk olMum;&aomtcg
rnfrQpdwfyl&ykH? ab;uif;&JUvm;[k aomua&muf&ykHwdkYudk wzGJUwEGJUajymNyD;rS aemufqkH;wGif ...
]] om; ...rsKd;vif; tyg;ajymp&mwck&Sdw,f ...}}
]] bmrsm;vJ tyg; ...}}
]] rif;uGm ...ydkufqHvdk&ifvnf; igYqDvSrf;rSma&maygY ...}}
]] rvdkygbl; tyg;&JU ...uRefawmfYbmom avmufygw,f }}
]] rvdrfygeJY om;&,f ...reufu tyg;jyefa&mufawmY rif;qDudk tyg;vmao;w,f }}
]] bmrsm;xl;qef;vdkYvJAsm ...tyg; BuKH&ifBuKHovdkvmaeusyJudk ...}}
]] uJuGm ...vdk&if;yJ ajymawmYr,f ...'gqdk rif;qDu vD;wwGJvkH; b,fa&mufoGm;vJajym ...}}
]] [if ...tyg; b,fvkdod ...}}
]] rif;udk apmifNcKHay;rvdkY apmifudkjzefYvdkufawmY jrifwmaygYuGm ...}}
]] uRefawmf ...tJ'g ...wu,fawmY ...}}
]] rvdrfeJY ...trSeftwdkif;ajym ...}}
rsKd;vif;vnf; rxl;awmYNyDjzpfí tzrf;cH&pOfu rnfuJYodkY ESdyfpufapmfum;jcif;udk cHcJY&aMumif;
tao;pdwf ajymjyvdkufavonf/ pum;qkH;aomf apmifNcKHxkonf vGefpGma'goxGufoGm;NyD; ...
]] om; ...rif; bmrStm;ri,feJY ...'DtwGuf tyg; vufpm;acsr,f/ awmuf ...a&Smufzkef;uif? rif;
a&Tvnf;,lw,f ...vlvnf;jzwfw,f ...tJav apmfum;w,f ...awGUMuao;wmaygYuGm/ Oya'qdkwm rif;wkdY
csKd;azmufzdkYxm;wm r[kwfbl;uG ...igwdkYawG twGufxm;wm ...rif;udk igYtiftm;eJYrEdkif&if rif;BuD;qDu
tiftm;awmif;NyD; wdkufr,fuG ...}} [lí BuKH;0g;vkdufavonf/ xdkYaemufrS 0rf;enf;aeonfh rsKd;vif;tm;
olYtcef;odkY jyefydkYay;vdkufonf/
na&mufaomf olawmfawmfESifYrtdyfEdkif ...wnvkH; vufpm;acsa&;udk pOf;pm;aeavonf/ reufydkif;
vif;cgeD;rS tdyfaysmfoGm;onf/ rMumvdkufyg ...wHcg;acgufoHaMumifYolEdk;vmavonf/
]] a[Y b,folwkef;uG ...}}
]] olaX;BuD; ...uRefawmf tapcHcsKyfyg ...tpfudkav; ...tpfudkav; ...}}
]] bmjzpfvdkYvJ ...jrefjrefajymprf; ...bmawGjzpfukefNyDvJuGm ...}}
]] BuKd;qGJcsNyD; aooGm;NyDAs ...}}
apmifNcKHxkvnf; odvQifodcsif; rsKd;vif;tcef;odkYajy;oGm;aomfvnf; touf0dnmOfuif;rJYaeaom
rsKd;vif; tavmif;udkom xkwfwGifwef;vef;jrif&awmYonf/ &ifbwfwGifawmY pmwapmifcsdwfqGJvsuf .../
apmifNcKHxk qGJ,lzwfMunfhvdkufonf/
]] tyg; ...
uRefawmfYudk arG;pm;apmifYa&SmufcJYwJYaus;Zl;udk aemufb0rSyJ jyefqyfygawmYr,f ...ckvdk vD;r&SdwJY b0eJY
[efaqmifaezdkY uRefawmf BuKd;pm;cJYygao;w,f/ tyg;odoGm;wm&,f ...wcsdefcsdefus&if tjzpfrSefudk
vlawGodoGm;&if t&SufuGJrSm&,faMumifY ckvdk apmapmpD;pD;yJ vlYb0uxGufoGm;ygNyD ...uRefawmfYtwGufbmrS
rpdk;&drf&awmYbl;aygY tyg;&,f ...oGm;ESifYNyD tyg; ...
..... rsKd;vif; }}
[lonfhpmudk awGU&avawmYrS apmifNcKHxkwa,muf rsuf&nfrqnfEdkifatmifjzpfoGm;&av\/ xdkYjyif
a&Smufzkef;uiftm; vufpm;acsjcifonfhpdwfvnf; ydkrdkcdkifrmoGm;avawmYonf/
rif;BuD;qDodkY csufcsif;qdkovdkyif tcpm;0ifNyD; qdk;oGrf;aeol[k a&Smufzkef;uifudk emrnfwyfum
zrf;0&rf;? ppfonftiftm;ESifY aiGaMu;bwf*sufrsm;csay;&ef awmif;qkdavonf/ a,mu©rawmf rif;BuD;vnf;
olajymorQ ,kHNyD; awmif;qdkorQ vdkufavsmavawmYonf/ olonf ppfom;rsm;udk aoaocsmcsm oifwef;ay;NyD;
zmcHNrKdU&Sd xkxa&;'if;ukrÜPDESifY tusKd;wlyl;aygif;zGifYvSpfxm;onfh wdkifaxmifxk\ vD;tu,f'rDodkY
wvoifwef;wuf&ef apvTwfvdkufavonf/ xdku jyefvmrS tifjynfhtm;jynfhjzifY vufpm;acsrSKudk pwif&ef
qkH;jzwfvdkufavonf/
wdkifaxmifxkuvnf; olYtcspfawmf oruftjzpf &nf&G,fxm;ol rsKd;vif;twGuf vufpm;acs&efpdwfrsm;
jyif;jyaeojzifY a&Smufzkef;uifxH oGm;a&mufwdkufcdkufvQif olygvdkufrnf[k uwday;vdkufavonf/ odkYjzifY
zmcHNrKdU&Sd vD;tu,f'rDausmif;wGif vlawmfawmfrsm;rsm; 0ifvkdufxGufvkdufjzifY pnfum;aeawmYonf/
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
xdktcsdefwGif ukdwPSmac: zdk;a&Smufvifonf rmBuD;Mumodkif;usrf;udk &&SdcJYNyD;aemuf avYusifYcJYonfrSm
ajcmufvcefYMumjrifYcJYavNyD/ ,aeY aemufqkH;tuGufudk avYusifYaeNyDjzpfonf/ 4if;odkif;uGufum; ES,fES,f&&
r[kwfay .../ wwfoGm;vQif rnfonfht&mudkrqdk vD;jzifYxdk;cGJEdkifrnfjzpfNyD; odkif;avmu\OD;aoQmif jzpfvm
ayawmYrnf/ odkif;uGuf\trnfum; wkwfxdk;tdk;aygufodkif;uGufjzpfavonf/
olonf avYusifYae&if;jzifY wjznf;jznf;pdwf"mwfusvmonf/ tb,fYaMumifYqdkaomf opf0g;uJYodkY
ypönf;rsm;rSvGJí usefaom rmausmonfht&mrsm;udk xdk;cGJEdkifjcif;r&Sdao;aomaMumifYjzpfonf/ olonf pdwfnpf
pGmjzifY ausmufwkH;wwkH;ay: a*G;wef;vef;jzifYxdkifaeavonf/ naeapmif;tcsdefjzpfí pdkpGwfaom awmtkyf
twGif;wGif rSufjcif,ifrsm; xGufay:vmMuNyD/ iSufrsm;vnf; tdyfwef;wufMuNyD; olYacgif;ay:&SdopfyifqDodkYyif
ysHvmonfudk awGU&onf/ cPaevQif ae0ifawmYrnf ol ckxd aemufqkH;odkif;uGufudk ratmifjrifao;/ ol
pdwf'kef;'kef;csum aemufaeYrSavYusifYrnf[kawG;NyD; pdrfajyeajyxdkifaevdkufawmYonf/
na&mufvmNyD ...rnfodkYrnfykH reufjzefusvQif avYusifY&rnfenf;[kawG;um epfarsmaerdonf/
xdktcsdef wifyg;qDrS pl;ueJjzpfoGm;onf ...vD;xdyfrS ylueJjzpfoGm;onf/ ol ta&;rBuD;ygbl;av[k awG;NyD;
tdwfxJrS jcifrudkufapaomaq;rsm;udkxkwfNyD; okwfvdrf;um at;csrf;pGmyif xdkifvsuftdyfaysmfoGm;avonf/
awmtkyfxJrSmawmY ZD;uGufjrnfoH tenf;i,frSvGJNyD; wdwfqdwfaeawmYonf/
 xkdaeYnu ESpfNcKdufpGmtdyfvdkuf&ojzifY reuf iSufatmfoHrsm;aMumifYEdk;vmawmY vlwudk,fvkH; vef;qef;
aeavonf/ ol wcsuftysif;qefYvdkufNyD; rwfwwf&yf? abmif;bD0wfNyD; ywf0ef;usifwcGifudk MunfhvdkufawmY
aejcnfEkEkatmufrSm ouf&Sdtm;vkH; vSKyf&Sm;aeMuavNyD/ taMumavQmY&eftwGuf cg;udkukef;NyD; vufzsm;ESifY
ajczrdk;xdvdkufawmY olYab;em;u ausmufwkH;udk owdjyKrdonf/ [if ...taygufBuD;eJYygvm; ...taygufu
olYvD;t&G,favmufyif&Sdrnf/ ol abmif;bDudk jyefcRwfvdkufNyD; olYvD;udkxdk;xnfhum wdkif;Munfhvdkufonf/
uGufwdyJ...rodonfholuawmY ausmufwkH;udk anSmifYaeonfxifOD;rnf[kawG;um NyKH;vdkufonf/
xdkYaemuf oljyefawG;MunfhrdawmY nu ol 'DausmufwkH;ay:rSmyJ tdyfcJYwmygvm;[k awG;rdonf/
naeu xdkifwkef;uawmY ausmufwkH;u tydwfBuD;yg ...b,fvdkrsm; 'Dvdktaygufjzpfae&wmvJ/ awG;&if;
awG;&if;jzifY vrf;aMumif;rSefay:a&mufvmonf/ [kwfNyD ...nwkef;u vD;xdyfqDrS ylueJjzpfoGm;wm 'gyJ
jzpf&rnf/ odkYaomf rnfodkYrnfykH aygufxGufoGm;onfudkawmY pOf;pm;r& ...tif; xyfpOf;pm;OD;rSygyJ .../
nwkef;u ...nwkef;u ...nwkef;u ...odNyD olYzifudk jcifudkufvdkufawmY ol a,mifNyD; ptdkudk
usKHUrdonf/ tJ'DrSm pawGUwmyJ ...'DvdkyJ jzpf&rnf[kawG;um vD;ay:twGif;tm;udkydkY ptdkudkusKHUNyD; ausmufwkH;udk
wcsufxdk;Munfhvdkufonf/ ylueJtxdtawGUESifYtwl ausmufwkH;aygufoGm;awmYonf/ &NyDuG ...'DvdkyJjzpfr,f
ol odkif;usrf;udkavYusifYatmifjrifoGm;avNyD ...awGUMuao;wmaygY oefjrefav&SD;a& .../
ol csufcsif;yif awmtkyfxJrS xGufum teD;qkH;&GmodkYvmcJYonf/ &Gma&mufrS owd&onf ...ol 'Dtwdkif;
qufoGm;aevdkYuawmY c&D;wGifrnfr[kwf xdkYaMumifY jrif;0,fum c&D;quf&ef pOf;pm;rdonf/ &GmxJ&Sd jrif;rsm;
a&mif;csaomae&modkYoGm;um jrif;waumif0,fvdkufonf/ xdkYaemuf jrif;ZufudkqGJum &GmjyifodkY vrf;avQmufí
xGufvmcJYonf/ ol\ trsm;jynfoltay: pmemwwfaompdwfxm;t& vlol&Sdaomae&mrsKd;wGif jrif;pD;avYr&Sd/
okdYjzifY &GmjyifodkYa&mufrS oljrif;ZufudkvTwfum jrif;ay:wuf&eftwGuf ab;odkYjyefvmonf/ olpdwful;wrsKd;
ay:vmNyD; oljrifzl;cJYaomykHpHtwdkif; jrif;ay:ckefwufvdkufonf/
]] ZGyf ...[D ..........}}
xdktoHESifYtwl jrif;BuD;crsm vJusaoqkH;oGm;&&Smonf/ oljyefpOf;pm;onf ...bmrSm;aevJ/ olrsm;awG
'DvdkyJ jrif;ay:ckefwufaeMuwmyJav ...olYusrS bmjzpf&wmvJ/ xdkYaemuf jrif;udk aoaocsmcsm ppfaq;
MunfhvdkufawmY jrif;ausmay:wGif taygufwayguf ...MunfhvdkufawmY olYvD;ESifYwqdkufwnf;/ oGm;ygNyDuGm
'DvD;wacsmif;eJYawmY 'ku©ygyJ .../ ol taetxdkifqifjcif&ef qkH;jzwfvdkufonf/ [if; ...jrif;awmY aemufxyf
waumifxyf0,f&OD;rSmaygYav ...olawG;vdkufonf/ wzufuMunfhvQifawmY olYpGrf;&nfudk txif;om; jrifae
&ojzifY ol0rf;omoGm;onf/ odkYESifY &GmxJjyef0ifvdkufonf/ jrif;a&mif;&mae&modkY jyefoGm;NyD; ...
