uRefawmfhvif Z0e

uRefawmfh vif

Z0e

Armhpm*sydk; 1
uRefawmfhvif Z0e

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Armhpm*sydk; 2
uRefawmfhvif Z0e
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Armhpm*sydk; 3
uRefawmfhvif Z0e
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Armhpm*sydk; 4
uRefawmfhvif Z0e
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Armhpm*sydk; 5
uRefawmfhvif Z0e

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Armhpm*sydk; 6
uRefawmfhvif Z0e
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Armhpm*sydk; 7
uRefawmfhvif Z0e
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olwdkYajymqdkaompum;rSm wcgw&H uRefawmfwdkYtm;tysif;ajyap&efaysmfawmf
qufouJhodkY&Sdí uRefawmfwdkYpdwfxJuusdwfí jyHK;&,fawmh\/ wcgw&Hü
vnf; pdwfqdk;p&maumif;awmh\/
]udk,fawmhjzifhav tdyfvnf;olYpdwf pm;vnf;olYpdwf odyfjyD;awmh
MudKufaejyDq&m/ olYudkr&&if b,fa,mufsm;rSr,lbl;? wu,fhudkygbJ....
bK&m;tqlqlcRwfvdkY ruRwfbJ&Sd&ap&JY bk&m;&Sdcdk;wJhtcgwdkif;qkawmif;wmyJ}
]tvdk ...b,fvdkrsm;qkawmif;ygvdrfh}
a[m.. wynfhawmfreJY oleJY b0qufwdkif;qufwdkif; qifjzpf&ifvnf;
wudkif;xJem;? iHjym&nfjzpf&ifvnf; wykvif;xJ 0if&wJhudk,fjzpf&ygvdk\vdkY
qkawmif;w,f} [kqdkum [m;wdkufvdkufMuum uRefawmfwdkYrSm &Sufovdkvdk
&,fcsifovdkvdkjzpfrdum renf;yif£ajE´q,fxm;Mu&av\/
odkY&mwGifarmifvS&DrSm £ajE´r&SdbJ rsufESm½l;av;wpfa,mufjzpfojzifh
uRefawmfh em;odkYuyfum wawmifwGufjyD; ]cifhudkajymaewm? olwdkYcifhudkusae
jyD} [kqdkí &,farmaomaMumifh uRefawmhrSm rsufpdrsufeSmysufjyD; &Sufudk;&Suf
uef;jzpfvsuf ] awmfyg... cifhudkajymwmr[kwfygbl;? tvSudkapmif;jyD;ajymwm
vlrsm;vmjyD;vTJrcsygeJY} [kqdk&if;olYycHk;udkwGef;ypfvdkuf&m uRefawmfwdkY\t
&dyfudkMunfhí aeMuukefaomaemufcH&Sdausmif;olwdkYrSm 4if;wdkY\pum; uRef
awmfwdkY\em;odkY0ifjyDudk od&Sdum wcdcdESifhauseyfMuav\/
xdkodkYa'gojzpfatmifqGay;ouJYodkY&Sdum &Sufa'gojzpfrdum idkvdkuf
csifrdawmh\/odkY&mwGifuRefawmfhrSm olwdkUtay: wGifa'gorjzpf armifvS&D
tay: wGifom a'gojzpfumEkwfcrf;MuD;plvsufaerdav&m uRefawmfpdwfaumuf
aeonfudk armifvS&D&dyfrdí uRefawmfhtm; acsmharmh&ef tem;odkYuyfvsuf
]cifpdwfqdk;vm;} [kar;avonf/
]pdwfqdk;wmaygYtvS&JY? 'Dvdkpum;rsdK;awmh cifuenf;enf;rSrMudKufbl;}
uRefawmfajymvdkufaompum;udk aemufcHkrS Mum;Muava&mhovm;rod
]a[mrMudKufbl;qdkygvm;} [k wpfa,mufupwifajymvdkuf&m ]rMudKuf&ifvnf;
olMuD;a': MuGufjzLwdkYtdrfoGm;jyD;uGm½Hkaygh} [kjyefajymum aomvHk;xkwfMujyef
aomaMumifh uRefawmfwdkYrSm pum;wcGef;rSr[&Jatmif&SdMuay\/

Armhpm*sydk; 8
uRefawmfhvif Z0e
wwef;vHk;rS uRefawmfESifharmifvS&D ESpfa,mufxJomvsif a,mufsm;av;
jzpf&um;uRefawmfwdkYrSm wpfa,mufudkwpfa,muf wdkifyifaz: wdkifyifzufjyK
íaeMu&av\/ armifvS&DrSm touf 15 ESpfcefY&SdjyD; jzpfí uRefawmfhxuf &Spf
vrQ toufMuD;aomfvnf; £ajE´rxm;wwf rsufESmrxm;wwf toGm;tvm
tajymtqdkvnf; r[kwfbJ rdef;uav;rsm;eSifha&ma&m aESmaESm &J&Jwif;wif;
aewwfxdkifwwfoljzpf\/ odkY&mwGif armifvS&Dü cspfp&maumif;aom tcsuf
av;rsm;rSm oabmaumif;jcif;aysmf½TifaompdwfESvHk;&Sdjcif;wdkYjzpfojzifh uRefawmf
onfolYtay: wGiftxl;cifrifpdwfxm;&SdcJhayonf/
armifvS&Donf xdkodkYaysmfaysmfaewwfonfhtwdkif; uRefawmfhtm;rMum
cP pavh&Sd&m uRefawmhrsmvnf; tb,faMumifhrod uRefawmfpdwfaumufvG,f
wwfonfh twdkif;armifvS&Dtay: wGif rMumcP pdwfqdk;&av\/odkY&mwGif
armifvS&DrSm csufjcif;jyefí acsmharmhavh&Sdonfhtjyif wwef;vHk;wGifpum;ajym
azmfajymzuf olwpfa,mufxJom&Sdojzifh tpOfojzifhpdwfaumufí raeEdkifbJ
jyefípdwfaus&awmh\/ xdkodkYpdwfaumufvG,fjcif;rSm pwwfaemufwwfolwdkY
tzdkY ü pít&om&Sdonfhtwdkif; armifvS&Duvnf; uRefawmhtm;usDpm;avh&Sd
jcif;yifjzpf\/
wcgw&HuRefawmf cgwdkif;xuf ydkrdkvSypGm 0wfpm;vmonfhtcg
]cifawmh rnHhbl;? cspfwJhol&SdaejyDxifw,f} [kqdk&m
]'DvdkpdwfrsdK;rxm;ao;ygbl; tvS&,f ciftyHkMuD;i,fygao;w,f/
tckaetcg MudK;pm;bdkYavmufyJpdwf&Sdygao;w,f} [kjyefajymaomfvnf; avQmh
ay;onfr&SdbJ
]cif.. bk&m;pl;}
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]tdk..Munfhprf;ygOD; tvSuvnf; b,fhES,fhawGajymaeygvdrfhaemf/&Sufp&mMuD;}
[kuRefawmfu rsufeSmav;tdkvsuf idkrvdkvdkajymvdkuf onfudkarmifvS&DrSm
tvGefyifpdwfESifhawGYvsuf]t[wf[wf} [k toHaMumifuav;ESifh &,farmí
aeonfudkawGY&ayawmh\/
trSeftm;jzifh uRefawmf\ pdwfxJwGif &nf;pm;xm;zdkY&ef wcgrQ pdwf
rul;cJYrday/xdkodkYpdwfrul;rdao;onfrSm &nf;pm;avmif;ESifh rawGYao;vdkYvm;
[líawmhrajymEdkifay/odkY&mwGif armifvS&D\ rMumcP tcspfESifhywfoufí
Munfp,fjcif;rsm;? ausmif;oluav;wdkYu rMum;wMum; ajymqdk ½Twfaemuf
0dkif;0ef;ydk;yef;jcif;rsm;onf uRefawmfh\ rodrEdk;Mum;ao;aom pdwfudk vIyf
&Sm;wufMuGatmif jyKvkyfay;ouJhodkY&Sday\/ þodkYtm;jzifh tjcm;a,mufsm;

Armhpm*sydk; 9
uRefawmfhvif Z0e
av;rsm; cspfMuMudKufMuonfudk awG;Munfhrdum tcspfqdkwm b,fvdk t&om
&Sdygvdrfh? b,fvdkpnf;pdrf &Sdygvdrfh[k pl;prf;odvdkaom pdwfrsm;onf ay:ayguf
vmrday\odkYjzpfí pdwful;eSifhMunfhrd&m wOD;wa,mufudk pGJvrf;ae&
jcif;onfyif t&omac: oavm?wOD; wa,muftwGuf vGrf;qGwfylaqG;
pdwfrat;&jcif;onfyifvsif t&omayavm [kawG;awmír&EdkifyJ&Sdum pdwf
ul;ESifhrcspfbJ wu,fcspfMudKufjyD;rS tcspft&omudk odEdkifrnfudk awG;rd
aomaMumifh wcgw&HrSmrl (ajym&rSmvnf;cufyg&JY) &nf;pm;xm;csifaom pdwf
rsm; onf ay: aygufvmrday\/ odkY&mwGifuRefawmfhpdwfxJwGif cspfjcif;MudKuf
jcif; tvkyfudk&Sufp&maumif;aom tvkyfMuD;wpfck uJhodkY xifjrifatmufarhrd
aomaMumifh xdkodkYay: vmaompdwfudk EkEke,fe,f uyif zsufqD;acsrSKef; ypf
vdkufrday\/ odkYjzpfaomfvnf; uRefawmf\ udk,fudkuRefawmf vlysdKjzpfjyD
uRefawmfhtm;ydk;rnfh yef;rnfholawG aygonf[k od&Sdae&jcif;onf xdkpdwfudk
tpOfojzifh ysufpD;atmif azsmufzsufypfí r&bJ xdkpdwfwdkYonf rMumcP yif
xMuGí vmavawmh/ þenf;tm;jzifhuRefawmfonf udk,fhudk,fudk ydkívSatmif
ydkíMunfhcsifatmif ydk;wGefY? zJwGefY? ZmnTefY trsdK;rsdK;jzifh qif,if0wfpm;um
vlysdKvkyfjcif;udk tpGrf;ukefjyKawmh\/
t0wftxnfqef;qef;jym;jym; aygxGufvmonfESifh wjydKifeuf uRef
awmf\ udk,fay: odkYa&muf&av\/ uRefawmhrSm wpfOD;wnf;aomom;jzpf
onfhtwdkif; rdbrsm;u ylqmavorQ &&Sdawmhrnfjzpfum rawmifhrwraMumifh
rus &aom b0wGifaexdkifEdkifav\/ odkYjzpfonfhtwdkif; uRefawmfonf ydk;zJ
&Sefom; tjym;jym;jzifh csKyfvkyfaom uRefawmf\ &SyftusÐrSeforQwGif aumfvm
tem;wGif ZmnTefY? ZmwGefY wdkYjzifhwyfqifum uRefawmf\ udk,fudk jyKcsifwdkif;
jyK vsuf Ekcsifwdkif;Ekíaeav&m cifodef;av;wpfa,muf vS&efaum acsm&ef
aum ESifhjrifolwdkif;ajym&aom tajcodkYqdkufa&mufav tysdKaygufp? tysdKvS?
tysdK,Of? tysdKpOf? tysdK½dkif;? tysdK[dkif;? tysdKodk; wdkYonf uRefawmfhtm; ydk;csif
wdkif;ydk;? yef;csifwdkif;yef; pef;xíaeavawmh\/ ausmif;oGm;ausmif;jyef? vrf;
oGm;vrf;vmwGif awmufwJhuyf uyfí vdkufolr&Sm;? reD;ra0;rS &pfol&pf? puf
bD;jzifh vdkufolvdkuf umvorD;wodkufwdkYrSm aumufaumufygatmif vdkuf
vHí ydk;MuonfudkawGY&av\/
tcsdKYwdkYuvnf; tdrfa&SYrSxGufvmí &pfol&pf? aemufaz;rS acsmif;ol
acsmif;? apmif;ajrmif;Munfh&SLY nKwkwk c&mwmwm bmvdkvdk nmvdkvdk rsufESm
xm; csdKcsdKjzifhpmudkaxmifjyí jyoljy? vQmxkwf rsufpypfí jzpfcsifovdkjzpfí
aeMuavawmh\? þrnfrQavmufjzpfaeMuonfudkaxmufaomf OoQpfwwif;
ESrf;wwif; acwfMuD;odkYa&mufcJYjyDjzpfí a,mufsm;awG aps;wufukefjyD[kpdwf

Armhpm*sydk; 10
uRefawmfhvif Z0e
xJwGif pGJ,lrSwfom;um wvTm;vTm; rme0ifvsuf rdef;uav;wdkif;udkta&;
rpdkufvdkaom pdwfrsm;onf ay: aygufvmavawmh\/
tysdK*sydk; tysdKodk;wdkYrSmum; nntcgwGif apmif;oHwa,moHwdkYjzifh
tdrfa&SYrS vma&mufajzazsmfum avsmufjyefoHay; vla&;[efjyMuavukef\/
tcsdKYwdkYuvnf; uRefawmhtm; apmif;ajrmif;&dyfumoDcsif;qdkvsuf tcsdKYrSmrl
oDcsif;ysuf? oDcsif;ajymifwdkYjzifY ½l;aMumifaMumif[pfatmfíydk;Muav\/þuJhodkY
ydk;yef;olawGrsm;vGef;&um;xdktaMumif;udkzcifMuD;&dyfrdojzifhwpfOD;wnf;aom
om;uav;udk rawmfwa&mfjzpfoGm;rnfudkpdk;&drfvSaomaMumifh tdrftwGif;rS
tdrfjyifodkYrxGufapcsifbJ&Sdumausmif;rSyifEkwfxm;&eftMuHjyKav\/
odkY&mwGifuRefawmfhrdcifudkwdkifyifaomtcg
]udk,fhES,faemf ylp&mr&SdylaejyefygjyDavmurSm&nf;pm;wodef;rdef;rwa,mufygyJ?
vlysdKvl½G,fav;jzpfvm&if ydk;r,fhyef;r,fholuawmh &Sdayraygh?
EdkYaywJh udk,faumif;acgif;b,frSra½GY qdkwmvdk udk,fhom;wpfa,muf&JYoabm
ygbJ? tJ'gudk,fuom udk,fhom;udkMunfhjyD; qHk;roGefoif½Hk&SdwmyJ?
..pm;zdkYaomufzdkY&Sm&wmeJY om;a&;orD;a&; *½krpdkufEdkifbl;? usKyfwdkYtvkyfvnf;
r[kwfygbl;/ udk,fwdkYeJYbJqdkifwmyJ? EdkYaywJh...ausmif;Ekwfcsifw,fqdkwmawmh
oabmrwlEdkifbl;} [kwm;jrpfav\/
][kwfawmh[kwfwmayghav? EdkYaywJY a,mufsm;uav;yJ? 'gavmufpm
awGoifxm;vdkYbmxl;OD;rSmvJvdkY? a&;wwfcRwfwwf&ifawmfa&maygh..pmawGwwf
vdkYbmtvkyfvkyfp&m&SdvJ.. a,mufsm;av;qdkwm tdrfrSm csufzdkYjyKwfzdkY ulaz:
avmifzuf&&ifjyD;wmyJ? ynmawGoifvdkYaiG ukef½HkyJ&SdrSmyJ rxl;ygbl;}
]tJ'gaMumifh udk,fwdkYa,mufsm;awG[m acwftaMumif; bmrSem;rvnfbl;vdkY
ajymaeMuwm? tckacwfMuD; waeYwjcm;ajymif;vJaewm bmrSrodbl;?
aemufudk a,mufsm;awG tvkyfvkyfvmMurSm udk,fawG;rd&JYvm; ? 'Dacwfus&if
MuufrawGwGefvdkY rdk;rvif; MuufzwGefrS rdk;vif;r,fqdkwJhpum;yHkudk
oHk;vmMuvdrfhr,f udk,fhom;udk,fhorD;udk olvdkigvdk a&;wwfzwfwwf
½Hkavmufjzifh tpuxJu'DpmawG oifrcdkif;bl;? olrsm;xufudkxl;cRefapcsifvdkY
om a[m'DvdkpmawGoifcdkif;wmaygh?} [kajymvdkuf&m zcifMuD;rSm qifajcuefp&m
r&SdbJjzpfoGm;onfhtwdkif;a,mufsm;yDyD vQm&Snfwwfonfhtwdkif;tavsmhray;bJ
oa&mfovdkvdk rsufESmxm;vsuf ][kwfygw,f .. trdwdkYrdef;rom;awGom
avmutaMumif; acwftaMumif;aumif;aumif;MuD;em;vnfygw,f/
usKyfwdkYa,mufsm;awG bmrSem;rvnfygbl;/ acwfMuD;u aumif;vGef;vdkY
waeYus udk,fhom;udk um;wifcH&awmhrS acwfrSDwJhtrdMuD; acwftaMumif;

Armhpm*sydk; 11
uRefawmfhvif Z0e
ydkjyD;em;vnfygvdrfhr,f} [kjyefajymvdkuf&m uRefawmf\rdcifMuD;rSm
oabmusonfhtvm; w[m;[m;&,faeav\/
][J [J 'Dpum;udkvlrMum;ygapeJY udkjra&T&,f usKyfa,musfm; tifrwef
tw,f ew,fqdkwm vlodoGm;yghr,f? 'Duajymwmu wjcm;? [m;[m;...
acwfrSDwmeJYum;wifcH&wmeJYbmqdkifvdkYvJ?wjcm;pD[myJ?udk,fwdkYa,mufsm;awG
[mbmajymvdkYajymrSef;vJrodbl;?vQm&SnfrsdK;tl&SnfrsdK;yDyDavsmufjyD;&SnfzdkY
avmufomem;vnfwmyJ? tJ'gawGyJ udk,fwdkYwawG odyfcufwm odyfMuyfwmyJ}
]usyfrSef;tckrSodovm;} [kzcifMuD;u pum;EdkifvkjyD; ajym&m rdcifMuD;rSm
a'goxGufjyD;vsif ]'gbmpum;vJ ? [if; ...udk,fuusKyfudkprf;w,fayghav?
awmfa[h...awmf? usKyfa'goxGufvm&if xjyD;½dkwfrdvdrfhr,f} [kqdkum &SL;&SL;
&Sm;&Sm;ESifh xíoGm;&m zcifMuD;rSmvnf;&Sm r&Snf0HhawmhbJ jidrfoGm;aomaMumifh
uRefawmhtm; ausmif;Ekwfa&; jyóem onfrnfodkYrQ tqHk;tjzwfay:
rvmojzifh ,ciftwdkif;wnfjrJyif wnfaeumuRefawmfvnf;ausmif;qufvuf
aexdkifEdkifcGifh &jyefav\/

Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä

Armhpm*sydk; 12
uRefawmfhvif Z0e

tcef;(2)

uRefawmfhrSm rdef;uav;rsm;\ tMum;wGif pmoif&ojzifh a,mufsm;

av;yDyD £ajE´&&ESifh vlcsD;rGrf;cH&atmifaexdkif&ay\? odkYjzpfonfhtavsmuf
a,mufsm;uav;csif;omvsif oGm;vmajymqdk í rdef;uav;rsm;ESifhrl rnfonfh
tcgrS qufqHjcif;rjyKcJhyJ taMumif;udpöay: aygufvmonfhtcgrSmrl ar;xl;
ac: ajymqdkovdk qufqHjcif;jyKay\/ xdkodkY rnfonfhrdef;uav;ESifhrQtod
rvkyfaomfvnf; twef;wl rdef;uav;tm;vHk;udkum; 4if;wdkY\ emrnfudk
aumif;pGmoday\/
uRefawmfESifh ½G,fwlwef;wl rdef;uav;rsm;rSm txufwef;odkYa&muf
aeMuolrsm;jzpfonfhtwdkif; t0wftpm;wGif aumif;rGefusepGm 0wfpm;qif
,ifMuolrsm;csnf;vdkvdkyifjzpfMu\/ 4if;wdkYonfum; acwfumvtavsmuf
abmh[J,m; ac:aom AdkvfqHawmuf tjym;xm;olxm;? tDwGefua&mhyf ac:
qHwdkxm;olxm;Muíususeevdrf;ojyKjyif xm;avh&SdMuay\/ 4if;wdkYrSm
vGwfvyfaomrdef;uav;rsm;jzpfMuonfh twdkif; t0wftpm;wGifvnf;vGwf
vyfayghyg;pGm 0wfqifolrsm;jzpfMuavonf/
vGefcJhaomESpfaygif;rsm;pGm a&S;tcgwkef;url rdef;uav;rsm;onf xl
xJaom tusÐrsm;udk txyfxyf 0wfqifcJhMuzl;aomfvnf; ,ckacwf&Sd rdef;u
av;wdkYrSm rsm;aomtm;jzifh vufarmif;om;ay: &if[dkufum &ifom;txuf
ydkif;ay:aom EkEkaysmhaysmh t0wftpm;wdkYudk0wfqifMuavonf/a&S;acwfwkef;
u 0wfqifonf[k &mZ0ifwGif awGY&zl;aom tay: tusÐqdkonfrSm ,ckt
cgwGif rjrif&oavmufyif&Sdawmh\/
xdkYjyif jrefrmouú&mZf 1210rS 1300 wef;wGifay: aygufcJhaomvHkcsnf
ac: onfht0wfrsdK;rSm ,cktcgwGif vHk;vHk;yaysmufcJhjyDjzpfjyD;vsif vHkcsnfESifh
tvm;wl puwfac: onfhvHkcsnf wdkwdkusyfusyfrsdK;udkom0wfqifMuay\/
acwfqefvGef;olwdkYrSmum; abmif;bDrsm;udkomvsif 0wfqifMuay
\/xdkodkYt0wftpm;ayghyg;vGwfvyfjcif;aMumifh rdef;uav;wdkYrSm pufbD;
pD;jcif;?abmvHk;uefjcif;? ajy;vTm;wef;ckefjcif;wdkYü a&S;uxufydkrdkí vGwf
vyfayghyg;pGmjyKEdkifMuay\/
uRefawmfwdkY a,mufsm;uav;rsm;rSmrlum; AdkvfqHawmuf twdkb0rS
t&Snfb0odkY a&muf&Sdvmum ESpfrkufrQom&Sdaom qHyifudk vIdif;uJhodkY
tzsm;wGefYatmifjyKjyifMuawmh\/ uRefawmfwdkYrSm rdef;rrsm; owif;pmrsm;\
uJh&JYa0zeftjypfwifjcif;? umwGef;a&;qGJavSmifajymifjcif; wdkYudk aMumuf½GHY

Armhpm*sydk; 13
uRefawmfhvif Z0e
Mu&olrsm;jzpfonfhtwdkif; rdef;uav;rsm;uJhodkY vGwfvyfaom t0wftpm;
rsm;udk r0wfqif0YHMuay? twGif;cHwpfrsdK;?&SyftusÐwpfrsdK;? &SyftusÐ tay:
rSxyfí cg;&SnftusÐudk 0wfMu&ay\/ xdkodkYtxyfxyf 0wfqifMu&onf
udkyif tenf;i,fyg;vTmaom t0wftpm;wdkYudk 0wfqifrdacsu csudcsif;yif
owif;pm xJu ta&;cHMu&ayao;\/ cg;0wfomvsiftenf;i,fyGa,mif;
aomaMumifh vrf;avsmuf&jcif;\vGwfvyfjcif;udk &&Sdayonf/
xdkrQavmuf uRefawmfwdkYa,mufsm;av;rsm;rSm rdef;uav; wdkY\EdSrf
íxm;jcif;udk cHMu&av&m taetxdkiftajymtqdkrsm;udk tvGefw&mrSyif
odyfodyfonf;onf; £ajE´ apmifhpnf;vsuf a,mufsm;t*Fg q,fhESpfjzmESifh
nDnGwfatmif aexdkifMu&av\/
twef;xJwGif uRefawmfwdkYtm; a,mufsm;av;jzpf&Smayonf[lí
q&mjzpfaom rdef;rMuD;rsm;u ta&;ay;bdkY&efrqdkxm;bd omomMunfMunf
ajymqdkbdkYudkyif cJ,Of;vSay\/ wcgw&H tenf;i,f £ajE´rJhrdacsu ]]eif}}
[laom &ifhoD;onfh pum;vHk;rsm;udk oHk;um ]] eifwdkY[m a,mufsm;av;yDyD
aewmr[kwfbl; ?..£ajE´ r&bmr&eJY 'Dvdkae&if MuD;&if jynfhwefqmjzpf
ukefMur,f}} [kajymqdkMujcif; udkyifcHMu&ay\/ odkYjzpf&um; uRefawmfwdkY
rSm ausmif;olMuD;i,fwdkY\ aemufajymifjcif;udk q&mrtm; rwdkifMum;0HhbJ
4if;wdkY rdef;uav;rsm; bufodkYomvQif rsufESmvdkufaomaMumifh rdef;u
av;rsm; rSmtvGefa&mifhwuf&Jwif;Muayawmh\/
wwef;vHk;wGif £ajE´ &aomrdef;uav; [lír&SdouJhodkY yifjzpf
ay\/ ratmifwifESifh rcspfOD; omvsiftm;vHk;teuf £ajE´ t&qHk;jzpfay\/
rcspfOD;rSm £ajE´&onf[kqdk&mü rwkefrvIyf rSKefukyfukyf aewwfaomtpm;
rsdK;r[kwfay/ 4if;\ £ajE´&jcif;rSm a,mufsm;uav;rsm;tm; pjcif;aemufjcif;
&Twfajymifjcif; r&Sdaom oabmyifjzpfí taetxdkifrSmrl tvGefrdef;ryDovsuf
udk,fvHk;udk,faygufrSmvnf; rdef;uav;yDyD oefoefrmrm xGm;xGm;usdKif;usdKif;
&SdvSay\/ xdkodkYxGm;usdKif;&onfrSm usef;rma&;upm;ckefpm;wGif uRrf;usif
xl;cRef aomaMumifh[k qdkurrSm;Edkifay/ vGefcJhonfhESpfu uRefawmfwdkYausmif;
rSjyKvkyfaom ESpfvnfajy;yGJü rdef;uav;tm;vHk;xJwGif AdkvfpGJcJh½Hkomru
ausmif;aygif;pHkajy;yGJwGifvnf; yxr&&SdcJholjzpfayonf/ uRefawmfrSm rcspfOD;
ESifh wMudrfESpfMudrf pum;ajymzl;&m ajymonfhtcgwdkif;wGif £ajE´odu©m apmifh
pnf;onfudk awGY&\/
uRefawmfrSwfrdorQrSm yxrtMudrfrcspfOD;ESifh pum;ajymonfh tcg
onfum; ....
uRefawmfhxHrS rSwfpkpmtkyfiSm;onfhtcgujzpfay\/ xdktcguuRefawmfonf

Armhpm*sydk; 14
uRefawmfhvif Z0e
rcspfOD;\ tajymtqdktrlt&mudk *½kpdkufíMunfhrdav&m rcspfOD;rSm
wnfwnfMunfMunf &SdonfudkawGY&ay\/ tu,fíomrcspfOD;onf
uRefawmfESifh pum;ajym&zl;onf&Sdatmif uRefawmfhtem;odkYuyf&zl;onf&Sdatmif
vDq,fOmPfaqmif pmtkyfiSm;cJhjcif; jzpfcJYvsif &J&Jwif;wif; ajymqdk0Hhrnf
r[kwf? ajymoHqdkoHu wkefwkef&D&D &SdrnfrvGJ[k uRefawmfxifrd\/ ,ckrl
xdkodkYr[kwfbJ trlt&mrysufajymqdkjcif;udkawGY&ojzifh pdwfaumif;
oabmaumif;ESifh awmif;qdkjcif;jzpfonf[k ESvHk;jyKumpmtkyfiSm;vdkufavonf/
odkY&mwGif rcspfOD;\ trlt&mrysuf[kqdkapumrl tenf;i,fajymif;vGJxl;jcm;
aom tcsufudkum;awGY&ay\/ xdktcsufrSm tjcm;r[kwfbJ Munfh&SKY yHkxl;
qef;jcif;jzpfayawmh\/
rcspfOD;\ rsufvHk;rsm;rSm wpfcsufcsufwGif uRefawmhtm; pdkufí
MunfhvdkufouJhodkY4if;? wpfcsufcsufwGif rsufapmif;vSefíxdk;vsuf cdk;0Suf
íMunfhouJhodkY4if;? Munfh&SKUyHkxl;jcm;vS\/ xdkodkYMunfhonfhtcgwdkif;uRef
awmf\tMunfhESifh qHkaeav&m? csmueJrsufESmvTJí oGm;onfudk awGY&jyef
ay\/ uRefawmfvnf; pdwfxJwGifrnfuJhodkYjzpfonfrod olYudkyifpdkufí
Munfhaerdavonf/
uRefawmfonf rcspfOD;tm;pmay;vdkufjyD; vlcsif;cGJí xGufvmonfh
wdkifatmif ol\ xl;xl;jcm;jcm;MunfhyHkav;rSm uRefawmf\rsufpdxJrS ½kwf
w&uf raysmufEdkifao;bJ ]]olighudkb,fvdkoabmeJY MunfhwmygvdrfY}}[k
awG;awmjcif;jyKrdav\/ ighudkaemufydk;csifvdkYMunfhwmvm; .. [laomar;
cGef;rsm;onf tajzaygif;ajrmufrsm;pGm ,SOfwGJvsuf ay: aygufvmavawmh
\/ xdkodkYvQif uRefawmfonf aeYvnf tem;aeaom tcef;wGif;ü wa,muf
xJpOf;pm; aejcif;jzifh uRefawmf\ ywf0ef;usifü &Sd&SdorQ t&m0wÅKwdkYudkarY
avsmhaepOf ]]0l ..}}[laom [pfatmfoHjzifh wpkHwa,mufu vmízufav&m
uRefawmfrSm vefYzswfjyD; ]] tvdk ..bk&m; .. yvkyfwkwf}} [k a,mif&rf;[pf
atmfrdjyD;rS vmízufoludkMunfhvdkuf&m armifvS&Djzpfonfudk awGY&avawmh
\/
]tvSuvnf; vkyfvdkufrS&rf;csnf;yJ? cifjzifh odyfvefYoGm;wmyJ}
][m;[m; .. 'gavmufawmifyJ vefY&ovm; cif&,f? ol&JacsmufwmvdkufvdkY}
]vefY&ygjyDvm;vdkY ?'DrSm wa,mufxJpdwful;,OfjyD; owdvpfaewkef;
'Dvdkvmvkyfawmh vefYwmaygh}
xdkodkYajymvdkufvsif armifvS&D\rsufESmwGif wpHkw&mauseyfaom
trlt&mudkjyvsuf jyHK;jyHK;MuD;vkyfvdkufcg...
][m .. 'gjzifh[kwfjyD? tvSxifwmrSefaejyD} [kqdkvdkuf&m...

Armhpm*sydk; 15
uRefawmfhvif Z0e
uRefawmhrSm bmrsm;ygvdrfh[k pdwfxJü rodk;roefYjzpfrday\/
]b,folubmvkyfvdkY tvSpdwfxJrSm bmrsm;jzpfaewmwkef;}
]tr,f ... 'Durodbl;rsm;rSwfaevdkYvm; .. jrifrsm;rjrif&ifcufr,f
[J[J rSefrSefajym? cifeJY rcspfOD; wdkYESpfa,muf [dkzufuavScg;xdyfrSm pum;
ajymaeMuw,f r[kwfvm;} [kar;vdkuf&m uRefawmhrSm rsufESmysufoGm;av
awmh\/
]wvGJrxifygeJY tvS&,f ... olupmtkyfvmiSm;vdkY pum;ajymwmyg/
wjcm;r[kwfygbl;}
]aumif;ygjyDaumif;ygjyD? 'Dtwdkif;yJ[kwfw,fxm;vdkufygOD;? tck cifhpdwfxJrSm
olYudkpOf;pm;aew,f r[kwfvm;} [k wxpfus ar;vdkuf&m? uRefawmfrSm
ol\pum;twdkif;[kwfrSefaeaomaMumifh tajz&cuf rsufESmxm;cuf
íoGm;&jyefawmhonf/
]tvSaemf olrsm;udk 'DvdkrajymeJY ?'Duwjcm;taMumif;udk pdwfulaewm}
]a[m a[m ?[kwfvdkYpdwfqdk;wm r[kwf&ifb,fpdwfqdk;rvJ}
uRefawmhrSm &Suf&SufESifh]] [kwfw,f[kwfw,f/ uJbmjzpfao;vJ}}
[kajymvdkuf&m armifvS&Donf rsm;pGm oabmusvsuf toHxGufatmif&,f
armaeav\/ ][D[D .. cifawmhae&muswmyJ}
]tdk .. bmawGajymaewmvJ tvS&JY}
]ae&muswm ajymwmaygh/ cifhudkcspfwJholaygaevdkYajymwm .. tck[dku
pmtkyfvmjyD;iSm;wm aemufudkcifeJYtqufjzpfatmif a&Tvrf;aiGvrf;pjyD;
azgufwmyJ}
]'gawG cifem;rvnfygbl;? cifawmh pmtkyfvmjyD;iSm;vdkY ay;vdkufwmyJ?
olYpdwfxJrSm b,fvdkyJxm;xm; cifeJYbmqdkifovJ? cifawmh 'DvdkpdwfrsdK;
rxm;ao;ygbl;}
]tr,f 'DpdwfrsdK;rxm;&if bmjyKvdkUvlysdKvkyfaewmwkef;}
]vScsifvdkYaygh}
]vSjyD;om;vlu vSatmifvkyfzdkYvdkao;vm;? 'Dvdk0wfwm olrsm;Munfh
atmifolrsm;Mudkufatmifvkyfwm cif&nf;pm;xm;csifvdkYaygh}
]tdkMunfhprf;ygOD;? tvSuvnf; olrsm;udkcsnf;vmjyD;paewmyJ? cif
pdwfqdk;&if idkvdkufr,f} [kajymvdkufrS armifvS&Dvnf; rsufeSmcsdKaoG;vsuf
acsmharmhovdkvkyfaepOfrSmyif ausmif;jyefíwufcsdefodkYa&mufcJhav\/
wpfaeYwGif uRefawmfonf twef;xJü oifcef;pmrsm;udk vdkufemaepOf
uRefawmf\ aywHonf vufeSifhxdí cHkatmufodkYusoGm;\/ uRefawmfonf
aywHudk aumuf,l&efiHkYíMunfhvdkuf&m aywHrSm aemufzufodkYusaeonfudk

Armhpm*sydk; 16
uRefawmfhvif Z0e
awGY&í vSrf;írrSD EdkifaomaMumifh raumufyJaepOf aemufcHk&Sdausmif;olwpfOD;
wpfa,muf\ vufwpfckuaywHudk aumuf,loGm;onfudkawGYvdkuf&\/
odkYjzpfíuRefawmfuvnf; uRefawmfhtm; aumuf,lay;vdrfhrnf
[laomtrSwfjzifh aemufodkYrvSnfhbJ q&moifMum;jyoaeonfh zufodkY
rsufeSmvSnfhíaevdkufavonf/
odkY&mwGif twefMumonfhwdkifatmif jyefray;Muao;bJ aemufcHkwGif
w½kef;½kef;jzpfaeonfudk awGY&ojzifh rodromvSnfhíMunfhvdkuf&m 'kwd,cHk
&Sdausmif;oluav;rsm;onf uRefawmf\aywHudk wa,mufvufrS wa,muf
vkumerf;&if;wef;vef;MuD;rdaeav\/ xdkodkYrdaeojzifh olvnf;&Sufudk;&Suf
uef;jzpfoGm;umuRefawmhtm;pdwfrqdk;apvdkaom jyHK;&,fjcif;jzifhjyHK;um aywH
udkjyefay;rnftjyKwGif wwd,cHkrS ausmif;olwa,mufonf xdkif&mrSxum
a&SYodkYukef;ívufvSrf;jyD;vsif udk,frjyD;ao;bl;[kqdkum aywHudk vSrf;íqGJ
,loGm;ojzifhuRefawmhrSm aemufodkYrMunfh&JawmhbJ? pmudkom*½kpdkufíMunfh
ae&awmhonfjzpf&m uRefawmf\ aywHuav;rSm ausmif;oluav;wdkY\ ESm
acgif;o&rf;jcif;jzifh rcsdrqefYcHí ae&&Smavawmh\/ odkY&mwGif uRefawmhrSm
q&mudkvnf;rwdkif0HY ausmif;oluav;rsm;\ xifovdkjyKvkyfjcif;udkvnf;
rcHcsifbJ MudwfrEdkifcJr& a'gojzpfíomae&avawmhonf/
uRefawmf\aywHudk,lxm;jcif;üuRefawmfonf aywHwpfacsmif;twGuf
rESarsmvSay/ odkY&mwGif aywHudk Edkifvdkrif;xuf jyKvkyfaeMujcif;udkrl pdwfxJü
rcH&yfEdkifatmifjzpfrdaomaMumifh rnfonfhenf;tm;jzifh aywHudkjyefí&atmif
vkyf&ygrnfenf;[k pOf;pm;aomfvnf; olwdkYjyefray;u rnfodkYrQ&Edkifrnf
r[kwfaomaMumifh olwdkYtm; Edkifaomenf;jzifh ,l&rnfjzpf&m q&mrudk
wdkifíum; uRefawmfwdkY a,mufsm;uav;rsm;udk rnfonfhtcgurSrsufESm
rvdku?frdef;ryDyD rdef;uav;rsm;zufodkYom rsufESmvdkufojzifh wdkifívnf;xl;
awmhrnf r[kwfbJ&Sdav&m uRefawmhrSm xdktcgusrS rcspfOD;udk ajy;íowd&
rdaomaMumifh rcspfOD;tm;wdkif&ef pdwful;rdav\/
odkYjzpfonfhtwdkif; naeausmif;qif;onfESifhwjydKifeuf uRefawmf
onfrcspfOD; tcef;xJrSxGufítvmudkapmifhum 4if;tm; awGY&onfESifhwjydKif
euf]'DrSm ...rcspfOD;} [kac: vdkuf&m rcspfOD;onf uRefawmf\ac: oHMum;
ívSnfhMunfhum uRefawmhudkjrifvsif jyHK;vsufuyfvmav\/
xdkodkYuRefawmfwdkYESpfa,muf pum;ajymaeonfudk awGYjrifMu&aom
ausmif;oluav;wdkYonf rMum;wMum;ajymqdkavSmifajymifvsuf vufacguf
rSKwfavcRef ponfjzifhjyKvkyfMuav&m uRefawmfrSm rsufESmrxm;&Jatmif&Sdae
ojzifhajymp&m&Sdaom pum;udk cyfjrefjrefajymqdkwdkifMum;&avawmhonf/

Armhpm*sydk; 17
uRefawmfhvif Z0e
uRefawmfajymaompum;rsm;udk rcspfOD;Mum;&onfESifh wjydKifeuf a'gojzpfaom
t&dyfta&mifonf ay: vmvsuf ]tdk ...'Dvdkqdk&ifb,fcHEdkifyghrvJ? cifpdwfryleJY
csufcsif;&atmif,lay;r,f}[kqdkumxGufoGm;ojzifhuRefawmfonfausmif;rSjyefcJh
av\/ uRefawmfonf aywHudkjyef&&eftaMumif;ü
aywH,lxm;olwdkYxHrSudk,fwdkifjyefí rawmif;bJ tb,ftaMumif;aMumifh
rcspfOD;tay:wGif tm;udk;rdonfudk pOf;pm;r&Edkifay/
uRefawmf\pdwfudk a&vnfpGm a0zefcGJjcm;em;rvnfaomaMumifhyif
taMumif;&if;udk pOf;pm;ír&EdkifbJ&Sdjcof;jzpfayvdrfYrnf[k om,lq&ay\/
xdkYtjyif tm;udk;tm;xm;jyKí ajymvdkufonfhtcgwGif rcspfOD;onf
uRefawmfhtwGufESifh ausmif;oluav;rsm;tay: wGif a'gojzpfonfudk
awGY&jcif;tm;jzifh uRefawmfhtay: wGif tb,frQ pdwf&if;apwemxm;onfudk
csifhcsdefod&SdEdkifay\/ odkY&mwGif tb,faMumifhxdkrQavmuf ta&;,l
*½kpdkufygvdrfhrnfenf; [laomtcsufrSm pOf;pm;bG,f&mtaMumif;w&yfyif
jzpfayawmh\/uRefawmfwdkYrSm tm;EGJYaom a,mufsm;om;rsm;jzpfonfhtwGuf
a,mufsm;uav;ygvm;[líta&;,ljcif;ayavm awG;awm&ef
taMumif;&Sdaomfvnf; a,mufsm;uav;rsm;xJrSm uRefawmfwa,muftay:
wGifxl;xl;cRefcRef *½kpdkufjcif;rSm txl;pOf;pm;&ef taMumif;jzpfay\/ odkY&mwGif
rcspfOD;tay: ayGvnf&SKyfaxG; awG;csif&mawG;rdjyefvsuf rcspfOD;rSm
rGefjrwfaompdwfxm;&Sdoljzpfía,mufsm;uav;rsm;tay:wGifapmifha&Smufwwf
onfh pdwf&Sdíom xdkodkYjyKrljcif;jzpfrnf[kESvHk;jyKum uRefawmfomrutjcm;
a,mufsm;av;rsm;üvnf; ta&;MuHKvmu ulnDapmifha&Smufrnfyifjzpfonf[k
rSwf,lvdkufjyD;vsif rcspfOD;tay: wGif wrsdK;wrnfxifvdkaompdwfrsm;udk
y,f&Sm;vdkuf&ayawmhonf/
aemufaeYwGif aemufaeYwGif uRefawmfonf ausmif;odkYa&mufoGm;&m
ausmif;0if;MuD;xJodkY0ifrdvsif ausmif;taqmuftOD &Sd&modkYoGm;aomvrf;ab;ü
upm;uGif;xJwGif abmvHk;ypfupm;aeMuaom ausmif;oluav;wpktxJrS
wOD;wa,mufaom ausmif;oluav;onf uRefawmf&Sd&modkYMunfhum
upm;ae&mrS ajy;ívmonfudkawGY&avonf/ uRefawmfonfolYudkjrifonfeSifh
wjydKifeuf rcspfOD;jzpfonfudkodum uRefawmhtm; wpHkw&m
ajymMum;&efawGYvdkí uRefawmhxHodkYajy;vmjcif; jzpfonfudk&dyfrdaomaMumifh
4if;tm;apmifhpm;&if; cyfrSefrSefvSrf;cJhav\/ rcspfOD;onfuRefawmfESifh
reD;ra0;odkY a&mufaomtcg &TifjyHK;aomrsufESmjzifh EIwfqufum
vrf;ab;wGifpnf;½dk;ozG,fjyKvkyfxm;aom opfyifuav;rsm;udk ckefausmfvTm;í
vrf;ay: odkYwufum uRefawmha&SYwGif&yfav\/

Armhpm*sydk; 18
uRefawmfhvif Z0e
uRefawmfonf rcspfOD;ajymrnfhpum;rsm;udk arQmfvifh&if; rcspfOD;\
udk,fvHk;udk,faygufudkMunfhum tm;&rday\/ rcspfOD;rSm upm;ckefpm;jcif;ü
tavhtusifhrSefaomaMumifh vSyaom udk,fvHk;udk,fayguf&Sdav&m? ,ckvdk
upm;&mwGif0wfqifaom aygifuyfabmif;bDjywfESifhudk,fusyf
vufjywftusÐESifh awGY&aomtcg jzLazG;jynfh0aom vuf½Hk;om;?
xGm;usdKif;rdkYarmufaom&ifom;? wkwfjzdK;aomaygifwH? tvHk;tzef
jynfhwifqHkMuD;rsm;onf Munfh&SK r0EdkifbJ rdef;rwa,muf&,fvdkYtm;udk;avmuf
ygonf[k pdwfxJu MudwfíESpfoufjcif;jzpfrdav\/ rcspfOD;onf
&TifjyaomrsufESmjzifh ]]cifhaywHjyef&vmjyD? twif;vk,lcJh&w,f?raeYnaeu
vmjyD;ay;rvdkY cifwdkYtdrfrvm&JwmeJY}} [kajymav&m? uRefawmfutm;ay;aom
tm;jzifh ]]tdk .. bmvdkY rvm&Jp&m&SdovJ? ½dk;½dk;wef;wef;vmwJh[myJ?
,folrSrwm;ygbl;}} [kjymvdkuf&\/
]]EdkYaywJhcifwdkYtdrfuvlMuD;awGu oabmuscsifrSusrSm}} [krcspfOD;onf
uRefawmf\jyefvnfajymjcif;udkyif rapmifhEdkifawmhbJol\pum;udkqufvufí
]]'ghxufaywHudkjyefjyD;vkMurSmpdk;vdkYcHkxJrSm0Sufxm;&w,foGm;jyD;,lvdkufOD;r,f}}
[kqdkum tajy;uav;avQmufoGm;aomaMumifh
uRefawmfonfolYaemufrSvdkufcJh&ayawmh\/
twef;xJodkYa&mufaomtcg aywHudkudkifvsufapmifhaeaom rcspfOD;udk
awGY&ojzifh uRefawmfhtay: wGifþrQavmuf*½kpdkufjcif;udk 0rf;omtm;&&Sdum
]]odyfaus;Zl;wifwmyJ? 'Duomjyefr,lay;&ifjyef&rSm r[kwfbl;}} [kajymvdkuf&m
olvnf;uRefawmf\aus;Zl;wifpum;udk Mum;&jcif;aMumifh
ESpfoufaMueyfjcif;jzpfaom trlt&mudkjyvsufeSifhyif ]]tdk ..
aus;Zl;wifavmufwJh[mr[kwfygbl;? cifwdkYa,mufsm;uav;awGudk 'D
vdkrSapmifha&SmufrulnD&if 0wÅ&m;ysuf&ma&mufawmh raygh}} [kqdkum
aywHudk vSrf;íay;jyD; MumMumvnf;&yfraeawmhbJ ]]oGm;r,f? [dkrSm
vlwa,mufavsmhaevdkY upm;0dkif;ysufa&mhr,f}} [kqdkum taomhu
av;ckefajy;ajy;í xGufoGm;av\/
uRefawmfonfaywHudk jyefí&Smay;onfhtwGuf rcspfOD;udk
aus;Zl;wifrdaomfvnf; ypönf;jyef&jcif;ü 0rf;romvSay/ taMumif;rlum;
uRefawmf\aywHrSmrdef;uav;rsm;\vufxJwGif ysufpD;jcif;ig;yg;a&mufcJhvsuf
4if;wdkYvkyfcsifovdkvkyfxm;aomaMumifh xdkaywHudkudkif&rSm
tvGefyif&GH&Smrdav\/ odkYjzpfonfESifh aywHudkMunfh&if;a'goxGufrdum
csdK;zJhvTwfypfzdkYpdwful;um vufeSpfbufjzifh udkifícsdK;awmhrnf[k
tm;jyKvdkufonfeSifhwjydKifeuf aywHay: ü ]cspfyg} [lía&;xm;aom

