PWM

AIM:
1) Design a triangle wave generator.
2) Create pulse width modulation (PWM) with varying duty cycle.

COMPONENTS USED:
Op-amp TLE2082
Comparator LM319
Resistors - 1KΩ, 8.2 kΩ, 10 KΩ
Trimmer - 100KΩ, 1MΩ
Capacitors – 10nF
Breadboard

OBJECTIVES:

1) Calculate the capacitor value required to achieve 30kHz switching frequency in the circuit shown below
(assuming the trimmers are set to 0)

Using the formula for finding Frequency:

(R ¿ ¿ 2+ R3 )
F= ¿
4 R1 ( R 4 + R5 )C 1

(R ¿ ¿2+ R 3)
C 1= ¿
4 R1 (R 4 + R5) F

Assuming the values of R3 and R4 as zero

10∗103
C 1=
4∗8.2∗103∗103∗30∗10 3
C 1=10 nF
Using the above values for resistors and capacitor, following circuit has been assembled and the output
triangle wave is obtained as shown

Time period of the Triangle wave obtained, T = 35µs

1
F=
T
1
F=
35 µs
F = 28.57 MHz

2) Calculate the range of frequencies that could be achieved with the circuit below.

Minimum Frequency:
Equation for the Frequency of the triangular wave: -

( R ¿ ¿2+ R 3)
F t= ¿
4 R 1 ( R4 + R5 )C 1

For Achieving Minimum frequency, R3=0 and R4= Max

 R2
F min=
4 R1 (R4 + R 5)C1

Substituting the values,

( 10∗103 )
F min=
4∗8.2∗103∗{ 100∗103 +103 }∗10∗10−9

F min=301 Hz

Minimum Frequency obtained through practical implementation can be calculated from below figure:

Time period of the Triangle wave obtained, T = 3.2ms

1
F=
T
1
F=
3.2m s
F = 312.5 Hz

Maximum Frequency:
Equation for the Frequency of the triangular wave: -

(R ¿ ¿ 2+ R3 )
F= ¿
4 R1 ( R 4 + R5 )C 1

For Achieving Maximum frequency, R3=Max and R4=0

( R ¿ ¿ 2+ R 3)
F max= ¿
4 R 1 ( R 5) C 1

Substituting the values,

 ( 10∗103 +1∗10 6 )
F max=
4∗8.2∗103∗{ 103 }∗10∗10−9

F max=3.07 MH z

Maximum Frequency obtained through practical implementation can be calculated from below figure:

Time period of the Triangle wave obtained, T = 4.5µs

1
F=
T
1
F=
4.5 µs
F = 0.22 MHz

3) Draw a schematic of the triangle wave circuit (pictured below) connected to an LM319 comparator so the
triangle wave can be compared to a DC signal. Ensure you show component values and IC pin numbers
4) Take an oscilloscope screen shot of the DC crossing the triangle wave and PWM output for a single duty
cycle.

The above pictures shows the PWM output of the comparator.

It is clear from the pictures that, when the DC voltage is increased, the PWM duty cycle increases

5) Comment on why the theoretical frequencies calculated above could not be achieved.

The Exact values of the components (resistors and capacitor) used in the circuit cannot be
implemented practically. There will be slight deviation from the true values. Loses in each component due to
heating and resistance offered by capacitive element are all neglected. Because of these factors, theoretical
values could not be achieved.

6) How could you get both inverted and non-inverted signal?

 The output of a comparator is obtained by comparing signals present at its inverting and non-inverting
terminals. Whenever the voltage at non-inverting terminal is higher than voltage at inverting terminal, the
output is + saturation voltage and when the voltage at non-inverting terminal is less than the voltage at
inverting terminal, the output is - saturation voltage. So by interchanging the inverting and non-inverting
terminals of the comparator, we can get inverted and non-inverted signals. In our case, pin-4(Non-inverting
terminal) and pin-5(inverting terminal) of LM319 can be interchanged to get inverting or non-inverting output.