]] avmfyef ...jrif;waumif ...}}
]] aiGwkH; ig;q,f }}
]] a&mY ...'DrSm }}
]] [if ...'Du vlBuD;rif;u ckeuvnf; waumif0,foGm;w,frvm; ...bmjzpfvdkYvJ }}
]] xyfvdkvdkYaygYAsm ...}}}
]] jrif;rsm; bmjzpfoGm;vdkYvJ[if ...}}
]] [kwfw,f ...aooGm;vdkY ...}}
]] rjzpfEdkifwmAsm ...uRefawmfYjrif;awGu 'De,fwcGifrSmqdk NyKdifpH&Sm;yJ }}
]] ocFg&vdkYyJ rSwfvdkufAsm ...tJ'D jrif;udk jyef,lcsifao;&ifawmY &Gmxdyfvrf;0rSm&Sdw,f }}
]] a[Yvl ...aeOD;av ...}}
xdkodkYjzifY zdk;a&Smufvifonf jrif;topfwaumif0,fpD;NyD; oefjrefav&SD;&Sd&m olawmif;pm;*dkPf;
XmecsKyfodkY xGufvmcJYav\/
zdESdyfcsKyfcs,f vuf0g;BuD;tkyfrSKudk onf;rcHEdkifaom a&Smufzkef;uifonf orufawmf apmifNcKHxk\om;
rsKd;vif;tm; a'gotavsmuf vlnGefYwkef;atmifvkyfvdkuf&mrS rsKd;vif;udk,fYudk,fudk owfaoaMumif;owif;&í
apmifNcKHxkonf olYtm;vufpm;acsrnfudk BuKdwifawG;qrdavonf/ xdkYaMumifY aejynfawmfwGif olYvlrsm;udk
apmifNcKHxkxHü olvQKdtjzpfxnfhoGif;xm;&mrS olYtm;vufpm;acsrnfh apmifNcKHxk\ pDrHudef;udkod&avonf/
 odkYaomf BuKdwif&aomtwif;t& ...aemufwvaerS pwifvSKyf&Sm;MurnfjzpfaMumif;udk od&ojzifY
eD;pyf&m taygif;toif;rdwfaqGrsm;xH csOf;uyfí tultnDawmif;Munfhavonf/ ol\ tultnD
awmif;jcif;rSm tcsnf;ESD;yif ...tm;vkH; apmifNcKHxk\tiftm;ESifY t&Sdeft0gudkaMumufMuojzifY tm;vkH;u
jiif;y,fMuonf/ wOD;url olawmif;pm;*dkPf;csKyfuawmY oleJYuif;w,fvdkYMum;w,f? oGm;NyD; tultnD
awmif;Munfhygvm;[k tBuHay;ojzifY olawmif;pm;*dkPf;XmecsKyf&Sd&modkYxGufcJYavonf/
aeYrem; nrem; c&D;jyif;ESifvm&m jrif;a&mif;onfhae&mrsm;wGif jrif;rsm;udkomvJvS,fum vlurem;bJ
qufwdkufoGm;cJYojzifY ESpf&ufESifYwreuf c&D;ESiftNyD;wGif olawmif;pm;*dkPf;odkYa&muf&SdcJYavonf/ a&mufvQif
a&mufcsif; wHcg;apmifYrsm;udk vmbfxdk;um *dkPf;csKyf\&kH;cef;odkY wdk;vQKdayguf0ifoGm;avonf/ tcef;em;
ta&muf atmfoHrsm;Mum;&ojzifY aecif;aMumifawmif vlowfaeonfxifNyD; tcef;wHcg;udk ykckH;apmif;jzifY
wdkufzGifYum 0ifoGm;rd&m tcef;xJwGifawmY *dkPf;csKyfBuD;onf vufeufprf;oyfaeavonf/
a&Smufzkef;uifvnf; tm;wkHYtm;emjzifY tcef;xJrSjyefxGufvmNyD; {nfhcef;wGif olawmif;pm;*dkPf;rS
{nfhcHxm;aom EGm;EdkYESifYMuufOudk pm;aomufum tem;,laeavonf/ olawmif;pm;*dkPf;\ {nfh0wf
ausyGefrSKrSm pHwifavmufygayonf/ {nfhcef;ESifYuyfvsufwGif tjcm;tcef;wcef;&SdNyD; vdkufumyg;yg;av;jzifY
um&Hxm;onf/ tcef;xJrS ysHUvGifYvmwwfaom &,foHrsm;udkvnf; wcsufwcsufwGifMum;&onf/ ,if;um;
EGm;EdkYESifYMuufOwdkY\ wefcdk;aMumifY pdwfrxdef;Edkifaom {nfhonfawmfrsm;twGufjzpfonf/ ,cifwkef;uawmY
xkdodkY {nfhcHEdkifjcif;r&Sd? vGefcJYonfhwacguf *dkPf;csKyfBuD; zmcHNrKdUrS jyefvmNyD;aemuf trsKd;orD;*dkPf;ESifY
tusKd;wl yl;aygif;aqmif&GufEdkif cJYojzifY ,ckvdkrsKd; BuD;yGm;aejcif;jzpfavonf/
*dkPf;ESpf*dkPf;\ *dkPf;csKyfrsm; oabmwlnDcsuft& *dkPf;om;rsm;udkvnf; tjyeftvSefapvTwfí ynm
zvS,fap&m ESpfOD;ESpfzuf tusKd;&SdNyD; cHEdkif&nfrsm; wdk;wufvmMuavonf/ pGrf;aqmif&nf`rSifYwif&eftwGuf
MuufOrsm;udk *dkPf;\tm[m&tjzpf rpm;rae&owfrSwfNyD; 0gpOfra&G;pm;Mu&onfhtwGuf MuufO&Sm;yg;rSKvnf;
BuKHBuKdufcJY&ao;onf/ odkYaomf tajrmftjrifBuD;rm;aom oefjrefav&SD;u *dkPf;wGif; MuufarG;jrLa&;vkyfief;udk
xlaxmifvdkufojzifY tm;vkH;MuufOudk vSKdifvSKdifpm;Mu&avonf/ ydkvQHaom Muufom;ESifY MuufOrsm;udk 'dkifwGif
jyefoGif;NyD; pD;yGm;a&;tajctaevnf;aumif;vmum olawmif;pm;*dkPf;onf wjznf;jznf;ESifY vl&m0ifvm
av\/
udk,fYoabmudk,faqmifEdkifNyD; rnfolYMoZmrS rcHonfh olawmif;pm;*dkPf;onf apmifNcKHxktwGufawmY
rsufrkef;usKd;p&mjzpfvmavonf/ odkYaomf tiftm;BuD;rm;um w&kwfwyfawmfBuD;ESifY eifvm;igvm;jzpfaeaom
olawmif;pm;*dkPf;udk &SdefojzifY rxdyg;&Jacs/ EdkifiHw0ef;wGifvnf; oefjrefav&SD;tm; MunfnKdtm;usMuonfh
vlrsm; trsm;tjym;&SdaeojzifY apmifNcKHxkrS vufydkufíMunhfae&avawmYonf/ *kdPf;csKyfjzpfol oefjrefav&SD;rSm
rdef;r? t&ufESifY odkif;ynmudk avYusifYae&vQif jynfhpkHNyD[k ,lqxm;oljzpfojzifY apmifNcKHxkudk &Sdonf[kyif
rxifacs/ xdkYaMumifY apmifNcKHxkonf olawmif;pm;*dkPf;udk tnSKd;taw;xm;aeavawmYonf/
oefjrefav&SD;xGufvmawmY nae av;em&Dxdk;aeNyD/ wm0efus*dkPf;om;u {nfhonfa&mufaeaMumif;
owif;ydkYojzifY {nfhcef;rodkYxGufvmcJYavonf/ {nfhcef;xJwGifawmY ukvm;xdkifay: rSD&ufom;BuD; tdyfaysmf
aeonfh a&Smufzkef;uifudkawGU&avonf/ oefjrefav&SD;onf a&Smufzkef;uiftem;odkYavQmufvmcJY&m csufcsif;
qdkovdkyif a&Smufzkef;uifvnf; Edk;vmavawmYonf/
]] [m ...*dkPf;csKyfBuD;ygvm; ...uRefawmf yifyef;vmcJYvdkY tdyfaysmfoGm;rdwm cGifYvTwfyg }}
]] &ygw,fAsm ...'geJY rdwfaqGu b,fcsdefua&mufwmvJ }}
]] reuf 10em&Davmufuyg ...}}
]] tif; ...'Dcsdefqdk uRefawmf vufeufprf;wJYtcsdefAs ...cifAsm;apmifYae&mwm tm;emw,fAsm }}
]] [m ...udpör&Sdbl; &w,f }}
]] 'geJY vm&if;udpöudkajymygOD;? Munfh&wm rdwfaqGu odkif;orm;awmYr[kwfavmufbl; }}
]] [kwfuJY uRefawmfu vdk;&efNrKdUu vmwmyg }}
]] vdk;&ef ...'Duaeqdk ig;&ufc&D;yJ ...'gqdk udpöu tawmfta&;BuD;ykHyJ }}
]] [kwfuJY ...uRefawmf ...}}
 ]] &ygw,f ajymyg tm;remygeJY? ulnDEdkifwmqdk ulnDygYr,f }}
]] aus;Zl;w,fygw,f *dkPf;csKyfBuD;? 'Dvdkyg ...uRefawmfYudk orufawmf apmifNcKHxku vufpm;acszdkY
BuHaew,f ...tJ'g uRefawmfYbufu ulnDEdkifrvm;vdkYyg }}
]] aMomf ...vl,kwfrmBuD;u ...cifAsm;eJY b,fvdk &efp&SdvdkYvJ }}
]] olYudkwGef;vSefzdkY rEdkifEdkifwmeJY olYarG;pm;om;udkzrf;? aiGnSpfNyD;? aemufqkH;jzwfypfvdkufrdvdkYyg }}
]] tif;av ...vufpm;acsr,fqdkvJ acsavmufygw,f ...'geJY cifAsm;bufu ulnD&if uRefawmfYudk
bmrsm; tusKd;jyKrSmvJ }}
]] tJ'gu aemufrSyJ ...}}
]] r&bl; ...olawmif;pm;*dkPf;[m opömarwÅmudka&SUxm;w,fqdkwm ya0oPDrSmusefcJYNyD/ 'DawmY ckvdk
wHcg;zGifY aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepfrSm wdk;wufMu&rSmyJav ...}}
]] aumif;NyDAsm ...uRefawmfuvnf; yGifYvif;wmBuKdufygw,f ...ulnDvdkY atmifjrifcJY&if olawmif;pm;
*dkPf;BuD;udk pyGefqmay;NyD; cifAsm;udkvnf; bk&ifjzpfwJYtxd ulnDr,fAsm }}
oefjrefav&SD; wcsufpOf;pm;oGm;&onf/ odkYaomf csufcsif;vufcHvdkufvQif aygrnfpdk;ojzifY *dkPf;wGif;rS
ta&;ygolrsm;ESifY wdkifyifOD;rnf[k ajymxm;um *dkPf;om;wa,mufudkvSrf;ac:NyD; a&Smufzkef;uifudk {nfhaqmifü
ae&mcsxm;ay;vdkufavonf/
aemufw&ufwGif olawmif;pm;*dkPf;&Sd wm0ef&Sdoltm;vkH;tm; ta&;ay:tpnf;ta0;ac:,lNyD; jynfolU
&efol apmifNcKHxktm; vkdtyfygu wGef;vSef&ef tqdkwifoGif;&m tm;vkH;uyif uefYuGufolr½Sd oabm
wlMuojzifY a&Smufzkef;uiftm; ta&;&Sdu ulnDygrnf[k uwday;um ESpfzufoabmwlnDrSKpmcsKyfudk csKyfqdk
vdkufavonf/ xdkaeYrSpí a&Smufzkef;uifvnf; apmifNcKHxkta&;udk tenf;i,fpdwfat;&um udk,f&Hawmfrsm;udk
ydkrdktqifjrifY vmap&ef olawmif;pm;*dkPf;ü oifMum;cdkif;xm;avonf/
xdktcsdefwGif olawmif;pm;*dkPf;\ vufaxmuf*dkPf;csKyfa[mif; zdk;a&Smufvifonf jrif;rsm;tm;
'ku©ay;um waumifNyD;waumif ausmazmufvsuf c&D;qufqJyif&Sdav\/ olYcrsm c&D;p&dwfu enf;aeonfh
txJ jrif;pD;ae&if; pdwfxJwGif [dktaMumif;'DtaMumif; vD;awmifaprnfhtaMumif;rsm;awG;rdvQif atmfwdk
rufwpfyif jrif;ay:rSvdrfYusum 'ku©a&muf&avonf/ taMumif;rlum; ol\jrif;rSm ausmaygufum aoyGJ0if
oGm;aomaMumifYjzpfavonf/
þodkYjzifY jrif;waumifaowdkif; waumifvJum c&D;qufvmcJY&m olawmif;pm;*dkPf;XmecsKyfodkY
a&mufcgeD; awmtkyfuav;t0ifwGif ol\vD;rS raeEdkifrxdkifEkdif tpGrf;jyvmjyefojzifY jrif;ay:rS 'vdrfY
acgufauG; usum jrif;vnf; aooGm;jyefonf/ teD;w0dkufwGifvnf; &Gmrsm;? pcef;rsm;r&SdawmYojzifY
ajcvsifyif c&D;qufcJY&onf/ odkYaomf *Gif;wcsDxkcefYavQmufrdvQif a&SUjrufcif;jyifBuD;wGif jrif;&dkif;wtkyf
usufpm;aeonfudk awGU&avonf/ olwcsufpOf;pm;vdkufonf/
]] tif; ...jrif;xD;qdk&ifawmY zrf;vdkYvG,frSmvnf;r[kwf? awmfawmfeJY ,Ofyg;atmif avYusifYvdkYvnf;
&rSmr[kwfbl;/ 'DawmY ...jrif;rwaumifudk zrf;NyD; igYvD;udkpGJatmifvkyfvdkuf&if &NyD ...[kwfNyD ajymae&if
Mumw,f/ ckyJ vSKyf&Sm;vdkufawmYr,f }} [kawG;vdkufNyD; jrif;tkyf&Sd&modkY w[kefxkd;ajy;0ifoGm;vdkufavonf/
yg;pyfrSvnf; [D[D[D[D .....[k jrif;vdk[Dvdkufum cyfawmifYawmifYjrif;rwaumifudk rsufpdupm;vkdufNyD;
aemufrSaeum vSHpGyfxdk;ouJYodkY usm;ueJatmfum xdk;xnfhvdkufawmYonf/
xdkjrif;ronf ikHYíjrufpm;ae&mrS olYtzkwfxJ jrif;vD;uJYodkY BuD;rm;aomt&mwck0ifvmaomtcg
qwfueJwGefYoGm;NyD; aemufudkajcpkHypfum uefvdkufavonf/ odkif;avmuwGif ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmusifvnfcJYzl;NyD;
tawGUtBuKHpkHvifvSaom zdk;a½Smufvifonf vD;udkruRwfapbJ udk,fudkom ,drf;EGJUa&Smifwdrf;vdkufNyD; jrif;r\
tzkwfwGif;odkY ol\tvHwdkifwrQ BuD;rm;vSpGmaomvD;jzifY tm;ukefaqmifYay;av&m jrif;rvnf; &kef;r&rSef;odí
wjznf;jznf;NidrfusoGm;avawmYonf/ olvnf; iwfaeonfrSm MumNyDjzpfojzifY jrif;rtm; wcsDNyD;atmif
aqmfxnfhvdkufav&m aemufqkH;wGif xdkjrif;ronf tvGefyif vdr®m,Ofyg;oGm;avawmYonf/ (rSwfcsuf/ /
jrif;x&defemrsm; rSwfom;&efjzpfonf/)
 rnfrQyif ,Ofyg;oGm;oenf;qdkaomf ukef;ESD;? yg;csyfBuKd;wyfp&myifrvdkawmYyJ MunfompGm
pD;eif;jcif;udk cHavonf/ zdk;a&Smufvifudkvnf; vGefpGmrSyif cspfcifoGm;avawmYonf/ cPMum tarmajzNyD;rS
zdk;a&Smufvifwa,muf c&D;quf&efowd&awmYonf/ odkYaomf olawmifaeonfu rusao;? rmBuD;Mum
odkif;usrf;\ tm;enf;csufrSm awmifvmNyD;csdef rdef;rrvdk;&vQif waeukefjyefrusawmY/ ,ckuJYodkY jrif;rudk
uvdkif;aomfvnf; tvGefyif pnf;urf;Oya'vdkufemaom odkif;ynmESifY vD;u tmcHaeMuavonf/ a&SUavQmuf
awmfawmfESifY rdef;rawGUOD;rnfr[kwfojzifY olawmfawmf acgif;pm;oGm;um aigufawmufarYoGm;onf/ tcsdef
tawmfMumatmif pOf;pm;aeNyD;rS tBuH&NyD; ol\cg;pnf;BuKd;udkjzKwfvdkufonf/ xdkYaemuf vD;udk tvnfem;rS
aeí odkif;csnfum usefBuKd;pwzufudk vnfyif;wGifcsnfxm;vdkufrS jrif;pD;&ef tqifajyoGm;avawmYonf/
odkYaomf abmif;bDxJ wGifrawmY cdk;vdk;ckvkESifYjzpfaeavonf/ bmyJjzpfjzpf c&D;qufEdkifzdkYu t"du
r[kwfygvm; .../
xdkodkYpDpOfNyD;oumv jrif;rudkpD;um c&D;qufcJYavonf/ c&D;okH;rdkifcefYta&mufwGif jriff;ru qE´jy
vmjyefonf/ xdkYaMumifY c&D;aESmifYaES;jcif;r&SdapaomiSm jrif;rtm; wcsDcsay;&jyefavonf/ jzpfcsifawmY
xdkonfudk rkqdk;wa,mufu jrifoGm;NyD; aemufrS wcsdefvkH;yif vdkufvHcsufawmYonf/ xdkrkqdk;onf
awmtvGefuRrf;oljzpfavonfESifYtrQ jzwfvrf;rsm;pGmudkvnf; od&Sdxm;oljzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifY zdk;a&Smufvif
wa,muf xdkae&mrS xGufoGm;onfESifY olonf jzwfvrf;rSaeí a&SUodkYBuKdwifoGm;um apmifYaeavonf/
zdk;a&SmufvifrSmum; jrif;ESifY oGm;&onfjzpfaomfvnf; ruRrf;usifaom awmvrf;c&D;udkywfae&ojzifY aemufrS
a&mufvmonf/
a&SUrSBuKdwifoGm;ESifYaomrkqdk;onf apmifYaeaom csufcfyGKdifYwGif xif;acGvmolvlwpkESifYawGU&mrS
tusKd;taMumif;ajymjyvdkuf&m xdkoltm;vkH;wdkYvnf; vrf;ab;rSykef;uG,fí apmifYMunfhaeMuavonf/
xdkae&mum; arsmufawm[k trnfwGifatmif arsmufaygvSaomae&mjzpfavonf/
zdk;a&Smufvifvnf; ol\jrif;rudkpD;um xdkae&modkYa&mufvmavonf/ olonf jrif;armif;&ef Budrfwkwf
&Smr&ojzifY jrif;ausmudkvD;jzifY&dkufum pD;eif;vmcJYjcif;jzpfonf/ vrf;wavQmuf jrif;cGmoHESifYtwl
wbkwfbkwf&dkufoHudkygMum;av&avonf/ rkqdk;u tcsufay;vdkufaomtcg tm;vkH;yif wdwfqdwfpGm
apmifYMunfhaeMuavonf/ xdktcsdefwGif zdk;a&SmufvifrSmawmY vnfyif;tpfaeNyD/ tb,fYaMumifYqdkaom cg;pnf;
BuKd;jzifY csnfaESmifvmcJYaomvD;u rdef;rrvdk;&ojzifY ydkrdkawmifvmum atmufokdYqefYqefYxGufum axmifx
aeojzifY vnfyif;rS BuKd;pwzufudk qGJovdkjzpfum vnfyif;tpfaeavawmYonf/ rnfodkYvkyf&rnfenf; ...