Armhpm*sydk; 19
uRefawmfhvif Z0e
pmuav;ESpfvHk;udkjrifawGYrdav&m aywHcsdK;rnf[kMuHpnfxm;aom pdwfrsm;onf
b,ft&yfodkYa&muf&SdaysmufysufoGm;Muavonfrod? csdK;ypf&efowdr&awmhacs/
xdk]cspfyg} [ka&;xm;aom pum;vHk;rsm;udkom ai;pdkufMunfh&SKaerdawmh\/
xdkcspfygqdkaom pmuav;ESpfvHk;rSm uRefawmhtm;&nf&G,fí
uRefawmod&Sdap&ef a&;xm;vdkufaom pmuav;rsm;yifjzpfav&m? uRefawmfhrSm
xdkpmrsdK;udk rnfonfhtcgurS rawGYzl; rMuHKzl;? rnfonfhrdef;uav;rsm;xHrS
pwifí &nf;pm;pm ay;onfudk r&&SdcJYzl;aomaMumifhxdkpmuav;udk
awGU&Sd&onfwGifuRefawmf\ rsufESmay: wGif &SufaoG;rsm; wufMuGum ylwlwl
&Sdef;wdef;wdef; MuufoD;wzdef;zdef; xvkrcef;jzpfoGm;rday\/ xdkpmzwf&jcif;ü
uRefawmfrSm 0rf;omp&mavm? a'gojzpfp&mavm[k awG;awmí
r&Edkifatmifjzpfrd\/
uRefawmhrSmvlysdKb0odkYa&mufcJhonfhaeYupí rnfonfhrdef;uav;xHrS
&nf;pm;pm[k ac: qdkEdkifavmufaom pmudkr&cJYzl;&m ,ckpmrSm uRefawmfhtm;
rdef;uav;wOD;wpfa,mufu pwifí 4if;\arwÅmudkxkwfaz:jcif;
jzpfaomaMumifh 0rf;omovdk&Sdrday\/ xdkodkY0rf;omovdk&Sd&mrS
uRefawmhtm;&nf;pm;pm tay;cH&onfudk awG;rdjyefaomtcg
&SufaMumufpdwfonf ay: aygufvmavawmh\/ odkY&mwGif xdkpdwfonfxdkrQESifh
rjyD;ao;bJ xdkpmudka&;olonf uRefawmhtm; wriftom;,l&atmif
jyKvkyfjcif;ayavm [kawG;í a'gojzpfrday\/ taMumif;rlum; xdkpmudk
,refaeYu uRefawmf\ aywHudkvk,uferf;&SKyfMuolawGxJrSwOD;wa,mufu
a&;om;jcif; jzpfzyrnf[k rSwf,lp&m&Sdojzifh uRefawmhtm;apmfum;jcif;
wpfrsdK;yif jzpfonf[k ESvHk;jyK a'gojzpfrdjyefawmh\/xdkodkYuRefawmhtm;
rdef;uav;rsm;u apmfum;onfudk awG;rdaomtcgwGifuRefawmf\
a'gopdwfonfjyif;xefwufMuGvmav\/
xdkuJhodkYa'gouav;jzpfvmaomtcg ausmif;tkyfMuD;xHodkY
oGm;a&mufwdkifMum;vdkpdwfrsm;ay: aygufvmav\/ odkY&mwGifuRefawmfhrSm
rnfonfhrdef;uav;udk trnfemrwyfíwdkifMum;&rnfudkrajymEdkifjzpfae\/
uRefawmfrqdkxm;bd? vk,uferf;&SKyfMuaom rdef;uav;tcsif;csif; yif
rnfola&;onfudk odEdkifrSodrnfvnf;jzpfay\/tu,fí xdkpmonf
4if;wdkYtxJu rnfolwOD;wa,muf rQra&;bJrcspfOD;vufodkYa&mufrS
a&;cJhaompmjzpfcJYvsif uRefawmf\wdkifMum;csufrSm &SKyfaemufaom
rdef;uav;rsm;tay: ütjypfrusbJ rcspfOD;tay:wGifomtjypf&atmif
jyKouJhodkY &Sdawmhrnfjzpfay\/ xdktaMumif;udkawG;rdaomtcg uRefawmfrSm
rwdkifMum;vdkawmhay/

Armhpm*sydk; 20
uRefawmfhvif Z0e
uRefawmftb,faMumifh rcspfOD;udk tjypfr&apvdkonfudkuRefawmhpdwfü
a0cGJír&acs/tu,fíxdkpmudk tjcm;ausmif;olrsm;a&;vQifrl tjypfr&Sdava&mh
ovm;/ tu,fí xdkpmudkrcspfOD;a&;jcif;ü rcspfOD;onf uRefawmhtay: ü
oufoufrJhwifpD;apmfum;&ma&mufava&mhovm;? rcspfOD;omvsif uRefawmfhudk
cspfygonfMudKufygonf[lípmrsm;udk a&;ydkifcGifh&Sdí tjcm;ausmif;olav;rsm;rSm
xdkodkYa&;ydkifcGifh r&Sdava&mhovm;/ uRefawmfonf xdkar;cGef;rsm;udkawG;rdaomf
vnf; tajzrsm;udk rnfodkYrQ ray;wwfatmif&Sdavawmh\/
xdkodkYawG;awmrd&m wzef xdkpmonf rcspfOD;a&;onfhpmrS[kwfyg
ava&mhovm; [kawG;awmjcif;udk jyKrdjyefav\/ rcspfOD;onf uRefawmhtay:
wGif apmifha&Smufvdkaompdwf&Sd\/ uRefawmfhtm;*&kpdkufí uRefawmhtay:
wGifoabmaumif;\?odkYjzpfvsif rcspfOD;onf rcspfOD;onf xdkpmudk
ra&;wef&m[katmufarhrdonf/ odkY&mwGif rcspfOD;\ trlt&mudk
pOf;pm;rdaomtcg rcspfOD;ra&;wef&m [k,lrSwfxm;jcif;wdkYrSm ysufjym;jcif;odkY
a&mufjyefav\/rcspfOD;onf uRefawmhtm; Munfh&SKYonfhtcg tMunfhr&dk;vS
onfudkawGY&ay\/ xdkxufydkíxl;jcm;csufrSmum; aywHudk uRefawmhtm;
jyefay; pOftcgü 4if;rSm tjidrfratyJ w&G&GjzpfaeonfudkawGYcJh&onfhtjyif
aywHudk ay;jyD;onfESifhwjydKifeuf MumMumaebJ xGufoGm;onfudk
pdwfrvHkaomaMumifhjzpfonf[líomulq&ef&Sdav&m? odkYjzpfvQifxdkpmrSm
rcspfOD;\ vufESifha&;aom pmuav;yifjzpfonf[k,lrSwf&awmhrnfjzpfay\/
odkYjzpfvsif rcspfOD;onf uRefawmf\tay: ü&dk;om;aompdwfxm;ESifh
ajymqdkvkyfudkifjcif;r[kwfbJ? uRefawmhtm;Mudwfí ydk;yef;aejcif;jzpfonfrSm
cspfygqdkaom pmESpfvHk;jzifh xif&Sm;vSayawmh\/ xdkodkYrcspfOD;onf
uRefawmhtay:üMuHavonf[kawG;rdonfhtcguRefawmfonf rcspfOD;tm;
a'gojzpfrd\/ xdkodkYa'gojzpfjcif;rSm rcspfOD;tm;rkef;íavm? rcspfíavm[k
ar;jref;&ef&Sd&m xdkodkYrkef;ír[kwfbJ uRefawmhtm; rdef;uav;wefrJh ol&Jabm
enf;enf;jzifh cdk;aMumifcdk;0Suf olcdk;MuHMuH&oavm[k awG;rdaomtcg
a'gojzpfjcif;yifjzpfay\/ uRefawmfonfrcspfOD;u uRefawmhtay:ücspfjcif;
rkef;jcif;udk uRefawmf rwm;jrpfEdkifay/odkY&mwGifyGifhyGifhvif;vif;Ekwfjzifh4if;?
pmjzifh4if; taMumif;vSpf[ qdkbdkY&Sd&m ,ckjyKrljcif;rSm &dk;om;aompdwfr&Sdí
omxdkodkYjyKjciflyifjzpfonf[k atmufarhrdawmh\/
odkY&mwGif r&yfrem;awG;awmaerdaom uRefawmf\ OD;aESmufwGif;
ü olYcrsm ajym&rSm&Suf?pmay;&rSmcuf? xdkodkYvSpf[&rnfudk rsufESmxm;ysuf
rnfpdk;í omjzpfayrnf[k olYbufuiJhnSmí awG;rdvdkufjyefav&m ,cifu
pdwfqdk;jcif;rsm; ajyaysmufí olYudk oem;rdjyefawmh\/

Armhpm*sydk; 21
uRefawmfhvif Z0e
xdkodkYvsif uRefawmfonf ]]cspfyg}} [laompmuav;ESpfvHk;udkMunfh&if;
uRefawmfhpdwfonf trsdK;rsdK;ajymif;vJvsuf&Sdum xdkpmuav;rsm;udkyif
tpOfojzifhMunfhaevdkouJhodkYvnf;aumif;? olwyg;awGYrnfpdk;&í zsufcsif
ouJhodkYvnf;aumif; zsufrnfMuHívnf;rzsufEdkif pdkufMunfhae&efudkvnf;
vdyfjymroefYbJ? pdwfxJwkefvIyfacsmufjcm; azmufjym;azmufjyef tzefzef
trsdK;rsdK; pdwfudk tpdk;r&bJ&SdaepOf .....
]tvdk ... 'DuaeY cifw,fapmyguvm;} [laomtoHudkMum;vdkuf&ojzifh
pOf;pm;jcif;wGifepfrGef; ae&mrS owd&vmum tcef;0odkYMunfhvdkufrd
avonfwGif armifvS&D 0ifvmonfudk awGY&ojzihf pdwfxHwGif rodk;roefY
jzpfíoGm;um aywHay: upmudk armifvS&DawGYoGm;rnfpdk;aomaMumifh
&kwfw&uf zsufypfvdkufav\/ uRefawmhrSm xdkuJhodkY zsufypfvdkuf rdonfESifh
wjydKifeuf xdkpmuav;rsm;udk aemifwGifjrif&awmhrnf r[kwf[laomtodjzifh
ESarsm ovdkvdk 0rf;enf;ovdkvdk jzpfrday\/
]a[h .. cifa& .. 'Dvdkawmh rvkyfeJYavuG,fav? tvSrjrif&atmif
bmawGzsufypfwmvJ}
]bmrSr[kwfygbl; tvS&,f/ aywHudk raeYu vlawG,loGm;jyD; aywHay: rSm
&Sufp&mt&kyfawG a&;om;xm;vdkY zsufypfwmyg}
]atmf ...aywHjyef&jyDvm;? b,fol,lay;wmvJ}
]b,fol,lay;ay; tvSubmvkyfcsifao;vdkYvJ}
]'gjzifh tvSodjyD? rcspfOD;,lay;wmyJ? cifzHk;xm;ayr,fh r&bl;? rcspfOD;ucifh
twGufqdk&if 'gavmufuav; rajymxm;eJY armifarmifav; cspfvdkufygwJh
tm½Hk? a&Tjrifhrdk wawmifvHk;? wHk;rSwfvdkYckefqdkwmvdk bmjzpfjzpf
aqmif&Gufay;awmhrSmyJ? [J ...[J... cspfwm .. cspfwm}
]awmfygtvS&,f ... tvSeJYawGYrSjzifh 'Dpum;rsdK;csnf;ajymwmyJ?rcspfOD;u cifhudk
pum;ajymwm qdkwm jrif&wmeJY tvSpdwfxJrSm remvdkbl; xifyg&JY}
[kajymvdkuf&m armifvS&Dvnf; ]tr,f ... rvkyfygeJYawmf .. remvdkr&Sdygbl;?
pum;ajym½kHruvdkY [0g bJjyKjyK} [kqdkaomaMumifh uRefawmfu ][0gawmh
rjyKygapeJY tvS&,f ... awG;rdwdkif;aMumufvGef;vdkY}qdkrStvSvnf; jyHK;jyHK;MuD;
vkyfaeum pum;jywfoGm;av\/

Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä

Armhpm*sydk; 22
uRefawmfhvif Z0e

tcef; (3)
uRefawmfonf ,ciftcgu rcspfOD;ESifh awGY&jrif& pum;ajym&onfh
tcgrsm;wGif uRefawmf\pdwfxJü rnfodkYrQ vIyf&Sm;azmufjyefjcif;
r&SdcJhaomfvnf; ,ckrlxdkodkY awGYjrifajymqdkonfh tcgrsm;wGifuRefawmf\ pdwfü
wnfMunfjidrfoufjcif;r&Sdonfudk udk,fwdkifpOf;pm;rday\/ rcspfOD;\
rsufESmuav;udk jrif&HkrQjzifh uRefawmf\ pdwfESvHk;onf xMuGvIyf&Sm;
rdawmh\/ xdkodkYpdwfvIyf&Sm;jcif;aMumifhtrlt&mrysifap&ef olYrsufESmudk
rMunfhygbl;[k ESvHk;jyKaomfvnf; olYrsufESmonf uRefawmf\ a&SYwGif
rMumrMum ay: aygufvmavh&Sdonfhtjyif twef;xJodkYuRefawmf0ifvmonfh
tcgüvnf; uaeYrcspfOD; ausmif;wufoavm rwufoavm[lí vnf;
uRefawmf\rsufpdESpfvHk;onf rcspfOD;&Sdwwf&m odkYtvdkvdkvSnfhMunfh&SKrday&m
uRefawmhrSm rMunfhcsif ?jrifcsif&ufom;[laom pum;uJYodkYjzpfaeavawmh\/
rMumrMum uRefawmfonf rcspfOD;udkyifawG;awmrd&m ]]igbmjyKvdkY
olYtaMumif;udkawG;csif&wmwkH;? oleJYawGYwJYtcg bmjyKvdkY pdwfxJrSm
vIyfvIyf&Sm;&Sm; jzpfjyD;0rf;omovdkvdk? tm;&ovdkvdk&Sd&wmwHk;}}
[kawG;vdkufaomtcg uRefawmf\pdwfonf [kwfrSefaomtajzudkray;ay/
[dkvdkvdk 'Dvdkvdkomvsif tydkjzpfaomtajzwdkYudkomvsifawG;rdawmh\/ odkYESifhyif
pdwfonfuRefawmhtm;vSnfhpm;ae&m u waeYaomtcgwGif uRefawmfYpdwfü
vdkvm;awmifhwjcif;azgufjyefvIyf&Sm;jcif; ponfwdkY\ taMumif;&if;onf
ay:aygufvmcJhawmh\/
xdkaeY xdktcsdefonfum; naeausmif;qif;csdefjzpf&m uRefawmfonf
tazmf armifvS&D? armifwifjrifh? armifMunfMunf wdkYESifhtwl ausmif;rS
jyefvmcJhay\/ uRefawmfwdkYrSm todkuft0ef;ESifh tiftm;rsm;aeaomMumifh
rnfonfhausmif;oluav;urQ uRefawmfwdkYtm; pjcif;ajymifjcif; udk
rjyK0HhMuaomfvnf; pdkufíMunfhum jyHK;ovdkvdk vkyfxm;MujyD;
tcsdKYausmif;olwdkYurl uRefawmfwdkYtm;MunfhjyD; olwdkYtcsif;csif;
rsufESmcsif;qdkifum tacsmufwdkuf [m;wdkufMuav\/
odkYjzpfí uRefawmfwdkYvnf;£ajE´rsufESmxm;eSifh rp&JravSmif
&Jatmif [efvkyfívmcJhMu&m? uRefawmfwdkYaemufrS wcRifcRifjrnfaom
pufbD;acgif;avmif;udk &Snfvsm;pGmwD;ívmonfudk Mum;&ojzifh
aemufodkYvSnfhrMunfhbJ ab;odkYz,fay;vdkufMu&av\/ odkY&mwGif
acgif;avmif;oHrSm uRefawmfwdkY a&Smif&Sm;ay;&maemufodkYyif vdkufvm

Armhpm*sydk; 23
uRefawmfhvif Z0e
onfudk od&ojzifh rwdrf;ra&SmifombJ &yfíaeMuum vSnfhíMunfhvdkuf&m
pufbD;pD;vmolrSm rcspfOD;jzpfaeonfudk awGY&av\/ uRefawmfonf
rcspfOD;\ rsufESmudkjrifvdkufvsif 0rf;omovdkvdk? tHhtm;oifh
ovdkvdkjzpfrday\/ rcspfOD;onf uRefawmhudkjrifjrifcsif;jyHK;&,fEIwfqufvdkuf&m
4if;\jyHK;&,fyHkudk axmufcsifh&jcif;jzifh uRefawmftm;awGYvdkí vdkufvmjcif;
jzpfonfudk &dyfrdumuRefawmfvnf; olUtm;jyefjyD;jyHK;vsuf
EIwfqufvdkufjyD;vsif olpufbD;ay: u vTm;ueJckefqif;vdkufonfudk
Munfh&if;apmifhaevdkuf\/
]cifhudk rDrSrDyghrvm;vdkY pufbD;eJY tjrefokwfvm&w,f} [k
ajymajym qdkqdk rcspfOD;onf uRefawmfhem;uyfvmjyD;vsif ]waeYucifhqDu
iSm;wJhpmtkyfjyefay;rvdkY} [kqdkumpmtkyfudk vSrf;ay;av\/
]tdk ... 'guav;twGufeJY 'ku©&SmvdkY tarmwyef;vdkufvmwmudk;?
reufjzefausmif;usrSay;vnf;&om;eJY}
]atmf ... nu cifpmMunfhcsifwJhtcg r&SdbJaerSmpdk;vdkYyg?pmtkyfiSm;wm
odyfaus;Zl;wifwmygyJ}
]tdk ... aus;Zl;rwifavmufygbl;? jyefvmay;wmuvnf;csufcsif;yJudk;?
zwfvdkYrSjyD;&JYvm;/}
]jyD;ygjyD? tukefzwfjyD;jyD? wcsdKYae&mawGrSm awmifrSwfcsufuav;awG
a&;xm;vdkufao;w,f? cifpmzwfwJhtcgvG,fatmifvdkY? nusawmh
aoaocsmcsmMunfhprf;? rSwfxm;wmav;awGawGYvdrfhr,f/}
]'gqdk&ifodyfaus;Zl;wifwmyJ} [k uRefawmfuajym&m olu
]pmtkyfiSm;wmavmufawmh aus;Zl;rMuD;ygbl;} [kqdkjyD;aemufolvnf;
vrf;rwfwwf pum;ajym&onfudk tm;emaomtrlt&mjzifh EIwfqufum
pufbD;ay: odkYvTm;ueJ jyefwufxGufíoGm;ojzifh uRefawmfwdkYvnf;
qufvufjyefcJhav\/
uRefawmfwdkYESpfa,mufpum;ajymaeonfudk armifvS&Donf teD;uyfí
awGYae&aomaMumifh uRefawmfhtm; vrf;wavsmufvHk; aemufajymifoGm;av&m
tdrfodkYa&mufí 4if;wdkYESifh vrf;cGJjyD; tdrfxJ0ifawmhrSoufom&m&ayawmh\/
tdrfxJodkYa&mufaomtcg uRefawmf\ azazonftusÐyef;xdk;ae&mrS
uRefawmfhtm; vSrf;íMunfhum ] cifb,foleJYjyefvmovJ} [kqD;íar;av\/
]tvSwdkYeJYtwljyefvmwmaygh}
]tvSwdkYeJYtwljyefvmwmawmh[kwfygjyD? vrf;rSmrdef;uav;awG
eJYvufcHjyD;pum;ajymaew,fvdkYMum;w,f? aemuf'grsdKl; rMum;yg&apeJY?'D

Armhpm*sydk; 24
uRefawmfhvif Z0e
vdkMum;&if aMumuGJzdkYomjyifayawmh} [k ajymvdkuf&m uRefawmfhrSm &kwf
w&ufaomf tHhtm;oifhvsuf bmrQrajymEdkifbJ&Sdav\/
uRefawmfESifh rcspfOD;wdkYvrf;rSm&yfí pum;ajymonfrSm uRefawmf
tdrfra&mufrSDyif owif;a&mufaeonfrSmjrefvGef;vSaomaMumifh tHhMoí
rqHk;Edkif&Sday\/ azazajymonfhpum;rsm;rSm trSeftwdkif;yifjzpfaomfvnf;
jirfí aeacsu [kwfrSefaMumif; 0efcH&ma&mufrnfjzpfaomaMumifh ]]azazYudk
b,folajymovJ? remvdkwJholawGu tvum;wdkufwm? b,fawmhrS rdef;
uav;awGeJY tzufvkyfjyD;pum;rajymygbl;}} [kidkoHygMuD;ESifh jyefíajym
vdkufawmh\/
]atmf ... ajymwJhol&SdvdkYodwmaygh? r&Sd&ifodyghrvm;}
]b,folajymovJ? ajymwJholudkuRefawmf&Sif;r,f? jrif&wJhae&mudkjyEdkif&ifjy?
rjyEdkifawmhvm;?'gyJ} [k ajym&mu uRefawmhrSm 0rf;enf;vsuf
rsuf&nfrsm;usvmum idkoHygygESifh ]] ajymwJholub,fwkef;ujrifvdkYvJ?
b,frSmjrifvdkYvJ}} [kqdk&m
]rodygbl;? waeYwkef;oqdkvm;? rajymwwfygbl;? rif;wdkYajymvdkufrSjzifY
wqdwf&Sdidkr,fomjyifawmhwmyJ} [kqdkonfwGif waeYwkef;u[laom
pum;udkMum;&í ,aeYawGYjcif; r[kwfonfudk od&aomaMumifh wpfOD;w
a,mufu oufouf uwkef;uwdkufvkyfoGm;onfudk &dyfrdum jyefíacs
&efpdwfydkif;vdkufav\/
xdktcdkufwGif araronf &Hk;qif;íjyefvmum uRefawmfidkaeonfudk
awGY&aomaMumifh tarmtyef;rS rajzEdkifbJ ]] tvdk cifubmjyKvdkYidkaewm
wHk;}} [k uRefawmfhtm;ar;jyD; tajzudkrapmifhbJ azazhbufodkYvSnfhum
]]udkjra&T uvnf; uav;udkbmrsm;qljyefwmwHk;? udk,fwdkYrvJ tvum;ae
& &if uav;udkyJMudrf;bfdkYarmif;bdkY MuHaewm}} [kajm&m azazu ]] rql&aygif
Asm? olYudk tusdK;taMumif;ajymjywmuav;eJY? rsuf&nfuvnf;vG,fvdkufwm}}
[kajymonfudk uRefawmfMum;&ojzifh jidrfrcHbJ ]]bmvJ ... azazu ausmuGJ
oGm;r,fqdkwm ... qlwmylwmr[kwfbl;vm;}} [k jyefí&efawGYvdkufav\/
]aeygOD; bmjzpfvdkYausmuGJ& rSmwJhwHk; vdkY ajymprf;ygOD;}
]uRefawmfvrf;rSm rdef;uav;awGeJY pum;ajymw,fvdkYqdkjyD;}
]r[kwfygbl; 'Dvdkrajym&ygbl;? Mum;w,fvdkYajymwmyg}
][kwfygw,f ... [kwfygw,f ... 'DvdkajymwmtrSefygyJ? olrsm;*Hk;wdkufwmudk
,HkjyD;}
]udkif; wdwfprf;ygOD; w,mufwaygufpDajymwmeJY bmrSef;udk
em;rvnfawmhbl;?uJ ... cifuvnf; ararajym&ifwdwfprf;ygOD;?

Armhpm*sydk; 25
uRefawmfhvif Z0e
cifhazaz uvnf; w,fjyD;&Sm &Snfwmudk;}
]&Snfw,f&Snfw,f ... tpu&SnfrSef;od&JYeJY bmjyKvdkY ,lao;owkef;}
]a[h udkjra&T udk,fuuav;udk &efawGYjyD; tm;r&vdkY usKyfzufudk
vSnfhvmwmvm;/ usKyfudkprf;oayghav/ awmf... wdwf? tvum;?
uav;pdwfraumif;atmifodyfjyD;vkyf? olYcrsm armarm yef;yef;eJY
ausmif;ujyefvmwmudk at;at;csrf;csrf; rae&bl;? tdrfuzrf;
jyD;qlvdkufao;w,f? awmfaemufudk 'Dvdk uav;udkqlwmylwmawGY
&if udk,feJY usKyfeJYawGYMua&maygh} [k araruajym&if; uRefawmfypfcs
xm;aom pmtkyfrsm;udk aumuf,lay;um pm;yGJay: üwifxm;jyD;
]cifuvnf; 'gavmufuav;ajymwmeJY idk&ovm;? wdwfyguG,f wdwfyg?
&SdKwfMuD;wiif idkraeprf;ygeJY} [k uRefawmfhtm;acsmharmhav/ azazu
cyfvSrf;vSrf;rS rMum;wMum;avoHjzifh ] uav;udk olucsnf;zsufqD;aew,f?
'Dvdkxm;&if t&yfysufjzpfawmhrS olodr,f} [kqdkum Ekwfcrf;plí aeav\/
xdkYaemufararu ]uJav ... cifht0wftpm;awGvJygOD;?tvum;yJ?
odyfidkraeprf;yfeJY} [kajymaepOf azazu teD;rSjzwfí tcef;xJ 0ifoGm;&if;
uRefawmfhtm;vSrf;í MunfhjyD; tHMudwfvsuf ]ujrif;xD;av;?
eifawmhvm;odr,f ...igurvkyfcsifao;vdkY[Jh? bdkif;wmxD; .. [Jh
arw&mxD;uav;} [ka&&Gwfav&muRefawmhrSm rMum;csif[efjyK vsuf
tcef;xJ0ifcJYav\/tcef;xJodkYa&mufjyD;aemuf uRefawmfonf t0wftpm;
vJvS,f0wfqifjyD;vsif uRefawmf\ pmtkyfudk,l&ef tdrfa&SYcef;odkY
jyefxGufvm&muRefawmf\araronfpmtkyfudkodrf;qnf;aumifiifae&mrS
pmwapmifudk zwfaeonfudkawGY&av\/
xdkpmrSm bmpmjzpfonfudk uRefawmfvnf;rod? ta&;pdkufavmufonf
[kvnf; rxifrdbJ pm;yGJay: wGifararaumufwifxm;aom pmtkyfrsm;udkom
oGm;a&muf,liifjyD; jyefívSnfhrnftjyKwGifararonf pmzwfae&mrS
uRefawmfhudk armhMunfhjyD;vsif ]a[h ...cif?'Dudkvmprf;yg} [ktmPmoHjzifh
uRefawmftm;ac: vdkuf&m? uRefawmf\pdwfxJwGif xdwfueJ jzpfoGm;rdav\/
araronf apmapmu uRefawmfhtay: ,k,k,, acsmhacsmh armharmhESifh
aysmhaysmh aysmif;aysmif; ajymae&mrS ,ckuJhodkY &kwfw&uftrlt&majymif;um
a'goxGufaeyHkudkawGY&aomtcg uRefawmhrSm ydkrdkí&ifckefxdwfvefYvmavawmh
\/ odkYjzpfí uRefawmfvnf; aMumufaMumuf&GHY&GHY ESifhyif ararhteD;odkY
uyfoGm;um ]bmvJarar bmjzpfvdkYvJ} [kar;vdkufav\/
araronfpm&Gufuav;udk nmvufjzifhudkifí b,fbufvufay: wGif
wqwfqwf&kwfueJ jyovsuf ]'Dpmb,fu&wmvJ} [kar;vdkufav&m?

Armhpm*sydk; 26
uRefawmfhvif Z0e
uRefawmfhrSmrTefxloGm;um rsufpdESpfvHk;wdkYonf jyma0oGm;onf[lí
yifxifrdayawmh\/
xdkodkYararar;vdkufaom toHudkMum;vsif azazu tusÐcsKyfae&mrS
xvmum ]bmvJ ..bmvJ..bmpmawGYvdkYvJ} [kar;&if; teD;odkYa&mufvmav\/
]'DrSm olYudkb,faumifrav;uay;wJY&nf;pm;pmvJ rajymwwfygbl;/
zwfMunfhprf;ygOD;} [kqdkum araronf 4if;vufxJ&Sd pmudkazazhtm;
vSrf;íay;vdkufav\/ uRefawmhrSmum; tom;rsm;wqwfqwfwkefum
&SufaMumufxdwfvefYpGmjzifhazaz pmzwfaeonfudk pdkufMunfhem;axmif
ae&av\/
azazrSm a,mufsm;jzpfonfhtwdkif; pmudkaumif;pGmoifMum;cJh&
jcif;r&Sd aomaMumifhpmudk wvHk;csif;aygif;ízwf&av\/
]cauG;,yifh powfcspf oa0xdk;ra&;csiowfarmif?cspfarmif
armif?} [kzwfaeav&m araru ]pmvHk;aygif;raeprf;ygeJY? awmuf
avsmufzwfprf;yg} qdkavrS ]cspfarmifarmifxHodkY ESruav; a&SYrsuf
ESmaemufxm;íaMumuftm;ESifh pmvTmqufovdkuf&ygonf/ ESrESifh
armifrSm yef;&Horm;b0tqufqufu}
]tdk b,fhES,fh zwfae&wmwkef;? yef;&Horm;r[kwfygbl;?y&H y& bo
tqufqufuyg}
]tif; tif; y&Hy& botqufqufu csbl;aoma&pufyEéufzl;aom opöm
t[kefaMumifh xifyg&JY ESrrSm armifhrsufESmjrif&wJYaeY upí} [kzwf&m
azazonf a'goxGuf onfhtrlt&mjzifh]b,fujrif;ru usKyfom;udkyJ
olursufESm jrif&ao;owJYvm;}[kqdkvdkuf&m araronf &,fovdkvdk
pdwfqdk;ovdkvdkaomrsufESmjzifh]tdk udkjra&T uvnf;cuf&efaum? t"dyÜg,frsm;
aoaocsmcsmpOf;pm;jyD;qufzwfprf;ygOD;?udk,fhom;udkolarG;w,fvdkYa&;wm
r[kwfygbl;? udk,fhom;&JY &kyftqif;rsufESmudk jrif&w,fvdkY qdkvdkwmyg} [k
axmufay;&av\/
]tJ tJ [kwfom;yJ? armif\aumif;jcif;ig;jzmESifhjynfhpHkaom &kyftqif;o@ef
MuHtifvu©Pm wdkYonfESr\rsufpdxJwGif w0J0Jay: aygufum azsmufzsufí
r&EdkifbJ pm;&ifvnf;armifhpdwf? tdyf&ifvnf;armifhpdwf ESifhyif&Sdum pm;vdkYr0if?
tdyfvdkYvnf;raysmf? armifhudkom tjrJwrf;awG;awm aqG;armvsuf ESr\
tonf;ESvHk;Mum;wGifurÇmrD;avmifouJhodkY jyif;jypGm tcspf\'ku©udk cHpm;ae&
ygawmhw,farmif&,f....}
] atmifr,fav;? yDavmyifywfusdwufwmxufawmifcRJao;w,f/
yvDpdacsmufcsuf t&Sufr&SdawGYu&mawGavQmufjyD;a&;wm rsm;tHhygao;&JY}

Armhpm*sydk; 27
uRefawmfhvif Z0e
[kqdkaomaMumifh ararhrSm pdwfrcsifhr&Jjzpfonfh trlt&mjzifh ] uJ awmfygawmh
udkjra&T &,f/ udk,fhudk 'DpmzwfjyD; taumif;tqdk;a0zefcdkif;aewmr[kwfygbl;?
uJay;prf;ygOD;? 'Dpmb,fu&ovJar;ygOD;} [kqdkum pmudkvSrf;í,lvdkufojzifh
azaz vnf; uRefawmfhzufodkYvSnfhvmav\/
apmapmu pmudkazazzwf&pOf tcgürl uRefawmfrSm tMudrf;tarmif;
rcH&ao;ojzifh azazqufí zwfaevsif aumif;ao;om;?,ckrl pmudk
arar,lvdkufum uRefawmhtm;Mudrf;armif;&efwm0efudk azazY
tm;vTJtyfvdkufojzifh azazESifh uRefawmf awGY Mu&awmhrnfjzpfí uRefawmfhrSm
toufaep&mr&Sdatmif &Sd&ayawmh\/
]uJ udk[0g tckawmh bmajymcsifovJ? a[h .. 'DrSm pmudkvufqkyfvufudkif
rdaejyD/ tJ'gr[kwfbl;vdkY vdrfOD;rvm;/ [kwfwmom ajymaya&mh?
[kwfwmajym&if oufomr,f/ vdrfajym&if ao&atmifomjyifayawmh}
[kazazu ajymvdkufonfwGif uRefawmhrSmbmrSrajymwwf
rMuHwwfatmifjzpfum pum;ajymrnf[k tm;cJvdkufaom EIwfcrf;uav;rsm;rSm
w&G&G wkefvIyfvsuf &SdjyD; toHxGufatmifrlum; jyKvkyfír&EdkifouJhodkY
&Sd&ayawmh\/
]a[haumif xGD ... 'Duar;wmajymprf;yg/ bmrwkefrvIyfawrdvkyfae&wmvJ?
rajym&ifyg;usdK;atmifcsvdkufvdkY oGm;awG wacsmif;pDaumuf,l&r,f} [lí
jcdrf;acsmufoH jyif;xefívmavawmh\/ uRefawmhrSm rajymbJraeEdkifawmhonfh
twdkif; ]uRefawmfbmrSrodygbl;azaz&,f} [kajymvdkuf&m azazrSm
uRefawmfhtm; jiif;y,f& rnfvm;[laoma'goxGufjcif;jzifh ]bmajymw,f ...
bmrod&rSmvJ ighudk vdrfajymr,fMuHwmayghav} [kqdkum AdkufaMum
ESifhaygifwGif;aMumudk iylwif;wGwfovdk qGJíqGJí vdrfojzifh uRefawmfh rSm
emusifvSaomaMumifh rsuf&nfrsm;usum ]tr,fav;azaz&JY
'gavmufrESdyfpufygeJY azazowfypfvdkufyg? ao&ifat;wmygyJ}
[kajymíidkvdkuf&m ...
]tr,fav; eifu eifY tqdk;udk igUtqdk;jzpfatmif &yfausmf &GmMum;
atmfwmaygYav/ ujrif;xD; ... wdwf[JY wdwf} [kqdkjyD;vQif uRefawmf\yg;pyf
udktwif;ydwfvdkuf\/ odkYydwfxm;ojzifh uRefawmhrSm touf&SL&
usyfaomaMumifh azazhtm;wGef;vSef&kef;uefrdav&m
]w,f .. eifuighudk tmcHoayghav? eifawmhvm; odap&r,f}
[kqdkvsuf tusÐvufrsm; yifhum cg;0wfudk wdkwdkjyifí 0wfaepOf
araruMum;0ifí ][JY udkjra&T ta&;xJrSm &efjzpfcsifraeprf;ygeJYOD;?

Armhpm*sydk; 28
uRefawmfhvif Z0e
at;at;csrf;csrf; ar;jref;ygOD;awmhvm;? jyD;awmhrS qHk;roifhvJqHk;rwmaygh} [k
[efYwm;vdkufawmhrS azazonf udk,f&SdefowfíoGm;av\/
xdktcgusrS arar u] aeprf;ygOD; ... ar;&OD;r,f? 'DpmudkcifrodbJeJY
b,fvdk cifhvufxJuawGY&wmwkef;} [kar;av\]rajymwwfbl;? rodbl;?
cifhvufeJYawmifrxd&ao;bl;}
]rodbJeJY 'DpmtkyfMum;xJudk b,fenf;eJYa&mufvm&wmvJ}
]rodbl;? b,fpmtkyfxJxnfhxm;rSef;vnf;rodbl;? cifawmhrodbl;?
b,folxnfhxm;rSef; rodbl;}
]bl;uG,fraeprf;ygeJY aumif;aumif;ajymprf;yg/ a[m'DpmtkyfteDxJrSmawGY&wm}
[kqdkum pmtkyfteDwpftkyfudk axmifjyav&m xdkpmtkyfudk jrif&vQif
uRefawmf\ pdwfxJwGif twdkif;rod vIyf&Sm;jcif;jzpfrdayawmh\/ taMumif;rSm
rcspfOD;tm;uRefawmf iSm;vdkufí rcspfOD;ujyefay;vdkufaompmtkyfyifjzpfav&m?
xdkpmtkyfrSm uRefawmfawGY&atmif pmtkyfMum;xJü rcspfOD;nSyfíay;aom
pmjzpfonfudk wxpfcsawG;rdayawmh\/ odkYawG;rdonfESifh wjydKifeuf uRefawmh
pdwfxJwGif0rf;enf;jcif;uJhodkYaom tjzpfrsdK;udkawGYMuHK cHpm;&av\/ rcspfOD;\
yxrqHk;aompmuav;udkuRefawmfrzwf&bJararwdkYvufxJodkYa&mufoGm;jcif;
udk uRefawmhrSm ,lMuHK;r& jzpfrdayawmh\/
]ajymav .. ar;wmajymprf;yg? b,folxnfhwmvJ} [kar;jref;jyef&m?
uRefawmonf xnfhoGm;oludk &dyfrdjyDjzpfaomfvnf; olYemrnfudkum;
b,fenf;ESifhrQ uRefawmfrajymvdkaomaMumifh ]rodawmhbl;arar&JY?
uRefawmfvnf; rawGY&ao;bl;/ ararajymawmhrS od&wmyg..
pmawmifrjrif&ao;bl;} [kjiif;uG,fvdkuf&awmhav\/ xdktcgrS araronf
pmudkjyefíMunfhum a&;oltrnfudkzwfav\/
]'DrSm emrnfawmhrygbl;? vufrSwfxdk;wmuawmh tcspfOD;wJh? tJ'g
b,folxifovJ}
]rajymwwfbl;? uRefawmhrSm rdef;uav; todwa,mufrS r&Sdbl;}
]Munfhprf;'Dvufa&;udkjrif&if rodbl;vm;}[kqdkumuRefawmfhtm; pmudk
vSrf;íay;vdkuf&m uRefawmf\ vufrsm;onf wkef&DpGmjzifh pm&Gufuav;udk
udkifrdav\/ pm&Gufay: wGifa&;xm;aompmvHk;rsm;rSmum;rcspfOD;\
vufa&;rsm;yifjzpfawmh\/ xdkYjyifrdrd\ emrnfudk tcspfOD;[k
0Sufa&;xm;ojzifhvnf; rcspfOD;jzpfaMumif;rSm xif&Sm;avawmh\/ odkY&mwGif
uRefawmf\pdwfwGif xdkpmrsm;udk jrifae&pOf wcPü teD;tyg;wGif rdbrsm;
&yf&SdqlylMudrf;armif;aeonfudk owdarYum a&;om;xm;aom pmrsm;udk
tm&Hkpl;pdkufí zwd&SK aerd&m araru ]tr,f... eifhudkpmzwf&atmifay;wm

Armhpm*sydk; 29
uRefawmfhvif Z0e
r[kwfbl;? vufa&;udkMunfhcdkif;wm eifu eifh&nf;pm;qDudk 'dkYrsm;u
atmifoG,fvkyfjyD;eifhudk ay;w,frsm;atmufharYaeovm;} [k ajymajym qdkqdk
qGJiifí,lvdkufojzifh uRefawmYrSm zwfí aumif;aewkef;t&omjywfí
oGm;&awmh\/
]'gb,folYvufa&;vJ rodbl;vm;} [karar uxyfíar;jyef\/
]uRefawmf 'Dvufa&;udk 'DwpfcgyJjrifzl;w,f? b,frdef;rvufa&;rS rjrifzl;bl;?
'gb,fola&;w,fqdkwm uRefawmfrodbl;}
]'gjzifh'Dpm udkausmif;oluav;awGxJuwa,muf a,mufvmjyD;tvpfrSm
xnfhoGm;w,fvdkYqdkcsifwmayghav/} [kajymojzifh uRefawmfvnf; [kwfrSefonfh
taeESifh acgif;ndwfjyvdkufav\/
]uJ 'Dvdkqdk&ifawmh usKyfwdkY rcHEdkifbl;? ausmif;udkoGm;jyD; wdkifrSyJ/ usKyfom;udk
aumifrawG wrifapmfum;wmyJ} [kazazuajym&m arar url bmrSrajymbJ
pOf;pm;ouJhodkYjyK vkyfaeav\/twefMumrS araronf uRefawmhtm;Munfhum
]cifajymwmawG wu,fyJaemf} [kqdkav\/
]wu,fygarar}
]uJ ... wu,fyJ? 'Dvdkqdk&ifwdkif&vdrfhr,f/ olYudkvnf; ausmif;rSmxm;vdkY
rjzpfawmhbl;? ausmif;u wcgxJESKwfvdkuf&if at;wmyJ}
araronfjidrfoufpGm pOf;pm;ae&mrS vIyf&Sm;vmum ]wdkifvdkY
vnf;raumif;ygbl;udkjra&T&,f/ MudKufMu&if tysdKu pm pjyD;ay; pjrJ
yJ? 'gawGwdkifaevdkY udk,fhom;pmay;cH&wm vlod&Hk&SdrSmyJ} [kajymav\/
]vlruvdkY ewfyJodod 'grsdK;awmh rcHEdkifbl;/ armifcsif;rpm
tudkcsif;rpmbJ 'Dvdkpmay;wmrsdK;udk cHae&if aemufudk 'DYxufujyD;
udk,fhom;udk wufcGMuvdrfhr,f}
]uG,f..'gawmh cspfw,fMudKufw,fqdkwmarmifcsif;ESrpmwmb,f[kwfyghrvJuGJY?
udk,fhwHk;uvnf; pmay;vdkY tckvdknm;Mu&wm r[kwfvm;/ 'gawmh
armifcsif;rpmbl;vdkY bmvdkYrajymovJ}
]r,f ... udk,fu Mum;xJua&SY aevdkufraeprf;ygeJY udk,fhudka&SYaeriSm;ygbl;}
][kwfwmajymwmav? rdef;uav;awGxJrSm oGm;ae&if 'grsdK;awmhawGY&rSmyJ}
]a[mudk,fh pum;eJY udk,frdaejyD/ tpwkef;u usKyfu olYudkausmif;Ekwfyg ...
EkwfygeJY wzGzGajym wm em;raxmifbJ? acwfqefatmifav;bmav;eJY
tckawmh'DvdkjzpfrSmayghav ... bmav;eJYjzpfvm&jyefjyD? uJ ..
tckawmhb,fhES,fh&Sdp}
]b,fhES,f r&Sdawmhygbl;? 'grsdKl;rjzpfapcsif&if ausmif;ESKwfxm;vdkuf&Hkaygh?
wdkifwmMum;wmawG vkyfae&if tydkygyJ}

Armhpm*sydk; 30
uRefawmfhvif Z0e
]'gjzifhausmif;ESKwfr,f? udk,foabmwl&JYvm;}
]usKyfuawmh rwlp&mr&Sdygbl;? EdkYaywJh udk,fhom;&JY pdwfxJb,fvdkqdkwmvnf;?
ar;prf;ygOD;}
uRefawmfhrSm ausmif;uxGuf&rnfqdkí rsm;pGmpdwfraumif;vS?ausmif;aeonfudk
aysmfírS tm;r&ao;rSDxdkodkY ESKwfrnf[laom pum;udk Mum;&aomaMumifh?
ausmif;rESKwf&ef twefwefidk,dkawmif;yefav&m azazonf
xdkodkYawmif;yefonfudk pdwfqdk;vsuf
]bmvJ eifueifh [mrawGeJY rawGY& rSmpdk;vdkYvm;} [karmif;rJavawmh\/
]r[kwfygbl;azaz&JY? uRefawmfbmynmrS vHkvHkavmufavmufrwwfao;bJeJY?
rxGufcsifao;vdkYyg? q,fwef;atmif&ifawmfygjyD}
]eif'DvdkynmawGwwfvJ bmoGm;toHk;csOD;rSmvJ [Jh?eifwdkYwwfzdkYvdkwm?
jiKwfoD;axmif;? MuufoGefvSD;? xrif;tdk;wpfvHk;wnf?'grsdK;awG wwfzdkY
ta&;MuD;w,f? rxm;bl;? rxm;bl;? csufcsif;ESKwfr,f}
]'gjzifh&ifvnf; 'Dtwef;ukefatmifoifyg&apOD;? 'DESpfukef&if atmifatmifusus
ESKwfygawmh} [kajym&m araruvnf; oabmusaomvu©Pmjzifh
][kwfom;yJav? 'gavmufydkufqHawG ukefcJYjyD;rSawmhESpfukeftxd
xm;ao;wmaygh} [kaxmufcHav\/
]tdk ... 'DESpfrajymeJY reufjzefawmifrxm;Edkifbl;? ukefwJYydkufqH ESajrmzdkYr&Sdbl;?
udk,fhom; rawmfwa&mf aumifrawGvufxJa&mufoGm;rS ESajrmvdkYrqHk;EdkifjzpfrSm?
rxm;bl;} [kajymav&m ajymygrsm;a,mufsm;pum; atmif qdkouJYodkY
aemufqHk;wGif azazh\ pum;twdkif; araru tavQmhay;vdkuf&av&m
uRefawmfhudk ausmif;rS ESKwf&ef tjyD;tydkifqHk;jzwfjyD;aomtjzpfodkY
a&mufoGm;av\/
]uJ ...uJ cifvnf;idkraeeJYawmh? oGm;jyD;a&csdK;acs?'DuaeYupjyD;awmh
tdrfxJrSmyJ vSvSyy zD;vdrf;0wfpm;jyD;aeayawmh} [kararuajymjyD;vQif
4if;vufxJ&Sd pmuav;udk tpdwfpdwftjrTmjrTm jzpfatmif qkwfíaeav&m?
uRefawmhrSm uRefawmf\ toJESvHk;rsm;udkqGJqkwfjcif;cH&ouJhodkY qwfqwfcgrQ
emusifjcif;? ESajrmjcif;jzpfrdayawmh\/ xdkodkY rcsifhr&JjzpfrdaomaMumifh
arar\vufxJwGif tpdwfpdwftjrTmjrTm jywfowfaMuGusvsuf&Sdaom
puúLtydkif;tpav;rsm;udk aemufqHk;Munfhjcif;jzifh Munfhaerd&m ]cif
..cifodef;aemf cifodef; bmMunfhaewmvJ? 'DpuúLpawG aumuf,ljyD;
qufzwfOD;rvdkYvm;? tif; ... Munfh&ygvdrfhr,f? rD;zdkxJrSm jymjzpfaewm} [k
ajymajymqdkqdk puúLprsm;udk vufckyfjzifho,f,lum rD;oj*Øvf&ef rD;zdkaqmif
odkY0ifoGm;av\/ uRefawmfvnf; pdwfraumif;jzpfum uRefawmf\