BuKd;pudk jzKwfvQifvnf; jrif;aoum c&D;qufr&jzpfawmYrnf/
xdkodkYtBuHtdkufaewkef; a&SUem;rS opfyifay:wGif arsmufwaumif jzwfajy;oGm;onfudkawGUvdkuf&ojzifY
'Dem;rSm arsmuftkyf&SdrSmyJ[k awG;rdum t0wftpm;rsm;udkcRwf? jrif;ay:wifxm;cJYum udk,fazmYynmokH;NyD;
opfyifay:wufvdkufoGm;avonf/ uHaumif;axmufrpGmyif opfyifrsm;ay:wGifaexdkifMuaom arsmuftkyfBuD;udk
awGUvdkuf&avonf/ zdk;a&Smufvifvnf; tm;wufoGm;um tm;vkH;aomarsmufrsm;xJrS BuD;BuD;xGm;xGm;
arsmufr ESpfaumifudk a&G;zrf;vdkufNyD; jrif;&Sd&modkYjyefvmcJYavawmYonf/ arsmufrrsm;udk cg;pnf;BuKd;jzifY
ab;em;&Sdonfh opfyifwyifwGif csnfxm;vdkufNyD; ol\qE´udk ajzazsmufavawmYonf/
zdk;a&Smufvifonf ab;em;wGif rnfolrSr&Sd[laom txifjzifY arsmufrESpfaumifudk zGwfzGufnufnuf
aMuatmif usKH;ypfvdkuf&m aemufqkH;wGif arsmufrESpfaumifpvkH; olYvufcsufjzifY udpöacsmoGm;avawmYonf/
xdkonfudk ab;em;wGif&Sdaom rkqdk;ESifY xif;acGorm;tm;vkH;rS rsuf0g;xifxifawGUjrifvdkuf&avonf/
zdk;a&Smufvifvnf; udpöNyD;onfESifYwNyKdifeuf vD;udkBuKd;jyefqdkif;um jrif;rudkpD;um wbkwfbkwf
&dkufvsuf xdkae&mrS xGufcGmoGm;avawmYonf/ xdktcgrS ykef;aeMuaom rkqdk;ESifYxif;acGorm;rsm; xGufvm
&JMuavonf/ xdkrkqdk;um; &dk;&dk;tt awmom;wa,mufawmYr[kwf? NrKdUwufum om;aumifa&mif;csjcif;jzifY
toufarG;oljzpfavonf/ xdkYaMumifY olonf EkdifiHBuD;om;yDopGmjzifY zdk;a&Smufviftm; wd&pämefnSif;yef;
ESdyfpufrSKjzifY wdkifwef;&ef qkH;jzwfum tjcm;aom xif;acGorm;awmom;rsm;tm; NrKdUvdkufydkYrnf[k pnf;&kH;um
zdk;a&Smufvifudk olawmif;pm;*dkPf;ü wdkifwef;&ef NrKdUwufcJYMuavonf/ ar;p&m&SdonfrSm rkqdk;onf rnfuJYodkY
zdk;a&Smufviftm; odaeonfudkjzpfonf/ ,cifu rkqdk;onf NrKdUwufNyD;om;aumifa&mif;cspOfu olawmif;pm;
*dkPf;\ *dkPf;csKyf a&G;cs,fyGJü 0ifa&mufMunfh&SKcJYzl;ojzifY rSwfrdaejcif;jzpfavawmYonf/
olawmif;pm;*dkPf;csKyfwnf&Sd&m *la&T;NrKdUum; t&ifvdkyif pnfum;vsuf&Sdonf/ zdk;a&Smufvifonf
NrKdUv,fvrf;rBuD;twdkif; jrif;pD;vmum wnf;cdk&eftwGuf w&kwfum;rsm;wGif awGUavYawGUx&Sdaom
bkHausmif;ysufudk vdkufvH&SmazGaeavonf/ xdkodkY&SmazG&if; vrf;wavQmuf vpfvQifvpfovdk tvpfokwf&ef
twGufvnf; usD;uef; awmif;arSmufMunfhaeavonf/ vlpnfum;&mwGif jrif;qufpD;ír&awmYojzifY vrf;qif;
avQmufrS 'ku©awGUavonf/ taMumif;um; a&SUodkYcsDwuf&rnf[k vrf;jyaeaom ol\ aqmfvdkuftdrfajrmif
vD;BuD;u aigxGufum xdk;xdk;axmifaxmifjzpfaeaomaMumifYwnf;/ ol uGwuGwjzifYvrf;avQmuf&if; aiGprsm;
&Tifvmavonf/
vufyGtusÐzdk;&dk;zm;,m;jzifY vrf;ab;rsufvSnfh0dkif;wGif ai;armaeaom axmifuJESifYwlolwOD;xHrS
aiGwkH;ig;wkH;? vrf;ab; aps;qdkifwqdkifrS aMu;jym;ig;wGJwkdYudk tvpfokwfEdkifojzifY aeYwGufudkufoGm;avNyD/
xdkYaMumifY xrif;0,fpm;um ydkaomaiGjzifY zmac:cs&efqkH;jzwfvdkufawmYonf/ zmcs&eftwGuf aiGrsm;rsm;
csefvdk&um; xrif;twGuf atauESKduf&efqkH;jzwfum vrf;ab;acgufqGJqdkifodkY0ifxdkifvdkufonf/ acgufqGJjyKwf
ESpfyGJ tom;rxnfheJY[k rSmvdkufNyD; taiGUraocifyif ESpfyGJvkH;ajymifatmifpm;vdkufavonf/ qdkif&SifuawmY
rsufvkH;jyL;NyD; tHMopGmMunfhaeavonf/
pm;aomufNyD;aomf zdk;a&Smufvifonf qdkif&Siftem;odkY uyfoGm;vdkufNyD; þNrKdUwGif rnfonfhae&mwGif
a&SmYbd&Sdoenf;[k pkHprf;av&m qdkif&Sifu ]]0 rar;eJYav? &JawG&Sdw,f ...olwdkYudkar;/ olwdkYu ae&mtwdtus
odrSmaygY}} [kajymojzifY olvnf; &Jvdkuf&Sm&efxGufcJYavonf/ NyD;rS &Jqdkwm rif;rSKxrf;udk ajymwmygvm;[k
olawG;rdonf/ [kwfonfav? xdkacwfwkef;u &Judk &J[krac:yJ idkpm;&,fpm; zmacgif;rsm; tJav ...rif;rSKxrf;
[kac:avonf/
wdkufwdkufqdkifqdkifyif NrKdUapmifYuif;wJwGif bdef;idkufaeaom rif;rSKxrf;wOD;tm; awGU&ojzifY tem;okdY
wdk;uyfum vSKyfESKd;vdkufavonf/ xdktcg rif;rSKxrf;u tdyfcsifrl;wl;jzifY ...
]] vmESKd;wm b,faumifwkef;uG/ bk&ifuay;wJY vpmeJYravmufvdkY udk,fY[mudk,f zmwef;awG
qufaMu;awmif;NyD; bdef;idkufaewm/ rauseyfwJYolxGufcJY ...avvm&mvSnfhNyD; zifukef;ay;vdkufr,f }} [k
udk,f&nfaoG;pum;udk aMuG;aMumfaomaMumifY tvkyfjzpfrnfholrSef; zdk;a&Smufvifodvdkuf&onf/ xdkYaMumifY ...
]] bdef;zdk;ay;r,fYolaygYAsm }} [kajymvdkuf&m rif;rSKxrf;vnf; rsufvkH;us,fvmavawmYonf/ xdkYaemuf
olu owdqGJvkdufNyD; ...
]] aus;Zl;&SifBuD; ...'DaeYtwGuf bdef;zdk;av; rpNyD;&if cdkif;csifwmcdkif;yg }} [k EdkifiHYom;aumif;yDopGm
ajymvdkufonf/
]] a&mY ...'DrSm aMu;'*Fg;wwGJ ...jzpfw,fr[kwfvm; }}
]] aus;Zl;&SifBuD; oufawmf&mausmf&SnfygapAsm? bmvkyfay;&rvJ ajymygcifAs }}
]] usKyfu 'DNrKdUudk ckrSa&mufwm tJ'DawmY a&SmYbdaumif;aumif;wckavmuf vdkufjyAsm }}
(rSwfcsuf/ / zdk;a&Smufvifonf *dkPf;csKyfra&G;cs,frDtxd xdkNrKdUwGif zmrcs&JcJYay/ tb,fYaMumifY
qdkaomf uG,fvGefol olawmif;pm;*dkPf;csKyf oefjrefwkwfBuD;u pnf;urf;wif;usyfxm;aomaMumifYjzpfonf/
olawmif;pm; *dkPf;om;rsm; zmcsjcif;udk txl;wm;jrpfxm;jcif;aMumifYjzpfayonf/)
]] vdkufjyygYr,fq&m ...uRefawmfYaemufvdkufcJYyg }}
rif;rSKxrf;onf olYtm; ajrGvdrfajrGaumuf vrf;uav;rsm;twdkif; olYtm;ac:aqmifoGm;NyD;aemuf
NrKdUpGef&Sd tdrfeDBuD;wvkH;a&SUwGif&yfvdkufavonf/ tdrfwHcg;udk owfrSwfxm;onfh oauFwtwdkif;acgufvdkuf&m
tdrfxJrS rmrm;pHxGufvmavonf/ rif;rSKxrf;u rmrm;pHtm; azmufonftopfac:vmonf[k ajymvdkufNyD;
zdk;a&Smufviftm; aumif;rGefpGmjyKpk&efrSmMum;um qvHay;íjyefoGm;awmYonf/ rjyefcif ]]aemufvnf; vdk&if
uRefawmfYudk uif;wJrSmvm&Smyg}} [krSmoGm;ao;avonf/
rmrm;pHu zdk;a&Smufviftm; c&D;OD;BuKdjyKNyD; {nfhcef;odkYac:aqmifoGm;um tcef;wGif;&Sd pm;yGJay:rS
acgif;avmif;tm; wD;vdkufavonf/ aqmfrsm; tvQKdvQKdxGufvmMuNyD; wef;pDí&yfvdkufMuavonf/ olu
rmrm;pH tem;uyfoGm;NyD; aps;pkHprf;vdkuf&m ]]tcef;cu aiGwwkH;? aqmfawGeJYawmY txJrSnSdyg/ trsm;qkH;
aiGokH;wkH;xuf rydkyg}} [kajymojzifY rmrm;pHtm; aiGwwkH;ay;vdkufNyD; aqmfrsm;a&SUwGif acgufwkHYacgufjyef
avQmufum EGm;yGJpm; EGm;0,frnfuJYodkY Munfh&SKaeonf/ cg;wkwfonf? EdkYao;onf? zifodrfonf? ykonf?