Armhpm*sydk; 31
uRefawmfhvif Z0e
tcef;uav;xJodkY jyefí0ifjyD; ckwifay: wGif0rf;vsm;xdk;ypfvSJum
idkcsif0rf;enf; tylyGJ 0ifaerdawmh\/
xdktcgrSuRefawmfonf uRefawmf\udk,f? uRefawmf\pdwf
vSnfhpm;cJYorQwdkYudk ,ckod&Sd&dyfrdawmh\/ uRefawmhESvHk;om;wdkYonf tcspfudk
awmif;wcJYonfrSm Mumjrifh jyDjzpfcJYacs\/ xdkodkYawmif;wonfhtwdkif;
tcspfudkawGYcJY\/ awGYcJYygaomfvnf; cspfrdonfudkzGifh[0efrcHbJ
uRefawmhudk,f uRefawmf vSnfhpm;vmcJhonfrSm ,cktxdjzpfcJY\/ ,ck
uRefawmfausmif;u xGuf&awmhrnfudk od&Sd&aomtcg uRefawmf\pdwfü
Mudwfí cspfcJhrdolESifh auGuGif;&awmhrnfjzpfaomaMumifhxdkpdwfonf
ylyefwrf;wjcif;udk jyjyDjzpfay&m ,ckrSyifuRefawmfonfwOD;wa,muftm;
Mudwfí cspfaecJhrdonfudk zGifh[0efcH&ayawmh\/uRefawmfcspfrdolrSm
rcspfOD;yifjzpfavonf/
uRefawmf\txifrSm ajym&rSmvnf;&Sufyg&JY? rcspfOD;udk uRefawmfuyif
pwifí cspfMudKufrdonf[k xifrdayonf/ xdkodkYcspfrdygvsufuRefawmfvnf;
rcspfouJhodkY [efvkyfaerdonf qdkuvnf;rrSm;ay/cspfícspfaerSef; rod[k
qdkuvnf; rrSm;Edkifay/xdkodkY uRefawmf\pdwfwGif rcspfOD;tay: ü
cspfrdonfhtcgrSmyif rcspfOD;onfvnf; uRefawmfhtm; pwifícspfaernfrSm
rvGJ[k,HkMunfrdonf/
tu,fíom uRefawmfonf uRefawmf\ pdwftvdkqE´udkod&Sd&dyfrdjyD;vQif
[efaqmifíraebJ? rcspfOD;tm; uRefawmfhudk &Jwif;pGm cspfcGifh&&Sdap&ef
a&vmajrmif;ay; jyKvkyfrdcJhygvsifuRefawmfwdkYonfwpfOD;ESifhwpfOD;
arwÅm,Suful;í cspfyifMuD;pdkufysdK;vsuf tcspfrdk;&Gm oGef;umom,mvef;wifh
cspfyef;yGifhMurnfrSm rvGJyifjzpfayonf/ ,ckrl uRefawmf\
[eftrlt&mrsm;jcif;aMumifh wa,mufudkwa,muf yGifhyGifhvif;vif; rcspf&rSDu
uGJuGm&awmhrnfh tajcodkYqdkufcJhav\/ uRefawmhtaejzifh rcspfOD;u
uRefawmhtay: ücspfMudKufjcif; udkod&Sd&ay\/odkY&mwGifrcspfOD;rSmrluRefawmf\
tcspfudk rod&awmhjyDjzpfay\/ xdkodkYrodonfudkodapzdkY&efrSm
cJ,Of;vSayawmhonf/odkYjzpf&um; uRefawmfwdkY\tcspfrSm rsdK;aphrjzpfrDuyif
ysufpD;jcif;odkYa&muf&Sdum xdkrQESifhyif Zwfodrf;&awmhrnfjzpfayawmh\/
xdkodkYawG;rdaomtcgwGif uRefawmfonfuRefawmfh udk,fudkrsm;pGm
tjypfwifrdpdwfqdk;rdawmh\/ rcspfOD;onf yxrOD;pGm uRefawmf\ aywHay:
wGif]]cspfyg}} [laom pmuav;ESpfvHk;jzifh uRefawmf\ tcspfudk toem;cHcJh\/
xdktcgu uRefawmfonf bmrQ rodav[efjyKrlcJYjcif;rSm uRefawmfhudk,fudk
uRefawmf tjypfay;p&myifjzpfawmh\/ xdkYxuftjypfwifírqHk;EdkifbJ

Armhpm*sydk; 32
uRefawmfhvif Z0e
uRefawmf\woufwGif rcspfOD;ESifh rcspf&vQif wpfoufvHk;,lMuHK;r&bG,f
tcsufrSm ausmif;rSjyefvmpOf zcifMuD;udkpdwfaumufjyD; pmtkyfrsm;udkypfcs
vdkufrdjcif;yifjzpfay\/ ,if;odkYpmtkyfrsm;udk ypfcsvdkufjcif;tm;jzifh rcspfOD;
pmtkyfMum;wGif nSyfíxnfhvdkufaom pmuav;onfuRwfvGwfíxGufvmum
rdcifjzpfolawGYí oGm;&jcif; jzpfawmhaomaMumifh xdkodkYomypfrcsvdkufcJYvsif
rnfolrQawGY&rnfr[kwfbJ rcspfOD;ay;aompmudk uRefawmfzwf&SK od&Sdum
uRefawmf\arwÅm wkefYjyefjcif; udkrcspfOD; tm;waeYaeY wGif
wenf;enf;tm;jzifh odapEdkifrnfjzpfonfhtwGuf uRefawmhrSm xdkodkYpmtkyfrsm;
ypfcsvdkufrdjcif;udk tjypfwifí rqHk;Edkifatmif jzpf&ayawmh\/
uRefawmfonf tcsdefweft&G,fa&mufí vlysdKaumif 0ifvmuwnf;uyif
uRefawmf\ pdwfESvHk;onf aet&kPfudkapmifhpm;aeaom yef;iHktzl;uav;uJYodkY
tcspfudkapmifhpm;aoma&mifjcnfjzifh awGYxdonfhaeYüyif tcspfyef;yGifhcJhavonf/
xdkodkYtcspfyef;yGifhcJhonfudk tpurodcJhbJ? tcspfESifha0;&awmhrnfh tcsdefodkY
qdkufa&mufvmrS xdkodkYuif;a0;&awmhrnfudk tvGefylyifaqG;ajrUjcif;odkY
a&muf&Sdum? wrfykyfwdrfeufMuD; tMum;xJodkY 0ifawmhrnfhqJqJ&Sd
aevHk;MuD;ESifhwlonfhtjzpfudk rnfodkYqGJxm;&ygrnfenf;[krMuHwwfEdkifatmif
&Sdvsuf uRefawmfhrSm tdyf&may: wGif vl;vGefY&if; rcspfOD;udk awG;rdumomvQif
0rf;enf; vIdufzdk tylydkvsuf idkcsifyufusd rcsdqif;&J tvGrf;yGJMuD;qif&avawmh
\/

Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä

Armhpm*sydk; 33
uRefawmfhvif Z0e

tcef;(4)

uRefawmfhrSm ausmif;xGufvdkuf&onfh aeYrSpí tdrfwGif;ykef;tjzpfodkY

a&muf&SdcJYayawmh\/ rdbESpfyg;wdkYonf uRefawmfhtm;rsufpdatmufrS
taysmufrcHbJ t&dyfwMunfhMunfheSifh&SMuav\/ tdrfeD;yg;csif;xHodkY
oGm;vmvnfywfjcif;udkvnf; tvsif;rESpfouf cGifhrjyKbJ tdrfxJu tdrfjyif
odkYyif rxGufapcsifMuouJYodkYyif&Sdav\/ rdef;uav;rsm;ESifhac:jcif;ajymjcif;udk
rqdkxm;bd rdef;uav;jrifvsif apYapYMunfhonfudkyif rauseyfEdkifatmifyif
&SdMuawmh\/taygif;az: jzpfaoma,mufsm;av;rsm;vmvQif MumMumvufcHí
pum;ajymonfudk rMudKufMubJ tjyiftyupum;rsm;o,f,l
vufaqmifyg;rnfudk pdk;&drfonfhoabmjzifh teD;tyg;wGif vma&mufíxdkifum
t&dyftajcMunfh&SK em;pdkufaeavY&SdMuonf/
odkYjzpf&um; uRefawmfhrSm tdrfwGif;ykef;tjzpfjzifh tdrfxJwGiftpGrf;ukef
vlysdKvkyfae&aomfvnf; tus,fcsKyfcsxm;jcif;cH&ouJYodkYvGwfvyfjcif;udk
aumif;pGmr&bJ&Sdav\/ xdkodkYtcsKyftcs,fruif;jcif;udk uRefawmfonf
vGefpGmpdwfü cHjyif;jcif;jzpfrday\/ odkY&mwGifuRefawmfhrSm uRefawmhf\
tvdktwdkif; rae&í pdwfa'gojzpf&aomfvnf; rdbwdkYbufrSaeí
Munfhrnfqdkaomf uRefawmftm; wrifoufouf nSif;yef;ESdyfpufvdkí
xdkodkYjyK&jcif;r[kwfbJuRefawmhtm;vdr®ma&;jcm;rdom;zom;yDoí
a,mufsm;jrwft*FgESifh jynfhpHkap&ef jyKpk,k,jcif;jzpfayawmh\/ vli,fwdkY
tm;qHk;ronfudk &efpum;ajymonf[k xifwwfjcif;rSm "r®wmyifjzpfawmh\/
rdbESpfyg;wdkYonfum; uRefawmhtm; ]]a,mufsm;wdkY£ajE´a&Tay;vdkYr&}}
[laompum;ESifh wom;wnf;nDnGwfapvdkí]]Adkif;aumif;ausmufzd}}
ydjym;ao0yfjcif;&Sdonfxuf&Sdap&ef w&Hrvyf txyfxyfoGefoifqHk;rjcif;?
tdrfaxmifrIudk aumif;pGmem;vnfapjcif;iSm pm;zdkacsmifvkyfief;[lorQwdkYudk
zcifMuD;udk,fwdkifnTefMum;jcif;? tm;vyfonfhtcsdefwGif umvay:
0wÅKzwfjcif;udk rzwf&apbJ usrf;pm w&m;pm rsm;udk &GwfzwfusufrSwfapjcif;?
]]a,mufsm;ysif;ajcqif;? rdef;rysif;ausmcif;}} [laompum;uJYodkY ajcqif;vJvl
tysif;xlí raeapbJ trdIufvJjcif;? zHkokwfjcif; paomjyKzG,fudpöwdkYudk
aqmif&Gufapjcif;jzifh uRefawmhtm; a,mufsm;om;wdkYjyKtyfaom tdrfaxmifrI
udpöwdkYudk wwfodem;vnfatmifjyKvkyfxm;Muay\/
uRefawmhrSm xdkxdkaomjyKbG,fudpöwdkYudk aeYpOfrjywf jyKvkyf&um
xdkrStm;vyfaomtcsdefrsm;ü omvQif a&rdk;csdK;? udk;vfu&drf;vdrf;aygif'g&dkuf?

Armhpm*sydk; 34
uRefawmfhvif Z0e
tusÐtopfvJ udk,fhudk,fudk trsdK;rsdK;vSatmifzD;vdrf;umvlysdKvkyfzdkY&ef
tcsdefukef&jyD;vQif Zmyef;xdk;jcif;jzifh tcsdefudkukef&av\/
xdkodkYvlysdKvkyfjcif;udkum;zcifMuD;onftenf;i,frQuefYuGufjcif;rjyKay/
rdcifuvnf; uRefawmfvSvSyy0wfpm;aeonfudk awGY&onfhtcgwGif
oabmusonfh trlt&mjzifhjyHK;jyHK; ESifh&Sdavawmhonf/vlysdKjzpfvmvQif
vlysdKvkyf&rnfrSm rvkyfraetyfaom0wÅ&m;wck[k atmufarYívm;rod?
uRefawmf 0wfpm;bdkY&eft0wftxnfrsm;udk 0wfírukefEdkifatmif
0,fjcrf;ay;ay\/ rdcifMuD;onf &Hk;rSvcxkwfíjyefvmonfhtcgwdkif;
wdkufqdkiftaMuG;qyf&ef0ifa&muf&if;t0wftqef;rsm;ay: aygufaeonfudk
awGY&Sdygu? uRefawmfhtzdkYb,ftcgrS rarhbJtpOfojzifh0,f,lvmavh&Sdayonf/
uRefawmf \rSefwifcHkbD&dkxJwGif tqifhoHk;qifhpvHk;ü uRefawmf\
t0wftpm;rsm;jynfhESufvsuf&Sdum rSefwifcHktay: üum;
aygif'g? ESif;yGifh?tom;vS&nf? acgif;vdrf;qDtrsdK;rsdK; Ekwfcrf;qdk;aq;
yg;eDaq;? a&arT;?wdkYywfrsm;rSm tpDt&D nDnmvSypGm olYae&mESifhol
rSefwifcHkMuD;wpfckvHk;udkwefqmqif,ifvsuf&SdMuav ukef\/
xdkodkYuRefawmfhrSm ,Ofaus;odrfarGYí £ajE´&SifyDopGmjzifhae
xdkifvsuf0wfcsifwdkif;0wf? pm;csifwdkif;pm;? vScsifwdkif;vS? ocsifwdkif;
oaeum? a&TbHka&Teef;üpHjref;ae&ygaomfvnf; vSypGm yef;tdk;üpdkuf
xm;aom Mumyef;uav;onf a&ESifhuif;í ndSK;EGrf;vmouJhodkYtcspf
ESifhuif;a0;aom uRefawmhrSm aysmf&Tifjcif;r&Sdjzpf&awmh\/
uRefawmfonf ausmif;uxGufí rcspfOD;ESifh uGJuGm&onfhaeY
rSpí wpfaeYrS pdwfaysmf&Tif csrf;ajrYjcif;r&SdbJ olYudkomvsiftpOfojzifh
owd&&SdvGrf;qGwf rdayawmh\/ xdkodkYausmif;rSxGufcJY&onfh aeYrSp
í ol\rdef;ryDocHhnm;aom rsufESmudkrawGY&awmhjyDjzpday\/ xdkodkY
uRefawmfESifhuGJuGm &onfhtwGufol\pdwfwGif rnfrqylaqG;aMuuGJ
rnfudkum; uRefawmf rawG; wwfEdkifatmif yifvsifolYudkþrQowd&
vGrf;qGwfcJYygu olYrSmrl uRefawmfxufyifuJí ylaqG;&&Smrnf[kom
,lq&ayawmh\/ olcspfouJhodkY uRefawmfuvnf;wpfOD;arwÅm wpf
OD;rSmqdkovkd arwÅmwHkYjyefaMumif;udk rcspfOD;od&ygrlum; ajzazsmfEdkif
zG,f&m&SdayOD;rnf/odkY&mwGif olYcrsmrSm uRefawmfu arwÅm wkefYjyef
vdkaompdwf&Sdonfudk rod&&Smay/ xdkodkYodEdkif&efrSmvnf; cJ,Of;vS
ayawmhonf/ wpfa,mufESifhwpfa,muf a0;cJhMujyDjzpfí rnfonfh
enf;ESifhrQ rodEdkifawmhay/ uRefawmfu olYudkarwÅm&SdaMumif;pmjyefvdkuf
vsifrlum; odEdkifbG,f&m&Sdaomfvnf; pmay;&efrSm tvGefcJ,Of;aeayjyD/

Armhpm*sydk; 35
uRefawmfhvif Z0e
olYxHodkY tb,fenf;ESifh pma&mufatmifjyKvkyfedkifrnfudk awG;awmMuH
qí r&Edkifatmif&Sday\/ tu,fí wpfenf;enf;jzifh pmay;í&EdkifapOD;
uRefawmfu xdkodkYpma&;&rnfqdkaomf uRefawmfhtay: ütnSmvG,f
aoma,mufsm;uav;wpfa,mufjzpfonf[k xifjrifzG,f&SdaomaMumifh
cspfygaomfvnf;a,mufsm;om;yDyD £ajE´[efvkyf&efvdktyfonfhtm;avsmf
pGm pmay;ívnf;rjzpfEdkifonfudk awG;rdjyefawmh\/ odkYjzpfíuRefawmfh
rSm rcspfOD;\ tcspfudk rnfonfhenf;ESifhrQ wkefYjyefEdkifcGifh r&SdawmhbJ
ol\tcspfudk uRefawmfod&jcif;jzifhomvsifZwfvrf;odrf;vsuf wtkH
aEG;aEG; wpdrfhpdrfhawG;awmumom ae&aomtcgeSifhyifjyD;&awmhrnfjzpf
cg vGefpGmrS pdwfraumif;jzpfrdawmh\/ xdkuJhodkY pv,f0ifzifrJzdkYa0;
pG? zifudkrD;[yfjcif;rQ rcH&ao;rSD uav;rSm uGJcsufemaomtjzpfodkY a&muf
&rnfrSm ,cifausmif;aepOfwkef;uaywHay: wGif]]cspfyg}} [krcspfOD;a&;
cJYonfhpmuav;udk MumMumrQ rxm;EdkifbJ zsufypfvdkuf&jcif;jzifh xif
&Sm;pGm edrdwfjycJhjyDjzpf&m uRefawmfhrSm rcspfOD; ESifheD;bdkY&ef arQmfvifhjcif;
rjzpfEdkifawmhbJ? xdkodkYpGJvrf;aompdwf waeYwjcm; yaysmufoGm;atmif
MudK;pm;&awmhrnfjzpfay\/
aysmufaomol&SmvsifawGY aoaomolMumvsifarh [laompum;
twdkif; aoaomoludkyif tcsdefumvMumjrifhjcif;jzifh arHEdkifao;&m uRef
awmfhrSm rcspfOD;ESifh MumjrifhpGm auGuGif;cJh&jcif;jzifhwpfpwpfp arhpjyK
vmcJYavawmh\/ xdkodkYarh&jcif;rsm uRefawmf\ tcspfonfrMuD;jrifhrm;
ao;aomaMumifhavm? uRefawmf pGJpGJjrJjrJ cspfaom pdwfESvHk; r&Sdíavm
[k ajymp&m&Sday\/
trSefrSmuRefawmfESifh rcspfOD;onf wa,mufESifh wa,muf
pGJpGJjrJjrJ rcspfMu&ao;ay/ wa,mufudk wpfa,muf cspfygonfcif
ygonf[k vSpf[ajymqdkum woufwGif rarhwef; rypfwef;opömjyK
cJhMu&jcif;vnf;r&Sday/ xdkrQru wpfa,mufESifh wpfa,muf cspfMudkuf
Mujcif;udk tpjyK MuaomtcgrSmvnf; uRefawmf\ toufrSm 15ESpf
om&Sdao;onf/ xdktouft&G,fESifhyif uRefawmfonf pOf;pm;csdefq
Edkifaomfvnf; tcspfESifhywfoufírlum; pOf;pm;Edkifaom t&G,fr[kwf
ojzifh xdktcspfrSm uav;cspfcspfjcif;yifjzpf&ayrnf/ odkYjzpfícspf&rSef;
MudKuf&rSef; odcgpwGif awmifhwaeaom pdwfonf rnfol\tcspfudk
rqdk vufcHwwfaomoabm&Sdonfh twdkif; pGJvrf;rd &m&mudk cspfMudkuf
rdcJYjcif;jzpf&m uRefawmfausmif;rSxGufí aeY&uf&SnfMum vmcJhonfhtcg
waeY xufwaeY pOf;pm;csifhcsdefwwfaom owdonf MuD;rm;&ifhoefvm

Armhpm*sydk; 36
uRefawmfhvif Z0e
aomaMumifh trdkufcspfuav; cspfcJhrdjcif;\ a0'emudk xdkodkYcsifhcsdefpOf;
pm;jcif;jzifh ukpm;um rcspfOD;tm; cspfcJhaom pdwfwdkYonf avsmhyg;jcif;
odkY a&mufapcJh&ay\/
uRefawmfonfausmif;rSxGufcJYjyD; tdrfwGifukyfí aevmcJYonfrSm
wpfaeYxufwpfaeY ? wpfvxufwpfv &SnfMumvmum tdrfwGif;yHk;b0
ESifh ESpfESpfausmf Mum&SdvmjyD;vsif q,fhcGefepfESpf t&G,fodkY a&muf&SdvmjyD
jzpfay\/ xdkt&G,fwGiftom;ta& wdkYonf tpGrf;ukefwufMuGvmjyDjzpf
aomaMumifh t&yftarmif;rSmvnf; xdk;íjrSifh vdkufouJYodkY vlysdK;MuD;zm;
zm;jzpfvmayawmh\/ udk,fvHk;udk,fxnfrSmvnf; t&yftarmif; wdk;wuf
vmonfESifh rQ yGifhum;jynfhjzdK;vmay&m? ,cifutusÐt0wftpm;rsm;rSm
udk,fxnfusyf vufwdkaom tjzpfodkYa&mufcg uRefawmfESifh rwefbJ&Sdí
t0wftpm;topfrsm;udk xyfrHcsKyfvkyf& jyefav\/
,ckrS uRefawmfhrSm udk,fvuft*Fg pHkvif&ifhxGm; wufMuGm;xGef;
opfp vlysdKMuD;zm;zm;jzpfcJYaomaMumifh 0wfqifvdkuforQwdkYrSm usewifh
w,fvsuf 0wfcsifwdkif;0wforQ vScsifwdkif;vSaeawmh\/ xdkodkYvSíae
onfqdkjcif;rSm uRefawmfhudk,f uRefawmfxifjcif; r[kwfbJ vlwdkif;uyif
cifodef;uav;[m tckrS ydkjyD;vS ydkjyD;usufoa& &Sd? qifvdkufwdkif;,Of? vS
vdkufwdkif;vS tpp t&m&m aumif;jcif;ig;jzmeJY jynfhpHkygayw,f[k ajymMu
ajrSmufMuay&m ? uRefawmfrSm igw,fjyD;acsmyguvm;? vSyguvm;[lí rm
twufvsuf ydkrdkí vlysdKvkyfaerdawmhay\/
,cifu vlysdKazmf0ifp tvS&nfwufMuGpOfurl zl;iHkpyef;yGifh uav;
uJhodkY cspfcsifpzG,f&Sdrnfjzpfí ,ckrS vef;vef;wifhwifh um;um;yGifhawmhaom
aMumifhjrif&ol rdef;uav;wdkif; uRefawmfhudk rcspfbJ raeEdkif rMudkufbJ rae
Edkif &SdMurnf[lí em;xifaoG;a&mufum tvSukef wdk;rdawmhay\/
vlysdKazmf0ifpu olYt&G,fESifh olYtvdkuf tysdK aygufpuav;awG
ief;ief;wuf cspfrdMu&m? ,ckuRefawmfhrSm vlysdKMuD; zm;zm;jzpfum ysdKrspfEkxGm;
tom;ta&wufMuGvm&m ,cifuydk;yef;Muaom tysdKaygufpwdkYrSm 4if;wdkYxuf
uRefawmf uxGm;um uRefawmf\cg;omom rQ&SdMuaomaMumifh ydk;írrSDEdkifyJ
usef&pfMuavawmh\/ xdkodkY tysdKaygufawGu rrDEdkifí 0dkif;rydk;0HhMuawmhbJ
aemufqkwfoGm;oavmuftysdKMuD; tysdK[dkif; aemufydk;*dkPf;0ifwdkYonf vlOD;a&
udk wdk;íjznfhMuavawmhonf/
uRefawmfhrSm xdkodkYydk;yef;Muonfudk pdwfwGif taESmuft,SufrjzpfbJ
*kPf,lrday\/ odkY&mwGif ydk;aeMuolrsm;rSm 4if;wdkYomru ausmif;trMuD;awG?
pufolaX;rawG? EGm;tdkjrufEkMudKufrMuD;awG? jrLeDpy,fvlMuD;rawG uyg? trJ

Armhpm*sydk; 37
uRefawmfhvif Z0e
&dk;udk [if;tdk;utm;em ovdktdrfwdkif&ma&mufvmíydk;Muyef;Mu rcdkYw,dkYMunfh
Muvsuf? ighwlighwlESifh t&jrLMuav&m? uRefawmfhrSm olwdkYudk &GH írqHk;ESvHk;
emírjyD;Edkif&Sdum? 4if;wdkY tvnfvmMuvsiftcef;wGif;u rxGuf&Jatmif&Sdrd
ayawmhonf/umvorD;wdkYrSmrlum;uRefawmfhtm;,ckrS pm;avmuf
aomufavmufjyD [laomtrSwfjzifh a&S;uxuf oJoJrJrJ ZGJoefoefydk;MuonfrSm
naetcsdefwdkif; tdrfa&SY vrf;ay: wGif pufbD;acgif;avmif;oH
rpJbJ&Sdavawmh\/
tcsdKYrSm uRefawmfxGufí rMunfhMunfhatmif tdrfa&SYusrS pufbD;
acgif;avmif; oHvIyfí tcsufay;Muav\/ tcsdKYrSmrl uRefawmftdrfa&SY odkY
xGufaeonfudk awGY&vQif uRefawmfrMunfhMunfhatmif t[rf;t[rf; p
onfjzifh acsmif;oHay;Mu\/odkY&mwGif uRefawmfonf 4if;wdkYtm; tzufvkyf
í b,fawmhrS rMunfhcJhay/tu,fíMunfhjyefuvnf; 4if;wdkYjrifatmifrMunfh
bJ wHcg;Mum;rS omvQifacsmif;Munfhay\/ odkY&mwGif zcifMuD; rdoGm;vsif ql
ylrnfpdk;&ojzifh &J&Jvnf; rMunfh0Hh? MumMumvnf;rMunfh0Hhay/
þrQavmufydk;yef;olrsm;vSonfjzpfvsif tb,frSm uRefawmfonf
aoG;rMuD;bJ? rvScsifbJ? vlysdK rvkyfbJ&SdygtHhawmhenf;/ uRefawmvkyforQ
qif,iforQwdkYrSm rdef;uav;rsm;omrua,musfm;tcsif;csif;yif
ai;pdkufaeMuum uRefawmf\ 0wfyHkpm;yHkudk twkcdk;vsuf4if;wdkYvnf;
uRefawmfuJhodkY vSvdrf;rnftxifESifh vlysdK vkyfaeMuonfudk awGY&avawmh\/
xdkodkYuRefawmf\tvS*kPfowif;&eHYrSm oif;ysHYarT;MudKif wjrdKYvHk;vIdifav&m
orD;&SifwdkYonf uRefawmfhtm; orD;rsm;ESifh vufqufvdkMuum
pum;axmufvSrf;ar;jref;MuonfrSm rMumcPjzpfayawmh\/ ,if;
odkYvQif uRefawmfhrSm vlysdKaps;aumif;vQuf&Sdav&m tdrfeD;em;csif;vlysdKwawGrSm
uRefawmfvSonfudk 4if;? pyf[yfolaygrsm;onfudk4if; remvdkí
rqHk;Edkifatmif&SdMuonfudk awGY&ay\/
uRefawmfü ydk;yef;olrsm;jcif;? pyf[yfolrsm;jcif; wdkYudkod&aompdwfonf
uRefawmf\udk,fwGif;ü zHk;0Sufí xm;tyfaom tm&Hkrsm;udkxMuGvIyf&Sm;
aomaMumifhuRefawmfonf a,mufsm;av;t*FgESifh yDoatmif tdajE´&&
aexdkif&aomfvnf;uRefawmfhrSm umrbHk ykxkZOfom;jzpfonfh twdkif;
uRefawmf\ pdwfqif&dkif;onf rMumcP xMuGrkef,dk vifvdkcsifrdayawmh\/
,if;odkYpdwfvIyf&Sm;xMuGonfhtcgrsm;wGif(em;ESifhremz0g;ESifhemMuygawmh)
uRefawmfonf pdwful;jzifhvif,lMunfhum uRefawmf\ vifrdef;rtay:
wGifrlvdkufcRJvdkuf EGJYqdk;vdkufjzifh tawG;jzifh vGrf;rdayawmh\/ wcgw&H
pdwful;xJwGif vifESifh&efjzpfrdum ]][Jhaumifr&JY? eifhudkigMudKufvdkY

Armhpm*sydk; 38
uRefawmfhvif Z0e
,lwmr[kwfbl;[Jh? igavmfrmrdvdkY,lwm[Jh? tckawmh eifh,lrdwm
ig;yg;arSmufwmbJ[JY? aocsif;qdk;r&JY}} ponfjzifh uufuufvef&efawGYum
tawG;ESifh&l;í pdwful;ESifhjyHK;rdawmh\/ xdkodkY uRefawmfonf vifpdwfom;
pdwful;rdaomfvnf; wu,fwef;vif,lrnfvm;[kqdkvQif rvdkcsifvSao;ay/
rvdkcsifao;onfrSmum; uRefawmf\cspfoludk rawGY&ao;aomaMumifhjzpfay\/
cspfoludkrawGY&ao;bl;[kqdk&mü xdkpu;rSm tenf;i,frSm;ayvdrfhrnf/
taMumif;rlum; uRefawmfhrSm rcspfOD;udk awGYcJhcspfcJhrdjyDjzpf&m cspfoludk
rawGYao;bl;[k qdkonfxuf cspfoludkr&Edkifao;ír,lvdkao;[k qdkygu
omírSefbG,f&m taMumif;&Sday\/
uRefawmfhrSm rcspfOD;ESifh þrQ MumjrifhpGmuGJuGm aecJY&jyDjzpfaomaMumifh
rcspfOD;tm;arYwefoavmuf&SdjyDjzpfaomfvnf; tpOfojzifhrarYEdkifvJ &Hzef&Hcg
owd&vsuf,cktcgrcspfOD; ausmif;rSxGufavmufjyDjzpfítvkyfvkyfudkif
avjyDavm? tvkyf&í vifa,musfm; ,lavjyDavm? tysdKtjzpfESifhyif
uRefawmfhtm; apmifhpm;ae&Smao;oavm[k trsdK;rsdKl;awG;awmrdum xdkodkY
awG;rdwdkif;pdwfxJwGif rcsdbJjzpfrday\/
odkY&mwGifuRefawmhrSm þrQavmufMumjrifhírQ rcspfOD;udkrawGY&vQif
aemifudkawGYEdkifbdkYcJ,Of;jyD[k ESvHk;jyKrdvsufxdkodkYawGYEdkifbdkY&efudk
rarQmfvifhrdbJ&SdcJY&m waeYwGif rcspfOD;udk rarQmfvifhbJawGYvdkuf&ojzifh
uRefawmfhrSm twdkif;rod 0rf;ajrmuftHhMojcif;jzpfrdayawmh\/
tcsdefrSm naeapmif;tcsdefjzpfavonf/araronf&Hk;u rqif;ao;?
azazrSmvnf; rD;zdkacsmifwGif Munfh&SK ajymqdkcsufjyKwfvkyfudkifvsuf&Sdojzifh
uRefawmfonf 4if;wdkY tvpfwGif 0wÅK pmtkyfwpftkyfudk cdk;ízwfaeav\/
xdktcdkufwGif tdrfwGifcdkif;apxm;aom oli,fav;armifjrifhcifonf
tcef;wGif;odkY0ifvm&m uRefawmfonf &kwfw&ufaomf azaz 0ifvmjyDtxifeSifh
vefYzswfjyD; 0wÅKpmtkyfudk zifatmufodkY0SufvdkufjyD;rS armifjrifhcifudk jrif&í
]][JYaumifav; ..eifbmvmvkyfwmvJ?0ifvm&iftoHjyKygvm;}}[kMudrf;rdav\/
]armifpmzwfaerSef; uRefawmfrodvdkYyg/ bk&m;pifay: uanmifa&tdk;rSm
yef;awGnSdK;aevdkY yef;vJzdkYajymrvdkYyg}
]w,f ... eifwdkY[m 'DrSm tvkyfaumif;aejyDqdkvm&SKyfMujyD? oGm;eifh[meif
xdk;acs}
][m .. armifuvnf;&Sufp&mMuD;}
]w,f .. eifh[meifyef;xdk;zdkYajymwm? eifbmawGawG;aewmvJ}
][m ... armifuvnf; i&JMuD;atmif}
]oGm;oGm; aumifuav;? eifvmr&SKyfeJY? bk&m;anmifa&tdk;rSeifrvJwwfzl;vm;}

Armhpm*sydk; 39
uRefawmfhvif Z0e
]bk&m;pifu tjrifhMuD;armif&JY rrSDbl;}
]'gjzifh cPaeOD; ?tcef;ajcmufjyD;atmifzwfvdkufOD;r,f}
]tdk armifuvnf; .. awmfawmfMum bk&m;yef;nSdK;aewm azazMuD;
jrif&ifqlaeOD;r,f}
xdktcgrS uRefawmfvnf;azazqlrnfudkawG;rdum zifatmufu0wÅKpmtkyfudk
acgif;tHk;atmufwGif xdk;í0Sufxm;cJhjyD;? bk&m;pifodkYoGm;í
anmifa&tdk;rsm;,lum jrifhcifudk anmifa&tdk;aq;cdkif;vdkufjyD;vQif
yef;cl;&efjcHxJodkY uRefawmfwpfa,mufxJ qif;cJhav\/
jcHxJa&mufí uRefawmfonf yef;aumif;yef;vSrsm;udk a&G;cs,fí
cl;um anmifa&tdk;xdk;avmufatmif&&Sdaomtcg wGif tdrfxJodkYjyefí
0ifawmhrnf tjyKü jcH0if;ESifhuyfvsuf&Sdaomvrf;ay: rSpufbD;acgif;avmif;oH
udk Mum;vdkuf&av\/ cgwdkif;ü uRefawmfonf pufbD;acgif;avmif;oHrsm;udk
Mum;vdkuf&vQif aemufydk;rawGbJ[k *&krpdkufbJaecJhrd&m ,ckrSmrl
uRefawmf\pdwfudk ewfaumif;ewfjrwfwdkYu vIHYaqmfay;vdkufava&mY
ovm;rod? rMunfhygbl;[kZGwfwif;aomfvnf; r&bJ vrf;ay:odkYvSnfh í
MunfhvdkufrdonfwGif pufbD;pD;ívmol\rsufESmudkjrifvdkuf&onfESifh
wjydKifeuf tHhMoai;armjcif;jzpfrdayawmh\/ pufbD;pD;vmolvnf; uRefawmfhudk
jrifvsiftHhtm;oifhaomrsufESmjzifhai;pdkufaeav\/
uRefawmfhrSm 4if;tm;jrifzl;ovdkvdkZa0Z0gjzpfjyD;rS rcspfOD;jzpfonfudk
od&Sd&um? uRefawmf\ESvHk;aoG;wdkY onfvIyf&Sm;oGm;awmh\/uRefawmfonf
rcspfOD;udkawGY&í pdwfxJwGif 0rf;om0rf;enf;jzpfumEkwfquf&aumif;
awmhrvdkvdk rsufESmvTJvdkuf& aumif;awmhrvdkvdk &Sdayawmh\/ rcspfOD;vnf;
uRefawmfhtm;Ekwfqufvdkonfho@ef&Sdaomfv nf; EIwfrquf&Jonfh
trlt&mudkjyjyD;rS jyHK;íEkwfqufvdkufavonf/olYcrsm aMumufaMumuf
vefYvefYESifh ZGwfwif;í Ekwfqufvdkuf&onfhtrlt&may: íaeay\/
uRefawmhrSm xdkodkYjyHK;&,fvdkufaomrsufESmudkjrif&vQif twdkif;rod
0rf;ajrmufrdaomfvnf; jyefíjyHK;&,fEkwfquf&rnfrSm tjcm;ol wpfOD;
wpfa,muf jrifoGm;ygu rdef;rysdKav;wpfa,muftm;jyHK;í EIwfqufonfudk
vQyfay: avmfvDonf[k xifrnfpdk;aomaMumifh &kwfw&ufjyefí
EIwfrquf&Jao;bJ? 0J,mywfvnf [dk[dk'D'D Munfh&SKum rnfolYudkrQ rawGY
&awmhrS rcspfOD;tm;vSnfhMunfhEkwfqufEdkifayawmh\/ uRefawmfhrSm xdkodkY
jyHK;&,fvdkufjyD;rS &Sufovdkvdk zdkovdkvdkjzpfrdum acgif;uav;udk tomiHkYvQuf
rsufvTmudk vSefumrcspfOD;\ t&dyftajcudk Munfhrday\/

Armhpm*sydk; 40
uRefawmfhvif Z0e
rcspfOD;rSm uRefawmfu jyefEkwfqufjyHK;&,fjcif; jyKrSjyKygrnfvm;[l
aompdk;&drfruif;onfho@ef&Sd&mu uRefawmf\ jyHK;&,faomrsufeSmudkjrif
&í tawmfyiftm;wufoGm;onfh trlt&mudkjyav\/ odkYjzpfí rcspfOD;rSm
cyfa0;a0; odkYvGefíoGm;jyD;rs pufbD;udkauGYí jyefvnfpD;eif;vmum uRefawmf
yef;cl;ae&m teD;7SdoH0ef;jcHab;wGif vm&yfum pufbD;ay:rS vQifjrefpGmvTm;
íqif;jyD; vQifteD;odkYuyfvmav\/
xdkodkYrcspfOD;uyfvmonfudk jrif&vQif uRefawmfhrSm tvGefpdk;&drf
xdwfvefYrdum azazawGYoGm;rnfudk ylyifrdav\/ azazawGYoGm;vQif uRef
awmfhtm; qlylMudrf;armif;&HkrQrubJ Mudwf &dkwfESufOD;rnfjzpf&m rcspfOD;tm;
tawGYcH&rnfudk cufíaeav\/ odkY&mwGif uRefawmfhrSm rcspfOD;udk awGYí
cufonfxuf rcspfOD;udk tawGYrcHbJ tdrfxJodkYjyefí ajy;vmcJYvQif rawGY
bJaevdkufrnfudk omcufum wudk,fvHk;wkefwkef&D&D jzpfaejyD;vsif azaz
jrifí oGm;avrnfavm[k tdrfay: odkYOD;pGmvSrf;íMunfhvdkufrdav\/
xdkodkYMunfh&mwGif b,folYudkrQrawGY&í pdwftenf;i,fat;um cPav;
rQjzifhtawGYcHvdkufrnf[k ESvHk;jyKvsuf pdwfudkwif;um ra&GYrvsm; &yfí
aevdkufav\/
rcspfOD;onf vlMuD;rsm;udk MunfhjyD;aemuf pdwfcsíoGm;um oHwdkif
rsm;udk vufjzifhqkyfudkifvsuf ]]cif ... bmvkyfaeovJ[kar;av\/
xdkpum;udkaxmufjcif;tm;jzifh olYcrsmuRefawmfESifh tvGefpum;
ajymvdkvGef;vSaMumif; xif&Sm;avonf/taMumif;rlum; uRefawmfyef;cl;
aeonfudk jrif&vQufom;ESifh]]cifbmvkyfaewmvJ}} ar;jref;rIrSm tydkrQyif
jzpfawmh\/ odkY&mwGifolYcrsm tjcm;pum;ESifhtpjyKp&mvnf;r&Sday/t
u,fíomrcspfOD;onf uRefawmfrvdkvm;o;wpfOD;jzpfygu ]]rsufpduef;
aeovm;? 'DrSmyef;cl;aewmrjrifbl;vm;}} [k ajymvdkufrnfjzpfaomfvnf;
uRefawmfhrSm xdkodkYajym0HUrnfudk a0;pG ]] cifav ... bk&m;wifzdkY yef;cl;
aew,f}} [k ajzvdkufaom pum;ü yif wif;rmaomtoHygoGm;avrnfavm
[lí pdk;&drfvdkufrdao;awmhonf/
rcspfOD;rSm aemufxyfar;p&m pum;udkawG;í r&EkdifbJ &SdouJhodkY
pum;rqufbJ aMumifawmifawmifMunfhíaeav\/ uRefawmfhrSmvnf;
rcspfOD; qufvufí pum;ajymEdkifap&ef rnfodkYrQ pum;r&SmwwfbJ&Sd
av\/]]rcspfOD; usef;*efomvdkYrm&JYvm;}} [kar;p&mvnf;ar;bG,fr&Sd?
aexdkifraumif; pm;aomufí r0if qdkyguvnf; uRefawmfhrSm bmrQwwf
Edkifrnfvnf;r[kwf? tjcm;pum;vnf;ajymp&mr&Sdojzifh uRefawmfvnf;
rcspfOD;\ pum;tvmudkapmifhaevdkufav\/

Armhpm*sydk; 41
uRefawmfhvif Z0e
twefMumrS rcspfOD;u ]]atmf ...'Dyef;awGu bk&m;wifbdkYvm;}}
[kodjyD;aomtaMumif; udkyifpum;pjyefí&Smav\/ ]][kwfw,f}} [k
uRefawmf ajzvdkufrS rcspfOD;rSm pum;pudkawGYonfhtvm; ]] om"kac:
ygw,fcif&,f? om"kygyJ? 'Dvdk bk&m;rSmyef;awG vSL&wJh tusdK;aMumifh
aemifb0us&if tckxufydkjyD; vSOD;acsmOD;rSmyJ}} [kvQmoGufívmav&m
uRefawmfhrSmrl olYpum;udk Mum;&í &Sufudk;&Sufuef;jzpfrdum ajymrdajym
&m jymvdkuf&onfhtvm; ]] cifhudk'gavmufvJ rajrSufygeJY rcspfOD;&,f/
cif[m vSvnf;rvSygbl;}} [kajymvdkufrday\/
xdkodkYajymvdkufjcif;aMumifhyif rcspfOD;rSm pum;quf&ef tMumif;ay:
oGm;jyD; ]] vSygw,fcif&,f? cif[mav ...odyfvSwmyJ? cspfcspfpdwfxJrSmjzifhav
odyfjyD;vSw,fxifwmyJ}} [kajymvdkuf&m uRefawmfhrsufESmay:wGif
&SufaoG;awGjzmueJ wufMuGoGm;onfudkodvdkuf& ayawmh\/
odkY&mwGif uRefawmf\ pdwfü rnfodkYyif&Sufrdapumrl xdkpum;udkMum;&
onfrSmyif 0rf;omp&mMuD;wpfckuJhodkYxifrSwfrd\/ xdkpum;rsm;xJüt"dyÜg,f
trsdK;rsdK;yg&Sdonfudk uRefawmf&dyfrd\/ xdkodkY&dyfrdyif &dyfrdaomfnm;
xdkpum;aMumifh rcspfOD;tay:wGif pdwfrqdk;EdkifbJ ]] tdkMunfhprf;ygOD;?
r[kwfwmawGajymaeygjyD}} [kpum;xGufoGm;av\/
]]atmf vSvdkYvSw,fajymwmyJ cif&,f? b,fuvmr[kwf&rSmvJ}}
[kajymum rcspfOd;onf xl;jcm;aom tMunfhrsdK;jzifhuRefawmfhtm;Munfhum
rjyHK;wjyHK;av; vkyfaeonfrSm uRefawmf\ pdwfxJwGif tcH&cufovdkvdk
&Sufovdkvdk zdkovdkvdk jzpfrday\/
]tdk ... b,fhESmvJvdkY? olYrsufvHk;uvnf; 'DvdkMunfhaewm cifodyf&SufwmbJ}
]vSvdkYMunfhwmygcif&,f ... rMunfh&bl;vm;}
]vmjyefjyD vlwzufom;udk vSw,f...vSw,feJY? t&l;vkyf&atmifvmwmvm;}
[kajymírqHk;rSD rcspfOD;onf rsufpdrsufESm ysufum csmueJ vSnfhjyD;vQif
jrufcif;ay: wGifcsxm;aompufbD;udk qGJ,lí vrf;ay:odkY wGef;,loGm;um
vTm;ueJckefwufpD;eif;ajy;av\/
][dkuf ... igbmajymrdvdkYygvdrfh? igYudkpdwfqdk;ovm;? igpdwfqdk;w,fxifvdkY
ajy;wmvm;? igajymvdkufwmudk &SufoGm;a&mvm;} [kuRefawmf\ pdwfxJwGif
qufumqufum ar;cGef;xkwfMunfhaomfvnf; rnfodkYrQ tajzr&bJ&Sd&mu
tdrfbufodkY rsufESmvSnfhrdav&mwGif tdrfwGif;odkY0ifoGm;aom arar\
ausmukef;udk jrifvdkuf&rS ararhudkjrifí rcspfOD;xGufajy;onfudkawG;rday\/
xdkodkYawG;rdavrS rcspfOD;twGuf pdwfraumif;jzpfjcif;rsm;ajyaysmuf
oGm;aomfvnf; uRefawmfwdkY pum;ajymaeonfudk ararjrifí oGm;ava&mh

Armhpm*sydk; 42
uRefawmfhvif Z0e
ovm;[kawG;rdum &ifxJwGif wxdwfxdwf wkefvIyfvsuf rMuHwwfrpDwwf
jzpfrdjyefayawmh\/ odkY&mwGif xdkodkYrMuHrpnfwwfjzpfrdjcif;xuf jcHxJüMum
Mum aebdkYrSm omícufaomaMumifh rnfodkYrQ MuHpDOmPf xkwfjcif;rjyKao;bJ
tdrfxJodkYajy;0ifvdkuf&av\/tdrfxJodkYa&mufaomtcg tdrfay: wGifavQmuf
aeaom rdcifMuD;\ ajcoHudkem;axmifvdkuf&m a'gojzpfvsuf wa'gufa'guf
ajceif;jyif;pGm avQmufaeaom ajcoHESifhwlonfudkawGY&\/ xdwfvefYrdav\/
odkYjzifhuRefawmfhrSm ararac:í Mudrf;armif;qlylcJYvQif rnfodkYajz&rnfudkpdwf
tdkufvsuf tdrfay: odkYrwuf&JbJ &Sday\/
xdktcdkufwGif ]]cifa& ... cifa&}} [k arar atmfíac: vdkufoHudkMum;
av&m? toufxm;p&mr&Sdatmif vefYaMumuf rdum wqwfqwfwkefvQuf
'l;acsmif;aysmhacGaom ajcvSrf;jzifh tdrfay: odkY wufcJY&av\/ tdrfay: odkY
a&mufaomtcg arar\ rsufESmudk rMunfh&JbJ? rsufESmydk;aoaojzifhacgif;iHkY
vsufxm;&m ]]cifbmjzpfwmwkef;? rsufESmvnf;raumif;ygvm;}} [kararu
ar;vdkufonfwGif uRefawmfhrSm tajzray;wwfatmif tcufMuHK&jyefav\/
arar\ Muifemaysmhajymif;aom pum;oHudkaxmufcsifh&jcif;jzifh araronf
uRefawmfESifh rcspfOD;wdkY pum;ajymaeonfudk rjrifbJ&Sdrnf[k awG;,l
&ayawmh\/ xdkodkYararrjrifbJvsuf uRefawmfu pdwfrvHkbJ aMumufrdcJhí
rsufESmysufysufESifh tdrfay: wufcJh&m rsufESmysufaeonfudk ararawGY&Sd
oGm;jyDjzpfojzifh 4if;tar;udkajz&rnftvkyfrSm [kwfrSef&mudkvnf; tajz&cuf?
tjcm;taMumif;udk vDqnfí rsufESmysuf&jcif;udk &Sif;&efrSmvnf;pOf;pm;í r&?
xdkxuftajzcufaomt&mrSm avmuwGifr&Sd[katmufharhrdawmh\/
odkYjzpf&um; ajz&Sif;íaejcif;xuf jiif;y,fjcif;omvQif taumif;qHk;
jzpfawmhonf[k ,lqvsuf ]]bmrSrjzpfygvm;arar&JY? uRefawmf ub,fu
rsufESmysuf&rSmvJ?rsufeSmysufp&m taMumif;vnf;r&Sdygbl;/ ararYpdwfxJrSm
xifvdkY}}
]EdkY ...bmjyKvdkY acgif;MuD;iHkYjyD;vm&ovJ} [kar;jref;&m vdrfvufpeSifh qufí
vdrf&awmhrnf[k ESvHk;jyKvsuf ]] wrifiHkYvmwmr[kwfygbl;? bk&m;wifbdkY
yef;awGcl;vmwm? yef;xJrSm ysm;aumif0ifaew,fxifvdkYiHkYMunfhvmwm}}
[k jyefíajzvdkuf&jyefav\/
xdktcgrS ararvnf;auseyfoGm;ouJYodkY&SdjyD; aemuf ]]at;at;? aumif;w,f
aumif;w,f? aumif;auif;rGefrGefa&aq;jyD;awmhbk&m;wif}} [kajymawmhrS
uRefawmfhrSm ...
[if;ueJ oufjyif;csum pdwfat;&awmhrnfuJYodkY&Sd&mrS ]]'Dyef;awG
b,folcl;ay;wmvJ}} [laomar;cGef;ay: vmjyefaomaMumifh vHk;0pdwfrat;