&SnfonfjzifY trsKd;rsKd;tzkHzkH *sD;rsm;aeNyD;rS aemufqkH; cg;ao;&ifcsDazmifawmifYaom (olrsm; tmabmf
,lokH;ygonf) rdef;uav;wOD;udk awGU&awmYonf/ csufcsif;yif olrsm;vufxJygoGm;awmYrnfhtvm; vufqGJ
vdkufNyD; tcef;rsm;&Sd&m tay:xyfodkY okwfacswifavawmYonf/
tcef;xJa&mufawmY aumifrav;u idkaeNyD/ olvnf; yxrawmY bmvkyf&rSef;rodjzpfoGm;onf/ NyD;rS
taMumif;pkHudkar;MunfhawmY ...aumifrav;onf xdkodkY arG;uwnf;u vkyfpm;jcif;r[kwfaMumif;? bdkifjywfí
aeYpm;0ifvkyfMunfh&mrS 0ifaiGaumif;onfudk rmrm;pHu jrifojzifY vlrdkufrsm;jzifYNcdrf;ajcmufNyD; olYtm; zmonf
tppfjzpfatmif ZmwfoGif;vdkufjcif;jzpfaMumif;od&avonf/ xdkYaMumifY zdk;a&Smufvifu ...
]] 'gqdk rylygeJYuGm? tpfudk nDrudk u,frSmaygY }}
]] b,fvdkvkyfrSmvJ tpfudk&,f ...atmufrSm a&Smifvifausmif;uae vlxGufvmwJY bkef;BuD;vlxGuf
odkif;orm;awG trsm;BuD;&Sdw,f/ olwdkYeJYjzpfygYrvm; }}
]] 'DavmufawmY pmrzGJUygbl;uGm .../ xm;ygawmY udk,fYrSmu ta&;BuD;jyóemudk ajz&Sif;&awmYr,f/
tJ'DawmY vmyguGm ...ckwifay:wuf }}
]] [if ...olajymawmY u,fr,fqdk }}
]] [kwfw,fav ...tpfudk wcsDqGJNyD;&if u,frSmyguGm ...a&mYr,kH&if aiGokH;wkH;,lvdkuf }}
]] u,fr,fqdkvJNyD;wmygyJ tpfudk&,f? nDr,kHygw,f ...aiGvnf; r,lawmYygbl; }}
xdktcgrS zdk;a&Smufvifvnf; t0wftpm;rsm;udk tvsiftjrefcRwfNyD; aumifrav;tm;vnf; t0wfrsm;
cRwfcdkif;um ukwifay:wGef;vSJvdkufavonf/ xdkYaemuf ESL;ESyfíyifraeawmYyJ olYjrif;vD;BuD;tm; wjznf;jznf;
xdk;oGif;vdkufav&m aumifrav;qDrS nnf;oHrsm;ay:xGufvmavonf/
]] emvdkYvm;[if }}
]] [kwfw,f tpfudk ...tm; uRwfuRwf ...jznf;jznf; }}
]] jznf;jznf;qdkvnf; jznf;jznf;aygYuGm }}
odkY&mwGif tqufrjywfatmfaeojzifY zdk;a&Smufvifonf tjrifuwfvmum wrsKd;awG;rdavonf/
'Daqmf olYudk topfvdkYxifatmif atmfjyaewmxifw,f[líjzpfavonf/ xdkYaMumifY atmfoHrsm;udk vkH;0
*&krpdkufawmYbJ tm;&yg;&aqmifYvdk;awmYonf/ aemufqkH;rawmY atmfoH&yfoGm;um wtifYtifYjrnfoHudkom
Mum;&avawmYonf/ olvnf; toHwdwfoGm;ojzifY taESmifYt,Sufuif;um trkef;usKH;vdkufNyD; em&D0ufcefY
MumaomtcgrS v&nfrsm; acsmif;pD;atmif yef;xnfhumNyD;oGm;avawmYonf/
]] uJ ...nDr x x }}
ol aumifrav;udk x&efajymvdkufonf/ odkYaomf bmwkefYjyefrSKrSr&ojzifY ESvkH;ckefoHem;axmifMunfh&m
toHrMum;&awmY/ ydkNyD;aocsmatmif vufaumuf0wfudkprf;onf/ aoG;rckef ...wefawmY aumifrav; aoNyD/
[kwfygonf? toHwdwfoGm;í olu cHEdkifoGm;NyDtxifESifY vdk;vdkufojzifY aemufqkH;wGif om;tdrfaygufxGufum
atmfvnf;ratmfEdkifawmYbJ tarmqdkYumaoqkH;oGm;jcif;jzpfonf/ aMomf ...u,fawmif ru,fvdkuf&ygvm; [k
pdwfxJwGifajymvdkufrdonf/ 'gvnf; 0#fuRwfoGm;wmaygYav[k ajzawG;awG;vkdufavonf/
NyD;rS aumifrav;aoqkH;rSKjzifY oltrSKywfawmYrnfudk awG;rdoGm;NyD; taMumufBuD;aMumufoGm;onf/
w&m;cHqdkvQif &SdorQaiG ray;rcsif; tpGrf;ukefESdyfpufwwfaom rif;rSKxrf;rsm;taMumif;udkvnf; Mum;zl;onf/
xdkYxufydkqdk;onfum; olYtm; olawmif;pm;*dkPf;om;rSef;odum *dkPf;vuftyfNyD; ydkrdkESdyfpufcdkif;rnfudkvnf;
awG;aMumufrdavonf/ xdkYaMumifY tcef;jywif;aygufudkzGifY ywf0ef;usiftajctae &Sif;r&Sif; aocsmMunfhNyD;
pdwfcsavmufonf[k aumufcsufcsum aumif;uifc&D;jzifY xGufvmavawmYonf/ vD;jyóem ajyvnfoGm;
aomfvnf; vlwa,mufowfcJYrdí pdwfraumif;jzpfoGm;rdavonf/
xdkYaemuf reufwkef;u &SmawGUxm;cJYaom bkHausmif;ysufxJoGm;um tem;,ltdyfpufavawmYonf/
aemufaeYrS olawmif;pm;*dkPf;odkYoGm;um oefjrefav&SSD;udk tEdkif,lNyD; *dkPf;csKyf&mxl;udk vk,l&rnf[k
tdyfrufxJ pDpOfaerdavonf/ olYodkif;ynmum; oefjrefav&SD;xuf romvsifomae&rnf? nHhawmYrnhHay/
xdkYaMumifYvnf; ckvdk pdefac:&efawG;xm;jcif;jzpfonf/ olUtdyfrufxJwGifawmY olawmif;pm;*dkPf;csKyfjzpfum
&rf;csifwdkif;&rf;ae avawmYonf/
aemufaeYreufwGif olawmif;pm;*dkPf;XmecsKyfodkY at;at;vlvlyif vrf;avQmufoGm;vkdufawmYonf/
*dkPf;a&mufawmY olYudk *dkPf;om;tawmfrsm;rsm;u rSwfrdjcif;r&SdMu .../ olu *dkPf;csKyftm;awGUvdkonf[k
tapmiYftm;ajymvdkuf&m olYtm; {nfhcef;xJwGif ae&mcsxm;ay;um tyef;ajzcdkif;avonf/ rMumrDtcsdeftwGif;
oefjrefav&SD;a&mufvmawmYonf/
]] rdwfaqGu b,fursm;ygvJ cifAsm }}
]] 'D*dkPf;uyJav ...}}
]] [kwfvm; ...jrifawmYjrifzl;ovdkyJ }}
]] igyguG zdk;a&Smufvif ...}}
]] OD;BuD; ...jyefawGU&wm 0rf;omw,fAsm ...ck bmudpöwkef; }}
]] *dkPf;xJ jyefvmrvdkYuG }}
]] &ygw,f ...vufaxmuf*dkPf;csKyf&mxl; vpfvyfaewmyJ }}
]] bmuG ...igu *dkPf;csKyfvkyfcsifwm ...}}
]] b,fvdk ...tif; jzpfw,fav ...'gayr,fY uRefawmfeJY odkif;NyKdif&r,f }}
]] BuKdufw,fuGm ...a,mufsm;yJ vkyfvdkuf ...}}
]] 'gqdk avmavmq,f OD;BuD;udk vufaxmuf*dkPf;csKyfae&mrSmyJ cefYxm;vdkufOD;r,f }}
]] &w,f vkyfraeeJY }}
]] vkyfygAsm ...}}
]] NyD;a&m NyD;a&m ...}}
xdkodkYjzifY oefjrefav&SD;onf zdk;a&Smufviftm; vufaxmuf*dkPf;csKyftjzpf jyefvnfcefYxm;vdkufonf/
zdk;a&SmufvifuawmY odkif;NyKdifrnfhaeYudkom apmifYpm;aeavawmYonf/
xdknu oefjrefav&SD;vnf; pdwfnpfnpfjzifY vD;bdk;awmfudk &Sdcdk;um tdyf&m0ifcJYavonf/ xkH;pHtwdkif;
vD;bdk;awmfu tdyfrufxJwGifay:vmonf/ vD;bdk;awmf azmifyifzmcsu ...
]] b,fvdkwkef; igYvl ...bmawGnpfaewmvJ }}
]] zdk;a&SmufvifqdkwYJvlAsm ...}}
]] *dkPf;csKyfvkyfcsifw,fwJYvm; ...}}
]] [kwfw,f bdk;awmf ...'Dvdkqdk&if uRefawmfYrSm &efolawGrsm;aeNyD }}
]] 'DvdkvkyfuGm ...'D evydef;wkH;udk ... _ _ _ _ _ ...}}
aemufwaeYreufEdk;awmY vD;bdk;awmf\ pum;u pdwfxJwGif pGJaeonf/ olajymonfrSmum;
zdk;a&Smufvif\ tusifYyifjzpfonf/ zdk;a&Smufvifonf pmwapmifudkzwfvsif tpESifYtqkH;udkom aocsmzwfavY
&SdNyD;? tv,fudk ausmfzwfwwfjcif;jzpfavonf/ xkdtcsufudk tcGifYaumif;,l&rnf/
reufvif;awmY zdk;a&SmufviftwGufay;xm;aom tdrfodkYoloGm;onf/ zdk;a&Smufvifu um;,m;
um;,m; vef;vef;vef;vef;jzifY xGufvmonf/ olu zdk;a&Smufvifudk pm&Gufw&Guf xkwfjyvdkufonf/
]] 'gu bmvJuG ...}}
]] ckavmavmq,f vufaxmuf*dkPf;csKyftjzpfeJY cPaezdkY oabmwlpmcsKyfav ...}}
]] tif; ...igzwfMunfhr,f ... oefjrefav&SD;onf zkd;a&Smufviftm; vufaxmuf*kdPf;csKyftjzpf ,m,D
cefYxm;ygonf/ tif; ..._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ __ babmwlaMumif; vufrSwfa&;xdk;ygonf/ &NyDav ...}}
]] 'gqdk OD;BuD; vufrSwfxdk;yg ...'DrSm pkwfwH }}
]] bm ...'Dwdkif; vufrSwfxdk;&rSm ...tm&auav;awmY ay;rSaygYuG }}
]] [kwfom;yJ ...naeus&if t&ufwkdufygYr,fAsm }}
 ]] NyD;a&m ...'gqdkvufrSwfxdk;NyD }}
]] oGm;vdkufOD;r,f OD;BuD; aeYcif;us&if odkif;NyKdifzdkYudpö vmaqG;aEG;vSnfhyg }}
]] at; vmcJYr,f }}
wu,fawmY oefjrefav&SD;\pmcsKyfwGif tv,fem;ü olYtm;t&SKH;ay;um rawmfvSefbJ vufaxmuf
*dkPf;csKyftjzpfESifY aeygYrnf[k a&;xm;avonf/ pmzwfvQrf;onfh zdk;a&SmufviftwGufawmY r[mtrSm;BuD;udk
usL;vGefrdvdkufjcif;yifjzpfavawmYonf/
aeYcif; rGef;rwnfhrDyif *dkPf;XmecsKyfodkY pma&mufvmojzifY Munfh&m zdk;a&SmufviftaMumif; wdkifpm
jzpfaeonf/ wd&pämef nSOf;yef;ESdyfpufrSKumuG,fa&;toif;rS zdk;a&Smufvifukd arsmufESpfaumifudk &ufpufpGm
owfrSKjzifY *dkPf;wGif;pnf;urf;rsm;twdkif; ta&;,lay;yg&ef yefMum;xm;jcif;jzpfonf/ oefjrefav&SD;onf
xdkpmudk vkHNcKHpGmodrf;xm;vdkufonf/ 'g EdkifuGufwckyif r[kwfygvm; .../
aeYcif; *kdPf;\ xdyfoD;tpnf;ta0;odkY zdk;a&Smufvif wufa&mufvmonf/ tm;vkH;aom twdkifyifcH
vlBuD;rsm;udk ESKwfqufNyD; oefjrefav&SD;tm; ...
]] uJ ...odkif;NyKdifzdkYudpö b,fvdkvJ }}
]] cPaeygOD; ...aMomf ...q&mBuD;wdkY 'DpmcsKyfav;zwfMunfhyg }}
zdk;a&Smufvifu ...
]] usKyfudk tvkyfcefYwJYpmcsKyfvm; ...}}
]] tif; ...}}
twdkifyifcHvlBuD;rsm;xJrS wa,mufu ...
]] 'grsm;Asm ...ckvdk *dkPf;udk tm;jznfhwm aus;Zl;wif&rSmaygY ...}}
aemufwa,mufuvnf; ...
]] 'Dvdkqdk odkif;NyKdifzdkYvnf; rvdkawmYbl;aygY ...}}
]] bmAs ...bmjzpfvdkYrNyKdif&rSmvJ? usKyfu *dkPf;csKyfvkyfrSm ...}} zdk;a&Smufvifuajymonf/
]] pmcsKyfudkvnf; jyefzwfygOD;? cifAsm;yJ vufrSwfxdk;xm;NyD;awmY ...}}
]] bmxl;vdkYvJ ...}}
]] cifAsm;yJ oefjrefav&SD;udk t&SKH;ay;NyD; vufaxmuftjzpfeJYyJ aeawmYr,fqdk ...'DrSm }} wOD;u vufjzifY
aocsmaxmufjyvdkufrS ...