Armhpm*sydk; 43
uRefawmfhvif Z0e
Edkifao;bJ&Sd&jyefav\/
]cifudk,fwdkifcl;wmygarar&JY}
]tdk ... cifhES,f? jrifhcifudk tcl;cdkif;a&maygh? jcHxJqif;wmcifhararuMudKufw,f
rSwfvdkYvm;}
]jrifhcifcdkif;vdkuf&if vwfwJYyef;vm;EGrf;wJhyef;vm; bmrSef;nmrSef;rodbJ
cl;vmrSmpdk;vdkY} [k ajymvdkufawmhrS arar oabmusoGm;av\/þwGifrS
vHk;vHk;pdwfat;Edkifayawmh\/ odkYjzpfíuRefawmfhrSm 0rf;tomMuD;omum
bk&m;wif&ef&nfpl;í yef;cl;rdaomaMumifh uRefawmfeSifh rcspfOD; pum;ajym
aeonfudk rawGYbJ &Sd&onf[k ESvHk;jyKum yef;udk aumif;pGma&aq; bk&m;wif
&dkaopGm uefawmhjyD; yef;\tusdK;udktxl; ,kHMunfum qktrsdK;rsdK;
awmif;av\/
xdknonfum; uRefawmf\ woufwmwGiftaysmfqHk;[lí atmufharh
rdawmh\/ rcspfOD;taMumif;awG;&onfrSm xdkrQMuD;rm;aom pnf;pdrft&om
onfr&SdawmhjyD[k rSwfxifrdayawmh\/ rcspfOD;tm; arQmfvifhbG,f&muif;
cJhaom tajctaeodkY a&muf&SdjyD;rS ,ckvdkawGY vdkuf&jcif;rSm ao&mrS
jyefvmoludk awGY&jcif;xufyif tqaygif;rsm;pGm ra&rwGufEdkifatmif
0rf;ajrmufjcif;udk jzpf&ay\/
rcspfOD;udk ,ckawGYvdkuf&aomtcgwGif uRefawmfhrSm 4if;\ rsufESm
uav;udk rsufpdxJrS rxGufEdkifatmif wa&;a&;jrifíaeawmh\/ ,ckawGY&
aomrsufESm uav;rSm ,cifausmif;twlwlaepOfuuJYodkYyif jyHK;csdKaomt
rlt&m rysufao;bJ ESpfumvtenf;i,fuGmjcm;um uGJuGmoGm;jyD;aecJhonfh
twGif;0,f t&dk;&ifh toufMuD;í vmjyDjzpfaomaMumifh touft&G,ftavsmuf
cHhnm;jcif;onf rcspfOD;\ rsufeSmay: wGif ay:vGifvQuf&Sdum ,cifuJYodkYEk
e,faom cav;&kyfrSm yaysmufcJhjyD; rdef;ryDopGmydkí cspfp&maumif;vmavawmh
\/ udk,fvHk;udk,faygufrSmvnf; xGm;usdKif;MuD;rm;tm;&p&mMuD; wrQ jzpfvm
cJhay\/
þuJYodkY xGm;usdKif;MuD;rm; aomudk,fum,jzifh uRefawmfhtm;&ifcGif
ü ayGzufum wtm;erf;&SKHY Munfq,fvdkufrnfqdkygu b,frQ,;usdusdjzpf
rnfudkawG;rd&mwGif wzdef;zdef;usufoD;xrday\/ wcsufwcsufwGifvnf;
uRefawmf\pdwfxJwGif rcspfOD;\ &ifcGifü uRefawmf\udk,fudktyfcg rcspfOD;\
ar;zsm;uav;udk zspfnSpfvIyfcgjyD;vQif cifhudk wu,fcspfw,fvm;t[kwfudk
cspfw,fvm;? wu,fvm[k ar;vdkufcsifpdwfaygufum acgif;tHk;MuD;udk rcspfOD;
yrmxm;í rlvdkufEGJYvdkufeSifh t&l;xrday\/þodkYawG;awm t&l;xaerd&mu
]rcspfOD;onf uRefawmfESifh uGJuGmaeonfh tawmtwGif; tjcm;olrsm;awGYí

Armhpm*sydk; 44
uRefawmfhvif Z0e
oGm;avjyDavm} [kawG;awm ylyefrdum tu,fí tjcm;cspfolrsm;ESifhawGYcJYvQif
ightm;,cifuavmuf cspfygOD;rnfvm;[k? vifa,mufsm;,ljyD;jzpfaeacsu
uRefawmfhtm;cspfEdkifygOD;rnfavm[k pdwfraumif;jzpfzG,f&mrsm;udk
qufvufpOf;pm;rdvsuf xdkodkYrjzpfygapeJY[k pdwfxJwGifMudwfí
qkawmif;rday\/ xdkodkYawGYvdkuf&onfrSm cPuav;rQjzpfojzifhpum;0atmif
rajymvdkuf&onfhtwGufaemufwpfcgjyefíawGYygap[k qkawmif;rday\/
odkY&mwGif xdkodkY taMumif;wdkufqdkifMuHKMudKufygOD;rnfavm? rcspfOD;vnf;
vmEdkifygOD;rnfavm [kawG;awmrdjyef&m olYcrsmvnf; uRefawmfuJhodkYyif
xyfrHawGYqHkpum;ajymvdkonfhqE´&SdayrSmyJ [kESvHk;jyKrdvsuf waeYrawGY&vQif
waeYawGY&vdrfhrnf[k pdwfcs,HkMunfrday\/
xdkYjyif rcspfOD;onf uRefawmftm;cspf&dk;rSefvQif {uefrkcs wenf;enf;
tm;jzifh awGY&atmifMuHrnf/ tjcm;cspf&rnfholr&Sdvsif uRefawmfhxHodkYvm&rnf
[k,lq&ef tcsufrsm;vnf; &Sdjyefao;aomaMumifh? aemufwaeYwGif
rcspfOD;tm;arQmfrnf? xdkaeYrawGYvQif aemufwaeYarQmfrnf? aemufwaeY
rawGYvQif aemufxyfwaeYarQmfrnf[k rawGYrcsif;arQmf&ef pdwfydkif;jzwf
vdkufrdav\/

Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä

Armhpm*sydk; 45
uRefawmfhvif Z0e

tcef;(5)
a,mufsm;MudkufarQmfvdkufum rdef;rMudKufpdkufpdkufvm qdkaompum;uJYodkY
uRefawmfhrSm £ajE´&Sif a,mufsm;av;jzpfonfeSifh tnD rcspfOD;tm; warQmf
arQmf&Sdum pufbD;oHMum; wdkif;xGufí Munfhrd\/ odkY&mwGifrcspfOD;udk rawGY
&bJ tjcm;aemufydk;rawGudkom awGY&um 4if;wdkYrsufpypfoGm;jcif; jyHK;jyvQm
xkwfjyjcif;rsm;udkom cH&vQuf xGufrMunfh&Jatmif&Sdaomfvnf; wu,fwef;
rcspfOD;vmum rS rMunfhvdkuf&rdbJ&Sdrnfudk pdk;&drfum wHcg;Mum;rS acsmif;í
Munfh&ayawmh\/
wcgwcgwGifvnf; azaz&Sdaeojzifh xGufíMunfh&ef cufaeaomaMumifh
pufbD;oHwckckMum;&vQif ]a[m &kyf&SifaMumfnmvSnfhvmjyDxifyg&JY
azaz ... b,fu{nfhonfvJrodbl;? tdrfxJ0ifvmwm} ponfjzifh vDq,fvsuf
tdrfa&SYodkYxGufMunfh&ay\/ jyD;rS ][if ... [kwfygbl; ...uRefawmfhem;xJ
toHMum;ovdkvdk} [lívnf;aumif;? ][J [J {nfhonfr[kwfygbl;? jcHxJu
&GufvSyifavwdkufvdkY vIyfwm ...? &kwfw&ufMunfhvdkufawmh vlrSwfvdkY}
[lívnf;aumif; avsmcsvdkufay\/
xdkodkY waeYvHk;arQmfygaomfvnf; rcspfOD;rSmay: írvmbJ&Sdav&m?
ighudk rcspfawmhbJ tcspfjy,fvdkYoGm;jyD xifyg&JY [k awG;awm0rf;enf;jyD;rS
olYcrsm rtm;vdkYxifyg&JY? tckausmif;xGufjyD; tvkyfvkyfaew,fxifyg&JY [k
xyfrH awG;awmrdawmhrS pdwfoufomíoGm;jyefum naewGif arQmf&ef ESvHk;
jyK vdkuf&avjyef\/
odkYjzifh naeusí rcspfOD; vmvQif uRefawmfhtm; vSvSyy jrifíoGm;
apvdkaom pdwfrsm;jzpfyGm;aom aMumifh naeapmif;í vmvQifyif uRefawmhfrSm
a&csdK;& aygif'g&dkuf&? qHyifcGJ&? rSefMunfh&? wdkYywf&dkwf&? t0wftpm;a&G;&?
vSatmif jyifqif&ESifh rcspfOD;jrif&rnfh ta&;twGuf trsdK;rsdK;jyifqif&ayawmh
\/
xdkodkYjyifqifjyD;aemuf ]]a&SYMunfhvS&JYvm;? aemufMunfh,Of&JYvm;? ab;
Munfhedyf&JYvm;}} [k udk,fvHk;ay: rSefMuD;a&SYwGif udk,fudk trsdK;rsdK;[ef jyifí
Munfh&jyefav\/ a&SYaemuf0J,m nDnmvSyjyD [kauseyfjyD;aecdkuf b,frsufESm
rsdK;eJY Ekwfquf&aumif;rvJ? b,fyHkjyHK;vsifcspfp&m aumif;rvJ? oGm;uav;y:
atmifjyHK;vQif ,Ofrnfavm? rcsdKrcsOf ryGifhwyGifhjyHK;vQif jidrnfavm pojzifh
awG;awmum rSefa&SYwGif &kyf&SifZwfvdkuf yrm jyHK;vdkuf &,fvdkuf rcdkYw&dkY
vkyfvdkuf MumrsufvHk;uav;jzifhMunfhvdkuf? &Sufovdkvdkrlvdkuf MudwfrEdkif

Armhpm*sydk; 46
uRefawmfhvif Z0e
cJr& jzpfovdk Ekwfcrf;v;rsm;udk udkufvdkuf ESifh rcspfOD; toJxdípGJjid rnfh
trlt&m? Mumyg trsdK;rsdK;avYusifhrdav\/
odkY&mwGif rcspfOD; vmcsdefwefaom tcguRefawmfhrSm vnfyif; w&Snf
&SnfESifh arQmf&jyefayawmh\/arQmfvifh&jcif;onf pdwfudktrsdK;rsdK; zefwD;um t
csdefukefcJvSonf[lí vnf;aumif;? tcsdefukef&efvG,fvSonf[lívnf;aumif;
xifjrifapvdk\/OD;pGm yxr &Hk;qif;csdefra&mufbJ tcsdefES,f ukefcJvdkufwmaemf
[k nnf;nLrday\/ xdkurS wzefarar&Hk;qif;jyD; jyefa&mufvmonfhwdkifatmif
rcspfOD;udk rjrif&bJ&Sdav&m rcspfOD;onf &Hk;rS tvkyf&SdrS &Sdygavp tu,fí
tvkyftudkifr&SdvQifvnf; wpfaeYvHk; b,ftcsdefrqdk vmEdkifrnfjzpf&m ,ckxd
rawGYjrif&jcif;rSm vmrSvmygrnfavm? tcsdefukefíoGm;vQif
vmEdkifawmhrnfr[kwf[k tcsdefukefrnfpdk;&drfrdjyefaomaMumifh pdwfxJwGif
tcsdefukefvG,fonf[kxifrdjyefav\/
ta&;xJwGif uRefawmfhrSm trlt,mrysuf vlMuD;rsm;r&dyfrdap&ef renf;
*&kpdkuf&ay\/ b,frSoGm;p&mvmp&mr&SdbJ xl;xl;jcm;jcm; 0wfpm;xm;jcif;yif
vQif tawmfyifrlysufaejyDjzpf&m? [efrysufbdkY&ef tvGefta&;MuD;ay\/odkYtm;
jzifh uRefawmfonf tdrfxJwGif tenf;i,farSmifonfhyrm jywif;aygufem;wGif
xdkifvsuf wufwif;xdk;&if; wcsufwcsuf vrf;bufodkY rsufapmif;xdk;í
Munfh&ayawmh\/
rcspfOD;rSm ay: rvm? pufbD;oHvnf;rMum;&ojzifh ,aeYtbdkYvmawmh
rnfr[kwf[k pdwfysufrdaomaMumifh uRefawmfonf wufwif;udkomvsif *&k
pdkufíxdk;aeawmh\/ xdkodkYxdk;ae&mrS pdwfrukefEdkifao;aomaMumifh vrf;buf
odkY wzefMunfhvdkuf&m? xdktcgwGifrlum; rcspfOD;udkbGm;ueJ awGYvdkuf&um?
uRefawmf\ pdwfxJwGif twdkif;rod 0rf;ajrmufrday\/ rcspfOD;rSm uRefawmf
xifouJhodkY pufbD;ESifhrvmbJ vrf;avsmufívmaomaMumifh pufbD;oHMum;
wdkif;Munfhaomfvnf; rcspfOD;udk rawGY&jcif;jzpfjyD;vQif? rcspfOD;a&mufvmjcif;udk
vnf; todaemufusaejcif;jzpf&ay\/ rcspfOD;rSm b,frQavmufMumpGm a&muf
&Sdapmifhpm;ae&onfudkrod? vrf;axmifh"gwfrD;wdkifem;wGif wpHkw&mudk arQmf
vsuf ra,mifrvnfvkyfí aeonfudkawGY&ay\/ rcspfOD;rSm xdkaeYu ,ref
aeYuESifh rwlbJ ydkrdkívSypGm 0wfpm;vmonfudk awGY&ay\/
rcspfOD;onf uRefawmfeSifh rsufESmjcif;qdkifrdvQif vGefpGm0rf;omtm;
&jzpfaom rsufeSmjzifh jyHK;íjyaomfvnf; uRefawmfhrSm teD;temwGifvlMuD;
rsm;xdkifíaeaomaMumifh jyefíjyHK;&rnfrSm tcufMuHKíaeay\/
odkY&mwGif tcspfpdwfonf &kwfw&uf vnfq,fEdkifaom OmPfudk
zefwnf;onfhtm;avsmfpGm uRefawmfvnf; tMuH&í tdrfatmufodkYZmxdk;

Armhpm*sydk; 47
uRefawmfhvif Z0e
tyfudk ypfcsvdkufum ] [m ... tyfuav;usoGm;jyD} [kqdk&if; jywif;aygufrS
atmufodkYiHkYMunfhjyD;vQif acgif;jyefí txlwGif rcspfOD;tm;Munfhí jyHK;jyvdkuf
&ay\/ xdkYaemufvufwpfvufudk jywif;tjyifodkYxkwfí jyvdkufjyD;vQif
rcspfOD;tm; ]cPaeOD;} [lonfhtxdrf;trSwfjzifhvufudkumí jyvdkufjyD;vQif
tdrfatmufodkYqif;&efxvmcJYav\/
]cif b,fvJ} [k azaz uar;vdkuf&m uRefawmhrSm pdwfvIyf&Sm;ae
jcif;aMumifh pum;rSm;í rajymrdatmif *&kpdkufum ]Zmxdk;tyfuav;usoGm;vdkY
oGm;jyD;aumufrvdkY} [kajzvdkufonfwGif ]cifbmjyKvdkYqif;rvJ? jrifhcifudk t
aumufcdkif;vdkufygvm;} [kajymvdkufonfhpum;udk rMum;[efaqmifjyD;ZGwf
qif;cJhav\/ uRefawmf\ ESvHk;om;wGif tcspfpdwf0ifaejyD jzpf&um; rnf
ol\ wm;qD;jcif; udkrQ vdkufemEdkifrnfr[kwfawmhay/
atmufodkYa&mufaomtcg tyfudkawGYonfhtcg? tusÐxJodkU odk
0Sufxm;vdkufjyD;vQif &Smí rawGY&onfh[efjzifh [dk[dk'D'DMunfh&if; rcspfOD;
bufodkYvSnfhcg vufwpfzufudkajrSmufí uRefawmfhxuft&yf tarmif;
jrifhonfh twdkif;txGmudk jyvsuf tdrfxJrSm vlMuD;awG&Sdaeonf[laomo
abmudk rcspfOD;tm;jyovdkuf&ay\/
rcspfOD;vnf; t"dyÜg,fod&Sdonfhtaejzifh acgif;ndrfhjyum apmifhpm;í aeav\/
twefMumvQif ]cifa& ...MumvScsnfvm;? tckxufxd&SmrawGYao;bl;vm;}
[laomtoHjzifh jywif;aygufrS acgif;jyLí xGufvmaom azaz\rsufESmudk
awGY&av\/ ] rawGYao;bl;azaz&JY? 'Dae&musoGm;wm jrifvdkufwmeJY
atmufusawmh &SmrawGYawmhbl;}
]aeygapav? cifwufcJYjyD;awmhrS jrifhcifudk t&Smcdkif;aygh} [kqdkaomaMumifh
uRefawmfhrSm tdrfay: odkYjyefwufcJY&m xdkodkYwuf&if; vrf;wpfzufodkYvSnfhí
Munfhvdkuf&m rcspfOD;udk rawGY&aomaMumifh pdwfxJwGif[míoGm;um azazYudk
jrifíxGufajy;jyD [kpdwfraumif;jzpfrday\/
tdrfay:odkYa&mufaom tcgtdrfa&SYcef;wGif ararr&SdawmhbJ? azaz
omvQif &SdawmhonfudkawGU&av\/ odkYjzpfíazazxGufoGm;atmif rnfodkY
vkyf&ygrnfenf; [k uRefawmfhrSm tMuHxkwf&jyefavawmh\/ xdktcdkufwGif
owÅbm* ewfESifhwuGaom ewfaumif;ewfjrwftaygif;wdkYonf uRefawmfhtm;
ulnDMuava&mhovm;rod ] udkjra&Ta& ..aemufaz;rSm ulnDjyD;vkyfprf;ygOD;?
&Hk;ujyeftvm bmrSrpm;&ao;vdkYqmvdkufwm? uaeYapmapm xrif;pm;&r,f}
[lí aemufaz;cef;rSaeí ararajymvdkufaom toHMum;vdkuf&jyD; aemufaz;odkY
azaz0ifíoGm;aomaMumifh uRefawmfhrSmxí ucsifrdatmifpdwfxJíaysmfíoGm;jyD;
azazvpfonfESifh wjydKifeuf tdrfay: odkYajy;wufum

Armhpm*sydk; 48
uRefawmfhvif Z0e
]rcspfOD;&Sdao;&JYvm;}[kpdk;&drfpGm Munfh&SK &SmazGrdav\/
uRefawmfhrSm ysmysmovJjzpfaeaomaMumifh rcspfOD;udk rjrifbJrsufpdarSmufí
aejyD;rS ,cifae&mwGif a&mufaeaom rcspfOD;udkjrif&onfeSifh wjydKifeuf
0rf;tajrmuf0rf;tomMuD;omum jyHK;vdkufrdav\/ rcspfOD;vnf; uRefawmf
jyHK;onfudkjrif&í jyefíjyHK;jyumtdrfxJodkY vufndK;xdk;onfh [efjyKvkyfíar;&m
uRefawmfu vlMuD;rsm;r&SdaMumif; acgif;cgíjyvdkufav\/ xdkYaemuf
rcspfOD;onf [dk[dk'D'DvSnfhywfMunfh&SKjyD;vQif tdwfxJodkYvufESdKufvdkufonfudk
awGY&jyD; pm&Gufacgufuav;wpfck qGJíESdKufvdkufonfudk jrif&av\/
uRefawmfhrSm xdkpm&Gufacgufuav;udkjrif&vQif ESvHk;om;wdkYrSm wvSyfvSyf
w&G&GvIyfvsuf 0rf;ajrmufjcif;a&SYajy;aomaZmwdkYjzifh&ifwGif;tDvnfvnfMuD;
jzpfrdayawmh\/ xdkodkYMunfh&SKaepOf rcspfOD;onfvufxJ&Sd
pm&Gufacgufuav;udk axmifíjyum uRefawmfhtm;vSrf;ar;vdkufonfh
[efrsdK;jyKvkyf&m uRefawmfhrSm ]pm,lrvm;} [kar;onfudk od&Sdum &Sufovdkvdk
aMumufovdkvdk jzpfvsufacgif;iHkYjyD; jyHK;rd&mu aemufxyftMunfhwGif
,cifvdkyifvSrf;í ay;[efjyKonfudk awGY&jyefaomaMumifh acgif;ndwf
rdayawmh\/ xdkcPrSmyif rcspfOD;u acgif;wvIyfvIyf vufwajrSmufajrSmuf
ar;waighaighjzifh t t pum;ajymovdkvkyfum b,fvdkay;&rvJ? qif;,l
rvm;[kar;&m uRefawmfhrSm rMuHwwfbJ&SdaejyD;rS jcHxJodkYypfay;&efudk,f
[efvuf[efjzifhjy&av\/
xdktcdkufwGif ]cifa&...cifa&} [kaemufaz;cef;rS ac:oHudkMum;vdkuf&m
uRefawmfhrSm£ajE´ r&jzpfum okwfoD;okwfysm trlt&mjzifh vlMuD;awGvmae
jyD jrefjrefay;jyD;ajy; [laom tcsufjyvdkufrS rcspfOD;onf cwfjrefjref jcHab;odkY
uyfjyD;vQif jcHxJodkYpm&Gufacgufuav;udk ypfíoGif;um uRefawmfhtm;jyefí
Munfhvsuf wcsufrQ jyHK;jyD;okwfajcwifav\/ ]cifa&..cif} [k xyfrHtac:
wGif uRefawmfvnf; pmypfxm;cJYaom ae&mudk rSwfxm;jyD; aemufaz;aqmifodkY
0ifoGm;av\/
aemufaz;aqmifodkYa&mufaomf xrif;yGJjyifqifxm;jyD; jzpfaeonfudk
awGY& aomaMumifh uRefawmfhrSm tusyf&dkwfíoGm;av\/ tMuyf&dkwfjcif;rSm
tjcm;r[kwf? xrif;0ifípm;aevQif pmudkolwyg;awGYoGm;rnfudk pdk;&drfaom
aMumifhjzpfav&m tb,fyHkMuH&yghrvJ[k tMuHOmPfjyK&jyefav\/ xdkodkUt
MuHxkwf&mwGif xrif;rqmao;aMumif; ajym&efrSwyg; tjcm;vdrfp&m r&SdbJ
jzpfaomaMumifh ]]xrif;rqmao;}}[k ajymvdkuf&av\/
]bmawGpm;xm;vdkY rqmao;wmvJ}
]bmrS rpm;xm;ygbl;? tvum;ae&if;&ifjynfhaew,f}

Armhpm*sydk; 49
uRefawmfhvif Z0e
]bmrS rpm;bJ &ifjynfhEdkifyghrvm;? eJeJyJjzpfjzpf 0ifoavmufpm;OD;
av? awmfawmfMum tpmr&SdvdkY avcHaeOD;r,f} [kazazu rpm;rae&atmif
ajymjyefojzifh uRefawmfhrSm aemufxyfb,fvdk vdrf&ygrnfenf; [kMuH&mr&
&SdaepOf araru Mum;0ifí ]rqm&ifvnf; rpm;ygapeJYav? tpmrpm;vdkYa&m
*grjzpfbl;? tpm;rSm;vdkYa&m*gjzpfwwfw,f? uJ ...uJ? qmawmhrSpm;} [kajym
vdkufrS uRefawmfhrSm odef;xDaygufouJhodkY 0rf;ajrmufvsuf tdrfa&SYcef;odkY
xGufcJYav\/
tdrfa&SYodkY a&mufvQif uRefawmfhrSm udk,fwdkifqif;í pmudkaumuf&ef
cufaeaomaMumifh ]jrifhcifa& ... a[; jrifhcif} [kaumifuav;udk ac: vdkuf
&av\/ jrifhcifvnf; csufjcif;yifa&mufvmum ]armifac: ovm; bmvkyfr
vdkYvJ} [kar;av\/
]jrifha& armifcdkif;wm vkyfay;rvm;uG,f}
]vkyfay;r,f ydkufqHb,favmufay;rvJ}
]ay;yghr,fuG,f... ay;yghr,f ...armifcdkif;wmomvkyfay;yg? ydkufqHwrwf
ay;r,f... EdkYaywJY b,folrSrajym&bl;aemf}
vm vm [kjrifhciftm; jywif;aygufqDodkYac:oGm;jyD;vQif ]a[m[dk jcH0if;em;u
Muufarmufyifuav;udk jrifovm;/(jrifw,f) tJ'DMuufarmufyifajc&if;u
tkwfcJawGpDjyD;0dkif;xm;wJh tem;rSm jzLjzLuav;jrifovm;(aeOD; MunfhOD;r,f?
tif; .. tif; .. tif; jrifjyD) tJ'garmifhudk ,lay;ygvm;uG,f?
jrifhuav;vdr®mygw,f} [kacsmh&av\/
]tif; 'gawmh r,lcsifbl;? azazMuD;awGYoGm;&if t&dkwfcH&vdrfhr,f}
]rqlygbl;? jrifvnf;rjrifEdkifygbl;/ aemufaz;rSm xrif;pm;aewm todom;eJY}
][ifh tif;? uRefawmfaMumufw,f/}
]jrifhuvnf; vdr®mom;eJYuG,f ...uJuJ ig;rl;ay;yghr,f} [kajymvdkufrS
jrifhcifvnf; avmbuav;0ifvmum ydkufqHt&ifay;[kawmif;í ydkufqHig;rl;
ay;vdkufonfESifhwjydKifeuf atmufodkYajy;av\/
uRefawmfhrSm jrifhcifpmaumufaeonfudkvnf; Munfh&? azazwdkYxGufvmava&mh
ovm;[k Munfh&ESifh usD;uef;awmif;arSmuf jzpfíaeumjrifhcifvufxJodkY
pm&Gufacgufuav;ygvmonfudkawGY&rS pdwfat;&ay\/
jrifhciftdrfay: odkYwufívmvQifyif uRefawmfhrSm atmifhíraeEdkifbJ
ajy;ípmudkawmif;rdayawmh\/ odkY&mwGifjrifhcifupmudkray;bJ
ausmaemufodkY0SufvdkufjyD; ]armif&nf;pm;xm;wwfjyD azazMuD;udkwdkifvdkuf
r,f} [kqdkum qdkum tdrfxJodkYvSnfhywfíajy;aeojzifhuRefawmfh rSm jrifhcifudk
rrdrdatmifvdkufízrf;&avawmh\/

Armhpm*sydk; 50
uRefawmfhvif Z0e
]ay;ygjrifh&,f ...aemufraeygeJY}
]tr,f ... aemufaew,frSwfvdkYvm;? wu,fajymaewm} [kqdkaomaMumifh
uRefawmfh rSm pdwfqdk;onfhrsufESmxm;udk xm;vdkufjyD;
]jrifh ... armifhudkpdwfqdk;atmifrvkyfeJY aemf ...jrifhwdkifvdkufvdkY&Sd&if
ESpfa,mufpvHk; t&dkufcHae&rSmodvm;} [k qdkrS ]armifuvnf; 'guav;eJY
pdwfqdk;&ovm;} [k acsmhaom avoHjzifh rsufESmcsdKaoG;í ajymum pmuav;udk
xkwfíay;av\/
]tJ'Dvdkvdr®mrSayghjrifh&,f? 'gawGaMumifh jrifhudkarmifuodyfcspfwm}
[kolYudkvnf;jyefíacsmhum pmuav;udk,ljyD;vQif uRefawmf\ tcef;wif;odkY
0ifajy;um tcef;wHcg;udk ydwfxm;vdkufav\/uRefawmfhrSm wcef;vHk;
tvHkydwfvsuf wpfa,mufxJjzpfaeonfhwdkifatmif pdwfrvHkEdkifbJ x&HMum;u
acgif;MuD;jyLíMunfhumrdíoGm;rnfavm? Muufwla&G;wef;ay:rS rsufvHk;MuD;rsm;
xGufay: vmum acsmif;írsm;Munfhrvm;[k wpfcef;vHk;MunfhjyD;rS pmuav;udk
zGifhzwfEdkifayawmh\/
pmudkrzwf&rSDuyif uRefawmf\&ifxJwGif w'dwf'dwfckefíaeum
vQifjrefpGm aoG;vIyf&Sm;íaeay\/ pm&Gufuav;udk udkifíjzefYaeaom
vufrsm;onfvnf; wkef&Dvsuf&Sdonfudk awGY&ay\/

cspfarmifarmif

ESr\toufwrQ cspfvSaomcifhxHodkYa&SYrsufESm aemufxm;vQufaMumuftm;ESifh

t&JpGefYum a&TpmvTmqufovdkuf&ygawmhonf
cspfarmifarmif ...

[laom pmtpudk zwfvdkuf&vQifyif uRefawmf\ pdwfwGifaysmf&Tiftm;&í

xckefcsifavmufatmifjzpfrday\/

ESrrSm armifESifhtwlausmif;aepOfumv? armifESifhawGYpuwnf;uyif

ra[mo"m? udE´&m ESifh a0oEÅ&m aomwÅdaoe awmfav;00ifxdkufaom
armif\&lyg&HknTwfuGif;rS rvGwfuif;EdkifbJ? tjrJyifMunfhaecsifatmifjzpfrdvsuf
armif\&lyg&Hkjrm;csufonf ESr\toJxJwGif pGJjrJpGm pdkufíaeum armifhtay:
wGif tcspfyifpdkufysdK;tcspfrdk;MuD;&Gmrdum? qD;jzLoD;zefcg;oD;rsm;vdk ESrrSm
armifhwudk,fvHk;iHkí omxm;csifrdygawmhonf/þrQcspfygaomfvnf;uHMur®mzef

Armhpm*sydk; 51
uRefawmfhvif Z0e
vmwJY ta&;&,faMumifh ESruav;rSm armifeSifhuGJuGmcJY&ygonf/armifhudk
rjrif&onfhaeYrSpí waeYrSpdwfrat;? wa&;a&;xifjrif?tpOfyifvGrf;qGwfvsuf
w&ufudk woufxifum b,fyHkb,fenf;MuHzefjyD;vQifarmifESifh
awGYEdkifyghrvJ[k tjrJwrf;yifpdwfarmvsufarmif\rsufESmuav;udk
jrifrSjrif&ygapawmh[k ESrtdrfa&SYudkavQmufygaomfvnf;tAÁE¨& o&ufoD;udk
ukrÇPf ,u©wdkY apmifhMuyfxm;Muovdk armifhudkrjrif&bJ &ifxJylavmifum
armifhtwGufyif yifhoufudktEdkif&SL&jyD;vQif pm;aomufvnf;r0iftdyfvQifvnf;
raysmfbJ armifhpdwfaMumifh&wufayG? rao&Hkyifusefawmhw,f

armif&,f ....
'DvdkeJY waeYxufwaeY wa&GYa&GY&SnfMum tcspfa&m*g roufombJ pdwfavsmh
vdkuf&awmhrvdkvdk&Sdae&mrS waeYuarmifhudkawGYvdkuf&onfwGif ESr\
tcspfa&m*gudk ukEdkifrnfhq&m0efESifhawGY&ouJhodkY tm;wuf0rf;ajrmufrdum
tcspf\'ku©a0'emudkcHpm;ae&oludkarmif\tcspfjzifh uko&ef
toem;cH&ygawmhw,f

armif&,f ...
armifu ru,fvsif cspfESruav; aobG,fom&Sdygawmhw,farmifu
cspfygr,fqdkvQif &moufyef&G,fudk;í &dk;ajrusaygif;&ef ESr\pdwfxJrSm
tjrJyifxm;ygw,f/ ,Hkygawmharmif&,farmifhtay: rSm ESruav;
b,favmufcspfw,fqdkwm jrifhrdkawmif azmifwdefvkyf? ork'´&m rifa&azsmfjyD;
aumif;uifMuD;wckvHk;rSm yk&GufqdwfvHk;avmuf&SdwJY pmvHk;uav;awGeJYa&;vdkY
aumif;uifMuD; wckvHk;jynfhoGm;awmif ESr\ tcspfawGudk a&;vdkYukefEdkifrSm
r[kwfawmhygbl; armif&,f/
(a'G;csdK;)
oem;ygcif?
wyg;tysdKpifrSmjzifh?
ylyifvdkYrqHk;?
rcspfvsif ao&rnftrSefyifrdkY?
cspfa&pifarwÅmzsef;vdkYi,f ....
erf;vSnfhygOD;/

tcspfcHpm;&ol(tcspfOD;)

Armhpm*sydk; 52
uRefawmfhvif Z0e
[lí pmzwf&onfh tqHk;ü uRefawmfhrSm twdkif;rod0rf;omrdvsuf
pm&Gufuav;udk txyfxyferf;&SKyfum &ifbwfwGifuyfvsuf rsufpdudkrSdwf
jyD; tm;&pGm touf&SL&SdKufrdav\/
uRefawmfhrSm xdkpmuav;udk wcgESifhzwfítm;r&? ESpfcgESifhvnf;
zwfítm;r&EdkifbJ? tvGwfusufouJYodkY txyfxyfzwf&SKrdayawmh\/olYcrsm
pmwGifygvmonfhtwdkif; uRefawmfhudk jrifrSjrif&apawmh[k rMumcP
vmrdonfrSm trSefyifjzpfayawmhrnf/ xdkodkYapmifharQmf&m ..b,ftcgrS r&SdbJ
&SdcJhjyD;aemuf ..,refaeYuawGYvdkuf&onfwGif ,aeYvnf;awGYvdrfhrnf[k
tm;xm;um arwÅmpmudk nwGif;csif; uref;uwef;pDpOfa&;om;[ef&Sday\/
taMumif;rlum;olYpmxJwGif pmudkvSyatmif pGJavmufatmif[lí tm;xkwf
a&;om;xm;jcif;r&Sd odvdkonfh taMuif;t&mawG ygjyD;vQifjyD;a&m yJ[ka&;om;
[ef&Sday\/ odkY&mwGifuRefawmfhrSm olYtay: üarwÅmouf0ifcJhjyD;jzpf&um;
zGJYEGJYa&;vnf;cspfrnfyif rzGJYrEGJY a&;om;vnf; cspfrnfyifjzpfawmh\/xdkodkY
uRefawmfonf olYtay: wGifcspfawmhrnfjzpfaomfvnf; £ajE´&Sif
a,mufsm;uav;yDoatmif ol\pum;tvmudk apmifh&rnf/ udk,fupí
cspfaMumif;MudKufaMumif; a&;írjzpfEdkifbJ&SdcJY&m? ,ckol\pm udk&jyDjzpf&um;
uRefawmfh rSm uRefawmf\ pdwfwGifjzpforQ cspforQwdkYudk vSpfEdkifaom
taajctaeodkYa&muf&SdcJhjyDjzpfay\/
odkYjzpfonfhtm;avsmfpGm tb,fuJYodkYpmjyef&ygrnfenf;[k pOf;pm;
pdwful;jcif;jzifh owdvpfíaecJhav&m tcef;wHcg;udk acgufaeonfudkrQ
rMum;Edkif wHcg;acgufoHjyif;xefívmrS owd&um &kwfw&ufwHcg;udk rzGifh
rdjcif;udk rnfodkYOmPfqif&ygrnfenf;[k tMuHxkwfvdkuf?rcspfOD;\pmuav;udk
xdk;vdkufjyD;vQif qHyifudk yGa,mif;a,mif;jzpfatmif vufig;acsmif;jzifh
xdk;arTum wHcg;qDodkY avsmufvmjyD; wHcg;udk zGifhvdkuf&av\/
wHcg;yGifhvmaomtcg wHcg;0wGif azaz&yfaeonfudk awGY&av\/
]wHcg;acgufaewm rMum;bl;vm; ...cif&JY}
]rMum;bl;azaz? uRefawmf acgif;udkufwmeJY tdyfae&if;tdyfaysmfoGm;vdkY}
]cifwdkYrSm tJ'gawGyJcufw,f? pm;csifwmpm;? vkyfcsifwmvkyfeJY? wckck
uav;eJeJ rSm;rSjzifh zifuem&wmeJY acgif;uudkuf&wmeJY? cifwdkYzsm;rSmpdk;&w,f?
olrsm;eJYrwl Ekvdkufwmvnf;vGefvdkY? wqdwfuav;&SdrSjzifh tr,fav;
bmav;eJY olrae&igrae& odyfcufwmyJ}
]azazu azaz odwmajymwmudk;? tdrfxJrSm ukyfjyD;ae&wm? tanmif;rdjyD;
b,fusef;rmyghrvJ}
]tdrfxJraevdkY tjyifxGufawmhaum jzpfyghrvm;vdkY? *sydk;rawGu wm;r&qD;r&

Armhpm*sydk; 53
uRefawmfhvif Z0e
[dkuvdkuf'Duacsmif;eJY armif;r&rJr& b,fjzpfyghrvJ? tdrfxJrSmae&ifvnf;
aoG;om;rSefatmif aq;pm;ygqdkawmh aq;rsm;jzifh aMumufvdkufwmvGefa&m
uJ ...uJ uaeYnOfh tzdkYawmh tdyf&m0ifcgeD; ief;aq;wcGufavmufaomufvdkuf
tcktdyfraeeJYOD;? xlxlaxmifaxmifaerSaygh} [kajymíxGufoGm;awmhrS uRefawmf
vnf; wHcg;jyefapYum toHrMum;&atmifjyefí ydwfvdkufjyD;vQif tcef;rD;udkzGifh
í pm;yGJwGifxdkifum pmjyef&efpGefYpm;cef;xkwf&av\/
uRefawmfhrSm pmjyefrnfjyK&mwGif olYpmudk &vQif&csif; cspfygw,f MudKuf
ygw,f[k jyefvdkufygu ]tvGeftnSmvG,faom a,mufsm;uav;} [k txif
tjrifao;rnfudk pdk;&drfrdaomaMumifh a,mufsm;rm,moJudk;jzmqdkovdk[efvkyfrS
jzpfrnf [kawG;awmum rcspfbl;[lívnf;txiftjrifrvGJap&?
tnSmvG,fonf[kvnf; rxifjrifap&atmif pmwpfapmifudka&;&if;
jzJypfvdkuf&if;jzifh pmtpudk pdwfwdkif;us rjzpfrcsif; jyifía&;&av\/
emrnftac: udkyif ]cspfESr} [k pvsifaumif;rnfavm? emrnfudkaz:í
]cspfcspfOD;OD;} [lía&;&vQifaumif;rnfavm[k trsdK;rsdK; a&;vdkufjzJvdkufvkyfae
jyD;rS aemufqHk;wGif ]cspfcspf} [kac: jcif;udkoabmusum xdktrnfudk pvdkuf
av\/

cspfcspf
a,mufsm;rdkY aMumuftm;ydkvsuf cspfcspfxH jyefpmvTmqufovdkuf&ygonf/
armifhrSm wOD;arwÅm wOD;rSm qdkonfhtwdkif;armif\pdwfESvHk;xJwGif
arwÅmw&m;udk tjrJwrf;xm;ovdk cspfcspfuvnf;armifhtay: rSm
arwÅmxm;w,fqdkwmod&onfhtwGuf rsufESmjrifcspfcifygapqdkwJY
qkawmif;jynfhwmyJvdkY atmufarh0rf;omrdygw,f? EdkYaywJY cspfcspf&JY tcspf[m
&dk;&dk;cspfr[kwfbJ wrsdK;cspfwJYtwGufa,mufsm;om;jzpfírdkY &Suftm;awG
ydkrdkygonf/a,mufsm;uav;ESifh rdef;uav;qdkwm ql;usql;aygufqdkovdk
a,mufsm;av;rsm;rSm embufucsnf;rsm;wJYtwGuf cspfcspfu twnfMuHwm
r[kwfbJ tay: ,HoabmESifh ausm&&Hk MuHwJYtcspfrsdK;jzpfvQif bdef;ukef&SHK;awmh
wacguf? rdef;rukef&SHK;awmh woufvHk;arSmufae&rSmudk awG;rd&GHYaMumufum
cspfcspf\ tcspfudkvufcH&rSm &ifxJuzdkjyD; tvdkvdkaMumufrdygonf/armifhrSm
,aeYxufxd trqdk&if ,ifysdK rQroef;bl;wJh twGuftcspfqdkwmudk bmrS
em;rvnfao;yg/ bmrSem;rvnfao;wJYwzufom;udk vSnfhzsm;um
tygqG,fjyD; toJpGJcspfcgrS ypfcGmvdkYoGm;&ifjzifh woufvHk;emrnfysuf&rSm
udkvnf; pdk;&drfrdygw,f/ a,mufsm;uav;rsm;rSm emrnfysuf&SdrSjzifh woufwGif
vifrdef;r&zdkYcJ,Of;ygw,f/ cspfcspfwdkY rdef;uav;rsm;rSmawmh wawmifauGY&if
Armhpm*sydk; 54
uRefawmfhvif Z0e
warmifarY? tdkifawGY&if ajcaq;wmawG rsm;vGef;vdkY aemifawmhtcg
topfawGYoGm;jyD; armifhtay: tcspfarYjyDqdkrSjzifh armifwdkYrSmomvGrf;&wwf
ygw,f/ armifhtay: rSm wu,frcspf ESpfvdkwJhoabm aMum&&HkMuHrSjzifh
armifhrSm vlysdKwckvyfuav;&,fvdkY ar;aigholaigh? vufndK;xdk;olxdk;eJY
vlrsm;&JY wHawG;aygufrSm arSmufvsufMuD;ajrm&ygvdrfhrnf/ tck
cspfcspfuMuHwm[m tay:,HoabmeJY rdef;uav;yDyD vQmrSm t&dk;r&SdwJYtwdkif;
cspfygw,f cifygw,f pHkrufygw,f qdkwJYpum;awGudk a&vJeJYoHk;jyD;
arT;wkef;omyef? eHwJYcgypf? vdkwkef;awmhysm;oum? rvdkwJYtcgcg;wrmvdk
jzpfrSmpdk;&ygw,f/'gaMumifhrdkYcifhudk armifuav;vdk oem;nSmwm&ifjzifh
twnfMuHapcsifygw,f/ yvDOmPfaESmjyD;? raemqdk; t&dk;rMuHwmjzifh tcspfudk
vufrcHyg&apeJY cspfcspf&,f/

tm;EGJYol- cifodef;

[lía&;jyD;onfhtqHk;ü uRefawmfonf uRefawmf\pmrSm ae&musygav\[k

tptqHk; tjyeftvSefzwf&SKY ppfaq;jyD;vQif tjypfawGYrnfhae&mudk &Smav\/
uRefawmfhrSm xdkrQavmufa&;í tm;r&Edkifao;bJ xyfrHjznfhpGufí
a&;vdkygaomfvnf; pm&Snf&Snfa&;vQif txifao;rnfudk pdk;&ojzifh xdkrQESifh
pdwfauseyfvdkuf&um jyifqifoifhwmrsm;udk jyifqif&ef jyefvSefMunfhaepOf
wHcg;acgufoHMum;&ojzifh aq;wdkuf&efazaza&mufvmonfudk od&Sdum
pmrsm;udk 0SufvdkufjyD;vQif taMumif;rJYoufouf aq;aomuf&rnfudk
idkcsif&,fcsif jzpfrdum raomufbJaeívnf; rjzpfEdkifaomaMumifhxí
wHcg;zGifhay;vdkufav\/ azaz vnf; ]cif awmfawmf oufomoGm;jyDvm;}
[kar;um ezl;qHpwdkYudk prf;oyfjyD; aq;wdkufoGm;ojzifh uRefawmfhrSm
cg;oufouft&omudk ZGwfrSdwfí rsdKcsvdkuf&av\/

Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä

Armhpm*sydk; 55
uRefawmfhvif Z0e

tcef;(6)

avcsdKorf;í naecsrf;a&mufjyDqdkrSjzifh uRefawmfhrSm rcspfOD;vm

rnfhvrf;ab;udk &nfrSef;um warQmfarQmfESifh a&Tvnfwdkifazmh&dk;usdK;vkrwwf
jzpfum cspfoludk arQmfapmifhrdayawmh\/ a,mufsm;Mudkuf arQmfvdkufum
rdef;rMudkuf pdkufpdkufvm qdkovdk uRefawmfhrSm MudKufr&Suf idkufr&Suf
iwfr&Suf r&Suf oHk;yg;ESifh tnD £ajE´&Sifa,mufsm;uav;yifjzpfaomfvnf;
r&SufEdkif £ajE´rqnfEdkifawmhbJ&Sdav\/
]aMomf ... tcspf ... tcspf ... tcspf cspfrdjyDqdkrSjzifh arQmf& rSef;&vGrf;&
aqG;&vQuf wa&;urS rat;&yguvm;aemf} [kawG;rdaomfvnf; toJxJwGif
pGJjidíaeaom obm0\tcspfvl;jrm;rSm rnfrQMuD;rm;aomcGeftm;ESifh
qGJEkwfapumrl tenf;i,frQvIyf&Sm;jcif;udkyif jzpfapEdkifrnfr[kwfaom
tajcodkYqdkufa&mufaejyDjzpfojzifh uRefawmfhrSm a&SYaemuf qifjcifarQmfjrifrd
onfhwdkifatmif uRefawmf\pdwfudk azsmufzsufír&EdkifbJ todacguf&JY
t0ifeufqdkovdk tcspf\'ku©udkodygaomfvnf; tcspfvl;jrm;rSm t0if
eufaeaomaMumifh tcspf\awmifhw&m? tcspf\ac: aqmif&m aemufodkU
omvQif pdwfa&mufíaeayawmh\/
xdkodkYvQif pdwfarQmfovdk rcspfOD;onfvnf; uRefawmf\ rsufESmudk
waeYrjrif&vQif raeEkdifbJ tcsdefwefvQif a&mufívmonfudk awGY&ay\/
rcspfOD;0wfxm;onfh ydk;abmif;bDtyGrSm azmif;tdjynfhwif;aom
wifom;MuD;rsm;udk um;um;yGyG tm;&yg;& xGm;xGm;vSatmif zefwD;vQuf&Sd
ojzifh uRefawmfhpdwfxJrSm usm;rsm;wrQ r[m;w&m;wufMuGrday\/
rcspfOD;rSm rdef;uav;t*FgnDnGwfpGm b,ftcgrSaygif'g rocJhbl;aomfvnf;
,ckrl tcspfpdwf0ifvmaomaMumifh a&S;uJhodkYr[kwfbJaygif'g
ovmonfudkawGY&av&m ] atmf ... tcspf tcspf vl\pdwfudk trsdK;rsdK;jzpfap
Edkifyguvm;aemf} [kawG;í jyHK;csifrdonfxuf ,ckvdkvSvSyyjyKvkyfvmonfudk
awGY&jcif;tm;jzifh ydkíyif cspfp&maumif;um? uRefawmf\ rsufpdxJu
rxGufEdkifatmif&Sdavawmh\/
rcspfOD;onf uRefawmfhudkjrifvQif jyHK;&Tifaom trlt&mudkjyjyD;vQif
vlMuD;rsm;xGufíMunfhaeoavm[k pl;prf;onfhyrm [dk[dk 'D'D tdrfqDudk
MunfhjyD; aemuf tdwfxJupm&Gufuav;wckudk xkwfjyum pma&;[efjyK

Armhpm*sydk; 56
uRefawmfhvif Z0e
jyD; vuf0g;udk jzefYí awmif;onfh yrmvkyfjyav&m uRefawmf\ jyefpm
udkawmif;aeaMumif; od&av\/
uRefawmfhrSm jyefpmtoifha&;jyD; jzpfaomfvnf; ay;ydkY&eftqifroifhyJ
&SdcJh&m ?,aeYrl pmay;íjzpfEdkifrnfh tcGifhta&;rsm;udk awGY&aomaMumifh
]cPaeOD; ay;r,f} [laompum;udk toHrxGufaomajymjcif;jzifhyg;pyfudk
vIyfjyvQuf vufuvnf; acwÅapmifhqdkif;&ef vuf0g;umíjyum tdrfxJodkY
okwfoD;okwfjym0ifjyD;vQif acgif;tHk;atmufu pmudkxkwf,ljyD;aemuf
jrifhciftm;ay;cdkif;&ef ]jrifhcifa& a[; jrifhcif} [kac: vdkufav\/
]armifac:ovm;} [kqdkumjrifhcifvnf; uRefawmfhtem;odkYa&muf
vmav\/
]nDav;&,f ... armifcdkif;wmvkyfay;ygOD;uG,f ...aemf}
][J ..[J uRefawmfodjyD}
]bmodwmvJ}
]bmvJawmhrajym wwfbl;? [dkrSmarmifh&nf;pm;&yfaewmawGY&w,f}
]at; .. at; b,folrS rodapeJYaemf? jrifhudk ydkufqHay;ygYr,f? olYqDudk
'Dpmuav; oGm;jyD; ay; ..ay;prf;yguG,f? jrifhuvdr®mygw,f}
]azazMuD; jrifoGm;&if bmjyKvdkY tdrfxJu xGuf&ovJqdkjyD; &dkufvdrfhr,f}
]r&dkuf&ygbl;uG,f? armifajymr,f? 'Dvdkvkyf? a&mh a[m'DydkufqH,loGm;jyD;
w&kyfuGrf;,mqdkifrSm armifhzdkY qHnSyf 0,fovdk 0,f&atmifoGm;&if;ay;ypfcJY?
[kwfvm;[kajym&m jrifhcifvnf; oabmusoGm;jyD; acgif;udk ndwfum qHnSyfzdk;
ydkufqH,l&if; uRefawmfhbdkYaum[k atmifoG,fcydkufqH vufiif;awmif;av\/
a&mYa&mY a[m'gu rif;bdkY [k olYtwGufay;vdkufrS jrifhcifvnf; ydkufqHudk
tdwfxJü xnfhum pm0Sufí,ljyD; xGufoGm;av\/ jrifhcifqif;oGm;í
rMumrSDyif azazh toHudkMum;&í uRefawmfhrSm xdwfvefYoGm;ay\/
]jrifhcifa& jrifhcif [JY 'Daoemaumifav;[m ac:aewmrMum;bl;vm;}
]r&Sdbl; azaz}
]b,foGm;jyefovJ 'Daumifuav;}
]uGrf;,mqdkifudk qHnSyf0,fcdkif;vdkufw,f}
]w,f ... 'DrSm tvkyf&Sdae&if eifwdkYudpöawG ay: vmjyD? jyefvm&ifaemufaz;udk
jrefjrefvTwfvdkuf} [kqdkrS uRefawmfhrS toJat;oGm;um jrifhcifpmrSay;&JYvm;?
b,fvdkay;vdrfhrvJ [k jywiff;aygufwHcg;Mum;xJrSacsmif;í Munfhrdav\/
jrifhcifonf pmudkray;bJ rcspfOD;udk wpfcsufMunfhum uGrf;&m qdkifodkY
qufí oGm;onfudk awGY&aomaMumifh uRefawmfhrSm ]aumifuav; ighudk
wywf&dkufawmhrSmyJ} pdwfxJrS Mudwfí a'gyGaerdav\/ xdktcdkufwGif rcspf

Armhpm*sydk; 57
uRefawmfhvif Z0e
OD;onf uGrf;&mqdkifqDodkY vdkufíoGm;onfudk awGY&aomaMumifh uGrf;&mqdkif
udkjrifEdkifaom jywif;ayguf qDodkYa&TYajymif;í Munfh&jyefav\/ xdktcgusrS
jrifhcifu vljrifrnfudk aMumufvefYonfh trlt&mjzifh rcspfOD;tm;
pmxkwfay;onf udkawGY&awmhrS jrifhcifac: íoGm;onfudkawG;rdumjrifhcif\
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[líyif &J0HhpGm usdrf&Smojzifh oem;rdum ]at; at; jrifhcifuav;[m
odyfjyD;vdr®m wmyJ? oGm;oGm; aemufaz;u azazac:aew,f} [kajymvdkufjyD;
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pmxJwGif ]b,fvdkrsm;ygvmavrnfenf;} [kawG;ívnf; xdwfvefYrdum
&ifwGif;ü w'dwf'dwf ckef&if;pmudk zwfrdav\/
pmudkzwfvdkuf&aom tcgwGifrS uRefawmfhtay: wGifrnfodkYrQ txif
tjrifrxm; olYtay: wGifom txiftjrifrrSm;ap&ef a&;xm;onfrsm;udk
awGY&ay\/
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rcspfrdyg/armifESifhawGYrS cspfw,fqdkwm 'DvdkyJudk;vdkYod&ygawmh w,f/
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[lía&;xm;aom pmydk'fü 4if;armifh udk ru twnfrMuHbJ 'Dpmudka&;0HYrnf

Armhpm*sydk; 58
uRefawmfhvif Z0e
r[kwfyg/ armifhtay: rSm rysufwef;arwåmESifh woufwef;cspfygw,fqdkwm
opöma&aomuf&Jygw,f/ armifuvGJ&if b,fa,mufsm;uav;jrLjrL? b,fol
ajrSmufajrSmuf azmufjym;zdkY rMuH&G,fyg/ vludkrajymygeJY odMum;rif;MuD; Ekwf
crf;arT;&dwfjyD; vlysdK [efaqmifjrLqG,fOD;awmh ,lr,fvdkYrsm; txifr rSm;yg
eJYarmif&,f[lí4if; trsdK;rsdK;tzHkzHk ,Hkavmufatmifwjcm;? oem;avmufatmif
woG,fESifh cs,fvS,fpDa&;xm;onfrsm;udk awGY&onfhtcg uRefawmfhpdwfxJwGif
tvGef0rf;omum ]ighudk wu,fcspf&Smayom;yJ} [kwxpfcspGJrSwfvdkufavawmh
ownf;/
xdktcgrSpíuRefawmfwdkYrSm olwjyefigwvSnfh zGJYumEGJYum Munfp,f
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xm;Muav\/ wcgw&H pmjyefcsdefwefí pmvnf;rvm? vlvnf;ra&mufonfh
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um uRefawmhxufomwmrsm;awGYí arYaejyDavm [katmufarhvsuf ]topf
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tHk;MuD; zufzufjyD; idkawmhwmyJ? vlwzufom;udk 'gavmufvJ r&ufpufoifh
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wu,fvdkYawGYOD;awmh topfb,fvdkaumif;aumif; ta[mif;udkawmh w
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yvDyvmawGvkyfvsuf uRefawmfwdkYrSm tcspfZwfvrf;MuD;udk
zefwD;vmcJYMuay\/

Armhpm*sydk; 59
uRefawmfhvif Z0e
xdkodkYvQif wOD;ESifhwOD;cspfMunfEl;zG,f tcspf&l;&l;aeMuav&m
cspfpcifpMuifempwGif wa,mufeSifhwa,muf pmjzifhomqufoG,fvsuf
wOD;ay;pm wOD;MunfhumauseyfESpfodrfhíaeMuaomfvnf; waeYwjcm;
tcspfawG wdk;yGm;ívmcJY&mwGif jrif&&HkESifhraMueyf pmzwf&&HkESifh tm;r&bJ&Sdum
vlcsif;awGYqHkpum;ajymcsifaom pdwfrsm;ay: aygufvmavawmh\/
uRefawmf\ pdwfxJwGif rcspfOD;ESifh wlESpfudk,f,SOfwGJí cspfyGJMuD;
0ifcsifrdav\/va&mifuav;u w0if;0if;? yef;&eHYawGu woif;oif;
avjynfav;uvnf; wnSif;nSif; jcHxJrSmESpfudk,fxdkif jrdKifjrdKifMuD;
tcspfZwfvrf;cif;vsuf cspfwif;ESD;aESm cspforQudkvSpf[um tukefajymí
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awGYcsifMuay\/ odkY&mwGifuRefawmfhrSm £ajE´&Sifa,mufsm;av;jzpfonfh
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apmifhaecJY&av\/
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jzpfonfhtwdkif;xdkodkYawGY&vsif uRefawmfhtm; ydkrdkípGJrufoGm;atmif
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...awG;rd&HkrQjzifhuRefawmfhrSma&SYodkYqufí rawG;0HYbJpdk;&GHYumMuufoD;xrdawmh\/
xdkodkYwaeYvHk;pdwfvIyf&Sm;aejcif;rSm awGY&umeD;aom tcsdefodkY
eD;uyfvmavav ydkrdkívIyf&Sm;jcif;jzpfav&Sdayawmh\/uRefawmfhrSm tdyf&m0ifí

Armhpm*sydk; 60
uRefawmfhvif Z0e
tdyfae[efaqmifvsuf tdyfaysmfaeMuaom azaz arar wdkY\touf&SLoHrsm;udk
ompl;pdkufíaxmifum tdyfarmusjyDavm tdyfíaysmfMujyDavm[lí
csifhcsdefae&ay\/ tcsdefrSmwjznf;jznf; nOfheufívmavawmh\/
a'gif...a'gif[k wD;jrnfvdkufaomem&DoHrsm;onfvnf;aumif;?&Snfvsm;pGm
qGJiifí vGrf;qGwfzG,f&mjrnfwGefonfh MuufoHrsm;onfvnf;aumif;?
xdwfvefYtonf;,m;p&m 0rf;enf;ylaqG;oHjzifh tlvdkufaom
acG;tloHonfvnf;aumif;? xdktoHrsm;omvQif qdwfjidrfjcif;udk jzdKcGif;vsuf
xGufay:vmavawmh\/
rMumrSD] &TD} [kpl;&S&Snfvsm;aom avcRefoHonfaemufaz;jcHbufqD
rSay: vmav&m rcspfOD;a&muf&SdaejyDudkod&ay\/ xdktoHudkMum;&onfESifh
wjydKifeufuRefawmf\ tonf;ESvHk;rsm;rSm w&G&GvIyf&Sm;oGm;avawmh\/
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&GHYpdwfrsm;ay:vmum ]csdef;rdwmrSm;avjyD}[kxifjrifvdkufrday\/odkY&mwGif
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jzpfcsif&mjzpfapawmh cspfrdjyD;rS trkef;rcHEdkifbl;} [kESvHk;jyKum tdyf&mrS
xjyD;vsif ajczsm;axmufum cRwfeif;íxGufvsuf toufudkrS r&SL0HY
bJ aemufaz;odkY wa&GYa&GYvmcJY&avawmh\/
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apvdkí wHcg;udkjznf;jznf;zGifhcgrS ywÅmu wusDusDjrnfav&m uRefawmfhrSm
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wHcg;udkzGifh&av\/
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rSef;qjyD;vsifavScg;rS qif;cJYav\/
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]apmifhvdkuf&wmcif&,f..rvmawmhbl;awmifxifwmyJ? udkufvdkuf
wJYjcifawGujzifhrajymygeJYawmh? 'DavmufeJY rMum;ygbl;cif&,f?0rf;omvGef;

Armhpm*sydk; 61
uRefawmfhvif Z0e
vdkYtm;&yg;&ajymwmyg/ vmygcif&,f'Dem;uyfyg}
]tdk &Sufp&mMuD; 'DvdkajymvJMum;ygw,f}
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[kqdkum rcspfOD;u uRefawmf\vufudk vSrf;íqGJ,lqkyfudkifxm;
vdkuf&muRefawmfhrSm rdef;uav;vufjzifhawGYxdcHvdkuf&onfwGifMuufoD;awG
wjzef;jzef;xoGm;rday\/ ]wdk;ygcif&JY? cifuvnf;tcspfom;eJY} [kqdkum
rcspfOD;u rvTwfbJqGJaeav&m uRefawmf\ pdwfESvHk;rsm;rSm rD;awGYonfh
za,mif;uJYodkY nTwfaysmif;aysmhacGoGm;í olYbufodkY tvdkufoifhygí
oGm;avawmh\/
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udk,fum,uav;udkol\jynfhwif;oefrmaom vuf&Hk;wpfzufjzifhayGYzuf
vdkufav&m uRefawmfhrSm wudk,fvHk;wkefíoGm;um wGefYvdrf&kef;z,faomfvnf;
rdef;rvufarmif; qifeSmarmif;qdkaom pum;twdkif; t;jcif;rrQojzifh ol\
ayGYydkufxm;&mwGifnifompGm aevdkuf&avawmh\/
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'DvdkzufjyD; woufvHk;aecsifawmhwmyJ} [kajym&m uRefawmfhrSm
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cspfbmajymcsifvdkYvJajymcsifwm &Sdwmajymyg}
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]'DvdkjzpfrSmudk cifupdk;&drfp&mrvdkygbl;cif&,f? cspfcspfwdkYrSmom*kPfrwlwJY[mrdkY

Armhpm*sydk; 62
uRefawmfhvif Z0e
aemifawmhomcifpdwfajymif;rSmpdk;&drfrdygw,f}
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uav;rsm;cspfatmifajymwwfwm b,feSpfrsdK;&SdovJajymprf;ygOD;}
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]b,fvdkrsm;uGJvdkYvJ}
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uvdvdkuf&m uRefawmfhrSm ,m;usdusdjzpfum tdktdkESifh idkrvdkvkyfaomfvnf;
rkef,dkaeaomESmacgif;rSm jynfhazmif;aeaom uRefawmf\yg;jyifuav;udk&THYAGuf
ESdKufonfh 0rf;bJEkwfoD;uJYodkU wpGyfpGyfxdk;aeaomaMumifh uRefawmfhrSm
wudk,fvHk; wodrfhodrfhwkefvsufMuufoD;awG wjyHKMuD;xum &SufaoG;awGrTef
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ayghysufysufMuD;&Sdaeayawmh\/
odkYtm;jzifh uRefawmfonf pmay;pm,ljzifhaecJY&jcif;udkyif tcspf\
pnf;pdrfMuD;[k rSwfxifaerd&mu ESpfudk,fawGY &jcif;onf tvdkjynfhíaysmf
arGYzG,f aumif;ayawmhwum;[k azgufjym;aompdwfrsm;jzpfay: vmawmh\/
uRefawmfonf wcgjcHckefzl;jyDjzpf&m aemufaemifb,ftcgrqdk jcHckef&ef
raMumuf&GHYonfhtwdkif; rcspfOD;ESifh rMumrMum xdkodkYcsdef;ítawGYcHrday\/

Armhpm*sydk; 63
uRefawmfhvif Z0e
tcspfqdkonfrSm wPSmu aygufzGm;onfh om;MuD;Mo&o? &m*ukr®m
wPSmaygufpi,f yifjzpf&um;? tcspfESifh,SOfvQif rjrifEdkif rqifjcifEdkif?
pdwfrEdkifbJ ,drf;,dkifvJí wPSm\qGJiif&modkYom ygwwfonfhtwdkif;
uRefawmfeSifh rcspfOD;wdkYrSm rMumcP awGYMu&jcif;jzifh(tdk;csif;xm;tdk;csif;xd?
MudK;csif;xm;MudK;csif;jid) qdkonfhpum;uJYodkY uRefawmfwdkYrSm rSm;rSm;,Gif;,Gif;
tarSmifwGif;odkYqif;oufrdum orD;&nf;pm; ruaom tajctaeodkY
a&muf&SdcJhMuayawmh\/uRefawmfwdkYrSmtcspfpdwfrTefíaeMuonfjzpfaomaMumifh
cspfzdkYomawG;í aemifa&;udk rqifjcifrdMubJ? tcspfyifv,fvdIif;tMum;wGif
arsmygepfrGef;í aerdMuavawmh\/
xdkuJYodkYvGefvGefusL;usL; jzpfrdMuaomtcg uRefawmfhrSm rcspfOD;u
waeYwGifypfíoGm;vsif vlysdKvdkraerdvdkY udk,f&dw,fav; qdkaompum;uJYodkY
zm;íusefcJYrnfudk awG;awmaMumufvefYrdum xdkodkYawGYMu&mwGif ]cspfcspf&,f
armifhudk&ufpufr,frsm;jzifhrMuHygeJY? armifhudkoem;ygcspfcspf&,f? tckawmhjzifh
armifhwudk,fvHk;udk cspfcspfvufxJ tyfvdkufjyD? ckvdkjzpfjyD;rS cspfcspfu
opömysufjyD; armifhudkypfxm;vdkufr,fqdk&if armifhrSmvlysdK&nfysufvdkY
woufvHk;tnTefYwkef;&awmh rSmygyJcspfcspf&,f tpm0vdkYXmeudkawmh rjyefygeJY?
tm;EGJYwJYa,mufsm;om;yg cspfcspf&,f? armifcsif;? tudkcsif;pmemaxmufxm;jyD;
oem;yg?cspfyg?cifyg? Muifemygw,fqdkwmudkjzifhpdwfcsyg&apaemf}
[kuEGJYuvsESifh oem;atmifrsuf&nfcHxdk;vdkufonfwGif olYpdwfxJwGif
tawmfyifpGJjidoGm;jyD; rS 'Dvdktajymuav;awGaMumifh cspfr0Edkifwm[kqdkum
uRefawmfhudkcspfíjyjyD;vsifol\vufeSpfbufudk,SufjyD;vsifopömusdefqdkjyaom
aMumifh uRefawmfhrSm olYtay:wGif pdwfcsvdkufrdayawmh\/

Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä

Armhpm*sydk; 64
uRefawmfhvif Z0e

tcef; (7)
xdkodkYvsif uRefawmfwdkYESpfa,mufrSm cspfpcifp MuifemprdkY aysmfMurqHk;
wjyHK;jyHK;&SdMuum rMumrMum csdef;awGYMujyD;vsif Munfp,f vGrf;aoG;
cspfa&;jyLiSm aeMuí wcgw&Hvnf;wa,mufpdwfudk wa,mufprf;ouJYodkY
rlvdkufEGJYvdkuf pdwfaumufvdkufESifh acsmhvdkufajymvdkuf uajrmhvdkufESifh
tMunfpdkufíaecJY&m OD;pGm tpü xdkodkYrMumcP awGYMu&onfudkyif
avmuedAÁmefpifppf xifrSwfrd&mu umvMumaomtcg xdk[efawGudk&dk;jyD;vQif
avmuedAÁmefqdkonfrSm xdkrQESifh pcef;rukefao;bJ vrf;qHk;xdvdkufvdkaom
pdwfrsm;ay: aygufvmjyD;vsif uRefawmf\pdwfxJwGifrcspfOD; tm;tpGJMuD;pGJrdum
ESpfudk,f eD;MuzdkYomvsifawmif;wrdjyefayawmh\/
odkYjzpfí rcspfOD;tm; uRefawmfhudkcdk;&ef ylqmawmhrnf[k tMuHjyKum
rcspfOD;ESifhawGYqHkaomtcg ]cspfcspf armifhudkwu,fcspf&ifjzifh jrefjrefMuHygawmh
cspfcspf&,f? armifhudkcdk;r,f qdk&ifjzifh b,faeYjzpfjzpf wu,fvdkufygawmhr,f/
cspfcspfeJYaotwl&SifrcGJvufwGJjyD;aecsifvSygjyD}[kajymvdkuf&mwGif
rcspfOD;rsufESmü 0rf;omaomtrlt&m wufMuGay:aygufvmonfudk
awGY&ay\/ odkY&mwGifxdkodkY0rf;omaomtrlt&monf
csufjcif;yaysmufoGm;jyD;vsif wpHkw&mudkpdkufí awG;aejyD;rS ]cif&,f
wESpfavmuf jzpfjzpfapmifhygOD;? cspfcspf tck&wJYpma&;tvkyfuav;u
ESpfa,mufom; pm;ravmufao;vdkYyg? tckaecg cdk;ajy;Mu&if rdbESpfbuf
vHk;u oabmrwlyJ ypfxm;Mu&if aebdkYxdkifbdkY b,favmufcufrvJqdkwm
awG;MunfhygOD;cif&,f} [kajymav\/
]tdk ... cspfcspf&,f? cspfwmu y"geygcspfcspf&,f? qif;&Jwmcsrf;omwmawGudk
tylygeJY}
]xrif;&nfyJ vsufae&ae& wJysufrSmyJ tdyf&tdyf& cspfaeMu&if
wa,mufrsufESm wa,mufMunfhae&&if xrif;rpm;bJ 0aeMu&rSmygyJ}
]'gawGucif&,f pmxJrSmomajymMuwmyg/ wu,fwef;awmhcspfwmeJY
xrif;pm;wmeJY wjcm;pDygcif&,f? vGrf;a&;xuf0rf;a&;ucufygw,f/
wESpfqdkwm bmrSrMumygbl;/'DtwGif;rSm cspfcspfvnf;aiGpkygOD;r,f/
twlwlaeMuwJYtcgolrsm;armifESHvdk 0wfcsifpm;csifMuGm;csifao;wmyJ? EdkYaywJY
udk,f&wJYvceJY 0rf;cg;rS rvHkavmufawmh tifrwefrS olrsm;atmufus
aemufusjzpfrSmawGudk pdk;&drfvGef;vdkYyg} [kajymonfhtwGuf uRefawmfhrSm
olYpum;udkem,l&ayawmh\/

Armhpm*sydk; 65
uRefawmfhvif Z0e
uRefawmf\ xifjrif,lqcsufrSm trSefyifjzpfonfudkwaeYwGif'dX
od&ayawmh\/ azazonf uRefawmfhtm; wdk;wdk;wdwfwdwfMudwfí
pum;ajymvdkojzifh azazzD;vdrf;aom tcef;odkYac: av\/xdkodkYac: vdkuf
onfESifhwjydKifeuf uRefawmfvnf; azazajymrnfhpum;rsm;udkMudKwifí
odeSifhayawmh\/
]cif azaz wckajymr,fazazhpum;udkem;axmifrvm;} [kar;av&m
uRefawmfonf&dyfrdjyD;onfhtwGuf bmrStHhMojcif;rjzpfrdaomfvnf; þudpöwGif
[efvkyfzdkY&efta&;MuD;aomaMumifh rsufESmysufvsuf tHYtm;oifhonfh
trlt&mudkjyKvkyfum ]azaz ar;wmodyfqef;wmyJ? bmpum;ajymrvdkYvJ?
em;axmifoifh&ifaxmifyghr,f? aumif;wJYpum;qdk&ifcifb,fwkef;u
em;raxmifvdkYvJ} [kajymvdkuf&av\/
]cifh twGufaumif;bdkY&mygbJ}
]bmvJ azaz ajymygOD;}
]cifharar eJY azaz wdkifyifMuw,f? cifvnf;t&G,fa&mufvmjyD?azazwdkYvnf;
cifhudkxdrf;&wm wm0eftifrwefMuD;wmyJ? 'DawmhoD;csdefwefoD; yGifhcsdefwefyGifh
qdkwmvdkt&G,fa&mufwJYtcgrSm cifhudkae&csbdkYwdkifyifaeMuw,f}
[kajymvdkuf&m uRefawmfhrSm vlysdKjzef;uav;yDyD tdrfaxmifa&;udk
aMumuf&GHYwwfaom trlt&mjzifh rsufESmxm;&Suf[efjyKíacgif;iHkYíem;
pdkufíaxmifaejyD; twefMumrS azazYrsufESmudkarmhMunfhum ]uRefawmf
ar;yg&apazaz&,f? azaz wdkYwm0efjidrf;csifvdkY uRefawmfhudkvifay;pm;bdkY
MuHwmvm;? 'grSr[kwf&if uRefawmfaumif;pm;apcsifvdkYyJvdkYxifwmyJ?
bmjyKvdkYvJqdkawmh tckuRefawmfaeae &wmcsrf;csrf;omom eJYae&wmjzpfawmh
vif,lrSyJ aumif;pm;&r,fvnf;r[kwfygbl;azaz&,f} [kjyefíajymvdkuf
&ay\/
]'Dvdkav azaz ajymyghr,f? cifhudkvifay;pm;r,fMuHwm [m wm0efjidrf;rS
jidrf;apawmhvdkYvnf;r[kwfygbl; vifrdef;r &rS aumif;pm;bdkY&SdrSmvnf;
r[kwfygbl;? eDwdpum;xJrSm &xm;wdkYrnfonf wHcGef&SdrSwifhw,fw,f
qdkwmvdk a,mufsm;wdkYrnfonf vif&SdrS rdef;r&SdrS wifhw,f w,fqdkwJYtwdkif;
ae&mcsbdkYpdwful;wmygyJ/ eDwdxJrSmyJygw,f r[kwfvm;? ESrwMudwfyif
&Sdvifhupm; vifrdef;r r&Sdaom a,mufsm;onf rwifhw,fbl;wJY'gawGaMumifh
ajymwmygcif&,f/ azaz wdkYvnf; waeYwjcm; touft&G,fuMuD;vmawmh
raocif'Dom;uav;udk wifhwifhw,fw,f ae&mwusjzpfoGm;wm
MunfhcsifwmyJ}
uRefawmfonf rnfuJYodkYjyefajz&rnfudktawmftcsdefMumpGm pOf;pm;&ayawmh\/

Armhpm*sydk; 66
uRefawmfhvif Z0e
]azazajymwJYpum;awG[m tifrwefaumif;ygw,f? EdkYayrJY cifhpdwfxJrSm
tdrfaxmifjyKbdkYudk 'DuaeYxufxd pdwfrul;rdao;ygbl;azaz&,f}
]at;at; 'Dvdkpdwfrul;rdbl;qdkwm 0rf;omp&myJ? 'Dvdkpdwful;MuvdkY
&l;&l;rdkufrdkuf cdk;&mvdkufajy;jyD; rSm;wJYolawGrSm;aeMuwmaygh? 'gawG[mazaz
wdkYpdwful;ay;&rSmawG? 'gaMumifh azazwdkYpdwful;rdvdkYajymwmaygh}
]EdkYaywJY azaz&,f aygif;&rSmu uRefawmfeJYaygif;&rSmyJ r[kwfvm;vdkY 'gaMumifh
uRefawmf trsm;MuD;pOf;pm;csifygao;w,f/ tdrfaxmifrIbk&m;wnf
aq;rSif&nfpkwfxdk; qdkwJYpum;vdkrSm;rdrSjzifh jyifjyD;&EdkifbdkYcJ,Of;ygw,f
azaz&,f/}
]'gawG azaz odygw,fcif&,f? cifhudk qifpD;jyD; jrif;&mudkomjrifcsif
wmayghav/ qifeif;jyD;jrif;uefwmudkawmh b,folrSjrifcsifyghrvJvdkY? azaz
wdkYpDrHrSmu aumif;zdkYpDrHrSmyJ}
][kwfygw,fazaz&,f? EdkYaywJY uRefawmf i,fvnf;i,fygao;w,f?
tdrfaxmifa&;udkvnf; xdef;odrf;Edkifr,fh t&G,fr[kwfao;ygbl;/ vlysdKb0
eJY tm;&atmif wESpfwefonf ESpfESpfwefonf aeyg&apOD;?tdrfaxmifrIxdef;
odrf;EdkifwJY t&G,fusawmh azaz wdkYpDrHwJY twdkif;vdkufemyghr,f}
xdkpum;rSm uRefawmfhbufu ta&;ombdkYjzpfayawmh\/ taMumif;rSmrl
azazvnf; xdkpum;udkMum;&í twefMum *½kPmoufaom rsufeSmjzifh
Munfhum ]'Dvdkqdk&ifvnf;av azazwdkYpum;udkem;axmifyghr,fqdkwm
Mum;&wm 0rf;omvSygjyD? cifuvnf;cifhpum;eJY tnDvdrfvdrfrmrmaeyg/
'Dtwdkif;omqdk&if cifhoabmtwdkif; tm;&atmifvlysdKvkyfaeEdkifygw,f}
[kajym&Smav\/
odkYtm;jzifh uRefawmfhrSm rcspfOD;rSvGJí tjcm;olESifhay;pm;rnfh'ku©rS
uif;vGwfcJY&jyD;jzpf&m rcspfOD;ESifh ESpfudk,freD;&ao;aom 'ku©rS tb,fenf;
jzifhuif;vGwfEdkifygrnfenf;[k tMuHjyK&ef wvrf;om&Sdayawmh\/odkY&mwGif
rcspfOD;rSm aemifa&;twGuf pdwfrcsEdkifao;ojzifh qdkif;ygOD;[kqdkaejyefaom
aMumifh rcspfOD;u uRefawmfh tm;cdk;bdkYtMuH ay: vmonfhtcgwGif uRefawmf
\ rdbrsm;u uRefawmfhtm; vifay;pm;bdkY&efpDrHjyD;jzpfaernfudk om&Snfvsm;
pGm vSrf;íylyefp&m&Sdayawmh\/rcspfOD;ESifh uRefawmfwdkYrSm abmif;bDwef;wif
tMuifvifa,mufsm; vifrdef;r b0odkYra&mufMuao;aomfvnf; ,ck uRefawmf
wdkY\tcspfpcef;oGm;aeyHkrSm xdktajctaewrQ wdwfwdwfykef;jzpfíaeMuav\/
odkYtm;jzifhuRefawmfwdkYrSm ork'´&m wPSma&,OfwGif urf;rjrifvrf;rjrif wGif
wGifepfarsmí aeMuum taysmfMuD;aysmfvQuf&SdMuojzifh uRefawmfwdkYa&SYwGif

Armhpm*sydk; 67
uRefawmfhvif Z0e
uRefawmfwdkYESpfa,muftm;cGJzsufrnfh vdIif;vHk;MuD;rsm;udk rjrifrawGY rdbJ&Sd
Muayawmh\/
wckaomnaewGif uRefawmfonfyef;jcHwGif;odkYqif;íyef;cl;írcspfOD;tm;
arQmfaepOf tdrfxJodkY'dkbDukvm;rMuD;0ifíoGm;onfudk jrifvdkuf&av\/
cgwdkif;ü 'dkbDukvm;rMuD;vmvQif 'dkbDay;&ef t0wftpm;rsm;udk udk,fwdkif
pkaqmif;ay;í pm&if;tif;rSwfaomfvnf; ,ckrl uRefawmf onfrcspfOD;udk
arQmfbdkYta&;u 'dkbDay;bdkYta&;xufMuD;aeaomaMumifh tdrfay: wGifvnf;
azaz&SdonfESifhtnD azazjyKvkyfvdrfhrnf[k ESvHk;jyKum jcHxJüra,mifrvnf
vrf;ovm;&if;rcspfOD;udkarQmfíaeav\/xdkodkYarQmfae&if;rcspfOD;a&mufvmonf
udk jrifvdkuf&pOfrSmyif ]cifa& ... cifa&} [kazaz\ [pfatmfoHudk Mum;vdkuf&m
uRefawmfhrSm pdwftdkufíoGm;av\/ MumjrifhpGmapmifhae&oludk awGY&cgeD;rS
tdrfay:rS tvkyfay:vmonfudk MudwfrEdkifcJr& a'gjzpfrdonfhtjyif rcspfOD;udk
jrifcgrS tdrfay:odkYwufoGm;&aomf rcspfOD; txiftjrifvGJrnfudk pkd;&drf
rdaomaMumifh rMum;[efaqmifvsuf ZGwfayí aevdkufaomfvnf; ]cif ... [JY
cifodef;} [kcyfrmrmac:oHMum;vdkuf&av\/ uRefawmfhrSm wif;rmaom
toHMum;&í &GYHxdwfoGm;um rcspfOD; pdwfqdk;rnfudk ESvHk;rjyKrdEdkifbJ tdrfay:odkY
ajy;wufcJY&av\/
tdrfay:odkYa&mufaomtcg 'dkbDukvm;rMuD;r&SdawmhbJ azazom&Sdonfudk
awGY&jyD;vQif azazhrsufESmwGif a'gojzpfaom edrdwfvu©Pmrsm;jyaeonfudk
awGY&\/ uRefawmfhrSm wkefíaeawmh\/ azaz\vufxJudkMunfhvdkufaomtcg
pmrsm;udkawGY&av&m uRefawmfhrSm rsufvHk;jyL;oGm;vsufqufaep&m
r&Sdawmhatmifjzpfrdjyefawmh\/xdkpmrsm;rSm uRefawmf\ tdyf&matmufwGif
0Sufxm;aom &nf;pm;pmrsm;jzpfav&m azazonf 'dkbDay;&efuRefawmf\
tdyf&mcif;acgif;tHk;pGyfrsm;udk cRwf&if;awGYoGm;jyDjzpfonfudkrar;bJodEdkifonf
jzpfav\/
azazonf jyif;xefpGmxpfcsHKl;&GmoGef;awmhrnfjyifaeaom rdk;om;
wdrfykwfrsm;uJYodkY eufusKwfrJarSmifaomrsufESmjzifh uRefawmfhtm; 0g;rsdK
awmhrnfhyrm pl;pdkufíMunfhae&mrS ][JYoabmufxD;? eifao&atmifom
jyifayawmh? vmprf;'Dem;udk} [kac:&m uRefawmfhrSm taMumif;udk&dyfrdjyD;
jzpfaomfvnf; tjypfr&Sdol\ trlt&mjzifh bmrSrodav[ef jyKí ]bm
jzpfvdkYvJazaz&JY? uRefawmfbmvkyfvdkYvJ} [k wkef&DpGmar;&if;aMumuf&GYHpGm
tem;odkYuyfav\/
]eifbmvkyfw,fqdkwm eifrodbl;vm;? eifhudkeif ajcmufypfuif;
rif;ra[mfvkyfaew,fayghav/'DpmawG[m bmpmawGvJ? b,fvifuay;

Armhpm*sydk; 68
uRefawmfhvif Z0e
wJYpmawGvJ/ [JYujrif;xD;? a,mufsm;&TifxD;? eifawmhvm; tDMumauG;vdk
aygifESpfjcrf; Asrf;Asrf;jrnfatmifjzdKypfr,f? ajym&ifajym rajym&ifawmhvm;
'g;wifjyD;jzwfypfr,f eifhvQmudk}
]aeygOD;azaz&JY? azazuvnf; qlzdkYomt&ifjyifaeawmhwmyJ? tusdK;taMumif;
odyg&apOD;? bmrSrod&bJ eif;uefjyD;qlaeawmh cifubmudkjyefjyD;ajz&rSmvJ}
]eifubmudkajzr,fMuHowkef;? 'DpmawG eifhtdyf&matmufu&wm eifhudk eifhvif
ujrif;r *sydk;rawGuay;wJYpmawGr[kwfbl;vdkY eifujiif;r,fMuHao;ovm;?
eifnmcsifwdkif;nmvdkY&r,fxifovm;? eifht&ifuxrif;pm;vmwm? 'grsdK;awG
tHcsdKifhaejyD} [kqdkum yg;pyfudkvufjzifhjzJítHoGm;rsm;udkvufjzifhxdk;jyjyD;vsif
uRefawmfhem;uyfum yg;udkvufndK;jzifhjyif;xefpGm wpyfpyfxdk;um
]ajymprf;ygOD;[JY? eifhtaygufubmqdkYxm;vdkY eifu'DvdkvkyfaewmvJ} [kajym&m
uRefawmfhrSm rnfodkYrQjyefrajymEdkifbJ &SufaMumuf0rf;enf;um &ifxJu
vdIufvdIufvSJvSJjzpfvmjyD;vQif rsuf&nfrsm;awGawGusvmaomaMumifh
rsufESmudkvuf0g;jzifhtkyfum ]'DvdkajymraeygeJYazaz&JY? uRefawmfhudk
owfypfvdkufygawmh} [kqdk&if; idkcsvdkufav\/
]atmifr,f aomufujrif;xD;? eifhudkigu bmvkyf&ao;vdkYidk&wmvJ [if}
[kqdkí uRefawmf\qHyifudkqGJvdkuf&m uRefawmfvnf; azazrnfodkYrQ
rvkyf&cifuyif aMumufaMumufvefYvefYESifh ]trav; aoygjyD? aoygjyD?
u,fygOd;t&yfuwdkY&JY MunfhaeMuawmhrvm;} [k ckepfarmif;wifí toHukef
[pfatmfvdkufojzifhazazvnf; uRefawmfhyg;pyfudk twif;ydwfvdkuf&m
uRefawmfuzrf;í udkufvdkufonfwGif ]trav; udkufw,f[JY? udkufw,f
[JY? eifighudkudkufw,fayghav} [kqdkum qHyifudkqGJaqmifhjyD; uRefawmf\
yg;udk vufjywfMuD; ESifhcsvdkuf&m uRefawmfhrSm rl;rdkufumcsmcsmvnfvsuf
trav;w&if; vJusíoGm;awmh\/
xdktcdkufwGif tdrfoltdrfom; tcdkif;taprsm; tajy;tvTm;0ifívm
MujyD;vsif uRefawmfwdkYtm; zsefay;Muí tdrfatmufxyfrSvnf; ][JY bmjzpf
Muwmwkef;} [k &Hk;ujyefvmaom arar\ atmfar;oHESifh tdrfay:odkYtjref
wufvmaom zdeyfoHudk Mum;&av\/ararvnf; tdrfay:odkYa&mufí
uRefawmfhudkjrif&vsiftHhtm;oifhíoGm;av\/
][JY ar;wmajzMuprf;ygOD;? bmjzpfMuwmwkef;? t&yfysufaewJYtwdkif;bJ
atmfvdkufqlvdkufMuwm? vlMum;vdkYrSrawmfygbl;} [kararuar;awmhrS
azazu ]tr,fav; .. udk,fhom;taMumif;uawmh usKyfrajymcsifygbl;?
a[m'DrSm ol&nf;pm;xm;jyD; olYvifuay;wJYpmawG? 'DpmawGawGYvdkYolYudk
qHk;rr,frS rMuH&ao;bl;? usKyfvufudk zrf;jyD;udkufw,f? 'Dom;rsdK;awmh

Armhpm*sydk; 69
uRefawmfhvif Z0e
ouf&SnfvdkYbkef;rMuD;bl;} [k zrf;íwdkifvdkufjyD;vsif uRefawmfhbufodkY
vSnfhjyefum a'gojzifh &SKUvQuf ]eifaemf .. eif ?tpuawmh ighom;av;
awmfrvm;vdkYatmufarYjyD; ighom;vdrfrmvSw,fqdkumrS pavmif;zHk;jrif;
pD;jyD;xGufvmwmayghav/ eifhudkarG;&wm &ifemwmyJ[JY? rdbawmifawmf
vSefwJYom;? eifawmhvm;? eifawmhvm;av? taoowfr,f [JYtaoowf
r,f} [kqdkíuRefawmfhqDajy;vmaomaMumifh uRefawmfvnf; vJae&mrSajc
vufum;&m;jzifh uefYvefY uefYvefY vkyfvsuf ] trav;aMumufvSygjyDaz
az&JY? aMumufvSygjyD? csrf;omay;yg azaz&JY} [katmfvdkufawmhrS araru
azazhtm;ajy;qGJxm;av\/
]a[h udkjra&T? aeprf;ygOD;? udk,fuvJ a'gocsnf;yJ? udk,fhom;udkqHk;rwm
wdk;wdk;wdwfwdwfMudwfjyD;qHk;ra&maygh? tckawmh &yfausmf&GmMum;aumif;Edkif
yghrvm;qdkwmudkvJpOf;pm;ygOD;? tck[dkuMum;'DuMum;eJY? b,favmuf&Sufp&m
aumif;ovJvdkY? udk,fwdkYa,mufsm;wawG[m 'gawGcufwmbJ?bmrS
a&SYaemufrpOf;pm;wwfbl;}
]awmfprf;yga': t0Sm&,f? udk,fhom;udk,fzsufqD;vdkY wdwfwdwfav;
t&yfysufjzpfaewm ? wqdwf&SdumqD;umqD;eJY? 'gawGaMumifha&mifhwufaewm}
]atmf ... tusdK;oifhtaMumif;oifh ajymqdkqHk;rrSayghuG,f? 'Dvdkatmfawmh
[pfawmh t&yfuMum;wmyJ&Sdr,f/ olYem;xJudkvnf;0ifrSmr[kwfbl;}
]tr,fav; yg;pyfeJYajym&Hkavmufawmh udk,fhom;u zifMum;xJrS nSyfrSm
r[kwfbl;/ qHk;rw,fqdkwm a[m'DvdkrS? a[m'DvdkrS} [kqdkum uRefawmf\
aygifwGif;aMumudkqGJívdrf&m uRefawmfhrSm aovkarsmyg;[pfatmfí
idk&jyefav\/ odkY&mwGifyg;pyfudk twif;ydwfxm;ojzifh toHyDopGm
rxGufEdkifbJ tl0Jtl0Jjzpfaeav\/
][JY udkjra&T? vGefr,faemfvGefr,f? usKyfajymwm r&bl;vm;}[kqdkjyD;
ararvnf;a'goxGufívmum azaz\ycHk;qGJíwGef;vdkuf&m azazrSm
tm;csif;rrQ ojzifhzifxdkifívJusoGm;vsuf&SHKUrJYaejyD;rS azazonfolYacgif;udk
olxkum ]tr,fav;? igomaovdkufygawmh[JY/ ig&Sufw,f?ig&Sufw,f?
ighudkESdyfpufMu[JY? tm;&atmifESdyfpufMu? tm;&atmifESdyfpufMu?
om;uESdyfpuf? rda&Tvifu ESdyfpuf ? igaoygawmh[JY ...tD;[D;tD;tD;}
ESifh yg;pyfMuD;jzJum Ekwfcrf;arT;MuD;um;um;ESifh idkíaejyD; acgif;xk&ifxkESifh
jyKvkyfaeonfudk awGYaomaMumifh uRefawmfhrSm azazhbufudk oem;vmjyD;vQif
ajy;íayGYzufum ]uRefawmfrSm;ygjyDazaz&JY? uRefawmfhudkomqHk;ryg/
azaz&dkwfwmvnf;cHyghr,f? uRefawmfvGefwmyg azaz&JY} [kajymajym
qdkqdkidk&mu azazh\ rsuf&nfrsm;udk okwfay;jyD;vQif azaz\ajcaxmufudk

Armhpm*sydk; 70
uRefawmfhvif Z0e
uRefawmf\ acgif;ESifh wdkufay;awmhrS ararvnf; om;a&mvifa,mufsm;a&m
tylZwfcif;aeonfudk rjrifEdkifojzifh ]uJav? awmfMuygOD;?
igvJraoao;ygbl;? eifwdkY[m olrsm;Mum;vdkYrSrawmfbl;} [kqdkaomaMumifh
uRefawmfvnf; tidkwwdwfumusdwfí&SdKwfaeaomfvnf;azazurl a,mufsm;yDyD
idkausm&Snf&SnfESifh ]igt&SufuGJw,f[JY Adkif;wmxD;&JY [JU [JY}
[kuRefawmfhtm;ajymum idkMuD;csufrvkyfaeaomaMumifh araru ]a[h udkjra&T?
usKyfajymaewm rMum;bl;vm;a[h? wdwfqdkwdwfMu? rwdwf&if
ESpfa,mufpvHk;aqmfrdvdrfhr,f} [kqdkawmhrS azazvnf; toHwdwfíoGm;av\/
xdktcgrS ararvnf; pmrsm;udk,líMunfhum uRefawmfhtm;
]cspfcspf qdkwmb,folvJ} [kar;av\/
][dk [0g ...a&SYaea':ausmufvHk;&JY orD;? ta&;ydkif&Hk;pma&; rcspfOD;}
[k ajymí rjyD;rSDyif azazu Mum;0ifjyD;vQif ]w,fav? igajymvdkuf& raumif;
awmhygbl;? eifhudkqifpD;jyD;jrif;&HwmjrifcsifvdkY 0efaxmufr jrdKYtkyfrawG pyfwkef;
u eifhudkajymawmh trav; i,fygao;w,f? em;rv,fao;ygbl;av;bmav;
eJY? eifh[meif ujrif;ausmxwmawG w,fjyD;aumif;w,fayghav/w,favig
ajymvdkuf&} [kqufjyefavaomaMumifhararu]wa,mufar;ae&ifwa,mufu
em;axmifprf;ygOD;? Mum;0ifrajymprf;ygeJY} [k wm;jrpf&av\/
]rif;wdkYMudKufaewm MumjyDvm;} [kar;&m uRefawmfacgif;iHkYvsuf
][kwfuJY} [k ryGifhwyGifhavoHjzifhajzvdkufav\/
]aumif;Mua&mayghav/w,f aumif;? apmapm uodayvdkYyJ? rif;uwu,f
MudKufaejyDvm;? rpGefYEdkifatmifMudKufaejyDvm;}
uRefawmfvnf; twefMumatmifawG;awmaejyD;rS tajymtqdkcH&jcif;rS
oufomatmif 4if;wdkY tvdkodkYvdkufíajymbdkY pdwful;xkwf um ]uRefawmfu
cspf&wmr[kwfygbl;? olutwif;pmay;wmyg? uRefawmfolYudkjzwfvdkufyg
awmhr,f? rcspfawmhygbl;? aemuf'grsdK;awGY&if taoowfygawmh?'DwpfcgcGifh
vTwfygarar&,f} [kajymqdkawmif;yef&avawmh\/
ararvnf;pOf;pm;aejyD; ]uJ rif;pum;eJY rif;yJ aoaocsmcsm rSwfxm;aemifudk
vlMuD;rdbrod&bJ eifwdkYwdwfwdwfykef; usifhcsifovdk? usifhMuHcsifovdk
MuHwmawG awGY&ifawmhvm;? taMumif;odMua&maygh/ 'gyJajymr,f oGm; rsufESm
opfacs?idkraeeJY? 'DuaeYupjyD;tdrfa&SYudkxGufwmjrif&&ifao&atmifjyifayawmh}
[k ajymajymqdkqdk pm&Gufrsm;udk wpf&GufpDjzJíae&m uRefawmfhrSm vGefpGm ESarsm
0rf;enf;vsuf aemufaz;cef;odkY xGufcJY&awmh\/
xdkYaemufuRefawmfrsufESmopfjyD;vsif tdrfa&SYodkYjzwfvmcJh&m azazrSm
pum;aMum&Snfwwfonfh twdkif;wzspfawmufawmufeSifhjrnfwGefawmufwD;