]] rif; ...rif; ...oefjrefav&SD; ...}}
]] vmygOD; OD;BuD; ...jyp&mwck&Sdao;vdkY ...}}
]] bmvJuGm ...wif;vmNyDaemf ...}}
]] vmyg }}[k qdkum oefjrefav&SD;u zdk;a&Smufvifukd tcef;axmifYac:oGm;NyD; wdkifpmudk xkwfjy
vdkufonf/
]] pnf;urf;t&qdk&if vD;jzwfypf&rSm ...? ckudpöudk vufcHrvm; ...? tjypfay;cHrvm;yJ pOf;pm; }}
zdk;a&Smufvif awGueJjzpfoGm;onf/ aemufawmYvnf; OmPfaumif;aom oefjrefav&SD;tm; t&SKH;ay;
vdkuf&awmYonf/ oefjrefav&SD;uvnf; ta&;r,lawmYbl;[kajymum 'Dudpöudk olMunfh&TD;vdkufr,f[k ajymNyD;
tm;vkH; ajyvnfoGm;Muum oefjrefav&SD;\ tiftm; wdk;yGm;vmavawmYonf/
þodkYjzifY wvjynfhaomtcg a½Smufzkef;uifonf olawmif;pm;*dkPf;odkY ckdvSKH&efa&mufvmavonf/
a½Smufzkef;uifwa,muf olawmif;pm;*dkPf;wGif cdkvSKHaeonfhowif;udk Mum;&aom apmifNcKHxkonf
olawmif;pm;*dkPf;XmecsKyfokdYa&mufvmum ...a½Smufzkef;uifudk tyfrvm;? wdkufcdkufMurvm;[k &mZoH
ydkYvdkufavonf/ apmifNcKHxk\wyfudkum; rsKd;vif;\ rawmfvdkuf&aom a,mu©r wdkifaxmifxku OD;aqmif
avonf/ xdkYjyif vSefbm*sm OD;aqmifaom vufa½G;pifwyfom;rsm;vnf; yg0ifao;onf/ xdkodkY tiftm;
awmifYwif;vSaom wyfwGif rif;BuD;u tm;jznfhay;vdkufaom ykZGefOD;aESmufESifY &Jrufrsm;vnf; ygao;onf/
oefjrefav½SD;\ olawmif;pm;*dkPf;xJwGifawmY wcsKdUwcsKdUaom *dkPf;om;rsm;rSm aMumufao;yg
aeMuNyD/ oefjrefav½SD;onf OmPfeDOmPfeufrsm;olyDyD &efoludk aemufausmrS "m;ESifYxdk;&ef tBuHxkwf
aeavonf/ aemufqkH; oltajzwck&vdkufonf/ zmcHNrKdUodkYoGm;um vrf;p½Smrnf[k awG;aejcif;jzpfonf/
wdkifaxmifxkuom rsKd;vif;bufom;jzpfaomfvnf; vifusda½SmifESifY wdkifuG,fyGwfwdkYrSm olYvljzpfonf/ xkYdjyif
tm;udk;tm;xm;p&m zefa½Smufcifuvnf;½Sdao;onf/ xdkYaMumifY oefjrefav½SD;onf ppfwdkufrnf? odkYaomf
wywfrQ qdkif;iHYyg[k apmifNcKHxkxH pmydkYvdkufavonf/
aemufwaeY reufwGif *dkPf;csKyf oefjrefav½DS;onf zmcHNrKdUodkY c&D;jyif;ESifcJYavonf/ zmcHNrKdUESifY
*la½T;NrKdUum; wntdyf? ESpf&ufc&D;oGm;&onf/ oefjrefav½SD;onf xkdc&D;udk w&ufESifYwnom tcsdef,lí
a&mufatmifoGm;um zefa½Smufcif\ a½Tzkwfzkwfwnf;cdkcef;odkY a&mufvmcJYavonf/ oefjrefav½SD;onf tcef;
wcef;,lNyD;onfESifYwNyKdifeuf qdkifvkvifwa,muftm; aiGwwkH;ay;um zefa½Smufcifudk ac:cdkif;vdkufavonf/
*Gif;wcgxkcefYMumvQif zefa½Smufcifa&mufvmavonf/
zefa½Smufcifonf a&mufa&mufcsif;yif oefjrefav½SD;tm; ajy;zufvdkufNyD; t0wftpm;rsm;udk
qGJcRwfum rSKwfay;vdkufojzifY oefjrefav½SD;vnf; zefa½Smufcif pdwfauseyfatmif wcsD vdk;ay;vdkuf&
avonf/ 'grSvnf; tultnDawmif;vdkY aumif;ayrnf r[kwfygvm; .../
olwdkY ESpfOD;ESpf0 pdwfauseyfoGm;MuawmYrS oefjrefav½SD;u zefa½Smufciftm; vm&if;udpöudkajymonf/
]]______ uRefawmfvmwm wdkifaxmifxkudk aqmfzdkYyJ rr&JU ...}}
]] tif; ...}}
]] tJ'g olYrSm bmrsm;tm;enf;csuf½SdovJvdkY rreJYa&m tvkyfjzpfzl;vm; ...}}
]] awmfprf;yg[,f ...'DaumifBuD;udkrsm; igu ½GHvdkY ...}}
]] 'gqdk ...}}
]] tif; ... olwcgwkef;u 'Dwnf;cdkcef;rSm aqmfwayGeJYvmtdyfwkef;u rSwfwrf;rSwf&mawGawmY½Sdw,f?
'gawGudk [kd ...vifusda½SmifqD ydkYvkduf&if ...b,fvdkvJ ...}}
]] tdkau ...'gqkd yGJodrf;oGm;rSmaygY ...tenf;qkH;awmY olYpdwfawG tm½kHaemufoGm;rSmyJ ...}}
xdkodkYjzifY tBuHBuD;aom oefjrefav½SD;onf vifusda½SmifwdkY om;trdxH oGm;um wdkifaxmifxktaMumif;
pkHprf;&efESifY aysmYuGuf? [muGurf sm;udk ar;jref;&ef pOf;pm;aeav\/
vifusda&SmifwdkYom;trdum; jzpfyGm;orQ jyóemrsm;udk oabmrusay/ oefjrefav&SD;u oGm;a&muf
vnfywfaomtcg ta&;&Sdu ulnDygrnf[laom uwdudk &&SdcJYavonf/ wdkifaxmifxktm;vnf; xdkppfyGJü
ryg&ef twwfEdkifqkH; em;csay;rnf[kvnf; ajymvkdufao;avonf/
pdwfat;oGm;onfh oefjrefav&SD;onf a&mufwkef;a&mufcdkuf wdkifuG,fyGwfudk wcsDauR;cJYNyD; neufrS
jyefvmcJYonf/ a&Tzkwfzkwf wnf;cdkcef;udka&mufawmY rD;rsm;yifNidrf;aeNyD/ wHcg;udk acgufvdkuf&m zefa&Smufcifu
zGifYay;onf/
]] b,fvdkvJ ...aemufusvScsnfvm; ...}}
]] tif; ...aumifrav;eJY Zmwfvrf;jzpfaeao;vdkY ...}}
]] aMomf ...bmodcJYao;vJ }}
]] bmrSawmY rod&bl; ...vifusda&SmifuawmY ol wdkifaxmifxkudk 'DyGJrSmrygzdkY ajymay;r,fwJY }}
]] uJ ...'gqdk&ifvnf; vdk&r,f& pm&Gufpmwrf;awG toifYjyifxm;vdkufr,f ...}}
]] aus;Zl;yJ rr }}
xdknu olwdkY a&SUa&;udk wdkifyif&if;jzifY ESpfa,mufom; vdk;vdkuf? rSKwfvdkuf? armvQif tpDtpOfqGJvdkuf
vkyfaeMuavonf/ reufvif;aomtcgrS olwdkY tpDtpOfvnf; NyD;ajrmufoGm;avonf/ tdyf&may:wGifvnf;
AGufaygufaeNyD/ tpDtpOfum; ...yxrtqifY? wdkifaxmifxk oabmxm;ajymif;rvm;qdkonfudk apmifYum
Munfh&rnf/ 'kwd,tqifY? r&u pm&Gufpmwrf; oufaorsm;udk tokH;jyKum wdkifaxmifxkudk Ncdrf;ajcmuf&ef?
wwd,ESifYaemufqkH;? vufrcHygu vifusda&Smifudk oGm;jyNyD; vifr,m;uGJatmifvkyfum jyóem&Sm&ef ponfwdk
jzpfavonf/
 aemufwaeYwGif oefjrefav&SD;onf *dkPf;XmecsKyfodkY jyefvmcJYavonf/ olwdkY *la&T;NrKdUwGifum; bk&ifY
wyfawmfom;rsm;ESifY apmifNcKHxkbufom;rsm; ajccsif;vdrfaeonf/ oefjrefav&SD;onf XmecsKyfodkY jyefa&mufvQif
a&mufcsif; tpnf;ta0;ac:vdkufonf/ wdkufcdkuf&ef tpDtpOfudk a&;qGJ&m ...
( 1 ) vufa&G;pif *dkPf;om;rsm;om &efolESifY wkwfwkwfcsif; ,SOf&ef
( 2 ) omreftqifY *dkPf;om;rsm; "m;vSHudkifpGJum wdkufcdkuf&ef
( 3 ) zkd;a&Smufvifonf wdkifaxmifxkudk xdef;csKyf&ef
( 4 ) oefjrefav&SD;u uGyfuJ&ef wdkYjzpfavonf/
aemufwaeYwGif oefjrefav&SD;onf ppfaMunmcsufudk xkwfjyefvdkufonf/ ol\ aMunmcsufwGifum;
olawmifpm;*dkPf;udk þodkY usL;ausmf&efponfudk vufrcHEdkifaMumif;? tm;vkH; a,mufsm;aumif;rsm;yDyD ,SOfNyKdif
wdkufcdkufrnfjzpfaMumif;? &SKH;edrfYolonf tjzwfcH&rnfjzpfaMumif; wkwfwkwfcsif;xyfavmif;&ef apmifNcKHxkudk
pdefac:vdkufavonf/
a&&SnftwGufum; tuGufapYaom oefjrefav&SD;onf tm;aq;azmf&eftwGuf? a&Smufzkef;uifESifY
tzGJUudk ESpfwaxmifaMumifol&Jtm; zrf;&ef? w&kwfjynfajrmufydkif; a&cJawmifrsm;qDodkY apvTwfvdkufavonf/
olwdkY tzGJUonf reufapmapm ppfaMunmcsufrydkYrDuyif c&D;xGufcGmoGm;cJYNyDjzpfonf/ oefjrefav&SD;u
aMumifol&Judk wvtwGif; &atmifzrf;qD;&efESifY olwdkY\ tEdkift½SKH;onf aMumifol&Jtay:wGif rlwnf
aeaMumif; rSmvdkufonf/ vifusda&SmifxHrSvnf; &oavmuf,l&ef apvTwfvdkufao;onf/ odkYaomf vifusda&Smif
xHwGif tm;aq;ukefoGm;NyD; jzpfaMumif; pdwfraumif;pGm od&avonf/
aerGef;wnfhtcsdefwGif oefjrefav&SD;onf apmifNcKHxk\ wyfbufodkY olawmif;pm;*dkPf;om;rsm; NcH&Hum
xGufvmcJYavawmYonf/ pcef;tjyifwGif 0dkif;&Hxm;aom apmifNcKHxk\wyfrSm vltiftm; 5000 cefY&Sdrnf[k
cefYrSef;&avonf/ oefjrefav&SD;vnf; cyfwnfwnfjzifYyif csDwufvmum olawmif;pm;*dkPf;om;rsm;tm;
OD;aqmifvsufvmcJYavonf/
olawmif;pm;*dkPf;onf rGef;vGJcsdefomomcefYwGif &mZ0ifwGifrnfh wkdufyGJBuD;wckudk *dkPf;csKyfjzpfonfh
oefjrefav&SD;\trdefYjzifY tpjyKvdkufavawmYonf/ wdkufyGJpvQifpcsif; olawmif;pm;*dkPf;om;rsm;onf ajcjref
vufjrefjzifY bk&ifYwyfom;rsm;udk jyif;xefpGm wdkufcdkufMuavonf/ odkif;ynmedrfYolrsm;u "m;vSHrsm;jzifY tao
taMuwdkufMuovdk? odkif;ynmjrifYolrsm;uvnf; wOD;udkwOD; vlnGefYwkef;atmif wkwfwkwfcsif; ,SOfNyKdif
Muonf/ xdkodkYjzifY yxraeY wdkufyGJonf acgif;aqmifolrsm; ryg0ifonfh vufatmufi,fom;rsm;\
wdkufyGJomjzpfcJYonf/ apmifNcKHxkbufwGif odkif;ynmjrifYrm;olrsm;rSm wdkifaxmifxkrSvGJí aMu;pm; odkif;orm;
rsm;udk iSm;&rf;xm;jcif; jzpfavonf/
xdkaeYn wdkufyGJem;csdefwGif oefjrefav&SD;onf wdkifaxmifxktm; awGUqkH&ef csdef;qdkvdkufavonf/ nu
rnf;arSmifaeonf/ rD;uvnf;rvm vuvnf;rom ...w&kwfBuD;u taygufrSm;0ifonfh qifajcay;&ef
taumif;qkH;nrsKd;vnf;jzpfonf/ nOfhiSufwaumif\ atmfjrnfoH (atmjrnfoHr[kwfyg)udk Mum;&NyD;aemuf
rMumrDyif wdkifaxmifxka&mufvmonf/
]] oefjrefav&SD;vm; ...}}
]] [kwfw,f ...cifAsm;u wdkifaxmifxkvm; ...}}
]] at; igyJ ...}}
]] cifAsm;rSef; b,fvdkodrvJ ...}}
]] 'DrSm a[Yaumif ...r,kH&ifudkifMunfhuG ...q,fYajcmufvufr }}
]] tif; ...[kwfNyD ...aocsmoGm;NyD }}
]] uJ ...rif;vmwm bmudpövJ }}
]] tif; ...'geJY cifAsm;rdef;reJY tqifajy&JUvm; ...}}
]] rif;eJYrqdkifygbl; ...}}
]] qdkifwmaygYAsm ...cifAsm;eJY uRefawmf tay;t,lwck vkyfp&m&Sdw,f ...}}
]] rif;eJY igeJY ...a[Yaumif rif;bm taumufBuHrvdkYvJ ...}}
 ]] cifAsm; ...apmifNcKHxkbufuae ESKwfxGufay;yg ...}}
]] bmvkyfzdkYvJ ...ig a&Smufzkef;uifqdkwJYaumifudk owf&rS auseyfr,f ...rif; tJ'D vl,kwfrmudk
xkwfay;yg ...}}
]] b,fjzpfrvJ ...olu tem*wfrSm usKyfwdkY olawmif;pm;*dkPf;udk pyGefqmvkyfr,fYol ...}}
]] 'gqdk&if ...rif;eJYigeJY nSdp&mrvdkawmYbl; ...}}
]] odyfvdkwmaygY ...cifAsm; reufjzefus&if wckvyfjzpfoGm;csifvdkYvm; ...}}
]] bmuG ...bmajymw,f }}
]] cifAsm; &SKyfxm;orQtaMumif;awG cifAsm;rdef;rudk oufaotaxmuftxm;eJY zGifYcsvdkufr,fav }}
]] rif;vkyf&JvdkYvm; ...NyD;awmY b,frSmvJ oufao ...}}
]] odyf&SdwmaygYAsm ...cifAsm; a&Tzkwfzkwfwnf;cdkcef;rSm uJcJYwkef;u oufaocHpm½GufawGav ...}}
]] owåd&Sd&ifvkyfvdkufav ...igYrdef;reJYuGJ&if rif;udk taoowfr,f ...}}
]] cifAsm; aemifwr&bl;aemf ...}}
]] vkyfvdkufav ...igu 'DwdkufyGJudk 0ifr,fvdkY qkH;jzwfNyD;uwnf;u rdef;rudk acgif;xJu xkwfxm;
NyD;om;yJ ...}}
olwdkY vrf;cGJtNyD;aemufaeYwGif oefjrefav&SD;onf zefa&SmufcifxH cdkpmydkYum taMumif;Mum;vdkufonf/
vifusda&SmifxHoGm;um oufaocHrsm;udk jyvdkufyg[k .../
xdkaeYu wdkufyGJwGif aMu;pm; tqifYjrifYodkif;orm;rsm;yg yg0ifwdkufcdkufMuojzifY ESpfzufpvkH; txdem
Muonf/ olawmif;pm;*dkPf;onf tm;enf;vmaom tajctaeudk ppfuljznfh&ef te,fe,ft&yf&yf&Sd *dkPf;cGJ
toD;oD;rS *dkPf;om;rsm;tm; pk&kH;vdkufouJYodkY? apmifNcKHxkuvnf; bk&ifYwyfawmfom;rsm;udk xyfrHac:,lonf/
þodkYjzifY udk,fa&;udk,fwmudpöjzifY pwifjzpfyGm;cJYaom wdkufyGJonf wjznf;jznf; bk&ifESifY ykefuefolwdkY\
wdkufyGJtoGifrsKd;aqmifvmavonf/ a,mu©rjzpfol rif;BuD;onf apmifNcKHxktm; vkyfydkifcGifYtmPmukef vTJtyf
xm;ojzifYvnf; wdkufyGJrSm wpwp jyif;xefvmawmYonf/
naeydkif; olawmif;pm;*kdPf;\tpnf;ta0;wGif oefjrefav&SD;u trSKaqmifrsm;tm; tpDtpOfwckudk
wifjyvdkufonf/ 4if;um; tjcm;r[kwfyg ...,ck apmifNcKHxkudk atmifEdkifNyD;aemuf tiftm;csdeJYoGm;rnf jzpfonfh
bk&ifYwyfBuD;udk NzKdcGif;um? bk&ifudkjzKwfcsNyD; wrsKd;om;vkH;aumif;pm;&eftwGuf xD;eef;udkodrf;,lum EdkifiHudk
topfxlaxmif&efjzpfonf/ aemufrS a&G;aumufyGJvkyfum or®wcefYtyf&ef jzpfavonf/ (ta&G;cH&oludk
wu,f ay;ray;uawmY? olwdkYoabmomjzpfonf/)tm;vkH;uvnf; uefYuGufolr&Sd? axmufcHMuavonf/
xdkYaemuf wdkufyGJwGif;odkY acgif;aqmifrsm;yg yg0ifwdkufcdkuf&efvnf; qkH;jzwfvdkufMuonf/ xdkYaMumifY
xdkaeYnüyif zdk;a&Smufvifudk wdkifaxmifxktm; pdefac: wdkufcdkuf&ef pDpOfvdkufMuavonf/
xdkodkY olawmif;pm;*dkPf;XmecsKyfwGif tvkyf&SKyfaecsdef? a&Smufzkef;uifwdkYvlpkuawmY ESpfwaxmif
aMumifol&Judk onf;BuD;rnf;BuD; vdkufvH&SmazGaeavonf/ ESif;rsm; tpOfzkH;vTrf;aeaom vkyfpD;pef;
awmifxdyfodkY ta&mufwGifawmY aMumifaMumifusm;usm;? Adkufylyl? tNrD;wdkwdkjzifY aMumifol&Judk awGUvdkuf
&avonf/ csufcsif; qdkovdkyif pDrHrSKaumif;aom a&Smufzkef;uifu awmifatmufodkY aMumifol&J jyefrqif;
Edkifatmif opfyifrsm;udk ckwfum NcHcwfvdkufNyD; wynfhrsm;udk apmifYMunfhcdkif;xm;vdkufavonf/ ae&mrvyf
tapmifYcsxm;NyD;aemuf aMumifol&Jtm; &SmazG&efvkyfawmYrS oltygt0if vltiftm; okH;a,mufom usefawmY
onfudk awGU&avonf/ tykef;aumif;aom aMumifol&Judk olwdkYokH;a,mufu vdkufvH &SmazGygaomfvnf;
tpterQ rawGU&jzpfaeavonf/ ajc&maumufaomfvnf; wzGJzGJusqif;vmonfh ESif;rsm;u jyefvnfzkH;vTrf;
oGm;jyefí &Smr&jzpfaeavawmYonf/
aemufwaeYreuf ...? oefjrefav&SD;xHodkY zefa&SmufcifxHrS cdkpma&mufvmonf/ ol vifusda&SmifxH
oGm;í tcsuftvufrsm;tm;vkH;udk wifjyvdkuf&m tajctaerSm tawmfwif;rmoGm;NyD; olyif &dkufxkwfcH&rwwf
jzpfoGm;onfwJY .../ tcsKyfqdk&vQifawmY vifusda&Smifwa,muf tawmfa'goxGufoGm;ykH&onf/ csufcsif;
tdyfcef;xJajy;0ifoGm;um jyefxGufrvmawmY .../ aemufrS wdkifuG,fyGwfudk vTwfum aus;Zl;wifygonf[k
ajymcdkif;onfqdkyJ .../ [kwfawmY [kwfaeavNyD/
 xdkaeYwdkufyGJwGif bk&ifYwyfom;rsm;bufrS tompD;&um olawmif;pm;*dkPf;udk txdemapcJYonf/
odkYaomf te,fe,ft&yf&yfrS 0ifvmrpJ woJoJjzpfaeaom olawmif;pm;*dkPf;om;rsm;aMumifY tm;tif jznfhwif;
EdkifcJYavonf/ apmifNcKHxkuvnf; bk&ifYwyfom;rsm;udk ac:,lxm;ojzifY vrf;wGifyif wyfom;rsm;ESifY
olawmif;pm;wdkYonf 0dkif;zGJUaomufpm;vmMuao;av\/ *la&T;NrKdUESifY teD;w0dkufudkom ppfrJYZkef owfrSwf
xm;ojzifY vrf;wGif wdkufyGJrjzpfyGm;cJYay .../
xdkaeYu ,SOfNyKdifcJYMuaom zdk;a&SmufvifESifY wdkifaxmifxkwdkY\ wdkufyGJonfvnf; olrom
udk,fromjzifY NyD;qkH;oGm;cJYonf/ t&SKH;tEdkif &SmrawGUojzifY aemufwaeYrS qufwdkuf&efvnf; csdef;qdk
xm;avonf/
xdkodkYwdkufcdkuf&if; q,f&ufajrmufaeY reufwGifawmY avBuD;rdk;BuD;usaeojzifY olwdkY rwdkufcdkuf
jzpfMu/ nbufa&mufawmY apmifNcKHxkwdkY pcef;cs&mqDrS 0kef;0kef;'dkif;'dkif; toHrsm;Mum;&onf/ vlvTwfNyD;
pkHprf;MunfhawmY wdkifaxmifxkwpfa,muf aygufuGJaeonfqdkyJ/ oefjrefav&SD;vnf; aemufwacguf xyfrH
apmifYMunfhcdkif;rS taMumif;&if;rSefudk aocsmpGmod&avawmYonf/ jzpfykHu 'DaeYnaeyJ vifusda&SmifxHrS
pma&mufvmonfwJY/ wdkifaxmifxkvnf; rdef;rqDrS pmqdkojzifY 0rf;omtm;& xkwfMunfhvdkufawmYrS olESifY
aocef;&Sifcef;jywfNyD qdkonfhtaMumif;udk epfepfemem apmfapmfum;um;a&;xm;onfhpm jzpfaeavonf/
orD;ESifYvnf; qufoG,fjcif;rjyK&ef qufoG,fygu wdkifaxmifxkwa,muf vifusda½SmifuG,f&mwGif
azmufjyefcJYonfh taMumif;rsm;udk vlod&SifMum; azmfxkwfrnf[k a&;om;xm;avonf/ oefjrefav&SD;vnf;
owif;udkMum;&NyD;aemuf? tm;yg;w& yg;pyfu em;&Gufudk wufcsdwfatmif NyKH;vdkufavonf/ olwdkY vkyfief;
atmifjrifoGm;avNyD/
aemufwaeY wdkufyGJrprD wdkifaxmifxkESifY ,SOfNyKdif&rnfh zdk;a&Smufvifudk oefjrefav&SD;u owdxm;í
,SOfNyKdif&ef rSmonf/ taMumif;rlum; wdkifaxmifxkwa,muf a'goxGufaeojzifY rnSmrwm? toufpGefYum
wdkufcdkufygu zdk;a&SmufviftwGuf tEÅ&m,f&SdaomaMumifYjzpfavonf/ zdk;a&Smufvifvnf; pdwfcsyg[k ajymum
wdkufyGJae&modkY xGufvmcJYavonf/ oefjrefav&SD;vnf; pdwfrcsojzifY zdk;a&SmufvifESifYtwl wdkufcdkuf&m
ae&modkY vdkufvmcJYavonf/
wdkifaxmifxkonf oefjrefav&SD;udk jrifonfESifYwNyKdifeuf vSefudkif tJav ... vSHudkudkifum wnfhwnfh
rwfrwf ajy;csvmavonf/ zdk;a&Smufvifvnf; &kwfw&ufrdkY aMumifaeNyD;rS tcsdefrDav;yif ol\wkwfudkqGJum
umuG,fvdkuf&onf/ xdkYaemuf olwdkYESpfOD; qufvufwdkufcdkufMuavonf/ wdkifaxmifxkonf wdkufcdkifae&if;
oefjrefav&SD;tm; trsKd;rsKd;tzkHzkH atmfqJaeavonf/ ,kwfrmnpfnrf;aom tokH;tESKef;rsm;jzifY atmf[pf
qJqdkaeaomfvnf; oefjrefav&SD;um; wcsufrQomMunfhum jyefoGm;avawmYonf/
olawmif;pm;*dkPf;om;rsm;onf odkif;ynmtajccH aMunufolrsm;jzpfojzifY bk&ifYwyfom;rsm;onf
wjznf;jznf; ta&;edrfYpjyKvmavonf/ ppfula&mufvmonf[k qdk&müvnf; vdkufcsifcsif rvdkufcsifcsif
ppfxJodkY twif;qGJoGif;um ydkYvdkufolrsm;jzpfojzifY olawmif;pm;*dkPf;tzdkY tvGefyif vG,fulaeavonf/
refcsL;bk&ifonf xdkodkY ta&;edrfYvmaom tajctaeudk apmifNcKHxkxHrS Mum;od&ojzifY vufa&G;pif ppfwyf
rsm;udk ydkYvTwfvdkufrnf[k uwdjyKavonf/
oefjrefav&SD;vnf; wdkufyGJtajctaeudk okH;oyfum pdwfcsoGm;ojzifY XmecsKyfodkYjyefum wa&;warm
tdyfpufaeavonf/ naeydkif;a&mufaomtcgrS qlqlnHnHtoHrsm;aMumifY ol vefYEdk;vmonf/ tvefYwMum;
tcef;0udk xGufMunfhvdkufawmY 0g;uyfay:wGif yufvufuav; vdkufygvmaom zkd;a&Smufvifudk awGU&onf/
oefjrefav&SD; ydkrdkxdwfvefYoGm;NyD; zdk;a&Smufviftm; aoG;prf;Munfhvdkufonf/ aoG;ckefESKef;u omrefxuf
aES;aeonfudk awGU&ojzifY olYtwGif;tm;udk vuf0g;wGif pkpnf;um zdk;a&Smufvif\ i,fxdyfrSqifY oGif;ay;
vdkufrS aoG;ckefESKef;u jyefrSefvmonf/ xdktcgrS tenf;i,f xlxlaxmifaxmifjzpfvmaom zdk;a&Smufvifudk
jzpforQ tpD&ifcHcdkif;&awmYonf/
jzpfykHum; þodkYjzpfavonf/ zdk;a&Smufvifonf a'goxGufaeaom wdkifaxmifxkESifY waeYvkH; ,SOfNyKdif
wdkufcdkufcJYonf/ naeydkif;odkYa&mufvQif ,refaeYnu rm;rm;pHESifY qufoG,fxm;aom zdk;a&Smufvifonf
ajcukefvufyef;usvmavawmYonf/ xdktcg zdk;a&Smufvifu wdkufyGJudk &yfqdkif;&ef awmif;qdkaomfvnf;
wdkifaxmifxkrSm vufrcHojzifY qufvufwdkufcdkuf&m ... aemufqkH; twGif;tm;tukefokH;NyD; wkwfwkwfcsif;
&dkufMu&mrS zdk;a&Smufvif\vD;rSm cg;usKd;oGm;jcif;jzpfawmYonf/
oefjrefav&SD;vnf; taMumif;pkHudk od&ojzifY tajctaeudk okH;oyfum zdk;a&Smufvif\vD;udk
*kdPf;apmifYodkif;usrf;xJwGifygonfhenf;jzifY qufay;&ef qkH;jzwfvdkufonf/ odkYaomf 4if;vD;onf a&cJvdyfxD;\
acgif;udk tpdrf;vdkufrrsKdoa&GU jyefvnftokH;csEdkifrnfr[kwfawmYbJ ao;ayguf&kHavmufom okH;Edkifrnf
jzpfawmYonf/
oefjrefav&SD;u xdkodkY ukoay;vdkufNyD;aemuf tusKd;taMumif;udk ajymjyvdkuf&m zdk;a&Smufvifonf
tvGefyif a'goxGufoGm;um wdkifaxmifxktm; jzpfonfhenf;ESifY vufpm;acsrnf[k qkH;jzwfvdkufavonf/
oefjrefav&SD;u zdk;a&Smufviftm; ,ck vD;udk tokH;csEdkifrnf r[kwfonfhtwlwl? a&cJawmifrsm;qDodkYoGm;um
ESpfwaxmifaMumifol&J &Sdonfhae&mrsKd;wGif awGU&wwfaom a&cJvdyfxD;udk oGm;&Sm&if;? aMumifol&Judk&Smaeaom
a&Smufzkef;uifwdkY vlpkudk tm;jznfhay;&ef tBuHay;vdkufonf/ zdk;a&Smufvifvnf; 'DvdkyJ vkyfMuwmaygYav[k
ajym&if; aemufwaeYreufwGif a&cJawmifrsm;&Sd&modkY xGufvmcJYavonf/
okH;&ufESifY ESpfn c&D;ESifrdaomtcg zdk;a&Smufvifonf vkyfpD;pef;awmifajcodkY a&mufvmcJYavonf/
jrif;udk vTwfausmif;xm;vdkufNyD; awmifay:odkY ajcvsifyifwufvmcJYonf/ awmifcg;yef;wckwGif tapmifYus
aeaom a&Smufzkef;uif\ wynfhESifYawGUojzifY aMumifol&Jtm; rdawmYrnf[k olawG;vdkufavonf/
awmifxdyfudka&mufawmY naeapmif;oGm;NyD/ aeudk aeYcif;ydkif; rGef;wnfhcsdefavmufom jrif&aom
awmifxdyfwGif tarSmifxku zkH;vTrf;aeavNyD/ a&Smufzek f;uifonf olYudkjrifonfESifYwNyKdifeuf tm;&0rf;om
qD;BuKdonf/ xdkYaemuf tajctaeudk tpD&ifcHavonf/
]] q&mBuD; a&mufvmawmY uRefawmf odyf0rf;omw,fAsm ...}}
]] bmaMumifYvJ a&Smufzkef;uif&JU ...}}
]] 'DvdkAs ... aeYcif;u uRefawmfwdkY q&mwynfhokH;a,muf aMumifol&Judk vdkuf&Sm&if; vdyfwaumif
&vdkufw,f/ tJ'g uRefawmfwa,mufxJ pm;rukefvkdY owf&rSm ESajrmaewm ...ck q&mBuD;a&mufvmawmY
uRefawmf vdyfom;eJY {nfhcHr,fAsm ...}}
]] aemufaewmvm;uG ...'Davmuf ESif;cJaewJY awmifay:rSm vdyf&SdygYrvm; ...tif; ...[kwfNyD/ b,frSmvJ
tJ'Dvdyf ...}}
]] wu,fyg q&m ... 'DbufrSm vdkufMunfhyg ...}}
rD;zdkab;em;&Sd tdwfwvkH;onf a&cJrSKefrsm;uyfaeonfukd olawGUvdkuf&onf/ ol tvGeftHYtm;oifY
oGm;onf/ rD;zdkem;rSmawmif a&cJaew,fqdkawmY .../ ol tdwfudkzGifYMunfhvdkufawmY bJOykHtcGHudk qifjref;
xm;aom vdyfwaumif? awmfawmfaxmifYrusKd;wmyJ ... olawG;vdkufonf/ xdkYaemufawmY bmbmnmnm
pOf;pm;raeawmYyJ vdyfxD;\acgif;udkjzwfum rsKdcsvdkufavawmYonf/
xdkodkY rsKdcsvdkufonfESifYwNyKdifeuf ol\ abmif;bDrSm *Grf;ueJaeatmif uGJxGufoGm;um ol\iyJrSm
tvHwdkifuJYodkY xdk;xGufvmavonf/ xdkrQESifYyif r&yfyJ rD;zdkxJtxd wdk;0ifoGm;um ol csufcsif; qkwfa&Smif
vdkuf&onf/ ab;rS a&Smufzkef;uifuawmY wtHYwMoESifY pdwfxJwGifawmY aemufrS zifcH&OD;r,f[k
awG;xm;onf/
xdkYaemuf zdk;a&Smufvifu 0rf;omtm;&ESifY ...