Armhpm*sydk; 71
uRefawmfhvif Z0e
vsuf&SdonfudkawGY&av\/ararrSmem;Mum;jyif;uyfívm[ef&Sday\/taMumif;
rSmrl araronf pmrsm;udkjzJqkwfae&mrS xíqlvdkufonfudk awGY&avawmh\/
]a[h udkjra&T? jyD;wJY [mrsm;vnf;jyD;ygapawmh? waxmifhuaejyD;
j*dKvfxdk;raeprf;ygeJY/ [dkvlYtjypfvdkvdk? 'DvlYtjypfvdkvdk vkyfraeeJY? 'gawG[m
udk,fhtjypfyJ? udk,fhom;udk udk,fEdkifatmifrxdef;EdkifvdkY 'Dvdkjzpf&wm /'Dvdk
xdef;bdkY qHk;rbdkYqdkwm udk,fwdkYtvkyfawG? ae&mwumrSm usKyfwdkY0ifrygEdkifbl;}
[kajymvdkuf&m azazuaighíajymaom avoHjzifh ][kwfyghaus;Zl;&Sif&,f?
[kwfygw,f? bmyJjzpfjzpf uRefawmfxD;&JY tjypfcsnf;ygbJ?olu ta&;ay;vdkY
a&Ta&;yef;uefwufwmawmh xnfhrajymbl;? usKyfoabmeJYusKyfpDrHxm;wJY
twdkif;omjzifh ?'Dvdkrjzpf&bl;? usKyfom;rSJYwaygufrpGef;&bl;/ 'Dvdk
tusifhtMuHrsdK;[m usKyfwdkYrsdK;xJrSm wa,mufrSr&Sdbl;} [kajymvdkuf&m ararhrSm
a'goxGufoGm;av\/
]bmajymw,f?'DvdktMuHrsdK; udk,fwdkYrsdK;xJrSm r&Sdbl;qdkawmh? usKyfwdkYrsdK;xJrSm
&Sdw,fvdkYajymcsifoayghav/w,f ... udk,fu cifodef;eJY &efjzpfjyD;tm;&vdkY
usKyfudkprf;wmvm;}
]prf;w,f? prf;w,f bmvkyfcsifwmvJ} [kqdkvmav&m ararvnf;a'goeSifh
tem;uyfjyD;vQif ]rif;aemf ... rif;emcsifjyDxifw,f} [k r&dkufrSDEdkYwpfay;av\/
]tr,f? owÅd&Sd&if xdprf;avxdprf;} [kqdkum azazu ararYtm;
ycHk;csif;wdkufvdkuf&m ararvnf; a'gorcsKyfwnf; EdkifawmhbJ ]udkif;uGm
xdw,fuGm} [k ajymajymqdkqdk azaz\ em;&if;tkyfvdkuf&m azazYrSm t&kyf
MudK;jywfouJYodkY rwfwyfuvJjyD; idkyGJMuD;qifav\/ uRefawmfhrSm arar
'Dxufwdk;ía'goxGufvsif cufíukefMuawmhrnfudk awG;rdum wif;0ifí
jzef&um azazYtm;qGJzufí tcef;xJodkYtwif;qGJ ac:&avawmh\/ararYrSm
a'goxGufum ]eifwdkYawmhodMua&mayghaemufudk bmbmnmnmMum;&if
ESpfa,mufvHk;udkowfjyD; pufwdkifwufr,f} [kajymqdk&if;usef&pfavawmh\/
xdkaeYxdktcgrSpíuRefawmfhrSm tdrfjyifodkYxGuf&bdkYa0;pG? tdrfa&SY
jywif;ayguf0rSmyif MumMumrQr&yf&awmhbJ tvGefwif;MuyfpGmapmifhxdef;
x;jcif;cH&avawmh&m rcspfOD;ESifhawGYbdkYrqdkxm;bd? jrif&HkrQ rjrifMu&awmh
ay/
xdkodkY rawGY&rjrif&jcif;onf uRefawmfhtm; ylyifawmufavmifaom
oJuEÅm&twGif;0,f a&Munfjywfvsuf iwfrGwfpGmvJae&jcif; xufMuD;rm;vS
aom 'ku©MuD;udk cHpm;&avawmh\/xdkYtjyif rcspfOD;u uRefawmfhudk rawGY&
rjrif&jcif;tm;jzifh olYpdwfxJwGif olYtay:ü uRefawmfopömysufjyD? arwÅm
ysufjyD[kxifjrifoGm;rnfudk pdk;&drfrdjcif;onfvnf; uRefawmf\ pdwf'ku©

Armhpm*sydk; 72
uRefawmfhvif Z0e
a0'emudk ydkrdkMuD;avapjyefawmh\/uRefawmf\ pmudkawGY&SdqlylcH&onfh
aeYrSmyif rcspfOD;udk uRefawmfjrifvdkufjyD;rS tdrfay: odkYwufívmonfudk
olYtm; tawGYrcHvdkí a&Smifwdrf;oGm;onf [ktxifvGJp&m taMumif;&Sday
\/ xdkaeYrSpjyD;aemufaeYrsm;wGif ,aeYtxd w&ufrSrawGY &jcif;onf xdk
odkY txifvGJjcif;udk ydkí,HkMunfpGJjrJap&m jzpfjyefay\/
xdkodkYjzpf&um; uRefawmfhrSm rnfonfhenf;tm;jzifhxdkodkYtxifrvGJap&ef
jyKvkyf&rnfudk MuH&mr&&Sd&ay\/ tjyifodkYrxGuf&ojzifholYtm; rjrifrawGY&?
jrifhcifuav;udkvnf; usyfwnf;íxm;ojzifh olygtjyifodkYrxGuf&í rnfodkYrQ
tquftoG,frjyK&ojzifh twGif;utaMumif;tjyifodkYra&mufEdkif
tjyifutaMumif;twGif;odkYra&mufEdkifbJ? uRefawmfhrSm awG;rdwdkif;pdwf
tdkufarmyef;um wa,mufxJ Mudwfíomvsif idk,dkylaqG;rdayawmh\/
xdkodkYvsif rcspfOD;\ rsufESmudkvnf; rawGYrjrif&? tusdK;taMumif;vnf;
rod&ojzifh pdwfnpfylaqG;ae&onfhtxJrSmyif pdwfr&TifbG,f&mrsm;onf
ay:aygufvmjyefao;awmh\/ xdktaMumif;rSmum; tjcm;r[kwfuRefawmfhtm;
vifrdef;ray;pm;&ef pDrHaeMujcif;yif jzpfawmh\/
,cifu xdkodkYpDrHcefYcGJcJY&mwGifuRefawmfonftdrfaxmifjyKzdkYpdwfrul;ao;
em;rvnfao; tcspftaMumif;rodao; toufi,fao;onf[k jiif;y,fí
&cJYaomfvnf; ,ckrSmrl uRefawmf\ tjzpftysufrsm;udk rdbeSpfyg; odxm;
MujyD;jzpf&um; b,fyHkb,fenf;ESifhrS jiif;r&awmhjyD udkod&Sd&jcif;jzifh cspfolESifh
auGuGif;í rcspfolESifhaygif;oif;&rnfh'ku©MuD;udk ra&SmifEdkifr&Sm;EdkifawmhbJ
awGYMuHK&awmhrnfjzpfonfhtwGuf MuD;pGmaom pdwfqif;&Jjcif;udk
jzpf&avawmh\/
xdk'ku©0#fqif;&JMuD;rSrcspfOD;omvQifu,fwifEdkifawmhrnfjzpfaomaMumifh
,cktcgwGif rcspfOD;tm; rnfonfhenf;ESifhrQ rawGYEdkifjyDjzpfaomaMumifh
arQmfvifhbG,fr&SdjyDjzpfaywmh\/ rcspfOD;ESifhawGYEdkifapumrl uRefawmfhtm;
cdk;ajy;&ef rwwfEdkif&SmbJ ]wESpfapmifhygOD;} [kqdkxm;aom pum; &SdaomaMumifh
cdk;&mvdkufajy;bdkYrSmvnf; rjzpfEdkifatmif&Sdayawmh\/tu,fí idkum,dkum
rsuf&nfcHxdk;vsuf trsdK;rsdK;tvGrf;o,fum rcspfOD;rS ru,fvsifaozG,f&mom
&Sdygawmhonf qdkí tvdkodkYygatmifqGJiifvdkufum uRefawmfhtay:ü
wu,fyifcspfvsif t&JpGefYí cdk;ajy;rnfyif&Sd&m uRefawmfh tay:ü rcspfapOD;
awmh ,cktjzpftysufudk ajymbdkY&eftwGufyif awGYbdkYvrf;rjrif jzpfjyefay
awmh\/
odkYjzpf&um; uRefawmfhrSm udk,fcspfoludk rawGY& rjrif&? tqHk;wGif
raygif;&bJ rESpfoufolESifh aygif;&aom 'ku©udk cHpm;&rnfhtpm; aojcif;

Armhpm*sydk; 73
uRefawmfhvif Z0e
omvsifjrwfao;onf [kpdwf&l;aygufrdaomfvnf; xdkodkYaojcif;jzifh bmrS
aus;Zl;rcHpm;& ? rcspfOD;ESifh b,fawmhrSaygif;&rnfr[kwf? tusdK;,kwft
&SufuGJjcif;om jzpfrnf[k awG;jyefum aobdkYMumMum pdwfrul;0HYawmhbJ
&SdjyD;vsif avmu\ vufxyfa&;jyóemMuD;udk &GH&Smpufqkyfrdum rdrdaygif;
oif;&rnfholrSm rdrdcspfMudkufolr[kwfbJ rdbwdkY\tMudKufjzpfoleSifh om
aygif;&rnfudk awG;vsuf rdbrsm;tay: a'gojzpfrdayawmh\/
rdbwdkYonf om;orD;rsm;tay:wGif tppt&m &mü aumif;pGm
qHk;ryJYjyifEdkifaom t&nftcsif;jynfhpHkolrsm; yifjzpfaomfvnf; tdrfaxmif
rIESifhywfoufí rdbwdkYrSm;aomtcg om;orD;wdkYrSm ydkíepfem qif;&J&
onfudk awG;rdum xdktjzpfrsdK;rS uif;a0;&ygvdk\ [kqkawmif;rday\/

ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ

Armhpm*sydk; 74
uRefawmfhvif Z0e

tcef; (8)

uRefawmf\azazonf uRefawmfhtm; vifay;pm; bdkYtwGufvHk;yef;

aeonfhtawm twGif;rSmyif zsm;emaexdkifraumif;jzpfívmav\/ odkYtm;
jzifh uRefawmfhrSm tcspftwGufvnf; rylEdkif vufxyfa&;twGufvnf; r
aqG;EdkifbJazazY udkom Munfh&SKjyKpkae&um; pdwfarmp&mwpfckawGYvm&jyef
\/ xdkodkYazazaexdkifraumif;pOf pm;a&;aomufa&; aomufa&;twufaps;
0,fay;rnfholr&Sdjyef&m tapcHrsm;udkvnf; pdwfrcs&aomaMumifh tdrfeD;yg;
jcif; vlysdKMuD;udknTefY&Dudk aeYpOfaps;bdk;ay;íaps;0,fcdkif;&avawmh\/
udknTefY&Dwa,mufudk&xm;jcif;tm;jzifh uRefawmfhrSm tawmftwefulaz:
avmifzuf&&Sday\/ udknTefY&DrSm uRefawmfhtay: wGifcifrifonfhtwdkif;
aps;0,fay;&Hkru? aeYcif;aeYvnfüvnf; vma&muf ulnDum azazYudk yg
Munfh&SK jyKpkay;av\/
xdkodkY udknTefY&Dvma&mufí wpf&uf ESpf&ufMumaomtcg udknTefY
&Donf uRefawmfhtm; wpHkw&m ar;jref;vdkjcif;&SdonfudkawGY&av\/ xdk
odkYawGY&yHkrSmum; uRefawmfhtm;&nf;pm;taMumif;ESifh ywfoufíajymonfh
tcgajym? cspfol&Sdr&Sdar;ESifh ajymyHkqdkyHkxl;jcm;jcif;jzpfay\/ odkY&mwGifuRef
awmfhrSm udknTefY&Donf b,fvdk&nf&G,fí ar;onfudk rodEdkifaomMumifh
&nf;pm;r&Sd? tcspfqdkwmbmrSef;rodaMumif; vSnfhywfíajymvdkuf\/
rnfodkYyifjzpfap udknTefY&Donf uRefawmfhtzdkY tvGeftultnDay;onfh
tusdK;awmfaqmifMuD;jzpfonfudk waeYwGifawGY&ay\/
xdkaeYü aeYvnfcsdefavmufwGif azazYtm; aq;wcGufwdkufvdkuf
jyefí azaz tdyfaysmfoGm;pOfudknTefY&Donf uRefawmfhtm; tdrfa&SYcef;odkY
wdk;wdk;wdwfwdwf MudwfívufwdkYac:oGm;avawmh\/
]cifbmjyKvdkY nTefYnTefYudk nm&wmvJ} [k udknTefY&Du t&if;tzsm;r&Sdaom
pum;jzifh pwifar;vdkufav&m uRefawmfhrSm &kwfw&uf tHYtm;oifhrd&mrS
]bmjzpfvdkYvJ nTefYnTefY&JY} [kar;vdkufav\/
]cifhrSm &nf;pm;r&Sdbl;qdk}
]&Sdw,fvdkY b,folajymovJ}
]cifh&nf;pm;uajymwmaygh} [kajym&m uRefawmfhrSm omítHYtm;oifhum
]b,fu&nf;pm;&SdvdkYvJ? b,folvJ} [kar;vdkufav\/
]nmraeeJYaemf nmae&if cifh&nf;pm;qDu ay;vdkufwJYpmudkr&bJaer,f}
]b,foluay;wmvJ}

Armhpm*sydk; 75
uRefawmfhvif Z0e
]rcspfOD;aygh?} [kajzvdkufonfwGif uRefawmfhwGif [efaqmifíraeEdkifawmhbJ
&Sdayawmh\/
]wu,fajymwmvm;? [kwfvm;? cspfcspfu pmay;vdkufovm;? b,frvJ?
b,frvJ? ayprf;yg}
]t[D; ...} [k udknTefY&Du avoHjzifh&,fum ]'geJYrsm; nmaevdkufwm?
cif'DvdknmaevdkY 'DtaMumif;udk apmapmu rod&wm? rcspfOD;u 'Dtdrf
udk 0ifwm xGufwm tjrJapmifhMunfhjyD; aewmudk nTefYnTefY rouFmjzpfaeu
xJu cifhudk&nf;pm;&Sdovm;vdkYar;wm? rcspfOD;u nTefYnTefY 'Dtdrfudk 0ifwm
xGufwm tjrJapmifhMunfhjyD; nTefYnTefYeJY todvkyfcsifvdkY vdkufaejyD; waeYu
aps;xJrSm ig;ajcmufonf udk*srf;pdefqdkifrSmawGYjyD; udk*srf;pdefu todzGJYay;
w,f/ nTefYnTefYvnf; t&ifuxJu rouFmjzpfaewmeJY raeYuzGifhar;wm
cifwdkY taMumif;tukefzGifYajymw,f? nTefYnTefYu r,HkvdkYpmawGawmifxkwf
jyvdkufw,f} [kajymjyav\/
][kwfvm; ... tr,fav; 0rf;omvdkufwm nTefYnTefY&,f? ewfoMum;rsm;
zefqif;ay;wmyJ? 0rf;omwmxuf 'DtaMumif;aemufrSajymygOD;?pmudk
t&ifzwfyg&apOD;} [kawmif;vdkuf&mwGif udknTefY&Donf tdwfMum;udkESdKwfí
pmwpfapmifxkwfíay;av\/
pmudkzGifhízwfvdkuf&mwGif uRefawmfhtay: wGiftjypfwifírsm;xm;rnfavm
[kxifrdouJYodkYr[kwfbJ oem;bG,f&ma&;xm;onfrsm;udkjrif&vQif
uRefawmfhrSm vdIufvdIufvSJvSJ jzpfvmrday\/
]cspfcspfudk roem;awmhbl;vm;armif&JY? cspfcspfaeHwdkif;vmaomfvnf;b,ftcgrS
cifhrsufESmudk rjrif&vdkY cspfcspf&ifxJrSm oD;jcm;urÇm rD;q,fqlavmifovdk
tylaumifrMuD;jzpfae&ygjyD/ cspfcspfrSm bmtjypf&SdvdkY rMunfhcsif&wmvJ?
cspfcspf udkrkef;jyDvm;cif&JY? tpwkef;uawmh cspfygw,fcifygw,feJY tckawmh
rkef;vdkYvm;armif&JY? t&ifujzifh cifhudk rypfygeJY? rarYygeJYqdkjyD; ckawmh cifu
rkef;awmhrSmvm; armif} ponfjzifh a&;om;xm;aom pmrsm;rSm uRefawmf\
tonf;qdkiftonf;rTmwdkYudk zspfnSpfíqGJvdkufouJYodkYrcsdatmifjzpfrdayawmh\/
xdkodkY a&;onfh pmrsm;atmufwGif ta&;tMuD;qHk; pmudkawGY &ay\/
]cspfcspf toem;cHyg&aparmif&,f? cspfcspftay: rSm armifwu,fcspf&if
,aeYn cgwdkif;awGYaeus tcsdefrSm awGYyg&apcif&,f? t&JpGefYjyD;qif;cJYyg
cif&,f? 'DuaeYn armifeJY rawGY&&ifjzifh cspfcspf[m vlYjynfrSm raeawmhyg?
armifurS rcspfrnfh twlwl? udk,fhudk,f udk tqHk;pD&ifvdkufygawmhr,f?
,aeYn rawGY&&if reufjzefcspfcspf vlYjynfrSm r&Sdawmhyg/ cspfcspfaumif;&m
rGef&ma&mufatmif cspfcspftwGuf bk&m;rSm ukodkvfjyKjyD; trQtwrf;a0&pf

Armhpm*sydk; 76
uRefawmfhvif Z0e
ygawmh} [laom pmrsm;onf uRefawmfhtm; idkcsif0rf;enf; aompdwfrsm;jzpf
ay: vmatmif zefwD;ay;avawmh\/
uRefawmfhtay: ü tjypfrwif? olYudkyifoem;avmufatmifa&;om;um
rawGY&vQifao&awmhrnf[k a&;om;xm;onfrSm tb,fuJYodkYaomtjzpfrsdK;eSifh
MuHKawGYae&aomaMumifhayenf;[kawG;awmír&EdkifbJpdk;&drfruif;aom pdwfrsm;
ay:vmrdayawmhonf/
]bmawGygvmvdkY pmzwfjyD;rIdifaewmvJ cif&JY? }
]cifhudk awGYcsifvGef;vdkY rawGY&&if ao&awmhrSmygbJwJY? bmjzpfvdkYrsm;vJ
rodbl;}
][m;[m;? orD;&nf;pm; qdkwm 'Dvdkrl&m rm,m rsm;MuwmrsdK;yJcif&,f?
nTefYnTefYwdkY u 'Dvdk[mawG atmifoG,fay;&vGef;vdkY aemaMuaejyD}
]nTefYnTefY wdkYvlrsdK;awG[m 'grsdK;csnf;yJ? olrsm;cspfwJY MudkufwJYtxJrSm
w,fjyD;ygcsifw,f? atmifoG,fvkyfvm;vkyfcsif&JY? udk,fh udkawmhjzifh
pGefatmifrvkyfEdkifbl;}
]atmf ... nTefYnTefY wdkY t&G,fuMuD;aejyD cif&JY? MudkufrJYvlvnf;r&Sdbl;?
'Db0tusdK;ray;wm aemifb0tusdK;ay;atmif? olrsm;tusdK;aqmifjyD;
yg&rDjznfhaewmaygh? EdkYjyD;awmh nTefYnTefY pdwfxJrSmvJ olrsm;&nf;pm;xm;
wm? &nf;pm;pum;ajymwm w,fjyD;MunfhcsifjrifcsifwJY 0goemygw,f} [k
ajymaepOf ]t[Gyf t[Gyf}[laom acsmif;qdk;oHMum;&í azaz Edk;aeonfudk
od&aomaMumifh a&wdkuf&ef xíoGm;Mu&um; pum;jywfíoGm;av\/
xdkaeY? uRefawmfhrSm pdwfvIyf&Sm;vsufaeawmh\/ tvGefMuyfwnf;
xm;onfhtwGuf qif;í tawGYcHEdkifbdkY&ef cJ,Of;vSay\/ tawGYrcHvdkuf
vsif reufjzefwGif rcspfOD; wpHkw&m awGY&rnf udk4if;? pmxJrSmygonfhtwdkif;
jyKvkyfoGm;rnfudk 4if; ylyifp&mjzpfvmjyefav\/ xdkYtjyif rcspfOD;rSm tvGef
taMumif;xl;aomaMumifhom rawGYrae Edkifjzpfrnf yifjzpfay&m tawGYrcHvdkuf
vsif xdktaMumif;udk rodvdkuf&bJ&Sdrnfudk pdk;rday\/ odkYjzpf&um; rnfonfh
enf;eSifh tawGYcH&ygrnfenf;? rcspfOD;ESifh tawGYcHonfudk 'DwpfcgrdoGm;vsif
t&dkwfcH&&HkrQru araru taoowfrnfudk awG;awmaMumuf&GHYum ,aeYn
tzdkY b,fyHkzefíMuHK&rnfudk waeYvHk; awG;awmum pdwftm&HkvIyf&Sm;vsuf
&Sd&ayawmh\/
odkYESifh tcsdefMumanmif; wem&DrS wem&DodkYajymif;vmum tvif;a&mif
aysmufuG,fvsuf rcspfOD;csdef;qdkxm;aom tcsdefodkYa&mufvmcJYav\/ xdktcg
wGifrl uRefawmfhrSm tawGYcHbdkY tawGYrcHbdkYudk odkYavmodkYavm awG;awmzdkY&ef
tcsdefr&SdawmhjyDjzpf&m ][,f ... bmyJjzpfjzpf aemifcgvm aemifcgaps;yJ?

Armhpm*sydk; 77
uRefawmfhvif Z0e
tckawmhjzifh olYudkyJ tawGYcHvdkufygawmhr,f} [k ESvHk;jyKum atmufodkYqif;&ef
csufaumif;udk&Sm&av\/
azazYrSm a&m*gt&Sdefjzifh apmapmuyif tdyfaysmfaeav&m arar tdyf
&m0ifrnfh tcsdefudkomapmifhpm;ae&avawmh\/ xdkodkYapmifhpm;aepOfrSmyif
Moumo Moumo Moumo pojzifh &Snfvsm;pGm &Gwfqdkaeaom arar\bk
&m;&Sdcdk;oHudkMum;í vpfjyDudkodum aemufaz;odkY udk,fvufokwfoif&ef
qif;rnfh[efjzifhxGufcJYav\/ odkYxGufcJY&m avScg;rSqif;rnftjyKwGif pdwf
xJwGif wpHkw&m av;vHívmaomaMumifh xdktcgav;usrS qif;&rnfudk &GHY
zdkum tvdkvdkaMumufvefYvsuf csDwHkcswHk jzpfíaeav\/odkY&mwGifuRefawmfh
rSm rsm;pGmpOf;pm;í raeEdkifawmhjyD/&TD ueJavcRefvdkufaom rcspfOD;\ ac:oH
onf pOf;pm;jcif;tm;vHk;udk ysufjym;íoGm;apum uRefawmfhtm; tjrefqif;
apavawmh\/
atmufodkYa&mufonfeSifhwjydKifeuf uRefawmfonf ysmysmovJjzpfum
rcspfOD;xHodkYajy;íoGm;um rcspfOD;onf uRefawmfhtm; qD;íayGUzufjyD;
]trav;? tckrS awGY&awmhwmyJ cif&JY} [kqdkum 0rf;omtm;& uRefawmfh
yg;uav;udk cspfvdkuf\/
][ifhtif;? oleJY awGY rSjzifh'Dvdkcsnf;yJ}
]cspfvGef;vdkYrS rcspf&awmhbl;vm; cif&,fav? cspfcspfcspfcspfcspfcspfodyfcspfvdkYyg}
[kqdkum cspfwvHk;vQif wcguscspfjyefavawmh\/
]'DvdkcspfwmawGxm;ygOD;? tckawGY&atmifvmwm bmta&;MuD;vdkYvJ}
]cif ... &Snf&Snfawmh cspfcspfrajymawmhbl;? cif cspfcspfudk wu,fcspf&if
tckwcgxJ vdkufcJYygawmh? cifrvdkuf&ifjzifh cspfcspfaoypfvdkufawmhr,f}
[kajymvdkuf&m uRefawmfhrSm thHMordawmh\/
]tdk ... bmjyKvdkYao&rSmvJvdkY aowJYpum;rajymprf;ygeJY}
]cif rvdkuf&if cspfcspfao bdkYaumif;avmufatmifjzpfaevdkYyg? tckvdkufcJYyg}
]tr,f olu tckyJjzpfvm&jyefjyD? t&ifwkef;u 'Ducdk;ygcdk;yg qdkwkef;uawmh
wpfeSpfapmifhav; bmav;nmav;eJY tckrSb,fhES,fhjzpfvm&wmwkef;}
]cifrodbl;aemf? rodbl;}
]tdk rodvdkYar;wmaygh?cufvdkufygbdawmh}
xdktcg rcspfOD;\rsufESmwGif oem;bG,f&mndSK;i,fpGm jzpfay:vmonfudk
awGY&av\/ uRefawmfonf rcspfOD;\ wudk,fvHk;udkMunfhvdkuf&m
a&S;uESifhrwlbJ tom;taoG;ajymif;vJum vmonfudkawGY&jyD;vQif
uGJuGmaeaom tawmtwGif;0,f jynfhjzdK;ívmonfudk awGY&av\/

Armhpm*sydk; 78
uRefawmfhvif Z0e
odkYtm;jzifh uGJuGmaeonfhumvtwGif;0,f uRefawmfh twGufrylryif
pdwfMunfvifat;csrf;jcif;aMumifh 0jzdK;vmonf[kxifjrifum pum;em&Smrnf
[kMuHpnfaeqJwGif rcspfOD;onf uRefawmf\ em;wGifuyfíwpHkw&majym
vdkuf&m wGif xifcsufESifhvGJum rsufvHk;jyL;p&m awGY&avawmh\/ rcspfOD;rSm
uRefawmf\ &nf;pm;vnf;ru uRefawmf\ vifvnf;rusaexdkifcJY&m
,ckuRefawmf\ vif[kqdk&avmufatmif tajctaeodkYa&mufcguRefawmfh
vifrSm udk,f0ef&Sdaeonfudk od&avawmh\/ xdkodkYjzpfírcspfOD;\
pum;udkMum;vdkuf&vQif uRefawmfhrSm [dkufceJ toHxGufum
pum;rqufEdkifatmif &Sday\/
]'gjzifhb,fvdkvkyfMurvJ}
]b,fvdkrS wjcm;vkyfp&mr&Sdawmhbl;? cspfcspfcdk;&mudkom vdkufcJYygawmhcif&,f?
cifrvdkuf&if cspfcspfawmh t&SufuGJ&awmhrSmyJ? tJ'Dvdkawmhjzifh t&SufuGJ
rcH&apeJYcif&,f? cspfcspfudk cifroem;vdkY cifrvdkufawmhbl;qdk&ifjzifh ...}
[kqdkum cg;Mum;rS'g;udkjyum ]cspfcspfudk a[m'D'g;ESifh xdk;jyD;aovdkufawmhr,f}
[kajym&m uRefawmfhrSm'g;MuD;udkjrifítonf;xdwfoGm;&ay\/ ajymí
rukefEdkifatmiftHYMojcif;onf uRefawmf\ ESvHk;wGif;0,fay:vmavawmh\/
uRefawmfESifhrcspfOD;wdkYrSm,cifunncsdef;qdkawGYqHkMu&mwGifqifuef;awmwdk;
ozG,f a&SYaemufrjrifbJtcspfwGifarsmvsufwPSmAGufxJodkYuscJYMuav&m
uRefawmfhrSma,mufsm;uav;jzpfonfh twdkif;vlysdK&nfysufvsuf rcspfOD;
twmfrMuHvQifwoufwGift&SufuGJ &awmhrnfudk awG;íylyefrdcJYay\/
odkY&mwGifobm0w&m;MuD;wGif rajymif;vJaom t&m0wÅKMuD;wpfck&Sdav&m
olwdkY\tjzpftysuf rnfodkYyif ajymif;vJapumrl obm0rSmrajymif;vGJbJ
&Sdonfhtwdkif; rcspfOD;rSm rdef;rjzpfonfESifhtnD ol\udk,fwGif
om;oaE¨wnfaeonfudk awGY&ayawmh\/
]cifbmawG pOf;pm;aewmvJcif&JY? t&ifwkef;u cifuyJcdk;ygawmh cdk;ygawmh
vdkYajymjyD; tckcdk;&atmifvmawmhrS aemufqkwfoGm;awmhrSmvm; 'Dvdkqdk&if
t&ifu cifajymwmawG[m cspfcspftay: rSm [efaqmifjyD; rlwmEGJYwm
awGayghav/}
]rvdkufcsifvdkY pOf;pm;aewm r[kwfygbl;cspfcspf&,f? cspfcspf cdk;r,fajymwm
jrefvGef;vdkYpOf;pm;aewmyg? t&ifu bmrSrjymbJ tckrS&kwfw&ufMuD;
cdk;&mvdkufcJYygac:awmh armifvnf;tMuH&MuyfjyD;pOf;pm;rdwmaygh}
]pOf;pm;bdkY rvdkawmhygbl;cif&,f? cifrvdkuf&if &SifuGJruGJaouGJuGJqdkovdk
wenf;enf;eJYuGJbdkYjzpfaejyD? cifeJY cspfcspf b,fvdkyifcspfMuayrJY jynfyef;ndK
csdKcsif&JY qm;zsufw,f qdkwmvdk cifhrdbawGuzsufxm;awmh ,ckvdkawGYwkef;rS

Armhpm*sydk; 79
uRefawmfhvif Z0e
rvdkuf&if aemifudkawGYzdkYa0;jyD? cifhrdbawGay;pm;wJYrdef;reJYcifnm;Mu&awmhrSmrdkY
&SifuGJ uGJ&awmhrSmyJcif&,f ... cspfcspf vnf;'Dvdkqdk&ift&SufuGJawmhjzifh rcHbJ
a[m'D'g;eJYxdk;jyD;aovdkufawmhr,f? wcGef;xJbJajymygawmh} [kqdkí
olY&ifbwfudk'g;jzifhaxmufjyvdkuf&m uRefawmfhrSm jzifhrjrif0HYawmhbJ
]tr,fav; 'Dvdkawmhjzifh raoygeJY } [kqdkum 'g;udkifvufudk
qGJxm;vdkufrdayawmh\/
]'gjzifh vdkufr,fvm;} [kar;&m uRefawmfhrSm &kwfw&uftajzray;bJ
ai;armawG;awm aerdayao;awmh\/
uRefawmfhrSm a,mufsm;rdkY tm;EGJYolyifjzpfaomfvnf;? ,ckawGY&aom
tjzpftysufrsdK;wGif rcspfOD;aemufodkY uRefawmf rvdkufbJaeí uRefawmf ü
&SufaMumufbG,f&mtjzpfodkY ra&mufEdkif uRefawmfhtzdkY vGwfvyfaeonfudk
awGY&um vGwfvyfaom b0odkYvdkufrnfavm? rdbrsm;udkypfrnfavm? tcspf
udk pGefYrnfavm[k awG;awmjcif;jzifh wuG xdkar;cGef;rsm;ESifhxyfcsyfruGm ay:
vmaom tajz trsdK;rsdK;wdkYonf OD;aESmuftwGif; vQifjrefpGm qufumqufum
ay:vmav\/
xdkodkYpOf;pm;awG;awm aepOfrSmyif tdrfay:rS ]t[rf; t[rf;} ESifh
acsmif;qdk;oHrsm;udk Mum;&ay&m arar Edk;aeonfudk awGY&ojzifh uRefawmf
wGif xdwfvefY rsufvHk;jyL;jcif;jzpfrdayawmh\/,ck uRefawmfwdkYjzpfysufyHk
udkararawGYoGm;vsif uRefawmfh touf zufESifhxkyfítyf&awmhrnfjzpf\/
odkYjzpf&um; uRefawmfhrSm toufrS rSefrSef r&SL EdkifbJ &Sdav&m rMumrSDtdrf
aemufaz;aygufrS pl;&Sxdefvif;aom vufESdyf"gwfrD;a&mifonf jcHaemufaz;
qDodkY xdk;oGif;&SmazGonfudk awGY&onfESifhwjydKifeuf uRefawmf onf rcspf
OD;udk tm;udk;jyKízufum yef;jcHaemufuG,fwGif ESpfa,mufom;ajy;0ifí
ykef;uG,fvdkuf&av\/
]uJ b,fhES,fhvkyfyghrvJ? cufukefjyD rdoGm;&ifawmh tcufyJ? trdrcHcsif&if
cspfcspfeJY wcgxJajy;MupdkY? ESpfa,mufpvHk;awGYae&ifvnf; tcufyJ tdrfay:
udkcifjyefjyD;wufzdkYuvnf; cifr&SdwmudkodoGm;jyD? cspfcspfeJYomvdkufcJYawmh}
uRefawmfhrSm tvGeftMuyf&dkwfíaeavawmh\/ ,ckuJYodkYaomtajctaewGif
tdrfay: odkYjyefíwufajy;bdkYuvnf;rjzpfEdkif? ESpfa,mufom;trdcHbdkYuvnf;
rjzpfEdkifonfjzpf&m? ,ckavmavmq,f awGY&rnfh'ku©udka&SmifuGif;Edkif&efrSm
rcspfOD;ESifhvdkufajy;í ,ck'ku©udk aemufrScH&ef tcsdefvTJjcif;rSwyg;
tjcm;r&SdawmhjyDjzpfayawmh\/
]b,fhES,fhvJcif? ajymprf;yg? [dkrSmqif;vmjyD? ajymprf;yg? vdkufr,fr[kwfvm;? }
uRefawmfhrSm OD;aESmufxlyl&SKyfaxG;um rnfodkYajzvdkufonfudkyif

Armhpm*sydk; 80
uRefawmfhvif Z0e
owdr&awmhbJ twefMumrS jcHMudKjcHMum;xJwGif rcspfOD;u uRefawmf\
vufudkqGJíuRefawmf u aemufrS vdkufygaeonfudk awGYjrifrS cdk;&mvdkuf
cJYjyDudk owd&ay\/
uRefawmfhrSm ql;rsm;udkif;rsm;jzifhjcpfrd csdwfrdonfudk *&krpdkufEdkif
acG;vdkufonfudk vnf;raMumuf&GHYbJ twif;ZGwfw&Gwf xGufajy;vmcJYMu
av&m acwÅrQ Mumvsif jcHwGif;rSxGufvmjyD; vrf;rMuD;wpfckay:odkYa&muf
vmMuav\/ vrf;ay: odkYa&mufvQif uRefawmf\ pdwfxJwGif uRefawmfonf
rdbrsm; pGefYypfcJYavjyD [laomodjrifjcif;onf ESvHk;om;xJwGif xifvif;pGm
ay: vmav&m uRefawmfhrSm 0rf;enf;jcif; tm;avsmhjcif; vGrf;qGwfjcif;wnf;
[laom pdwftm&Hkrsm;onf ay:aygufvmav\/ xdkodkY&Sdaomfvnf; wzuf
ujyefíawG;vdkufaom tcguRefawmfonf cspfol\aemufodkY vdkufygcJYjyD
jzpf&um; uRefawmfonf uRefawmf\ cspfolESifh twlwuGaygif;oif;aysmf
&Tif cspfedAÁmef 0if&awmhrnfjzpfojzifh uRefawmf wdkYESpfa,mufrSm tcspf\
aysmfarGY&m edAÁmefvrf;odkY pGefYpm;umvSrf;cJYMuavjyD [kawG;awmrdjcif;jzifh
aysmf&Tif0rf;omrdjyefav\/
xdkodkYvQif uRefawmf\pdwfxJü tm&HkaxGysm; vIyf&Sm;azmufjyefvsuf
&SdonfrSm trsdK;rsdK; tzHkzHkjzpfíaeaomaMumifh uRefawmfhrSm uRefawmf\ pdwf
xJwGif tb,fuJYodkYjzpfaeonfudk a0cGJír&Edkifatmif&Sdum uRefawmf od&
orQrSm uRefawmf wdkYESpfa,mufajy;ívmonfudk vljrifíoGm;rnfpdk;jcif;?
vdkufívmMurnfudk aMumuf&GHYjcif; rsm;yifjzpfay\/
]cspfcspf b,foGm;rvdkYvJ? armifodyfaMumufwmyJ? vlr&SdwJYvrf;uoGm;yg?
a&SYurD;awGvif;aew,f? jrifoGm;&ifcufawmhrSmyJ}
]tdk... cifuvJ? bmrSraMumufygeJY? cspfcspfwa,mufvHk;&dSom;yJ}
[k tm;ay;rS uRefawmfhrSm rcspfOD;udk tm;udk;tm;xm;jyKum vufudkzufvsuf
vdkufcJYav&m rcspfOD;u ]vmvm 'Dvrf;uoGm;r,f? a&SYus&ifarSmif&dyfxJrSm
cPae&pf? cspfcspf armfawmfum;oGm;jyD;iSm;vdkufr,f?} [kajymumuRefawmfhtm;
ac:cJY&m uRefawmfvnf; cspfcspfeSifhxyfcsyfruGm tajy;uav;oGm;um
vdkufcJY&av\/ twefi,favsmufrdMuvQifrcspfOD;ajymaomopfyif&dyfatmufodkY
a&mufMuav\/
]cif 'DrSm cPaeOD;?}
]rae0HYbl; cspfcspf&JY? armifwpfa,mufxJodyfjyD;aMumufwmyJ?armifygvdkufcJYr,f}
]tdk ... cifvdkufvdkYrjzpfvdkY rac:wmaygh? um;qdyfrSm vlwa,mufa,muf
awGYrSmpdk;vdkYyg? cspfcspf csufjcif;jyefvmcJYrSmyJ? bmrSraMumufygeJY? a[m'D'g;,l
xm;? b,foljzpfjzpf tem;uyfvm&if xdk;omypfvdkuf} [kqdkum 'g;udk xkwf

Armhpm*sydk; 81
uRefawmfhvif Z0e
ay;vdkuf&m uRefawmf\ pdwfonf tvdktavsmuf vufonf'g;udk vSrf;,l
vdkufrdav\/ vufxJodkY 'g;a&mufvmvsif uRefawmfhrSm tawmfav;&Jwif;
vmum ]cspfcspfjrefjref jyefvmcJYaemf? jrefjrefrvmvdkY&Sd&ifawmh? cspfcspfaemufudk
rvdkufawmhbl;? tdrfvnf;rjyefawmhbl;? 'D'g;eJYom owfaor,f} [kajymvdkuf
&m? rcspfOD;onf ]tdk ...pdwfcs csufcsif;jyefvmcJYr,f} [kajymajymqdkqdk uRefawmfh
tm; wpfcsufrQ tcspfay;cJYjyD;? cwfokwfokwfxGufoGm;av\/ uRefawmf\
pdwfü 'g;&Sdaeaomfvnf; wa,mufxJ&SdaeonfhtjzpfudkodaomtcguRefawmfhrSm
aMumuf&GYHpdwfrsm;ay: vmrday\/tdrfuvlMuD;rsm; vdkufívmavrnfvm;?
ykvdyfrrsm;vmízrf;avrnfvm;? *sydk;r awavrawGuRefawmftm;awGYoGm;jyD;
rawmfrw&m;jyKavrnfvm;[k awG;rdum rsufpdrsm;wGif [dkbufMunfh vlvdkvdk?
'DbufMunfh vlvdkvdk ESifh pdwfacsmufjcm;vsuf aMumuf&GHU rdum rcspfOD;
jyefvmcJvdkufwm [katmufarYrdav\/
twefMumvsif uRefawmfwdkYvmcJYaom vrf;bufqDrS t&Sdefjyif;pGm
armif;vsufpl;&SpGm rD;xdk;vmaom armfawmfum;wpif; vdkufívmonfudk
awGY&av\/ uRefawmfhrSm xdkum;udkjrif&vQif toufrSrSefrSefr&SL0HUawmhbJ
rdoGm;rnfudk aMumuf&GHYum rcspfOD;jrefjrefjyefí rvmonfudk pdwfqdk;vsuf
uRefawmfhtm; wrif'ku©ay;oGm;wmrsm;yifjzpfava&mhovm;[k wrsdK;wrnf
xifjrifrdum aoíypfvdkufcsifrdawmh\/ armif;vmaomum;rSmvnf; wajz;
ajz;eD;vmav\/ uRefawmfhrSm bmrS rMuHwwfawmhbJ vGwfvdkvGwfnm;
oabmxm;um opfyiftuG,fwGif 0ifíuyfvdkufav\/
xdktcdkufwGif armif;vmaomum;onf zswfueJ rD;jidrf;oGm;av\/
bmaMumifhrD;jidrf;oGm;onfudk awG;ír&EdkifbJ&Sdawmh\/ um;vmaeonfudk
uRefawmfrodapvdkíavm?rD;ysufoGm;íavm b,foabmjzpfoGm;onfudk
rodEdkifbJ&Sdawmh\/ xdktcdkufwGifum;MuD;onf w&Sdefxdk;a&mufvmum
uRefawmf ykef;uG,fíaeaom opfyifbufodkY xdk;íqdkufav\/
uRefawmfh wudk,fvHk; wkefvsuf aZmacR;rsm;usaeav\/ um;ay:
wGif rnfolrnf0gygonfudk rMunfhbJ rcspfOD; jzpfava&mhovm;? vdkufí
zrf;olrsm;jzpfayoavm? rcspfOD;qdkvsif a&SYujyefvmbdkYom&Sd\/ aemufuvdkuf
vmbdkYr&Sd[k trsdK;rsdK;awG;vHk;rsm;xGufvmav\/ rMumrSD um;ay:rSvlwpf
a,mufqif;vmjyD; uRefawmfhqD cyfokwfokwfajy;vm&m uRefawmfvnf;
rMuHEdkifawmhonfhtqHk;wGif 'g;jzifhxdk;vdkufrnf[k csdef&G,fxm;vdkufav\/
xdktcgusrS ]cifa& ... b,frSmvJ} [k rcspfOD;\toHudkMum;&aomaMumifhuRef
awmfhrSm aMumufvefYpdwfrsm;aysmufum ykef;ae&mrS ajy;xGufvsuf ]'DrSm? 'DrSm}
[kqdk&if; rcspfOD;xHajy;íuyfav\/

Armhpm*sydk; 82
uRefawmfhvif Z0e
rcspfOD;vnf; uRefawmfhvufudk zrf;qGJvdkufjyD; ]vm ...vm jrefjref}[kqdkum
um;ay: odkYqGJajy;um uRefawmfvnf; cspfolaemufodkYaumufaumufygí
oGm;um um;ay: odkYa&mufonfESifhwjydKifeuf ]0D} ueJjrnfaom toHMuD;jzifh
t&Sdefjyif;pGm um;xGufívmav\/
um;onf t&Sdefjyif;pGmarmif;ESifvmcJYav&m vrf;ab;0J,mopfyifrsm;
tdrfrsm;onf csmcsmvnfvsufusef&pfcJYavawmh\/ rMumrSDuRefawmfwdkYonf
jrdKYpGefjrdKYzsm;odkYa&mufvmMuav\/ uRefawmftm; rcspfOD;b,fudkac:rnfrodbJ
olac:&modkYvmvsif vdkuf&awmhrnfjzpfay\/ wvrf;vHk;wGifvnf;wa,mufudk
wa,mufpum;rajymEdkifbJ vdkufvmrnfudk ompdk;&drfaMumifhMuaom pdwfjzifh
aemufodkY vSnfhwMunfhMunfh&Sdum wdwfqdwfpGmygvmMuav\/
jrdKYjyifa&mufrS rcspfOD;onf pdwfcsíoGm;um uRefawmfhtm;jyHK;jyHK;av;
vkyfí MunfhvdkufjyD;vsif ]cifavwdkufvdkYcsrf;ovm;} [k qdkumuRefawmf\
udk,fudk ayGUzufjyD;vQif ol\&ifcGifxJwGif udk,faiGYvIHíay;av\/
]cspfcspf armifhudk b,ftxdac:rvdkYvJ}
]a&mufawmhodrSmayghcif&,f? bmrSraMumufygeJY? &J&Jwif;wif;omvdkufcJYyg}
[kqdkojzifh uRefawmfhrSm odívnf;rxl;? rod&ívnf; rxl;?ac:&maemufodkY
vdkuf&rnfomjzpfawmhonfhtwdkif; rcspfOD;\ &ifcGifwGifarS;rSdwfvsuf
vdkufcJY&avawmh\/ uRefawmfhrSm csrf;vnf;csrf;? tdyfuvnf;idkufojzifh
acgif;pdkufjyD;vQif aysmfrSef;rodtdyfaysmfcJYav\/ uRefawmfonf
tb,frQMumjrifhpGm tdyfaysmfrdonf rod? uRefawmfhyg;ay: wGif rsufESmudk
tyfvsuf ]cif ...cif..tdk ..cif} [krcspfOD;ESdK;vdkufí Edk;wJYvmum xíMunfh
vdkuf&m tdrfwtdrfa&SYodkYa&mufaeonfudkawGY&av\/
]cspfcspf? tckarmifwdkY b,fudka&mufaeovJ}
]cspfcspf oli,fcsif; pmwdkufpma&;r rausmfwifhwdkYtdrfyJ? 'DtdrfrSmykef;Mur,f}
[kqdkum um;wHcg;udkzGifhvdkufjyD;vsif ]uJ ..qif;MupdkY} [kqdkaomaMumifh
uRefawmf vnf; um;ay:rS qif;vdkufav\/
rcspfOD;vnf; um;ay:rS qif;jyD;vQif um;armif;oltm; um;cay;jyD;aemuf
uRefawmf\ a&SYuoGm;&m uRefawmf vnf; aemufuvdkufcJYav\/ rMumrSD
rcspfOD;onf tdrfwHcg;udkacgufíEdSK;av&m uRefawmfh rSmrsufESmjy&rSm
&Sufojzifh cyfvSrf;vSrf;uyif&yfvsufae&av\/
acwÅrQMumvQif ]b,folvJ} [laomtoHudk Mum;&um wHcg;yGifhvmav\/
]tvdk rcspfOD;ygvm;? tcsdefrawmfMuD;rSm bmtaMumif;xl;vmvdkYwHk;}
]tdkifaq; ... udk,fa,mufsm;cdk;vmw,f}
][m aAsmoHrMum;pnfoHrMum; bmrSjyifqifjyD; rxm;&ygvm;?vm vm 0if?