]] uJ ...a&Smufzkef;uif aus;Zl;wifw,fuGm? wpfcsdefus&if rif;aus;Zl; qyfEdkifOD;rSmaygY }}
xdkYaemuf olwdkY vdyfom;udk csufpm;MuNyD; nrdk;csKyfoGm;onf/ rD;zdkudk xifwkH;BuD;rsm;xnfhum tdyfpuf
vdkufMuonf/
reufvif;awmY zdk;a&Smufvifu ...
]] a&Smufzkef;a& ...'DaeYawmY wdkY&SmaewJY aMumifol&Judk awGUudkawGU&r,fuGm avmif;rvm; }}
]] aocsmvScsnfvm; q&mBuD;&JU }}
]] aocsmqdk rif;raeYu &vmwJYvdyf odw,frvm; }}
 ]] at; ... tJ'Dvdyfuvnf; omrefvdyfawmY r[kwfbl; ... a&cJvdyfxD;vkdY ac:w,f? olYtom;pm;&if
touf&Snfw,f temuif;w,f? acgif;jzwfpm;&ifawmY a,musfm;tm;wdk;w,fuG }}
]] q&mBuD;pm;vdkuf&vdkY uRefawmf iwfovdk cHpm;& ...tJav *kPf,lygw,f? 'geJY aMumifol&JeJY 'Dvdyfu
bmqdkifvdkYvJAs }}
]] rif;rS rodwm ... 'DvdyfeJY aMumifol&Ju puFmylrSm tJtJ ... 'DawmifxdyfrSm wpfcef;wnf; tJav
wpfae&mxJ aewm ... vdyfudkawGU&if aMumifol&JudkawGUwmeJY twlwlyJ ...}}
]] cifAsm ...[kwfvm; ...'gqdk uRefawmfwdkY 'DaeY r& &atmif &SmMur,f q&mBuD; }}
]] at; ...igvnf; 'DaeYawGUr,fvdkY ,kHNyD;om;yJ }}
xdkYaemuf olwdkY vlcGJum vkyfief;pMuavonf/
usefwynfhESpfa,mufudk wpfzufpD vTwfvdkufum? zdk;a&SmufvifESifY a&Smufzkef;uifu taemufbufESifY
awmifbufodkY toD;oD; xGufcJYMuonf/ vlcsif;rcGJrD zdk;a&Smufvifu ...
]] uJ ...'DaeY aMumifol&Judk &atmif&Smr,f? rif;wdkYodxm;zdkYu aMumifol&Judk zrf;&if tNrD;udkomqGJ?
olUtm;rSeforQ tJ'D tNrD;udk qGJaqmifYvdkuf&if r&SdawmYbl;? NyD;awmY rdNyDqdk&if vnfyif;udk BuKd;eJYcsnfxm;?
NyD;&if uif;NrD;aumufaxmif? twGif;tm;okH;NyD; tD;aygufvdkuf? igawGU&ifvnf; 'DvdkyJ qufoG,fr,f &rvm;?
r&Sif;wm bm&SdvJ }}
]] r&Sdygbl; }} a&Smufzkef;uifu jzwfueJ owdqGJvdkufNyD; ajymonf/
]] 'gqdk qufvkyf }}
]] av;pm;ygw,f }} a&Smufzkef;uif þodkYjzifY awmifbufodkY xGufvmcJYavonf/ zdk;a&SmufvifuawmY
taemufbuf/ usefwynfhESpfa,mufuawmY ajrmufESifY ta&SUbuf/
aerGef;wnfhcsdeftxd olwdkY bmrQrawGU& .../ tb,faMumifYqdkaomf vkyfpD;pef;awmifxdyfwGif aeYcif;
cPom aeyGifYaomaMumifYwnf;/
rGef;wnfhcsdefwGif zdk;a&Smufvifwpfa,mufonf awmiftaemufbufwpfcGif jyJjyJpifatmif avQmuf&if;
armyef;vmojzifY vrf;ab;awmpyf&Sd ausmufwkH;wwkH;ay: xdkifcsvdkufonf/ xdkpOf ...
]] cGD; ... *g; ...*&m; }}
]] tm; ...udkufo[ }}
zdk;a&Smufvif\ zifwGif twpfvdkufyJYxGufomG ;onf/ olu emusifrSKudk atmifYcHum armYMunfh
vdkufawmY ajy;xGufoGm;aom aMumifusm;0wkwf t0ga&mifaumif? tNrD;wdkwdkESifY/ bmyJjzpfjzpfav ... temcH
&wm wefygonf/ onfaMumifo&J\ ae&mudk odcJY&NyD r[kwfvm; .../
ol pcef;jyefa&mufawmY tm;vkH; jyefa&mufaeMuNyD/ a&Smufzkef;uifu ...
]] q&m MumvScsnfvm; }}
]] at; ...Mumqdk ruf*spfu,fzdkYpfaomuf ...tJav ...aMumifudkufcH&vdkYuG }}
]] [if ...q&m 'DaumifYudk rzrf;EdkifcJYbl;vm; }}
]] b,fuom ...igvnf; trSwfwrJYqdkawmY aMumifu zifudkudkufNyD; ajy;oGm;wmudk;uG ...uRwfuRwf?
tJ'geJY jznf;jznf;yJ jyefvmwm }}
]] 'gqdk uRefawmfwdkY b,fvdkvkyf&rvJ q&mBuD; ...}}
]] tif; ...axmifzrf;&rSmaygYuG }}
]] q&mBuD;u ...}}
]] igvdkufzdkY rvdkawmYygbl;uGm ...rif;wa,mufxJeJY &NyD }}
]] [kwfuJY ...nTefjyyg q&mBuD; }}
]] ckn ...tif; ckcsdefu naeapmif;qdkawmY awmifatmufqif;vdkY &ao;w,f? rif;wynfhwa,mufudk
awmifatmufvTwfNyD;? Muufwaumifavmuf &Smuifcdkif;? NyD;&if jyefwufcJYvdkY ajymvdkuf? tJ'DMuufeJY axmifzrf;
&rSm? 'DaMumifu pm;aumif;aomufaumif; pm;zl;wm r[kwfawmY Muufuifudk vmpm;&if rif;u
axmifacsmufudk qGJvdkufawmY ...tJ'gqdkrdNyD }}
 a&Smufzkef;uif\ wynfhwa,muf awmifatmufqif;oGm;onf/ jyefwufvmawmY Muufuifwaumif
ygvmonf/ zdk;a&Smufvifu Budrf;onf/
]] awmuf ... igwdkYawmif tpm;taomuf&Sm;vdkY rpm;Edkifbl; ... roxmvdkufwmuGm? 'DaMumifudk
&awmYrSyJ t&ufeJY jrnf;&awmYr,f }}
]] aumif;w,f q&m ...aMumifom;jrnf;csifaewmMumNyD }}
a&Smufzkef;uifESifY wynfhrsm;u wnDwnGwfwnf; axmufcHMuav\/
]] uJ ... a&Smufzkef;uif? rif; nwGif;csif;yJ ... aygifwpfacsmif; oGm;csxm;vdkuf? 'if; t&omudk
odoGm;atmif? 'grS aemufwcgrSm vG,fvdrfYr,f }}
a&Smufzkef;uifESifY wynfhESpfa,mufvnf; zdk;a&Smufvifay;aom Muufaygifwpfacsmif;udk awmif\
aemufbuf&Sd aMumifo&J Muufpm;&m tJ ...usufpm;&m ae&m0ef;usifwGif csxm;ay;cJYavonf/
reufusawmY a&Smufzkef;uifu aMumifoGm;axmifonf/ xkH;pHtwdkif; tkyfaqmif;udk wkwfaxmufvdkY?
tkyfaqmif;ay:wGifawmY ausmufcJBuD;BuD; wpfwkH;zdxm;onf/ zdk;a&Smufvifuvnf; a&Smufzkef;uif\ wynfh
ykckH;ay:rS q&mvmvkyfonf/
aerGef;wnfhcsdef ... zdk;a&Smufvifxdkifae&m wJxJodkY a&Smufzkef;uifonf tajy;0ifvm\/ txJudk
a&mufawmY vufu aoG;awG &TJaeonfudk jrif&onf/ zdk;a&Smufvifu ...
]] qkd ... b,fvdkjzpfvmwmvJ }}
]] aMumifukwfvdkufwm q&m ...axmifacsmufudk zGifYNyD; aMumifudk zrf;udkifvdkufwm ...aMumifukwf
cHvdkuf&vdkY ... tJ'g b,fvkdzrf;&rvJ q&m }}
zdk;a&Smufvifu uRwf ...ueJ pkwfwpfcsufoyfum ...