Armhpm*sydk; 83
uRefawmfhvif Z0e
b,frvJ udk&nf;pm;} [k rausmfwifhqdkolESifhwlaom rdef;rysdK\
toHudkMum;&jyD;aemuf rcspfOD;onf uRefawmfh xHodkYjrefjrefuyfvmum ]vmav
cif? &SufraeygeJY? cspfcspfoli,fcsif;awGyJ? &Sufp&mr&Sdygbl;} [kqdkum
vufqGJac: ojzifh uRefawmf vnf; tdrfxJodkYvdkufyg&av\/
tdrfxJodkYa&mufaomtcg rausmfwifhonf uRefawmf&Sufrnfpdk;í
ajAmifrMunfh&Jaomfvnf; uRefawmf\ rsufeSmudkMunfhcsifao;onf
jzpfaomaMumifh rodromapmif;ajrmif;íMunfhvdkufonfudk uRefawmf\ rsuf
vHk;ESifh qHkrdav&m olvnf;tm;emonfhtrlt&mjzifh rsufESmvTJoGm;vsuf
uRefawmfvnf; &Suf&SufESifhacgif;iHkYíaevdkuf&onf/
uRefawmfhrSm &SufvSojzifh rD;vif;vif;wGifrxdkif&JbJ arSmifxJwGif
ukyfíae&av\/ rcspfOD;ESifhrausmfwifhwdkYrSm uRefawmfwdkYtwGuf
ae&mxdkifcif;ay;&ef tcef;wcef;udk &Sif;vif;vsuf zsmrsm;arGY,m acgif;
tHk;rsm;o,fum,lumeSifh tvkyfrsm;aeMuav&m xdkypönf;rsm;udk uRef
awmfjrif&vQif tvGefyif&SufrdonfhtxJü rausmfwifhu rnfodkYaemuf
ajymifvdkufonfrod? wcGD;cGD;jzpfaeoHrsm;udk Mum;&jyefaomaMumifh uRef
awmfhrSm &Sufí rqHk;EdkifbJ&Sdayawmh\/
xdkuJYodkY a&TYMuajymif;Mu cif;usif;jyifqifMu ojzifh&SdMu&m wtdrfvHk;
rnfolrQraeEdkifMuawmhbJ rdef;ra&m a,mufsm;yg tvkyfrsm;íaeMuav\/
rausmfwifhtdrfrSmyif pma&;rESifh o@efwlaom rdef;rysdKrsm;vnf;&Sdonfudk
awGY&ay&m 4if;wdkYrSm rausmfwifhtdrfwGif vcay;í pm;aomuf aexdkifolrsm;
jzpfayvdrfhrnf[k,lq&ay\/twefMumaomtcguRefawmfwdkYtwGuftcef;jyif
qifjyD; jzpfav&m? rcspfOD;uvmíac:onfwGif uRefawmfhrSm rdef;rysdKrsm;a&SYü
tcef;xJodkY0ifoGm;&rnfudk tvGef&SufvSaomaMumifh 4if;wdkYtm;z,fay;apjyD;rS
0if&ayawmh\/
rausmfwifh\ oli,fcsif;rrsm;rSm xdknwGifaysmfí rqHk;EdkifouJYodkY
bmawGMudwfí ajymqdk&SKyfaemufaeMuonfrodwcdcdtoHrsm;udkMum;ae&ay\/
wcgwcgwGif uRefawmfwdkYtm;a&Tem;awmfMum;ajymouJYodkY toHus,fus,fjzifh
]a[h rxGef;pdef? 'DaeY owif;pmxJrSm aA'ifcef;zwfrd&JUvm;? bmawGygvmvdkYvJ?
'DuaeYn ivsifvIyfvdrfhr,f} [kqdkum &,fvdkufMuonfrsm;Mum;&ay\/
tawmfuav;MumoGm;aomtcg xdkodkYpum;ajymoH&,foHrsm;aysmufoGm;jyD;?
tcef;ab;ywfvnftjyifzufrS MuGufwdk;oHrsm;uJYodkYvnf;aumif;? eH&Hay: odkY
MuGufavsmufouJYodkYvnf;aumif; MudK;MudK;usdusd toHrsm;udk Mum;&av&m?
uRefawmfhrSm4if;wdkYtaygufacsmif;aeonfudkod&um&SufjyD;&if;&Suf&if;jzpfaeay
\/

Armhpm*sydk; 84
uRefawmfhvif Z0e
][dkbuftcef;u MuGufawG qlvScsnfvm;? tdyfyJ rtdyfEdkifbl;} [k
rausmfwifhuajymvdkufoHudkMum;&um xdktoHudkMum;&jyD;aemuf MuGufoH
rsm;aysmufoGm;rS rausmfwifhu 4if;\oli,fcsif;rrsm; taMumif;udkod&ojzifh
uRefawmfwdkY r&Suf&atmif rMunfhMu&ef [efYwm;vdkufonfudk rausmfwifh
tm; uRefawmf\ pdwfxJrS Mudwfíaus;Zl;wifrdayawmh\/xdkodkYjidrfoGm;awmhrS
uRefawmfwdkYrSmt&Sufajyum wa,mufrsufeSmwa,mufMunfhvsuf cspfonf
cifonf Muifonfqdkonfhpum;rsm;udk tm;&atmifajymEdkifMuay\/
reufrdk;aomuf tvif;odkYa&mufaomtcg uRefawmfhrSm uRefawmf\
rsufESmudk tjrifcH&rSm &Sufí tjyifodkYrxGuf&JbJ&Sdav\/ xdkodkYuRefawmf
rxGuf&Jojzifh rcspfOD;udk,fwdkif uRefawmfhtwGuf rsufESmopfa&rsm; rkefY
vzuf&nfrsm;udk tcef;wGif;odkYo,f,lay;&&Smav\/
rausmfwifh\ oli,fcsif;rrsm;rSm umvorD;bm0 aysmfcsifaemufcsif
wwfMuonfhtwdkif; uRefawmf&Sufrnfudk yrmPrxm;EdkifMubJ vbuf&nf
pm;yGJü [m;wdkufíae&m 4if;wdkY\toHrsm;udk cyfoJYoJYMum;&av\/
]nwkefu rxGef;pdeftuJqHk;aygh? eH&HzufjyD;wufwm &ifbwfudkopfom;p pl;vdkY
reJEkwf,l&w,f? [m; ... [m; ...[D; ... [if; ... [wf ... [D [D [D} [laom
toHrsm;udkvnf;Mum;&í ]wdk;wdk; ajymMuyg Mum;&if&SufaeygOD;r,f}
[kus,favmifpGm ajymvdkufjyD; [m;wdkufvdkufoHrsm;udkvnf;Mum;vdkuf&av\/
xdkrQru rcspfOD;tjyifodkYxGufoGm;onfhtcg ]vmygOD;rcspfOD;}[kac:oHMum;&jyD;
]rSef;prf;? udkifMunfh&atmif tr,f umwpfawmiftawmfaysmhoGm;jyD}
[kqdkum&,foHrsm;udk Mum;&jyefawmh\/
xdkodkYvsif uRefawmf\pdwfxJwGif ,m;usdusdjzpfp&m pum;rsm;udk
Mum;&av&m 4if;wdkYwawG &Hk;oGm;csdefa&mufawmhrS uRefawmfhrSm pdwfoufom
&m &ayawmh\/ xdkaeYwaeY vHk;tzdkYrSmum; uRefawmfhrSm a&SYa&;udkawG;ylum
ylyifp&mawG qufcgqufcg xifjrifvmaomaMumifh cdk;&mvdkufcJY rdonfudk
rSm;avpG[katmufarYrdaomfvnf; rcspfOD; pdwfraumif;jzpfrnfpdk;í zGifhrajymbJ
ae&av\/ rcspfOD;rSm um; uRefawmf\ udk,fudk tydkif&jyDjzpfaomaMumifh
aysmf&TifaeouJYodkY&Sday\/ uRefawmfhtm; bmrS pdwfrnpfbdkY tm;ri,fbdkY
rsm;udkajymqdktm;ay;um orD;&nf;pm;b0wkef;u vGwfvyfpGm rcspfcJY&orQ
,ckrS twdk;csí cspfae&avawmh\/
]cifbmrS tm;ri,feJYaemf? bmrSryleJY? cifwpHkw&m jzpfr,fqdk&ifcspfcspf
a&SYuaejyD; taocHvdkufr,f? a&SYudkaea&;xdkifa&;twGufvnf; bmrS
raMumufygeJY? 'DaeHupjyD;aysmfzdkYyJ&Sdawmhw,f} [kajym&m uRefawmfhrSm

Armhpm*sydk; 85
uRefawmfhvif Z0e
olYpum;udk rnfodkYrQjyefrajymEdkifbJ ]cifbmjzpfovJ? raysmfbl;vm;} [kar;&m
]raysmfvdkY r[kwfygbl;? armifhrdbawGvdkufvmjyD; tcspfudk cGJrSm pdk;&drfvdkUyg}
[kajymvdkuf&ay\/
]tdk ... cspfcspfwdkY'drSm&Sdw,fqdkwm b,folajymrvJ}
]rajymwwfbl;av? *gwfudk wdkif&ifb,fhES,fhvkyfrvJ? ykvdyfuawmh&SmrSmyJ?
um;eJYvdkufydkYwJY um;armif;wJYrdef;ru ajymcsifajymrSm}
]rylygeJYav? bmrSryleJY? tdrfuvdkuf&SmvdkYawGYoGm;awmh cifrvdkufbl;r[kwfvm;?
cspfcspf udk cspfvdkY rdbudkpGefYypfjyD;vmcJY&rS bmjyKvdkUjyefvdkuf&rSmvJ}
]'DvdkqdkjyD;wmaygh? ... rjyD;ao;bl;xifw,f? ykvdyfrIvkyfxm;vdkY vmzrf;&if
b,fhES,fhvkyfyghrvJ}
]'gavmufvnf; ylp&mr[kwfygbl;? ESpfOD;oabmwl vdkufvmw,fqdk&if
bmjzpfOD;rSmvJ? 'guawmh cifhwa,mufygyJ? cifhoabmtwdkif;yJ? cifcspfvdkYvdkuf
vmw,fqdk&if jyD;wmyJ? cifuom aemufawmhpdwfajymif;jyD; rdbpum;udk
em;axmifoGm;&ifom cufwmygyJ}
]'Dvdkawmh rjzpfap&bl; cspfcspf&,fpdwfcsyg/}
]'gjzifh&ifbmylp&m&Sdao;awmhvdkYvJ?aysmfp&mom&Sdawmhwmaygh?a[maysmfvdkufMu
OD;pdkY } [kqdkjyD;vsif uRefawmf\yg;uav;udk wtm;Munfp,fum yvl;vdkuf&m
uRefawmfum; tcspf\aysmfarGYzG,f&maumif;jcif;jzifh ylyifjcif;wdkYudk
xdktcdkuftwefYü yifarYavsmhoGm;avawmh\/
xdkodkYvsifuRefawmfwdkYonf tcspfukefaom&nf;pm;b0rS t&Sufukef
aom vifa,mufsm; vifrdef;rb0odkYa&muf&SdMuav&m cspfwkef;cifwkef;wjyHK;
jyHK;ESifh &SdMuvsuf xdkaeYukefum ntcsdefodkYa&mufvmjyefav\/
uRefawmfwdkYonfwlESpfudk,fvnf;EGJYvsuftcspfyGJudk0ifMu&mrSrcspfOD;onf
wpHkw&mylyifaom trlt&mudkjyav\/
]cspfcspf bmjzpfovJ? aeraumif;vdkYvm;}
]bmrS rjzpfygbl;? a&SYudkaezdkYxdkifzdkU awG;aewmyg}
]aiGr&SdvdkYylwmvm;? armifhrSmygvmwJY vuf0wfvufpm;awG cRwfjyD;aygifygvm;}
[kuRefawmfuajymvdkuf&m rcspfOD;rSm 0rf;rombJ rsufvHk;jyL;íoGm;onfudk
awGY&av\/
]rjzpfbl;cif ... rjzpfbl;? cifhrdbawGu oabmrwlbJ&Sd&if a,mufsm;cdk;rI
wGifrubl;? ypönf;cdk;rIygxnfhjyD;wdkifvdrfhr,f? 'DawmhomjyD; 'ku©a&muf
aeMuvdrfhr,f? tckawmifb,fvdkvkyfxm;Muw,fqdkwm rodao;bl;} [kajym
aepOf 'def; [laomtoHMuD;udkMum;vdkuf&&m vefYzsyfjyD; pum;jywfoGm;Muvsuf
uRefawmfhrSm aMumuftm;vefYtm;ESifh rcspfOD;tm;zufíxm;av\/

Armhpm*sydk; 86
uRefawmfhvif Z0e
]'def; ... 'vdef; ...'def; ..'def; .. 'def; ... 'dkif; cGrf;} [laom toHrsm;onf
acgifrdk;ay: rSMum;&av&m uRefawmfhrSm bmrSef;rodbJ aMumuftm;ydkvsuf
twif;zufxm;&m rcspfOD;u ]cifbmrS raMumufygeJY bmrSrjzpfygbl;
cJcswmyg} [kajymjyav\/xdktcdkufwGif ]a[h eifhtazvTm;? tdrfay:udkcJcs
ukefjyDa[h} [k rausmfwifh \us,favmifpGmajymvdkufaom pum;oHudkMum;
&jyD;vsif rxGef;pdefESifhwuG tjcm;oli,fcsif;rrsm;toHonfay:vmav\/
][kwfw,fa[h? cGrfueJMum;vdkufw,f? ykvif;oHvnf;Mum;vdkufw,f[?
b,fzatay;rawG vnf;rodbl;? ujrif;xD;orD;awG cJzdk;r&vdkYxifw,f/
rdwqkyfwdkY toif;eJYwlw,f}
]a'gif; .. 0avmif; ... aAmif; .. 'def; ..*sdrfh *sdrfh}
][ wu,faqmfaew,f[? arzdk; rawG xGufjyD;vdkuf? aomufzdkYpm;zdkYvdkcsif&if
vmjyD;awmif;a&maygh? bmwdwfwdwfykef; cJeJYypfaeMuwmvJ?vm[ vdkufr,f[/}
]vma[h vdkuf[ vdkuf? aemufaz;wHcg;zGifh}
]*sdrf; ...*sdKif;}
]b,frvJ arzdk;rawG owÅd&Sd&ifxGufcJYa[h? arSmifxJuawmhacsmif;jyD;ypfraeeJY?
eifwdkYvdkaumifrawGudk aygifMum;xJxnfhjyD; owfypfvdkufr,f? vmcJYMuprf;}
]'dkif; ..*Grf}
]vdkufa[hvdkuf[? a[m[dkrefusnf;yifatmufuaa[h? vdkuf[ vdkuf[}
[kqdkívdkufMuum ajy;oHvTm;oHrsm;udkMum;&jyD;aemuf xdktoHrsm;aysmuf
oGm;av\/ twefMumvsif rausmfwifh\ oli,fcsif;rrsm;onf tm;&auseyf
pGmajymqdkvsuf tdrfay: odkYjyefwufívmMu&m cJcsolrsm;xGufajy;MujyDudk
odMu&ayawmh\/xdktcgrSuRefawmfhrSm&,fEdkifjyHK;Edkif&SdonfhtjyifjzpfysufyHkudk
awG;í&Sufrdayawmh\/rcspfOD;rSmrlum;xdktwGufpdwftenf;i,fraumif;onf
udkod&ayawmh\/
]tckvdk taESmuft,SufawGY&wm cspfcspfjzifhpdwfraumif;bl;? 'Dvdkjzpf&wm
edrdwfraumif;vdkYvm;?... 'gaMumifhvnf; r[kwfygbl;? umvorD;awG
olwdkYvdkcsifwJY cJbdk;r&vdkY ykvdyfudk vufwdkYrSjzifhcspfcspfwdkY 'DrSm&SdwmodoGm;
awmhrSmyJ}
]tckvdkMum;&awmharmifvnf;pdwfraumif;bl; cspfcspfr&,f? 'D*sydk;rawG
b,fvkyfjyD;odoGm;MuwmygvdrfhrvJ rodbl;}
]*sydk;rawGyJcif&,f? ae&mwumrSm *sydk;xdk;aeMuwm rodbJaeyghrvm;}
]'gjzifh b,fvdkvkyfMuyghrvJ cspfcspf&,f? armifawmhjzifh pdwfnpfvmjyD}
[k ajymvdkuf&mu 0rf;enf;rdojzifh rsuf&nfrsm;usívm&m rcspfOD;u ]tdk ..cif
bmjyKvdkY idk&wmwHk;? bmrS0rf;enf;p&mr[kwfygbl; ... tckvdktcg r*Fvm,lae

Armhpm*sydk; 87
uRefawmfhvif Z0e
&wm cifidk&ifedrdwfraumif;bl;} [kol\vufjzifh uRefawmf\ rsuf&nfpudkodrf;
íay;aomaMumifh uRefawmfvnf;pdwfudk wif;íxm;vdkuf&av\/
]uJav ... bmrSawG;jyD;ylraeeJY ?tdyfMupdkY}
]Munfhavoluawmhjzifh MuGjyD}
]tvdk'DuciftdyfysufrSmpdk;vdkY taumif;ajymaewm?olvdkcsifwmudkawG;vdkufwmyJ}
]Munfhprf; Munfhprf;? olYtjypfudk olrsm;tjypfvkyfaejyefygjyD} [kajymajym qdkqdk
ol\yg;pyfuav;udk qGJívdrfvdkufrd&mu uRefawmf\ yg;uav;udk
vdrfvdkufojzifh ]trav; ... trav; emvdkufwm} [kajymonfudk ]tdk ...
wdk;wdk;jymygcif&JY ? acsmif;em;axmifaewJY olawGu wvGJxifaeygOD;r,f} [k
ajymaomaMumifh uRefawmfhrSm &SufjyHK; jyHK;rdayawmh\/
xdkaeYu rausmfwifhwdkYtdrfodkY uRefawmf wdkYa&mufvmMuaom 'kwd,ajrmuf
eHeufjzpfay\/ uRefawmfwdkYrSm tcspfpdwfjzifh om,mvsuf&SdMuaomaMumifh
urÇmavmu"gwfMuD;wpfckvHk;wGif jrifmu&avorQwdkYrSm aysmf&TifbG,f&m
csnf;omvQifjzpfMuayonf [kxifjrifrday\/
tdrfjywif;aygufrS xdk;xGif;0ifa&mufvsuf&Sdaom eHeufcif;aea&mifjcnf
rsm;onf uRefawmfwdkY cspfolarmifr,fwdkY vbuf&nfaomufaeMuonfhtdyfcef;
uav;udk a&Ta&mifjzifh yufzsef;bdonfhtvm; uRefawmf wdkY\pdwfxJwGif ewf
bHkewfeef;wrQ atmufarYrdMuay\/
xdkodkY yy0if;? xdefvif;vsuf&Sdaom tcef;xJ0,f rcspfOD;\ aygifay:
üuRefawmfxdkifvsuf wa,mufwvSnfhpD vbuf&nfwdkufum tcspfusL;íae
Mu&onfrSm xdkYxufaysmf&TifzG,f&m r&SdawmhouJYodkY &Sdayawmh\/ xdkae&m
wGif uRefawmfwdkYonf wpfa,muftay:wGifwpfa,muf rnfrQMuifem,k,
Muonfudkyif udk,fvuftrlt&mjzifh tcspfoufaojyKMu&ayawmh\/
,if;odkY aysmf&TifESpfcsdKuf tMunfqdkufíaMupOfuRefawmfwdkY\tcef;tjyifbuf&Sd
tdrfa&SYcef;twGif;rS vIyfvIyf&Sm;&Sm;jzpfyGm;aom toHrsm;udkMum;&av&m
uRefawmfonf xdwfvefYvmrcspfOD;\aygifay:rS xvdkufrday\/ rcspfOD;onf
xdkif&mrS &kwfw&ufxum ta&;&SduckcH&eftoifhjyifqifvsuf&Sday\/uRefawmfh
ESvHk;om;rsm;rSmwkefvIyfajcmufjcm;vsufem;xifudkaoG;a&mufaeaomaMumifh
tdrfa&SYwGifajymqdkaeMuaom toHrsm;udk aumif;pGm rMum;EdkifbJ&Sdawmh\/
xdktcdkufwGif rcspfOD;onf ]cif ...aeOD;? cspfcspf tjyifzufxGufMunfh
vdkufOD;r,f} [kqdkum wHcg;qDodkYvSrf;oGm;um wHcg;zGifhawmhrnftjyKwGif
uRefawmf\pdwfxJwGif wpHkw&mudk rodk;roefYxdwfvefYjcif;jzpfrdaomaMumifh
rcspfOD;xHodkYajy;oGm;zufxm;um ]cspfcspf roGm;ygeJY? roGm;ygeJY armifpdwf
raumif;ygbl;} [kajymvdkuf&m rcspfOd;vnf;xgufoGm;awmhrnftjyKwGif twm;

Armhpm*sydk; 88
uRefawmfhvif Z0e
tqD;awGY&aomaMumifh tenf;i,f&GHYoGm;av\/ odkYjzpfíuRefawmf wdkYESpf
a,mufonf wa,mufudkwa,mufzufxm;um toufudkyifrSefrSefr&SLEdkifbJ
wHcg;udkuyfí tjyifzufqDrS ajymaeaom pum;rsm;udk em;pdkufíaeMuav\/
]'Dvdkqdk&if usKyfwdkY 0wÅ&m;&Sdonfhtwdkif; 'Dtdyfcef;xJrSm vdkufjyD;&Smyg&ap}
[kwif;rmaom rdef;roHudkMum;&av&m uRefawmfwdkYrSm rsufvHk;jyL;oGm;av\/
rcspfOD;vnf; xdwfvefYoGm;onfudk 4if;\rsufESmtrlt&mwGif xif&Sm;
aeayawmh\/ uRefawmfwdkYMum;vdkuf&aomtoH&SifrSm ykvdyftrIxrf;jzpfonf
udkodMu&ayawmh\/ odkYjzpf&um; uRefawmfwdkYrSmajy;aygufvGwfatmif tb,f
yHkMuH&ygrnfenf;[k csufcsif;pdwful;xkwfMuayawmh\/
xdkodkYpdwful;xkwf&mwGif jywif;aygufrS ckefqif;xGufajy;&efrSwyg;
tjcm;enf;vrf;udk rjrifedkifbJ &Sd&ay\/jywif;aygufrSm ajrMuD;ESifhoHk;aycefY
rQomjrifhav&m jywif;aygufrSckefxGufvsif tdrftjyifzufjcHxJodkYa&mufí
xdkae&mrS tdrfaemufaz;jcHaygufodkYoGm;um xGufajy;Edkif&rnfjzpfav\/odkY
jzpfonfhtwdkif; xdkodkYxGufajy;&efoabmwlum tcef;wHcg;udktwGif;rSydwf
xm;jyD;vQif xGufajy;&efjywif;aygufodkY ajy;cJYMuav\/
jywif;aygufodkYa&mufaomtcg uRefawmfhrSma,mufsm;av;jzpfojzifh
rajy;EdkifrvTm;EdkifrckefEdkifaomaMumifh uRefawmfOD;pGmvGwfajrmuf&ef uRefawmfh
udk,fuav;udk rcspfOD;uayGYcsDvdkufav\/ xdktcdkufwGif tcef;tjyifbufrS
w'kef;'kef; acgufoHrsm;udkMum;&av\/
uRefawmfhrSm vGwfrSvGwfEdkifygrnfvm;[kawG;awmpdk;&drfum rcspfOD;
\udk,fudk tm;jyKízufxm;rday\/ rcspfOD;rSm wudk,fxnf;xGufajy;rnfqdk
aomf ,cktcsdefavmufwGif ta0;odkY a&mufaeEdkifjyDjzpfaomfvnf; uRefawmfh
wudk,fvHk;udko,f,lae&aomaMumifh jywif;aygufrSausmfxGuf&ef renf;tm;
xkwf&&Smay\/odkY&mwGif rcspfOD;rSm ausmif;aepOf b0uyif ajy;vTm;ckefayguf
jcif;üAdkvfpGJcJYonfhtwdkif; þ[mrQavmufcufcJjcif;udk bmrQ0efrav;vSonfh
tjyif eD;uyfvsuf&Sdaom ab;&efudk tjrefqH;tvGwf&kef;&rnfhaZmuvnf;wdkuf
wGef;aeaomaMumifh rMumrSDyifuRefawmfwdkYESpfa,mufvHk;jywif;aygufodkY a&muf
Muav\/ xdkodkYjywif;aygufay:wGif &SdaeMu&mrS tcef;wHcg;qDodkYvSnfhMunhf
Mu&mwGif w0kef;0kef; udk,fvHk;ESifhwdkufzGifhjcif;cHae&aomaMumifh [jyJ[jyJjzpf
vmonfudk awGY&av\/
]ckefqif;ygawmhcspfcspf&JY? ckefvdkufyg wHcg;yGifhawmhr,f} [kuRefawmfvnf;
aMumuftm;vefYtm;ESifhwdkufwGef;awmhrS cspfcspfvnf; owd&umckefqif;
vdkuf&mwGif uRefawmfonf tonf;wGifat;íoGm;ojzifh aMumufaMumufESifh
rsufpdrSdwfxm;vdkuf&m ajrjyifay:odkYa&mufjyDudkodrS rsufpdzGifhvdkufonfwGif

Armhpm*sydk; 89
uRefawmfhvif Z0e
xdwfvefYp&mrsm;udk rsufpdwGifawGYjrif&ojzifh ][dkuf ...} [laomtoHudkvTwf
ueJ xGufrdav\/ uRefawmfwdkYrSm tjyifrSapmifhaeMuaom &Jrrsm; \vuf
xJodkY a&mufaeMuay\/rcspfOD;rSm 4if;wdkYudkjrifvsif rnfodkYrQ rwwfEdkif
rajy;Edkif rMuHEdkifjzpfum ? Muufaoaoíai;armaerdí uRefawmfhudk
ayGYcsDxm;&mrS vTwfvdkufav\/
&Jrrsm;onf uRefawmfwdkYudkjrifvsif ]awGYjyDa[h awGYjyD? 'DrSm ..'DrSm}
ac:ajymvdkufMu&m tdrfwGif;rS tcef;zGifhaeaom &Jrrsm;onf rMumrSDatmuf
odkY a&mufívmMuav\/ uRefawmfwdkYrSmum; xdk&Jrrsm;udk jrifvdkuf&jcif;
tm;jzifh rsufpdrsm;jyma0íoGm;um bmrQrjrifEdkifawmhovdkjzpfrdjyD; uRefawmf
wdkYteD;odkY wpfOD;wpfa,mufaomol a&muf&Sdvmonfudk awGY&rS aocsmpGm
Munfh&SKY Edkifum xdkolrSm tifpydwfawmfrMuD; jzpfaeonfudk od&ay\/
tifpydwfawmfronf 4if;\vufwGifyg&Sdaom vlzrf;trdefYpmudkxkwf
jyum uRefawmfwdkY\ emrnfrsm;udkar;jyD;aemuf ]armifcifodef;&JY taru olY
om;udkrcspfOD;qdkolu cdk;oGm;ygw,fvdkY *wfrSmvmjyD;wdkifxm;wJYtwGuf r
cspfOD;udk usKyfwdkY 0wÅ&m;&Sdonfhtwdkif; 364 t&zrf;&ygvdrfhr,f? ESpfa,muf
pvHk;*wfudkvdkufcJYMuyg? usKyfwdkYac:wJYtcg jiif;qefr,frvkyfygeJY? aemufrS
qdkif&mrSm avsmufvJjyD;,lyg} [kajymav\/
uRefawmfhrSm xdkrdef;rMuD;\ cefYnm;wnfMunfaom pum;rsm;udkMum;
&jcif;tm;jzifh tvGefaMumufvefYwkefvIyfvsuf&Sdrdawmh\/ odkYjzpfí uRefawmfh
rSm bmrSrvkyfEdkifrMuHEdkifbJ&Sdum rcspfOD;rnfodkYajymrnfudk pdkufMunfhaerday\/
rcspfOD;onf rsufESmrxm;wwfbJ &Jrrsm;udk wif;rmpGmMunfhae&mu
]usKyfwdkY wpfa,mufeJYwpfa,muf cspfMudKufaevdkY cdk;&mvdkufvmwm? twif;
cdk;&wm r[kwfygbl;} [kajymav\/
]'gawG uskyfwdkYudk avsmufvJbdkYr[kwfygbl;? &Hk;awmfusrS ajymbdkYawG
yg? usKyfwdkYwm0efawGrSmawmh t&G,fra&mufao;wJY a,mufsm;uav;udk cdk;rI
eJY yk'fxD; 365 t& 0wÅ&m;twdkif;zrf;&rSmyJ? at;at;vdkufcJYMu&ifaumif;r,f
xifw,f? twif;tusyfudkif&&if raumif;awmhbl;}
xdktcgwGif rcspfOD; rnfodkYajymvdkonfudk uRefawmfonf tm&Hkpdkuf
í aevdkufav&m rcspfOD;rSm tifpydwfawmf\ pum;udkMum;&vsif tm;avsmh
oGm;aom trlt&mudkjyum acgif;iHkYíoGm;onfudk jrifvdkuf&onfwGif uRef
awmf \pdwfxJwGifnSdK;csHK;íoGm;rdawmh\/ xdkYaemufrS rcspfOD;onf acgif;
armf íMunfh vdkufjyD;vsif ]aumif;jyD ... 0wÅ&m;twdkif;qdk&if vdkuf&HkyJ&Sdwm
yJ} [kqdkum vufxdyfcwf&ef vufeSpfbufudk yl;,SufqefYwef;í ay;vdkuf

Armhpm*sydk; 90
uRefawmfhvif Z0e
&m uRefawmfhrSm rMunfh0HYbJ rsufpdudkrSdwfjyD;vQif rsuf&nfrxGufatmif Mudwf
rSdwfrsdKodyfíxm;vdkuf&av\/
]tdk udpör&Sdygbl;av? aumif;aumif;vdkufr,fqdk&if vufxdyfcwfp&mrvdkygbl;}
[k tifpydwfawmfr\ pum;udkMum;vdkuf&rS uRefawmfh rSm rsufpdzGifh&J ay&m
xdkodkYrsufpdzGifh vdkufonfESifhwjydKifeuf apmapm uydwfqdkYxm;aom
rsuf&nfrsm;onf a&uefudk arSmufcsvdkufouJYodkY 'va[musqif;vm
avawmh\/
xdktcdkufwGifcspfcspfonf uRefawmfh tm;ajy;zufírsuf&nfrsm;udk
okwfay;&m tifpydwfawmfrucspfcspf\ycHk;ay:odkYoefrmaomvufjzifhwifíqkyf
udkifum ]twlwl rae&bl;? vm wjcm;pDvdkufcJY&r,f} [kqdkíqGJac:oGm;&muRef
awmfh tm;vSnfhMunfhvSnfhMunfhESifhygoGm;aom rcspfOD;\ rsufESmudkjrif&aom
uRefawmfhrSm &ifwGif;0,f rcsdrqefYjzpfrdayawmh\/xdkodkYMunfhaepOfrSmyifuRef
awmfh tm;vnf; ykvdyfwdkYuac:Mujyef&m uRefawmfh rSm 4if;wdkYac:&modkYvdkuf
&um um;wpif;ay:odkYwuf&jyD;vQif rcspfOD;wufoGm;aom tjcm;um;wpif;
qDodkYMunfhvdkuf&mwGif rcspfOD;onf rausmfwifhtm; wpHkw&mrSMum;aeonf
udkawGY&Sd&jyD;aemuf 4if;wdkYum;vnf;xGufoGm;av&m uRefawmfygvmaomum;
vnf; a&SYuum;ESifhxyfcsyfruGm vdkufcJYav\/uRefawmfhrSm rnfolYudkrQrjrif
&JawmhbJ vufudkify0gESifhrsufESmwGiftkyfum w&SHKY&SHKYidk&if;vdkufygcJYavawmh\/
uRefawmfh rSmrsuf&nfprsm;udk rxdef;EdkifbJ uGJMu&rnfhta&;udkawG;rdum
awG;rd&mrS0rf;enf;? 0rf;enf;&mrSidk? idk&mrSylaqG;? ylaqG;&mrS0rf;enf;?
0rf;enf;&mrSidkumrsuf&nf rsm;onfrjywfatmif&dkpD;vsuf vufudkify0gjzifh
okwfvdrf;írEdkifbJ&Sdawmh\/
odkYeSifhuRefawmfhrSm rnfonfhae&mrsdK;odkYoGm;aeonfudkrodEdkifbJ
widkxJidkum um;&yfvdkufaomtcgrS *gwfa&SYodkYa&mufaeonfudkod&avawmh
\/ uRefawmfhrSm um;&yfvdkufonfeSifhwjydKifeuf tjcm;bmrSrawG;EdkifbJ
um;ay: rSqif;vQifqif;jcif; rcspfOD;&Sd&modkYtwif;ajy;av\/ xdkodkYuRefawmf
ajy;vmonfudk tifpydwfawmfrMuD;jrifvQif ]a[h oli,f owdxm;ygOD;uGJY?
'Dae&mrSmbmrSrvkyf&bl;? w&m;cHem;vnf;ruyf&bl;} [kwm;qD;xm;vdkuf
&m uRefawmfhrSm avScg;ay:odkYtajy;wufvmoludk qD;íuefcsvdkufonfht
vm;? arm[dkufíqdkYoGm;vsuf awGawGMuD;ai;íMunfhaejyD;rS rcspfOD;tm;
*gwfodkYac: oGm;onfudk awGY&aomaMumifhajy;ívdkufav\/
uRefawmfhrSm woufeSifhwudk,fwGif &Hk;jyifuem;odkY þtMudrfyxrOD;qHk;
a&mufzl;av&m *gwfwGif;&Sdvufxdyfrsm; tcsKyfcef;ponfwdkYudkawGY
jrifvdkuf&vQifpdwfxJwGifwkefvIyfacsmufjcm;oGm;rday awmh\/xdkodkYaMumuf

Armhpm*sydk; 91
uRefawmfhvif Z0e
vefYjcif;wGif tcspfaMumifh ylaqG;0rf;enf;&jcif;onf a&maxG;&SKyfayGvQuf
&Sdav&m uRefawmfhrSm pdwfESvHk;aemufusdum&l;oGm;awmhrnfuJYodkY&Sdawmh
\/*gwftwGif;ü&Sd&SdorQ t&m0wÅKwdkYonf uRefawmfh tm;jcdrf;ajcmufarmif;
rJíaeMuouJYodkY xifjrifrday\/
uRefawmfh rSm pdwfESvHk;aemufusd&SKyfayGvsuf&Sdavawmhonfjzpf&um;
bmvkyfívkyfaeonfudk rrSwfrdem;rvnfouJYodkY&Sday\/ tifpydwfawmfonf
rcspfOD;tm;ar;jref;aeonfudk jrif&aomfvnf; rnfonfhpum;udkar;írnf
odkYajzqdkaeonfudkvnf; rMum;EdkifouJYodkY&Sday\/ emrnf? touf? trsdK;
trnfponfwdkYudkar;jref;ouJYodkYvnf;xifrd\/ xdkt&mrsm;bmrQrMum;Edkif
rrSwfrdEdkifbJ?rcspfOD;\rsufESmudkom plpdkufíMunfhjcif;? 0rf;enf;ylaqG;jcif;
rsm;omvsifxyfrem;ay: aygufvmavawmh\/
odkYESifhþuJYodkY&SdMu&mrS rnfodkYajymqdkpDrHvdkufMuonfudkrod?rcspfOD;tm;
tcsKyfcef;xJodkY qGJoGm;onfudkjrifvdkuf&aomtcg? uRefawmfh rSm
OD;aESmufwnfhwnfhcsdefírdk;MudK;cGif;vdkufjcif; cHvdkuf&ouJYodkYrl;a0
wdrf;apmif;oGm;&mu tEdkifEdkifowdxm;ygaomfvnf; £ajE´udkrqnfEdkif
awmhbJ? ]tr,fav;cspfcspf&JY? armifhudkvnf;ac: yg? rxm;cJYygeJY armifvnf;
vdkufr,fcspfcspf&JY? } [kajymumtwif;vdkuf0if&m &Jrrsm;uuRefawmfhtm;
wm;qD;xm;MujyD;vQif tcsKyfcef;wGif;odkYrcspfOD;a&mufonfESifhwjydKifeuf
oHwHcg;udktjrefydwfvdkuf&m uRefawmfh rSm &kef;uefíajy;vdkufygaomfvnf;
r&awmhbJ? ydwfjyD;jzpfaeaomtcg oHwdkifrsm;udkomqkyfudkifrd&mutm;
aysmhEHk;acGum rD;xdonfhysm;za,mif;yrm wdrf;apmif;umvJusoGm;av\/
]a[Uoli,f&JY? owdxm;rSaygh? 'gtdrfr[kwfbl;uGJY *gwfwJrSm} [k
&Jrwa,mufuajymum uRefawmfhtm;xap&ef udkifwG,frnfjyK&muRefawmfh
tm;tom;,líudkifrnfudkrcHbJ? ]cifhudkrudkifeJY? cifhbmomxr,f} [kajym
vdkufí &Jrvnf;aemufqkwfíoGm;ojzifh uRefawmfudk,fwdkif xlaxmifí
xvdkufav\/ uRefawmfvnf; xdkif&mrSxvdkufjyD;aemuf rcspfOD;tm;Munfh
vdkuf&mwGif ]cifbmrS ryleJY? cifucspfvdkYvdkufvmwmyJ? bmrSrjzpf&ygbl;}
[k tm;ay;aomfvnf; olrsufvHk;rsm;rSm rsuf&nfvnfvQuf&SdonfudkawGY
&ojzifh uRefawmfhrSm rcsdatmifjzpf&avawmh\/ xdktcdkufwGif &Jrwa,muf
u ]'DrSmw&m;cHeJY pum;rajym&bl;? 'Dudkvm tifpydwfawmfac:aew,f}
[kqdk&m uRefawmfhrSm tmPmrzDqefEdkifbJtifpydwfawmfrxHodkYoGm;&av\/
]i,femrnfb,fvdkac:ovJ}
]rodbl;vm;? emrnfrodbJ bmjyKvdkYzrf;ovJ} [kuRefawmfh
rSma'goESifhajymrdav\/

Armhpm*sydk; 92
uRefawmfhvif Z0e
]a'gorMuD;ygeJYav? 0wÅ&m;twdkif;ar;wmyg? emr,f armifcifodef;[kwfvm;}
][kwfw,f} [kwdkwdkwkwfwkwfajzvdkufrdav\/uRefawmfh rSmxdkodkY
ajz&aomfvnf; bmudkajzíajzrdonfudkrQaumif;pGm rrSwfrdEdkifay?uRefawmfhrSm
t&l;ozG,fjzpfíaeawmh\/
]toufb,favmuf&SdjyDvJ}
]q,fh&SpfESpf}
]trSeftwdkif;ajymaemf? 'gawGtukefrSwfwrf;,l&rSm}
]rSwfcsifrSwf rrSwfcsifae? rSefwmajymwmyJ}
]b,fESpfckESpfarG;ovJ}
]v,fESpfckESpf arG;arG;? q,fh&SpfESpfqdk&ifjyD;wmaygh? bmvkyfzdkYouú&mZf
ar;&wmvJ? aA'ifwGufrvdkYvm;}
tifpyufawmfronf uRefawmfh tm;rsufESm&SHKYrJYíMunfhonfudkawGY&av\/
uRefawmfhrSmrlum;a'govnf;xGuf? &Sufvnf;&Suf?0rf;vnf;enf;?pdwfvnf;npf
jzpfcsifovdkjzpfum OD;aESmuf&SKyfaxG;íoGm;av&m xdkae&mwGifyif
vdIufvdIufvSJvSJjzpfvmjyD; rsuf&nfudkrqnfEdkifbJidkrdjyefavawmh\/
uRefawmfh rSm pdwfESvHk;aemufusdae&m bmawGar;í b,fvdkajzonfudkyif
rrSwfrdEdkifjzpfum aemufqHk;wGif tifpydwfawmfru uRefawmfhtm; &Jr
ESpfa,mufESifhvdkufoGm;&efajymvdkufonfhpum;udkom rSwfrdayawmh\/
]rvdkufbl;? rvdkufbl;? rvdkufcsifbl;? uRefawmfhviftem;u rcGmEdkifbl;}
[kidkjyD;ajymvdkuf&m tcsdKY&JrawGu MudwfjyD;jyHK;vdkufMu? tcsdKYutHYtm;oifhpGm
MunfhaeMuonfudk awGY&av\/
]b,fudkac:r,fxifvdkYvJ? tckaq;&HkydkYrvdkYoli,f&JY toufudkppfaq;&r,f?
0wÅ&m;twdkif;tvkyfvkyfwm} [ktifpydwfawmfruajymvdkuf&m uRefawmfhrSm
w&m;Oya'udk rnfodkYrQ rvGefqefEdkifawmhbJ&Sday\/ odkYESifh uRefawmfhrSm
uRefawmfrvdkufvdk roGm;vdkbJvsuf w&m;Oya'udk rvGefqef0HYí rcspfOD;udk
rcGJ&ufbJ cGJíxGufvmum aq;&HkMuD;odkYa&mufcJY&ayawmh\/aq;&HkMuD;odkY
a&mufaomtcg q&m0efrMuD;u uRefawmf\wudk,fvHk;udk cRwfí
Munfh&SKprf;oyfppfaq;rnf[k od&Sd&aomtcg uRefawmfhrSmavmuwGif
xdkYxuf&Sufp&maumif;aom t&monfr&SdawmhjyD[katmufharhvsufxdkodkY
t0wfcRwfjy&rnfhtpm; aoomaovdkufcsifayawmh\/
xdktcg uRefawmfonf uRefawmf\aus;Zl;&Sif[kqdktyfaomrdbESpfyg;udk
vGefpGmrkef;wD;ESvHk;emrdayawmh\/vljzpf&onfhb0wGif vGefpGmrGefjrwf
odrfarGYjcif;jzpfaom tcspfqdkonfht&mudkyif rdbwdkYonf om;orD;wdkY
oabmtwdkif; vGwfvyfpGmcspfcGifhray;Mu? xdkrQrubJom;orD;wdkY woufvHk;

Armhpm*sydk; 93
uRefawmfhvif Z0e
cspfcifjrwfEdk;pGmaygif;oif;&rnfholrSm rdrdwdkYtcsif;csif;cspfMurSom woufvHk;
cspfEdkifMurnfjzpfygvsuf om;orD;wdkY\ tcspfjzifhrcspf&apbJ rdbtcspfESifh
om twif;tMuyfcspfapvdkMuí rdbtvdktwdkif;rcspfEdkifbJ udk,fhtvdktwdkif;
cspfMudKufxGufajy;Mujcif;udkyif raumif;rI'kp&dkwfMuD;jyKrdonfhtvm; w&m;
Oya' yk'fxD;wdkYjzifh MudK;uGif;ypfízrf;MuonfrSm rdbwdkYrSm udk,fcsif;pmw&m;
enf;yg;vSay\ [k xifjrifa'goxGufrday\/ xdkYxufqdk;0g;aomt&mum;
xdkodkY rdbwdkY\r&SKYpdrfhEdkifjcif;aMumifh w&m;Oya'[laomvufrJMuD;onf cspf
olwdkYtm; zrf;qD;cGJcGm&HkrQruao;bJ ,ckuJYodkYt0wftpm;cRwfíjy&rnfrSm
avmuwGif xdkxufqdk;0g;aom &SufzG,faumif;aomt&monfr&SdawmhjyD[k
atmufarYrdawmh\/ tu,fíuRefawmf\ azaz arar wdkYutrI rvkyfcJY
vQif uRefawmfhrSm xdkodkYvdifcsif; jcm;em;aom rdef;rrsm;a&SYwGif uRefawmf\
udk,fudk cRwfí jyo&zdkY r&Sday/ rdbwdkY trIvkyfjcif;aMumifh uRefawmfhrSm
jy&awhrnfjzpfay\/ þae&mwGif rdbwdkYtm; uRefawmfuJYodkYcRwfjy&rnf
qdkum vlcsif;vJíMunfhygu cRwfjyMurnfr[kwfay? tb,frSmoem;jcif;
&SdygtHYenf;? þtajctaersdK;txd om;orD;'ku©cH&rnfudk rdbrsm;onf
t&SnfarQmfírawG;rdava&mhovm;? tb,frSmtjrifus,fygoenf;/
xdkodkYrdbrsm;tay:wGif uRefawmfonf pdwfemrdaomfvnf; pdwfemaejcif;jzifh
rjyD;ao;acs? uRefawmf\t0wfcRwfíjy&rnfrSmrvGJacs/odkYjzpfí
aq;cef;xJodkYa&mufaomtcguRefawmfhrSm q&m0ef\trdefYtwdkif; t0wf
rsm;udkwckjyD;wpfck cRwf&mwGif tvGeftrif; &SufaMumuf0rf;enf;um &ifwGif;
üvdIufvdIufvSJvSJ jzpfvsufrsuf&nfrsm;usqif;vmavawmh\/aemufqHk;ü
uRefawmfonf cg;0wfudkjzKwfvdkufaomtcg udk,fhudk,fyif rMunfh0YHawmh
ay/ olwyg;wdkY0dkif;0ef;Munfh&SKYjcif;udkvnf;onf;rcHEd kifatmif&SufvSojzifh
rsufESmudkvuf0g;ESifhtkyfxm;&avawmh\/
xdkodkYcRwfjyvdkuf&HkESifh ppfaq;jcif;rSmrjyD;ay/udkifwG,fprf;oyfppf
aq;Munfh&SKY[kqdktyfaom ppfaq;jcif;ESifhywfoufaom a0g[m&pum;&Sd&Sd
orQ ukefpifatmifppfaq;jcif;cH&ayawmh\/ uRefawmfhrSm xdkxdkaom q&m
0efr rsm;\[dkudkif'Dudkif [dk[mqGJ'D[majrmufjzifh rxdcdkufremusifapaom
enf;jzifh t&Sifvwfvwf nSif;qJjcif;wpfrsdK;udk cH&av&m pdwf\nSif;qJ
jcif; xufMuD;rm;aom'ku©onfr&SdawmhjyDjzpfav&m uRefawmfhrSm pdwfxJu
ao[ [kqdk&HkrQESifh aoypfí&Edkifvsif xdkae&mwGifyifaovdkufcsifayawmh
\/
xdkYjyifEGm;0,f&mwGifppfaq;ouJYodkYatmufoGm;txufoGm;jzJíMunfh
jcif;udkonf;cHay\/ ajym&rSm&Sufp&maumif;aom udk,ft*Fgtpdwftydkif;udk