]] rif;wdkYaumifawG 'gaMumifY 'Db0u rwufwm ...}}
]] ñTefMum;yg q&m ...b,fvdk zrf;&rvJ }}
]] rif;wynfhESpfa,mufaum ...}}
]] tjyifrSmyg q&m ...}}
]] ac:vdkuf }}
]] [kwfuJY ...a[YaumifawG vmMuOD; }}
]] at; ...rif;wkdY okH;a,muf wpfa,mufudk 'Du a&wpftkd;pD ukefatmifaomuf }}
]] a&wpftkd;awmif ...}}
]] vQmr&SnfeJY ...tJ'Da&awG ukefatmifaomuf? [dka&muf&if aMumifol&Judk ao;eJY 0dkif;yef;Mu? rif;wdkY
aMumif ao;rGef;aewkef; ...tdwfxJ xnfhvmcJY? a[m[dk wJ0u wdkifrSmcsdwfxm;wJY tdwf,loGm; }}
]] ckvdk ajymwm aus;Zl;wifygw,f q&m }}
]] w,fnHhwJYaumifawG ...uJ uJ ...a&aomufvdkufMu }}
rsm;rMumrD aMumifol&Jwpfaumif ao;rsm;&TJepfí ygvmawmYonf/ zdk;a&Smufvifu a&aq;ckdif;NyD;
toifY,lvmcJYaom oHeef;cwf *kefeDtdwfjzifYxnfhum qdk;vufpfaomY ...tJav ... tmrcH w&kwfaomYjzifY
cwfvdkufavonf/ xdkYaeYwn tdyfum aemufwaeYreufwGif *la&T;NrKdUodkY jyefcJYMuavonf/
*la&T;NrKdUwGifawmY oefjrefav&SD;a&m wdkifaxmifxkyg a&mifudkif;aeMuavNyD/ olawmif;pm;*dkPf;om;
rsm;u bk&ifYwyfom;rsm;udk tEdkif&vdkufojzifY aysmf&TifjrL;xl;aeMuaomfvnf; oefjrefav&SD;um; rsufESmBuD;
tkdtdkjzifY emusifrSKudk BudwfrSdwfcHpm;ae&avonf/
zdk;a&SmufvifwdkYtzGJUonf *dkPf;cef;raqmifwGif;odkY 0ifYMuGm;pGm 0ifcJYavonf/ oefjrefav&SD;vnf;
BuKdqdk&ef x&yfvdkuf&m tm;ueJ toHESifYtwl xdkifusoGm;avonf/
]] [if ...*dkPf;csKyf b,fvdkjzpfwmvJ }}
]] yGJyef;aewmaygYAsm ...yGJuvnf; w,fqufoudk; }}
]] [dkaumifBuD;aum b,fYES,fvJ }}
]] b,folvJ wdkifaxmifxkvm; }}
 ]] [kwfw,f *dkPf;csKyf }}
]] olvnf; ckavmufqdk zvufjyaea&maygY? Munfh&wm olu igYxufawmY rmw,f[ }}
]] 'Dwpfcg NyKdifyGJus&ifawmY *dkPf;csKyf EdkifygNyD }}
]] OD;BuD;u ajym&JvScsnfvm; ...aMomf ...&cJYNyDvm; }}
]] [kwfw,f *dkPf;csKyf ...aq;azmfNyD; pm;vdkufyg? ydkNyD; tmedoif&Sdatmif ESpfwaxmif aMumifo&Judk
t&Sifvwfvwf o,fvmcJYw,f }}
]] aus;Zl;yJ ...cifAsm;&JU pGrf;aqmifcsuf[m olawmif;pm;*dkPf;wnforQ umvywfvkH;rSm &mZ0if
wGifoGm;ygNyD ...usKyf OD;BuD;udk aumif;aumif; csD;ajr§mufygYr,f }}
]] 'gqdk oGm;cGifYjyKyg *dkPf;csKyf }}
]] aeOD; ...cifAsm;a&m a&cJvdyfxD;awGUcJYvm; }}
]] aus;Zl;wifygw,f *dkPf;csKyf? pm;NyD;cJYygNyD }}[k qdkum &kwfw&ufvSefjyvdkufawmYonf/
oefjrefav&SD;vnf; aMumifoGm;aomfvnf; vufa0SU,rf;um ]]aumif;NyD? oGm;awmY}}[k qdkvdkuf
avonf/
oefjrefav&SD;onf zdk;a&Smufvifxm;cJYaom *kefeDtdwfudk ajcaxmufjzifY wpfcsufuefvdkufonf/ txJrS
tjrifuwfzG,f us,favmifaom aMumifoHu xGufay:vmonf/
oefjrefav&SD;u *dkPf;om;rsm;udk trdefYay;vdkuf&m tm;vkH; wkwfrsm;jzifY (opfom;wkwfrsm;? 0g;vkH;rsm;)
0dkif;0ef; &dkufESufMuavonf/ aMumifo&JrSm *kefeDtdwfxJrSmyif &kef;uef atmf[pfaeayao;onf/ twefMumrS
NidrfoufoGm;avawmYonf/
xdkYaemuf oefjrefav&SD;u *kefeDtdwfudk zGifYvdkuf&m aocsifa,mifaqmifaeaom aMumifo&Ju ckefxGuf
vmonf/ b,f&rvJ oefjrefav&SD;yJ? aMumifo&Judk tNrD;rS vSrf;qGJvdkufNyD; avxJ wpfcsufa`rSmufum *kwfrS
zrf;udkifxm;vkdufonf/ a`rSmufMunfhvdkufawmY aMumifo&J\ wpfvkH;wnf;aom vOu wGJavmif;av;
usaeonf/
rMumvdkufyg ...aMumifo&Jwpfaumif b0wpfyg;odkY ul;ajymif;oGm;&avawmYonf/ oefjrefav&SD;u
toifYaqmifxm;aom ykvif;xJodkY aMumifvOudk xnfhvdkufNyD; aMumifom;udk *dkPf;om;rsm;twGuf a0rQ
vdkuf\/ odkYaomf *dkPf;om;rsm; rpm;EdkifMuyg/ aMumifo&JrSm aMumifodk;BuD;jzpfonfhtwGuf tvGefyif
eHaomaMumifYwnf;/
oefjrefav&SD;wpfa,mufrSmawmY aMumifvOxnfhxm;aom ykvif;udk udkifum tlaMumifaMumif
jzpfaeonf/ vifusda&SmifwdkYESifYvnf; tquftoG,fjywfaeonf/ ppfjzpfaeí olwdkY om;trdvnf; b,frSm
awmf&ma&Smifaeonf rod/ xdkYaMumifY xkH;pHtwdkif; vD;bdk;awmfudk &Sdcdk;um tdyfpufvdkufavawmYonf/
tdyfrufxJwGif rnfolESifYrQ rawGU/ b,fawGUrvJ ... vD;bdk;awmfu rkefwdkif;rdum bef;jywfaeonf/
tJ ... [kwfaygif? olYudk rylaZmfojzifY rvm/ oefjrefav&SD;vnf; wa&;Edk;rS owd&NyD; MuufO ckepfvkH;jzifY
ylaZmfyovdkufrSm tdyfrufxJ a&mufvmonf/
]] acG;aumifav; ...ig rtm;wJYMum;xJu vmcJYwm? bmudpövJ ajym ...}}
]] aq;azmfzdkY[m ...razmfwwfvdkY }}
]] 'grsm; ...aMumifvOudk rD;vQHMumjzLeJY a&mNyD; okH;cGufwpfcGufwifusKd ...NyD;&if enf;enf;pD tpufcs?
trsm;BuD;rvdkbl; ...wefaq; vGefab;wJY odw,f r[kwfvm; }}
]] [kwfuJY ...'geJY bdk;awmfBuD;? rD;vQHMumjzLqdkwm ...b,foGm;&Sm&rSmvJ? a0;a0;vHvH oGm;&OD;rSmvm;? ck
wdkufyGJu wdkuf&awmYrSm }}
]] ra0;ygbl;uG? rod&if rSwfxm; rD;vQHMumjzLqdkwm ...udk&D;,m; tac:? wdkY w&kwftac:uawmY
&dk;&dk;Mumyef;yJ? tdrfomeJYeD;eJY 'grSr[kwf npfywfwJY a&uefawGrSm aygufwwfw,f? rif;wdkY*dkPf;xJu a&uefBuD;
odw,f r[kwfvm;? tJ'D uefBuD;rSm &Sdw,f ...oGm;cl;NyD; aq;azmfayawmY ...}}
vD;bkd;awmfu olYudk aqmifYuefvdkufonf/ olvnf; vefYEdk;vmNyD; aq;azmf&ef Mumyef; &SmxGufcJYonf/
rMumvdkufyg ... *dkPf;aemufbuf bkHtdrfomem;&Sd npfywfeHapmfaeaom ajrmif;ykwfqefqef a&uefudk
awGU&onf/ uefv,fem;wGif MumjzLyef;wpfyGifYu jyJvefatmif pGifYum;um MuGm;MuGm;0ifY0ifYBuD; yGifYaeonf/
oefjrefav&SD;u ]]awmuf ...awmfawmf npfywfwJY MumjzL}}[k awG;vdkufonf/ xdkYaemuf tem;&Sd t0wfavQmf
ZvkHwpfvkH;udk avSvkyfum uefv,fodkY oGm;vkdufonf/
Mumyef;udk cl;vdkufawmY ykyftJYtJY teHYu xGufay:vmonf/ oefjrefav&SD; ratmifYEdkifawmY/ uefv,fü
tefcsvdkufonf/ pm;xm;orQ ukefoGm;awmYrS urf;pyfodkY jyeful;vmEdkifawmYonf/
*dkPf;udk jyefa&mufawmY npfywfeHapmfaeonfh olESifY MumjzLyef;BuD;udk *dkPf;om;rsm;u 0dkif;Munfhonf/
ol pdwfwdkwdkjzifY ]]&SD;zm}}[k qJvkdufonf/
a&rdk;csKd;NyD;awmYrS oefjrefav&SD; aq;azmf&ef jyif&onf/ a&S;OD;pGm 'eftdk;wpfvkH;udk,lNyD; pifMu,fatmif
aq;onf/ NyD;aemuf aMumifo&J\ wpfydómcGJcefY &Sdavaom vOudk xnfhum ig;rdepfcefMumatmif a&xnfhNyD;
wnfxm;vkdufonf/ NyD;rS tay:rSaeum MumjzLyef; eHapmfapmfudk tkyfNyD; okH;cGufwpfcGufwifonftxd
usKdavonf/
rMumvdkufyg ...aMumifol&JOrSaeí tqDxGufvmNyD; okH;cGufwpfcGufwifonftxd usKdrdaomtcg
aq;qDtoGif ajymif;oGm;avonf/ oefjrefav&SD;vnf; rD;udk avQmYxm;vdkufNyD; tdk;udk rD;zdkatmufcsum
tat;cH xm;vdkufonf/ at;oGm;rS ykvif;oefYoefYjzifYxnfhum tusÐxJ xnfh,lcJYavonf/
ykvif;xJ xnhfpOfu olYabmif;bDay:odkY aq;qD wpfpufESpfpufcefY usoGm;onf/ ,ck arYavmufrS
ikHUMunfhawmY atmufu olaumifYom;u axmifrwfaeavNyD/ ol pdwfnpfoGm;onf/ avmavmq,f
nBuD;rdk;csKyf? tajctaeuvnf; rNidrfrouf ...'Dvdk taetxm;rsKd;rSm olb,fudkoGm;NyD; a&SmY&ygrnfvJ ...
pdwfnpfnpfESifY rD;zdkem; &yfaerdonf/ tif ...jyefaysmYusoGm;ygvm; ...'gvJ ajzaq;wpfrsKd;yJ ...rSwfxm;&rnf[k
awG;vdkuf avonf/
aemufaeYreufwGif wdkifaxmifxkxHodkY oefjrefav&SD;xHrS &mZoHa&mufvmonf/ ,aeY olaoudk,fao
csrnf/ aorS yGJodrf;rnf[k ygonf/ wdkifaxmifxk vGefpGmrS a'goxGufoGm;NyD; olY'kwfudk aq;rsKd;pkHvdrf;um
od'd¨wifavawmYonf/ xdkYaemuf oefjrefav&SD;xH jyefpmydkYvdkufonf/ tcsdefra&G; vmwdkufEdkifonf[k .../
xkdaeYnaewGif NrKdUv,fppfa&;jyuGif;ü oefjrefav&SD;u csdef;qdkxm;onf/ olu *dkPf;\ emrnftwGuf?
zdk;a&SmufviftwGuf? tm;vkH;twGuf vufpm;acsrnf[k jyif;xefpGm BuKH;0g;onf/ rMumvdkufyg ...
wdkifaxmifxku olYvD;BuD; vef;vef;vef;vef;jzifY a&mufvmonf/ yGJMunfhy&dowfxJrS rdef;rrsm;u tm;&
auseyfpGm atmf[pf Muonf/ olwdkY tm;&aom wdkifaxmifxkum; rnfodkYaom &v'fudk &rnfenf;/
oefjrefav&SD;uvnf; csufcsif;vdkyif abmif;bDudk cRwfcsvdkufonf/ wdkifaxmifxkxuf i,faomfvnf;
oHrPd tbac:&rnfh vD;u udk;q,f'D*&D axmifxGufaeonf/ olu pGrf;&nfjyonfhtaejzifY uGif;v,fwGif
uDxdkifum olYvD;ay:odkY vlig;a,mufudk wpfa,mufykckH;ay:wpfa,mufqifYum wufcdkif;onf/ xkdvlrsm;udk
olu atmufrS awmifYcHxm;um wpfuGif;vkH;tESHU ywfí vrf;avQmufjyonf/ wdkifaxmifxkuawmY rsufvkH;jyL;
aeNyD/ awmifYxm;wm anmif;vmawmYrS oefjrefav&SD;u jyefcsay;vdkufonf/
ESpfa,mufom; vufqGJESKwfqufvdkufMuNyD; rdwfqufonfhtaejzifY 'pfcsif; csdwfqGJvdkufMuonf/
xdkYaemuf oefjrefav&SD;u 'vpyf xdk;ppfqifonf/ aq;pGrf;jzifY rmawmifaeaom oefjrefav&SD;\ vD;BuD;u
ajymifvuf aeonf/ ESpfOD;om; qkHum &dkufrdwdkif; wdkifaxmifxk usifusifwufoGm;onf/
wpfem&Davmuf csrdawmY wdkifaxmifxkwpfa,muf zwfzwfarmaeNyD/ xdktcsdefwGif oefjrefav&SD;u
taysmYodkif;udkokH;um wdkifaxmifxk\ vD;udk ywfNyD; aqmifYqGJ,lvdkufonf/
rxifrSwfxm;aom wdkufuGufaMumifY wdkifaxmifxk crsm bmrSrwwfEdkif/ t&if;rS jywfxGufoGm;onf/
xdkYaemuf ajray: 'l;nTwfusoGm;onf/
jywfom;pGm tEkdif&oGm;NyDjzpfaom oefjrefav&SD;u vufudkqefYwef;um uGif;udkywfajy;onf/
vlawGu olUudk MunfhaeMu&if;rS [ifueJ toHxGufvmí Munfhvdkufaomtcg uGif;ab;rS eH&Hudk acgif;jzifY
0ifaqmifY vdkufaom wdkifaxmifxkudk awGUvdkuf&onf/ ol tajy;tvTm; oGm;qGJaomfvnf; rrDawmY/
 cGrf;ueJ toHudk Mum;vkduf&um a&tdk;wpfvkH;&dkufcGJxm;onfhtwdkif; acgif;u tpdwfpdwf tjrTmjrTm/ ol
wdkifaxmifxkudk NyKdifbuftjzpf oabmxm;aomfvnf; þuJYodkYawmY rjzpfapcsifyg/ wdkifuG,fyGwf\taz
jzpfaeonfudk; .../ olYcrsm wdkifuG,fyGwf rrkef;ygapESifY[kom qkawmif;&ayawmYrnf/
wdkifaxmifxkudk ol udk,fcsif;pmygonf/ a,mufsm;yJ ...vD;r&SdawmYwJY b0rSm b,faecsifygYrvJav/
bmyJjzpfjzpf wpf&efawmY&Sif;oGm;avNyD/ olYp&dwfESifYol olYxdkufESifYolYuH [kom awG;vkdufavawmYonf/
uJ ...wdkifaxmifxkawmY ½Sif;oGm;avNyD .../ 'if;r½SdrSawmY apmifNcKHxkvdk vD;ao;wJY tD;abmavmu
bmta&;wkef;/ 'if;udk rsKd;wkH;ypf&rnf/ xdkYaemufrS vkyfr,fYvkyf wpfqkH;vkyfonfhtaeESifY bk&iftdkBuD;udkyg
eef;csypf&rnf/ w½kwfjynfordkif;rSm yxrqkH; olawmif;pm;bk&if jzpfvmOD;rSmaygY[k oefjrefav½SD;u awG;vdkuf
avonf/
aemufwpf&ufwGif olawmif;pm;*dkPf; tpnf;ta0;udk usif;yNyD; wm0efrsm; cGJa0ay;tyfvkdufonf/
zdk;a½Smufvifu apmifNcKHxk\ oufawmfapmifY vSefbm*smudk okwfoif&ef? a½Smufzkef;uifu apmifNcKHxkudk zifvdk;
owf&efESifY olawmif;pm;*dkPf;om;rsm; eef;odrf;wdkufyJGtwdkuf tqifoifYjyifxm;&efwdkYjzpfavonf/