Armhpm*sydk; 94
uRefawmfhvif Z0e
vnf; y,fy,fe,fe,f udkifwG,fMunfh&SKYppfaq;jcif;udkvnf; onf;cH&ay
awmh\/ uRefawmfhrSm i&JcHae&onfxuf qdk;0g;aom tjzpfrsdK;udk twef
MumcHpm;ae&jyD; ppfaq;jyD;jyD[k qdkvdkufawmhrS t0wftpm;rsm;cRwfxm;&m
ae&modkY tjrefajy;um uref;uwef;0wfqifvdkuf&ay\/ odkY&mwGiftm;vHk;
awGYjrifMujyD;rS ,ckuJYodkY0wfpm;ykef;uG,fvdkufaomfvnf; bmrSrxl;awmh
onfudk awG;rdaomtcg &SufpdwfESifh rsuf&nfrsm;jzdKifjzdKifusívmayawmh
ownf;/
uRefawmfhrSm xdkodkYaom 0#fMuD;rS vGwfajrmufívmcJYjyD;onfhwdkif
atmif 'ku©rjidrf;Edkifao;bJ *gwfodkYjyefoGm;&OD;rnfqdkaomaMumifh avmu
wGif uRefawmfhxufMuD;rm;aom 'ku©aumifonfr&SdawmhjyD [kxifrdum
0rf;enf;pGmESifh *gwfodkYjyefívdkufcJYjyef&m *gwfwJodkYa&mufonfESifhwjydKifeuf
wpfPF;wpfa,mufaomoludk jrifrdumMuufaoaojyD;&yfaerdavawmh\/
uRefawmf\a&SYwGifawGYae&olrSmum; uRefawmf\arar yifjzpfawmh
\/ araronf uRefawmfhudkjrifvsif a'goxGufjcif;? &Sufjcif; 0rf;enf;jcif;
rsm;jzpfay:aom trlt&mjzifh pdrf;pdrf;MuD;MunfhaeonfudkawGY&av&m uRefawmfh
rSm vnf;arar\rsufESmudk jrifvdkuf&jcif;tm;jzifh &SufaMumuf0rf;enf;jcif;jzpf
um rsufESmjcif;qdkifírMunfh&JbJ acgif;udkiHkYíaevdkufjyD;vsif ighudk b,fvdk
rsm;qdkvdkufMurf;vdkufrnfvJ[k &ifwGif;üzdkíaeayawmh\/
odkY&mwGif araronf pdwfcdkifaom rdef;rom;jzpfojzifh a'goudktjyif
rxGufapbJ jidrfoufwnfMunfpGm MunfhaenfudkawGY&aomaMumifh uRefawmfh
rSmqlyljcif;rcH&onfhtwGufoufom&m &ayawmh\/
araronf uRefawmfhem;odkYuyfvmjyD;vsif ]rif;w,f rdkufyguvm;cif&JY
cifhazaz aeraumif;vdkYvJaewmudkawmif jyefjyD;rMunfhbl;? 'DvdkvkyfoGm;wm
aumif;&JYvm;} [kuRefawmfwpfa,mufxJMum;atmifMudwfítjypfwifvdkuf&m
uRefawmfhrSm azazYtaMumif;udkMum;&vQifyif pdwfxJwGifraeEdkifawmhbJ rsuf
&nfrsm; usvmawmh\/
tcspfonf bmudkrQrjrifEdkif[k vltaygif;wdkYqdk&dk;&SdMuavonfrSm
rSefíaeayawmh\/ taMumif;rSm uRefawmfonf tcspfpdwfzHk;vTrf;aejcif;jzifh
azaz\ tjzpftysufudkaxmufxm;qifjcifjcif; r&SdbJ cspfolaemufodkYaumuf
aumufygatmifvdkufcJYrdayawmh\/ tu,fíom azazonf xdka&m*gESifht
oufqHk;oGm;rnfqdkaomf uRefawmf\ ya,m*ruif;Edkifawmhacs/ uRefawmfht
wGufESifha&m*gwdk;ao&jcif;yifjzpfrnfwum;/ xdkodkYawG;rdonfwGifuRefawmf
\ ESvHk;om;wdkYonf 'g;rTef;cH&ouJYodkY emusifxdcdkufjcif;onf jyif;pGmjzpf
ay: rdawmh\xdkodkYpum;rajymEdkifbJ awGa0íaeonfwGif araronf toH

Armhpm*sydk; 95
uRefawmfhvif Z0e
us,fpGmjzifh ]cif w,frdkufyguvm;? bmjyKvdkYvdkufoGm;wmvJ} [kajymjyef&m
uRefawmfhrSm uRefawmf\tjypfrS uif;vdkuif;nm; oabmxm;um
rcspfOD;uac:vdkYvdkuf&w,f[kajymvdkufrd&m xdkodkYajymvdkufonfESifhwjydKifeuf
araronftifpydwfawmfrMuD;tm; ]uJ rSwfxm;ygrcspfOD;uac:vdkY
vdkuf&ygw,fwJY} [kajymvdkufojzifh tifpydwfawmfru rSwfxm;rnftjyKwGif
uRefawmfhrSmuRefawmf\ pum;aMumifh rcspfOD;tjypfav;apawmhrnfudk
csufcsif;awG;rdaomaMumifh
]r[kwfbl;? ... r[kwfbl;? rcspfOD;twif;ac: wmr[kwfbl;} [kvsifjrefpGmajym
qdkvsuf wdkifcsufra&;&atmif ydwfyif&av\/
]tdk 'Doli,fpum;trsdK;rsdK;ajymaeyguvm;? pOf;pm;jyD;ajymaemf? oli,f
ajymwJYpum;awGudk oufaoxGufcsuftjzpf tukefrSwf&vdrfhr,f? aemufudkjyif
vdkYr&bl;} [ktifpydwfawmfrMuD;u owday;av\/xdktcgwGifuRefawmfhrSm
b,f0,fb,fodkYajym&rnf udkrMuHwwfawmhbJ ]tdk bmrSrrSwfeJY? cifbmrSr
ajymwwfbl;? cifbmrSrodbl;} [kajymajymqdkqdkidkrdav\/ ararESifhtifpydwf
awmfrwdkYonf uRefawmf\jyKrlyHkudkMunfhjyD;aemufESpfa,mufom; wD;wdk;pum;
ajymíaeMuonfudk awGY&av\/
]uJ 'gjzifhusKyfom;udkusKyfjyefac:oGm;awmhr,f}
]tdk .. 'DvdkrjzpfEdkifbl;? olYoabmtwkdif;oGm;ygap? olrvdkufcsifbl;qdk&if
trIppfaq;aewJY tawmtwGif;rSm apmifha&Smufa&;Xmeudk ydkYjyD;xm;&vdrfhr,f}
[k tifpydwfawmfruajymjyD;vQif uRefawmfhtm; ]rif;b,fudkoGm;csifovJ}
[kar;av\/
uRefawmfhrSm wpHkwckaomtajzudkay;vdkufvQif a&SYwGifjzpfay:vmrnfudk
awG;awmqifjcifum ararYrsufESmudkwvSnfh tifpydwfawmfrudkwvSnfh
tjyeftvSefMunfhrdav\/ xdktcdkufwGifuRefawmf\rsufpdxJwGif tdyf&may:ü
vJavsmif;zsm;emum usef&pfcJYaom zcif\rsufESmudk uGufceJ xifjrifvdkufrd&m
pdwfxJwGifrcsd0rf;enf;jzpfvsuf ]arar&JY azaz b,fhES,fhaeao;ovJ}
[kar;rd&m tifpyufawmfru ]'gawGudkrajymeJYav? 'Duar;wmudkajzygOD;}
[kpum;jzwfypfvdkufaomfvnf; araru ]cifhtwGufomjyD;a&m*gwdk;aew,f?
cifhudkcsnf;waew,f} [kpum;tjzwfrcHbJajymvdkufonfwGifuRefawmfhrSm
rcsdw&djzpfrd&mu ]cif ararwdkY azazwdkYeJYyJjyefjyD;aer,f} [k
tifpydwfawmfrtm;jyefíajymvdkufavawmh\/
xdkodkYajymvdkufjyD;rS uRefawmfonf rcspfOD;udkajy;íawG;rdav\/xdkodkY
awG;rd&mwGif uRefawmfonf rdbrsm;ESifhvdkufrnfqdkí rcspfOD;ESifh
uGJ&awmhrnfudk od&ayawmh\/odkY&mwGif uRefawmfajymjyD;aompum;rSm jyifí

Armhpm*sydk; 96
uRefawmfhvif Z0e
r&EdkifawmhbJ twnfjzpfavjyDjzpf&m uRefawmfhrSm azazhudkiJYnSmvdkufjcif;
tm;jzifh cspfoltwGufepfem&awmhrnfudk awGY&Sdae&avawmh\/ odkYjzpfjcif;
tm;jzifh uRefawmfhrSm tcsKyfcef;oHwdkifudk udkifwG,fumai;rdIifMunfh&SKYaeaom
rcspfOD;xHodkY vsifjrefpGmajy;uyf&if; ]tr,fav; ... tr,fav; cspfcspf&JY?
uGJMu&awmhr,f} [k idk,dkpOf ararESifh&JrwdkYonf tem;odkYvmícGJcGmypfMujyD;
vQif uRefawmfhtm; araruqGJac: íoGm;av&m uRefawmfhrSm cspfoltwGuf
aemufqHwiifiifESifhvSnfhMunfhvSnfhMunfhjyKum ararYaemufodkYygcJY&avawmh
ownf;/
uRefawmftdrfodkYjyefa&mufvmjyDqdkonfESifhwjydKifeufrrm&mupdwfaqmif
í xjyD;vmonfudk awGY&av\/uRefawmfvnf;azazYrsufESmudkawGY&jyD;vQif
ydefcsHK;azsmhawmhaom tom;ta&rsm;udkjrif&aomaMumifh0rf;enf;rqHk;,lMuHK;r&
jzpfum idk,dkaomrsufESmjzifh azazYtm;ajy;íayGYzufvdkufav\/azazonf
uRefawmf\ ayGYzufxm;jcif;udkacwÅrQ cHaejyD; uRefawmfhudkcgcsvdkufum ][JY
trsdK;,kwf? ujrif;xD;?oGm; ighudkrudkifeJY? eifuvlMuD;awG&JY rsufESmudk
tdk;rJokwfjyD;tm;&awmhrS rsuf&nfcHxdk;&atmifMuHwmvm;}[kqdkí
wGef;z,fvdkuf&m uRefawmfhrSm xdkif&murxbJ azazYtm;toem;cHaom
rsufESmjzifh azazYrsufESmudkarmfMunfhíaeav\/
azazYrSm a'goaMumifhomMudrf;armif;wGef;z,fvdkuf&aomfvnf;zsm;
jyD;tm;enf;aeoljzpfaomaMumifh csufcsif;tarmqdkufoGm;um w[Gyf[Gyfacsmif;
qdk;aeaomaMumifh uRefawmfuyifxíayGYxlum ukvm;xdkifwvHk;&Sd&modkYydkY
vdkuf&av\/
]t[Gyf ... t[Gyf? tr,fav; w,fawmfwJYom;[JY? rdbaumif;usdK;
ay;r,fhom;? 'Duawmh vlcsD;rGrf;? ewfcsD;rGrf; cH&atmif? r qdk&if ,ifysdKrS
roef;ap&bJ trsdK;rsdK;apmifha&SmufjyD;xm;yg&ufeJY?'DMum;xJuae jyD; tavmfrm
to&rf;zuf? wdwfwdwfykef;ysufaewm? eifhudk,feifr&Sufbl;vm;[JY? tckawmh
eifvlysdKppfao;&JYvm;[JY? t[Gyf...t[Gyf?xGDzGrf? eifr&Sufayr,fh eiftpm;wdkY
&Sufw,f[JY? a,mufsm;&TifxD;&JY? eifeefYaMum ujrif;aMumqGJwmawG tckawmh
eif[mvlwum&JY wawG;cGufrSm arSmuf&ufom;vJyg yaumvm;[JY} [kqdk&mu
tjyif;txefacsmif;qdk;aomaMumifh araru
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a&m*gwdk;aeygOD;r,f} [kajymum ]vmvm? udk,fhtcef;xJrSm at;at;tdyf? jidrf
jidrfaeyg/tarmqdkYjyD;toufxGufaeOD;r,f} [kqdkíac: oGm;aomaMumifh uRef
awmfhrSm xdkcPtwGufwmtzdkY üMudrf;armif;cH&jcif;rS oufom&m&avawmh\/
odkY&mwGifuRefawmf\'ku©rSm þrQESifhtjyD;rowfay/azazESifhvnf;aumif;

Armhpm*sydk; 97
uRefawmfhvif Z0e
ararESifhvnf;aumif; rsufESmcsif;qHkrdwdkif;qlyljcif;cH&jyefav\/xdkodkY
qlylcH&jcif;rSm rsm;pGmcH&rcufvSao;ay?taMumif;rlum; rqlrylbJom,m
nif;aysmif;ajymqdkjcif;tm;jzifhtcH&cufaomtcsufwpfcsufudkawGYMuHKvmaom
aMumifhjzpfay\/ xdktcsufrSmum;uRefawmfhudkem;csoGefoifjcif;jzpfay\/
]cif ... azaz wpfckar;r,f? rSefwJYtwdkif;ajymrvm;} [kazaz uar;vdkufojzifh
uRefawmfu ][kwfuJY? ajymyghr,fazaz&,f} [kajzvdkuf&m ]cifwdkYESpfa,muf[m
tawmfudkvGefvGefMuL;MuL;jzpfaeMujyDvm;?} [kar;vdkufonfwGifuRefawmfhrSm
tajz&Muyfvsuf&SufzG,faumif;aomtjzpfudkrnfodkYajz&rnfenf;[k
rawG;awmEdkifatmif&Sday\/
]ajymr,f qdkjyD;ajymav? tckrS&Sufaeovm;? jzpfwkef;ujzpfwmawGawmh
r&Sufbl;vm;} [kajymjyef&m uRefawmfhrSm ajz&cufvsufusrsuf&nfawGawGpD;jyD;
vsif acgif;MuD;udk tomt,miHkYíaevdkufav\/
]cif tckvdkrajymbJaewm cifwdkYrSm rSm;cJY,Gif;cJY vGefcJYMuvdkYr[kwfvm;}
[kajymawmhrSolYtar;ESifholYtajzjyD;íaeaomaMumifh uRefawmfvnf;acgif;
ndwfíjyvsuf[kwfuJY[kajzvdkufayawmh\/
]atmf tckavmufxdatmifjzpfaeMurSudk;?rcGJEdkifatmifcspfMu wmyJvm;}
]azaz&,f ..azazwdkYvnf; i,f&muMuD;vmMuwmbJ? udk,fcsif;pmMunfh
ygawmh}
]wdkYuudk,fcsif;pmayr,fhcifhaumifr&JY tazawGtarawGu udk,fcsif;rpmvdkY
'Dvdkvkyf&wm? wu,fqdk&ifudk,fhorD;uolrsm;om;udk cdk;ajy;vdkY&Sd&if om;&Sifudk
vmjyD;tusdK;taMumif;ajymygvm;? orD;eJYom;udk&SmjyD;jyefay;yghr,f?jyefvm&if
vufcHMuyg? aemufjyD;vlMuD;pHk&meJYawmif;&rf;ay;yghr,fqdkwmudkrS rajymawmh
'DvdkrSpdwfrqdk;&&if udk,fhom;[mjynfhwefqmjzpfzdkYom&SdawmhwmyJ? 'gawGpdwfem
vGef;vdkY}
]EdkYaywJYaazaz&,f?uRefawmfvnf; vlysdKjyefjyD;rjzpfEdkifawmhbl;? 'Dvdkjzpf
r,fhwlwl?pmemaxmufxm;jyD;uRefawmfwdkYtcspfudkawmhjzifhrcGJcsifygeJYawmh/
udk,fcsif;pmjyD;oem;ygOD; azaz&JY? olYrSmvnf; udk,fav;vuf0ef&SdaeygjyD}
]tdk ... cifvlysdKjyefjyD;rjzpfcsifaeygap? a&aq;jyD;,lr,f? 'if;vdk[m rsdK;eJYawmh
ray;pm;Edkifbl;?'if;rSm [dk[m&Sd&HkruvdkYt&yfwumrSm arG;ypfwJYuav;udk
zm;aumufovdk yvdkif;eJYvG,fjyD;aumuf&ygap? rylbl;? 'if;udkuavmfrm wmyJ?
bmyJjzpfjzpf cifhudkazazu qifpD;jyD;jrif;&HvdkY wifhwifhw,fw,f
jzpfapcsifw,f? 'Dvdkuavuacs taveawm eefYaMumqGJwJY*sydk;rrsdK;eJYawmh
oif;taztarudkatmhESvHk;emwmeJY ray;pm;Edkifbl;? oif;udk,l&ifcifhrSmom
wdk;jyD;epfzdkY&Sdw,f}

Armhpm*sydk; 98
uRefawmfhvif Z0e
]'gjzifhazazu b,fvdkMuHrvdkYvJ azaz&JY?}
]wjcm;awmh bmrSrMuHbl;? 'if;eJYvJ ray;pm;bl;? 'if;wdkYvJ'ku©a&muf&r,f/}
]oem;ygOD;azaz&,f? olYtartazudk rkef;wmeJY tjypfr&SdwJYcrsmrSm'ku©
ra&mufygapeJY}
]]tdk ... &ufpufrSaMuuGJowJY? azaz ajymwJYpum;udkcifem;axmifrvm;?}
]b,fvdkvJ azaz&JY}
]azazwdkYudk cspfvdkY&Sd&if azazajymwJYtwdkif;&Hk;rSmtppfcHyg? [kwfvm;?
&Hk;rif;uar;vdkY&Sd&if uRefawmfrsdK;cspfvdkY vdkuf&wmr[kwfygbl;? twif;
vdkuf&r,fqdkjyD; "g;jyac:oGm;vdkY ratmf0HYbJ vdkufoGm;&ygw,f/aemufaz;
udkqif;wm taygYoGm;&atmifqif;wmyg? 'Dvdktqif;rSm twif;vufudkqGJ
jyD;ac: ygw,f? uRefawmfhudkac:oGm;jyD; um;ay:rSmrw&m;usifh&efMuHygao;
w,f? twif;&kef;wmeJY ratmifjrifyg? rausmfwifYwdkYtdrfudk noef;acgif
ausmfavmufa&mufygw,f? rausmfwifhu uRefawmfwdkYESpfa,mufpvHk;tcef;
xJrSmydwfay;ygw,f? 'DwpfcgrSm rcspfOD;urw&m;jyKusifh&efMuHpnfygw,f/
uRefawmfu idkjyD;awmif;yefaomfvnf;r&bJ "g;jyjyD; twif;t"r®MuHpnfwm
txajrmufoGm;ygw,f? aemufjyD;awmh azazar;prf;yg&apOD;? tJ'Dnu}
]&SufvGef;vdkYrajymyg&apeJYazaz&JY? azazajymovdk r[kwfwmawGvJ
usrf;usdefjyD; rxGufyg&apeJY}
]tdk 'Dusrf;awG[m rpl;Edkifygbl;? tdrfcif;wJY Murf;ujyifrS oHpxGufaevdkY
pl;EdkifOD;r,f}
]usrf;pl;rSm udpör&Sdygbl;?vlwpfzufom;epfematmifrajymyg&apeJY?
uRefawmfcspfwJYoltay: rSm'gavmufr&ufpufEdkifbl;azaz&JY? uRefawmfhudk
oem;&ifolYudkvnf;oem;ygazaz&JY}
]cifhudkoem;vdkYolYudkroem;wmaygh cif&JY}
]r&ufpufoifhygbl;azaz&,f? r&ufpufoifhygbl;? olYudkrMudKufeJYqdk&if
rMudKufygbl;?ray;pm;bl;qdk&ifvnf;r,lygbl;? EdkYaywJY'grsdK;awm hjzifh
rajymyg&apeJY azaz&JY }
]cifr,lbl;qdkwm azaz0rf;omw,f? rMudKufbl;qdkwmvnf; azazwdkY
oabmusw,f? EdkYaywJY cif'DvdkrxGuf&if azazwdkY tukefvHk;'ku©a&muf
ukefvdrfhr,f? tcktrIvkyfjyD;jyD? 'Dawmh cif'DvdkrxGuf&if azazwdkY vdrfvnf
wdkifMum;rIeJY 'ku©a&muf&vdrfhr,f? 'gaMumifhazazwdkYudkoem;&if 'DvdkxGufyg
om; &,f/cif'DvdkrSrxGuf&if azazvnf; cifhtwGufa&m*gwdk;jyD;ao&awmh
rSmyJ} [kajymvdkuf&m uRefawmfhrSm bmrQrajymEdkifatmif tMuH&MuyfíoGm;
avawmh\/

Armhpm*sydk; 99
uRefawmfhvif Z0e
uRefawmfhrSm rdbudkaxmufnSmoem;rdí wzufodkYvdkufrnfqdkvsif
&nf;pm;ru vifr,m;wrQaygif;cJY&ol tcspfOD;udk pGefYvTwf&awmhrnfjzpf&Hk
rQru cspfolcrsmudk,fav;vuf0efMuD;ESifh axmifoGif;tusOf;cH&awmhrnf
udkjrifa,mifvsuf tvGefw&m tonf;emp&maumif;vSonfudk awGYMuHK&
ay\/ tu,fícspfoltm; xdkodkYaom'ku©rsdK;rSuif;a0;ap&ef ESvHk;jyKvQuf
cspfoltm; oem;iJYnSmaomoabmtm;jzifh cspfolbufrS vdkuf&rnfqdkaomf
aus;Zl;&SifrdbESpfyg;tm; 'ku©a&mufapawmhrnfjzpf&um; uRefawmfhrSm þ
cufcJMuD;av;aom jyoemMuD;udk tb,fyHkajz&Sif;Edkifygrnfenf; [kpOf;
pm;í r&Edkifatmif&Sd&ayawmh\/
þodkYvQif aeYpOfawG;awmMuHpnfygaomfvnf; tcsdefomukefí
tMuHaumif;r&bJ&Sdum wpfaeYwpfaeY ESifh trIpD&ifppfaq;rnfhaeYodkY
a&muf&Sdvmav\/ þodkY&SKyfaxG;ayGvDaeonfh tawmtwGif;rSm ykvdyfwdkY
u vma&muf&SKyfayGum ar;vm;jref;vm;jyKvkyfaeonfrSmvnf; pdwfnpf
p&maumif;vSonfhtjyif a&SYaea&SY&yfwdkYuvnf; ESdKufESdKufcRwfcRwfar;jref;
jyef&m uRefawmfhrSm aocsifp&maumif;aomtjzpfrsdK;wGifcHpm;ae&ayawmh\/
xdkrQruao;? owif;pmwdkYu olwyg;pdwfnpf'ku©a&muf&onfudkyif
oem;iJYnSmjcif;r&SdbJ olwpfyg;\'ku©udkt&if;wnfvsuf rdrdwdkYpD;yGm;
vrf;ajzmifh&majzmifhaMumif;udk&SmMuHum owif;pmxJwGif"gwfyHkrsm;jzifYxnfh
oGif;az: jyjyefonfrSm aemifudkvlawmxJwGif rsufESmraz:0HYatmifjyKvkyfonf
ESifhrjcm;bJ xdkoli,f xdka,mufsm;uav;onf olwyg;\rw&m;jyKusifhjcif;
udk cH&jyD;oljzpfaejyD? vlysdKrppfawmhjyD[laomtm;jzifh wpfoufvHk;vlnTefY
wkef;atmif wpfEdkifiHvHk;aMumfnmouJYodkY&Sdayawmh\/
odkYtm;jzifh yda,[d 0dyÜa,ma*g 'kau©m [k &Sifawmfbk&m;a[mMum;
awmfrlcJYonfwGif cspfolESifhauGuGif;&jcif;udk 'ku©[kqdk&HkrQqdkcJYav&m ,ck
rlcspfolESifhtcGJcH&jcif;ü tcspfaMumifh pdwf'ku©a&muf&jcif;tjyifwGif &JwdkY
a&SYaewdkY\ taESmuft,Suf owif;pmwdkY\ taESmuft,Sufwnf;[laom
tvGefqdk;0g; npfnrf;vSaom taESuft,Sufrsm;xyfavmif;jcif;aMumifh
yda,[d xufqdk;aom twd'kau©m ajymrukefEdkifonfh 'ku©MuD;udkyif cHpm;
&ayawmh\/ tu,fíom uRefawmf\ rdbwdkYonf jzpfjyD;om; jyD;apawmh
[laom oabmxm;um ESpfOD;ESpfbufapYpyfjyD;vQif wifhwifhw,fw,f awmif;
&rf;vufxyfjcif;trIudkjyKvdkufrnfqdkygu uRefawmmfhrSm þ'ku©MuD;rS uif;
a0;vsuf cspfolESifhpHkzuf&rnfudk awG;awmum uRefawmf\ rdbrsm;onf
uRefawmfhtay: wGif þrQavmufroem;ava&mhovm;[laom awG;rdjcif;
udkjzpf&avawmh\/ qifeif;íjrif;uefcH&wmudk rMunfhvdkaomrdbwdkYonf

Armhpm*sydk; 100
uRefawmfhvif Z0e
pdwfnSif;í qif;&J'ku©cHpm;&jcif;udkrl Munfh&ufEdkifMuygoenf;[k uRefawmfh
rSm pOf;pm;ír&EdkifbJ &Sday\/
odkYESifh trIppfaq;awmhrnfhaeYodkYa&mufcJYavawmh\/ xdkaeYwGif
uRefawmfhrSm pdwfxJwGif wvSyfvSyfaoG;ckefum &ifwkefvsuf&Sdavawmh\/
uRefawmfhrSm b,ftcgrQ &Hk;jyifuem;odkYra&mufzl;cJYbJ&Sd&m? ,cktcsdef yxr
a&muf&awmhrnfjzpf&mwGif omrntrIrsdK;jzifh a&muf&jcif;r[kwfbJ uRefawmf
udk,fwdkif yg0iftoHk;awmfcHvQuf &SufaMumufp&mtvGefaumif;vSaom trI
MuD;ESifh ywfoufía&muf&jcif;jzpfav&m rnfodkYrnfyHkajym&rnf jyKrl&rnf
udkem;rvnfbJ e*dkubmrQrod&onfhtxJwGif ,ckuJYodkYpdwfajcmufjcm;zG,f
udk,fwdkifMuHKawGYae&mwGif wkefwkef&D&DMuD;jzpfvsuf rSm;,Gif;pGmxGufqdkrd
rnfudk pdk;&drf&jyefjyD;vQif rdbzufvdkufzdkYESifh cspfolzufvdkufzdkY a0cGJr&Edkif
atmif jzpfcJY&jcif;rSm ,ckuJYodkYpdwfESvHk;wkefvIyfajcmufcsm; aeonfhtcgwGif
bmrQpOf;pm;ír&Edkifatmif jzpfapavawmh\/
&Hk;odkYa&mufaomtcsdeftcgwGif olwyg;\ olwyg;\t&SufwuGJ
tusdK;enf;&onfhtjzpfrS ESpfESpfcsdKufcsdKufMuD;Mum;odem;axmifvdkolrsm;
onf &Hk;cef;tjyifwGif jynfhusyfvsuf&Sdonfhtjyif uRefawmf wdkY a&mufvm
aomtcgü uRefawmfhtm; acgif;ESpfvHk;ESifhtjrD;aygufonfh vlxl;vlqef;
ozG,fjyL;aMumifpl;pdkufaom rsufvHk;MuD;rsm;ESifh pm;awmh0g;awmhrvdkMunfh
Mujcif;udk uRefawmfhrSm rcHEdkifatmif&Sdum acgif;udkiHkYvsuf tvGefw&m
&SufaMumufpGm ajcvSrf;rSefrSef rvSrf;EdkifbJ 4if;wdkYtMum;rS 0ifcJY&av\/
olwyg;\t&SufudkcGJ&ef apmifhpm;aeMuaom &Hk;cef;rtwGif;&Sd
owif;axmufrwdkYuvnf; uRefawmf 0ifvmvQifyif ykZGefrsufvHk;uJYodkY
jyKwfusvkrwwfjyL;íMunfhum uRefawmf\t0wftpm; rsufESmay;trl
t&mwdkYudk ajcqHk;acgif;qHk;tuJcwfMu\/
&Hk;cef;odkYa&mufvQifa&mufjcif; uRefawmf\ rsufpdrsm;onf rcspfOD;udk
a&S;OD;pGm&SmazGvsuf&Sdav\/ xdkodkYvSnfhywfMunfhvdkuf&m &JrESpfa,muf
jcH&Hxm;aom 0ufjcHuav;xJwGif a&SYodkYacgif;idkufpdkufcsumrdIifawGvsuf
xdkifaeaomrcspfOD;udkjrif&vsif uRefawmf\ &ifwGifqdkYumajy;ízufjyD;
idkvdkufcsifawmh\/ odkY&mwGif uRefawmfhrSm xdkodkYajy;ízufzdkYudkrqdkxm;bd
pdkufíMunfhrdonfudkyifrMunfhap&ef araru uRefawmf\aygifudk qGJqdwfum
owday;vdkufaomaMumifh uRefawmfvnf;b,fae&mudkrQ rMunfhEdkifbJ
acgif;iHkUí aevdkuf&avawmh\/
rMumrSDtrIpwifíac: av\/w&Hk;vHk;&Sdvlrsm;onf trIpwifppf
aq;awmhrnfqdkonfESifhwjydKifeuf w&m;cGifzufodkYtm&HkpdkufaeMuav\/

Armhpm*sydk; 101
uRefawmfhvif Z0e
yxrppfaq;cH&olrSm uRefawmfhrdcifyifjzpfay\/aararonf
usrf;usdef&GwfqdkjyD;aemuf rdrd\trsdK;trnf? tvkyftudkiftouf wdkYudk
az: jyjyD;vQiftrIjzpfyHkudkxGufqdkav\/
]vGefcJYwJYjymodkvqef; 12 &ufaeYnu uRefawmfrwdkYtdyf&m0ifr,ftvkyfrSm
armifcifodef;wpfa,mufxJ taygYtav;pGefYzdkY tdrfaemufodkYqif;oGm;ygonf?
aemufem&D0ufavmufMumonfhwdkifatmif armifcifodef;jyefrvm
pdwfrcsonfhtwGuf uRefawmfrudk,fwdkif vufeSdyf"gwfrD;eJY aemufaz;udk
xGufMunfhygw,f? aemufaz;jcHapmif;em;rSm jzLjzLawGjrifwmeJY vuf
ESdyf"gwfrD;eJY xdk;Munfhvdkufawmh armifcifodef;eJY tjcm;rdef;rwpfa,muf
udkawGY&ygw,f? 'Drdef;uav;u armifcifodef;vufudktwif;qGJxm;ygw,f?
EdkYjyD; vufwpfzufrSmvJ &SpfvufrtoGm;&SdwJY "g;ajrSmifwpif;udk udkifxm;
wmudk rD;a&mifatmufrSmjrif&ygw,f/ 'DvdkMunfhvdkufwJYtcg armifcifodef;
rSmaMumufvefYwkefvIyfaeyHk&ygw,f? 'Drdef;uav;[m &kwfw&ufb,fol&,f
vdkYrodyg/rD;eJYxdk;MunfhvdkufwJYtcg vefYzsyfjyD;armhMunfhvdkufawmhrS olY
rsufESmudkjrifvdkuf&ygw,f/ ol[mtckw&m;cH rcspfOD;jzpfygw,f/
'DvdkrD;eJYxdk;vdkufwJYtcg olvnf;wpfcsufMunfhjyD; armifcifodef;udk
twif;qGJac: wmudkjrifvdkuf&ygw,f? armifcifodef;atmfwmudk rMum;&yg/
aMumufvdkYratmfwmyg/ uRefawmfrvJ tHYtm;oifhjyD;ai;aerdygw,f/
ratmfrdyg? jrif&wJYae&meJY jzpfwJYae&m udkuf300 avmuf&Sdygvdrfhr,f/
uRefawmfr vufESdyf"gwfrD;u ay500ajy;w,f? "gwfcJtopfxnfhxm;cgpjzpf
vdkY aumif;aumif;vif;ygw,f? ESpfa,mufpvHk;aoaocsmcsmjrif&ygw,f}
[lí araronf jzpforQudkajymvdkuf ar;orQudkajzvdkufESifh tppfcHíoGm;
av\/
araronf tppfcHonfhtxJwGif vdrfvnfcsufrsm;pGmrygbJ [kwf
rSefonfhtwdkif;vdkvdkyifjzpf&m a&SYaeESifha&vmajrmif;ay; ar;cGef;xkwfíajz
qdkonfhpum;rsm;rSm rcspfOD;tay:wGif tjypfav;eufp&m tcsufrsm;yg&Sd
av\/
w&m;olMuD;ronfvnf;ar;\ xGufcsufrsm;udk aocsmpGmrSwfom;
jyD;vsifw&m;cHtm; xyfrHíem;vnfap&ef zwfjyav\/xdkYaemuf&J trIvdkuf
udkppfaq;av\/ trIvdkuf&Jronf trItaMumif;ESifhywfoufí yxr
wdkifcsufzGifhonfhtcsdefrS þtrI&Hk;odkYa&mufonfhwdkifatmiftppfcHav\/
w&m;cHrcspfOD;ESifhw&m;vdkoufaoarmifcifodef;wdkYxHubmypönf;awGawGYovJ
[k w&m;olMuD;ruar;av\/w&m;vdk\wdkifMum;csufrSm ygoGm;wJY
vuf0wfvufpm;tm;vHk;jyefjyD;&ygw,f/ 'Dypönf;awGudk tukefcRwfjyD;

Armhpm*sydk; 102
uRefawmfhvif Z0e
oufao rausmfwifh utm;vHk;xkwfay;ygw,f/ aemufjyD;w&m;cH&JY ypönf;xJu
"g;ajrSmifwpif;awGY&ygw,f/ 'Dypönf;awGtm;vHk; &Hk;ay: rSmwifjyxm;ygw,f
[ktrIvdkufuxGufqdkav\/
xdkYaemufuRefawmfhudk ppfaq;awmhrnfjzpf&m uRefawmf\emrnfudk
ac:vdkufonfESifhwjydKifeuf 'l;wkef&ifwkef b0ifckefvsuf&SdaeaomaMumifh
oufaoppfwef;odkY renf;tm;jyKíavsmufcJY&av\/usrf;xkyf
udkifvdkuf&aomtcg uRefawmfhrSm trIvdkuf&Gwfzwfjyonfhtwdkif; rSef&mudk
tppfcHygrnf[laompum;rsm;udk rqdk0HYbJ&Sday\/ taMumif;rlum;
uRefawmfhtm;tazoifay;xm;aompum;rsm;rSm uRefawmfhtm;
usrf;pl;apawmhrnfjzpfay\/ odkY&mwGif uRefawmfhrSm usrf;rusdef&efvnf;rjzpf?
aES;zifhaeívnf;r&bJ usrf;wdkifoGm;onfhtwdkif;vdkufíqdkvdkuf&jyD;aemuf
wpfcgwnf;0rf;enf;pdwfrsm;ay: vmum? bmrSrxGufqdkEdkifawmhbJ
idkcsvdkufrdayawmh\/ w&Hk;vHk;rSm uRefawmf\trlt&mudkawGYjriftHUMo
aeMuav\/ wD;wdk;pum;ajymoHrsm;rSmvnf; yGpdyGpdjzpfaeMuav\/
odkY&mwGifuRefawmfhrSm 4if;wdkY\MunfhMujcif;udkvnf; *&kpdkufíraeEdkifbJ
wjzdKifjzdKifrsuf&nfusum w&SHKU&SHKU idkaMuG;rdavawmh\/
]a[Y oli,f? &Hk;cef;xJrSm 'Dvdkridk&bl;} [kw&m;olMuD;ruajymojzifh
uRefawmfu ]tr,fav;? 'Dvdkridk&&if b,fvdkidk&rSmvJ} [kajymvdkuf&m
w&Hk;vHk;&,farmvdkufMuoHrsm;udk Mum;&aomaMumifh uRefawmfhrSm
0rf;enf;&onfhtxJwGif avSmifajymifjcif;cH&jyefonfhtwGuf &Sufí
rqHk;EdkifbJ&Sdav\/
]'DrSmem;axmifygOD;oli,f&JY? w&m;ppfaq;aewJYtcg? idkvm;&,fvm; rvkyf&bl;?
&Hk;awmfudkrxDrJYjrifjyKvkyfrIESifhta&;,lcH&vdrfYr ,f} [kw&m;olMuD;ru
ajymawmhrS uRefawmfhrSm tidkwdwfatmif rsdKodyfMudwfrSdwfxm;&av\/
xdkYaemufuRefawmfhtm; trsdK;trnfponfwdkYudkxGufqdkapjyD;vQif
w&m;olMuD;ru ]uJ trIpwifjyD;jzpfyGm;wJhnu b,fvdkjzpfw,fqdkwm
ajymprf;ygOD;} [kajymvdkuf&m uRefawmfhrSm ta&;MuD;aomxGufqdkcsufudk
jyKvkyf&awmhrnfjzpf&um; tMuyf&dkwfíaeav\/þae&mwGifuRefawmfhrSm
rdbbufudkvdkuf&rnfavm? cspfolbufudkvdkuf&rnfavm[laomjyóemMuD;udk
qHk;jzwf&awmhrnfjzpfay\/rdbbufudkvdkufvsif cspfolrSmepfem&awmhrnf/
cspfolbufodkYvdkufvsif rdbwdkYrSmt&SufwuGJtusdK;enf;jzpf&awmhrnf
jzpfaomaMumifhrdbtcspfESifh&nf;pm;tcspfudkcsdefcGifwGifwifpuf&awmhrnf
jzpfayawmh\/

Armhpm*sydk; 103
uRefawmfhvif Z0e
odkYjzpfíuRefawmfonf rdbwdkY\rsufESmudk Munfhvdkuf&m ajymav
ajymvdkuf wdkYrSmxm;ovdkajymvdkufygvm;? i,fpOfawmifaus;uav;b0u
pjyD; rSJYjcif,ifoef; rS rudkuf&atmifapmifha&SmufydkufaxG; EdkYcsdKauR;jyD;arG;
jrLvmcJY&wJY aus;Zl;awGudkaxmufxm;jyD; wdkYudkoem;&ifwdkYajymovdkajym
vdkuf pum;wcGef;eJY aus;Zl;awGudk aus;rpGyfygeJYcif&,f [kajymMum;aeo
uJYodkYxifae&ayawmh\/
wzufodkYvSnfhvdkufaomtcg oem;zG,f&m nSdK;i,fpGmaomtrlt&mjzifh
uRefawmfhtm; toem;cHaeouJYodkY tm;udk;tm;xm;jyKum Munfhaeaom
rcspfOD;\ rsufESmudkjrifvdkuf&aomtcg apmapmu rdbwdkYrsufESmudk
awGYjrif&pOfujzpfay: vmaompdwfrsm;onf tm;vHk;aysmufysufoGm;avawmh
\/ rcspfOD;\ rsufESmudkMunfhvdkuf&onfwGif cif&,f ... cspfcspfudk r&ufpuf
ygeJYaemf cift&ifajymwJYpum;awGudk rarYygeJY? wu,fvdkY cspfcspftay: rSm
rcspfEdkifawmhygbl;vdkY qdkygOD;awmh cspfcspf0rf;xJrSmudef;atmif;aewJY cifhaoG;
om;udkaxmufxm;ygOD;cif&JY ponfjzifhajymvdkufbdouJYodkYxif&ay\/
xdkodkYMunfhaeonfudk w&m;olMuD;ruMunfhum ]a[h oli,f b,fudkrS
rMunfheJY? b,folYrsufESmudkrSrMunfh&bl;? &Hk;awmfudkMunfhyg? oli,fpdwf
rSm &SdwJYtwdkif; [kwfwdkif;rSef&mawGudktppfcHyg/ rw&m;tppfcH&if &Hk;awmf
u ta&;,lEdkifw,f} [kowday;ojzifh uRefawmfhrSm b,fudkrSrMunfh&Jawmh
bJ acgif;iHkYum pOf;pm;íaerdjyefav\/
uRefawmfhrSm usrf;usdefqdkjyD;jzpfcJYayjyD? tvGefw&mrGefjrwfaom
bmomw&m;MuD;udk t&if;cHjyKíxm;aom udpöjzpfav&m usrf;udkcsdK;azmufjcif;
jzifh uRefawmf\ udk;uG,f&mjzpfaom bmomw&m;MuD;udk tav;*&krjyKbJ
zsufqD;csdK;zJYjcif;odkY a&mufawmhrnfjzpfonfhtjyif usrf;pl;cH&awmhrnfjzpfay
\/ usrf;pl;íty,fi&JuscH&rnfh tjcm;aomb0rSjzpf&rnfhudpöjzpfí ,ck
b0wGifylyifp&mr[kwfaomfvnf; usrf;udkcsdK;azmufum rdbrsm;\ em;cs
pum;twdkif;xGufqdkcJYaomf vwfwavmusrf;pl;cH&rnfhtjzpfrsdK;rSm touf
wrQ cspfvSpGmaom rcspfOD;wnf;[laom &nf;pm;xufMuD;rm;aom tcspfjzifh
cspfcJYolESifh uGJuGm&rnfh 'ku©MuD;yifjzpfayawmh\/
odkY&mwGif jrifhrdk&fawmifOD;ruusL;onfh aus;Zl;&SifrdbESpfyg;\
aus;Zl;rsm;udk uRefawmfonf uRefawmf\udk,fydkifpdwf0dnmOf udktepfemcHum
aus;Zl;rqyfEdkiftHYavm? rdbtwGuftjcm;b0ü ty,fi&JcH&jcif;jzifh
tepfemcHum aus;Zl;rqyfEfdkifoavm cspfoludkpGefYjcif;jzifh rdb\tvdk vdkuf
Edkifygoavm [kawG;awmjcif;rsm;ay: vmjyefav\/ odkY&mwGifqufvuf
pOf;pm;jyefaomf xdkodkYtepfemcHjcif;jzifh uRefawmfonf rdbaus;Zl;udk

Armhpm*sydk; 104
uRefawmfhvif Z0e
qyf&ma&mufrnfavm [laom jyóemMuD;onfay:vmjyefavawmh\/
xdktcdkufwGif w&m;olMuD;ru uRefawmfhtm; xyfrHíowday;jyef&muRefawmfhrSm
MumMumpOf;pm;bdkYtcsdefr&awmhbJ rdbESifhvifrdef;r b,folYudk cspfovJ
[laomtcsufudk qHk;jzwfí xGufqdkbdkY ESvHk;jyKvdkuf&avawmh\/
xdkodkYrnfolYtay:wGif tcspfMuD;aMumif; udkqHk;jzwf&rnfh udpöwGif
uRefawmf\ tcspfjzifhcsdefpufjcif; rjyKEdkifbJ uRefawmfhtay:wGif &nf;pm;
ESifh rdbwdkYuxm;&Sdaomtcspf\ tav;tayghudk qHk;jzwfrSxif&Sm;Edkifay
awmhonfudk pOf;pm;rday\/
rdbwdkYonf om;orD;udk rkef;&dk;r&Sd[kqdkcJYMuonfhpum;udk axmufaomf
tb,frdbrQ om;orD;udkrrkef;Mu? rrkef;vsifcspfMuonfomwnf;? odkYjzpfí
uRefawmf\ azaz arar wdkYonfuRefawmfhtay: ücspfMurnfrSmrvGJay/
odkY&mwGif uRefawmfawG;rdjyefaom tcsufwpf&yfrSm þudpöwGif uRefawmf\
rdbwdkYonf uRefawmfhtay: ü arwÅmrxm;Mu? oem;nSmwmjcif;r&SdMu?
udk,fcsif;rpmemMuvdkYjzpfMuíom uRefawmfhtm; cspfolESifh &ufpufpGm uGm
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udk jzpfavawmhownf;/ rcspfOD;um; uRefawmfhtay: wGif toufay;í
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udk,fudktepfemcHum wudk,fvHk;yHkícspfcJYawmh\ [lírQawG;awmírqHk;
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Armhpm*sydk; 105
uRefawmfhvif Z0e
cspfMudKufaewmMumygjyD/ t&ifuwnf;uyJ? uRefawmfudk,fwdkifu cdk;zdkYajymwm
MumygjyD? tJ'DaeY usawmhrS uRefawmfwdkYESpfa,muf csdef;jyD;awGYMuwJYtcgrSm}
[lítpcsDum jzpfysuforQ tvHk;pHkudk wprMuGif;tppfcHvdkufavawmhownf;/
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axmufwdkYrSmvnf; uRefawmf xGufqdkorQwdkYudk txl;em;pdkufaxmifum pum;
wcGef;rS vGwfíxGufroGm;Mu&atmifMudK;pm;a&;om;aeonfudk awGY&av\/
uRefawmfvnf; tpfcHjyD;onfESifhwjydKifeuf oufaoppfwef;rS txGufwGif
azaz arar wdkYtem;odkYruyf&JaomaMumifh w&m;olMuD;ru uRefawmftm;
a&SYaepm;yGJwGif aexdkifcGifhay;av\/
uRefawmfxGufqdkvdkufaompum;rsm;rSm rcspfOD;\ csrf;omvGwfvyf&m
twGufvHkavmufjyD[k xifjrifrdawmh\/ aemufwGif q&m0efrMuD;ESifh uRefawmf
xGufcJYaomausmif;rS q&mrMuD;udkppfaq;av\/ q&m0ef\xGufqdkcsufwGif
uRefawmf\&SufzG,f&maumif;aom taMumif;t&mrsm;yg&Sdav&m ..../
tjyifuvlrsm;em;raxmifap&ef wHcg;udkydwfíppfaq;&av\/ q&m0efrMuD;\
xGufqdkcsufrsm;udk Mum;&aomtcg uRefawmfh rSm tvGef&SufvSaomfvnf;
ta&;MuD;aom xGufcsufwpfckjzpfaom armifcifodef;udkppfaq;&mwGif
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awmhrnfodkY&Sdayawmh\/ ausmif;q&mrMuD;udkppfaq;&mwGif ausmif;rSwfyHkwif
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rcspfOD;twGuf ydkrdkí taxmuftcHaumif;ayawmh\/xdktcdkufwGif
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jidrfoufpGmem;pdkufaeMuav\/
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Armhpm*sydk; 106
uRefawmfhvif Z0e
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vdkuf&m azaz ESifharar wdkYonf uRefawmfhtm;qGJ xm;Mu&efvmMuonfudk
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cgwGifrS uRefawmfhrSm wzufu azaz ararwdkYuqGJ? wzufu rcspfOD;uqGJ
vsuf&Sdaae&m &,folrsm;u&,f? tm&HkpdkufíMunfholrsm;uMunfh owif;axmuf
rsm;uvnf; owif;xl;MuD;wpfck&um auseyfpGmMunfhaeMu&m w&m;olMuD;r
u rdrdqHk;jzwfay;rnf[k qdkvdkufrSjidrfoufíoGm;Muavawmh\/
w&m;olMuD;ronf rcspfOD;tm;Munfhum ]nD; arwÅm&SdvdkYcdk;ajy;wmr[kwfvm;}
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... oluvnf;arwÅm&SdvdkYvdkufvmwmygyJ}
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rcspfOD; azaz arar wdkYtm; ...
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vdkufyg&apawmh? aeYaumif;&ufoma&G;jyD;awmif;&rf;ay;pm;vdkufMuyg}
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rif;wdkYcspfolarmifESHESpfOD;vnf;oGm;vdk&moGm;EdkifMujyD}[kajymvdkuf&muRefawmfwdkY
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rcspfOD;u uRefawmf\cg;uav;udkayGYzufvdkuf&m uRefawmfvnf;
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xGufcJYMuavawmhownf;/ /

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Armhpm*sydk; 107
uRefawmfhvif Z0e

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Armhpm*sydk; 108