RESULT AND ANALYSIS

i) First stage analysis : Reconnaissance of an area

The data collected from the reconnaissance survey were used for the feasibility
assessment of the different routes, the design of estimated calculations of quantities and
costs. This allows to select the most suitable alternatives. This survey also helps to define
any variations needed by the simple geometric requirements to be followed for the
highway building. Existing maps and aerial photographs may be a great help. Contour
maps display the characteristics of the landscape and the relief of the area. Aerial
photographs show up-to - date planimetric details. Planimetric surveys collect
measurements of natural and man-made features. Reconnaissance surveys would include
all potential routes and locations. The reconnaissance survey report will summarize all
the details collected, including a description of each route or location, a statement on the
economy of its usage, and where applicable, appropriate maps and aerial photographs.
Study the built to ensure satisfactory results. If they are not accessible, using the road
infrastructure requirements to provide detail. Figure 1 shown the engineering
specifications and Figure 2 shown reconnaissance study of alternate routes.

Figure 1 : Road of classification

 Figure 2 : Reconnaissance study of alternate routes
Source: (Bailey, 1958)

ii) Second stages analysis : Preliminary survey of best route

Development a Land Ownership and Control (LOCO) map is the first step towards
achieving this goal. Permission to use public and private land. The main objective of the
LOCO map is to
determine ownership of property adjacent to the highway right-of - way. These land
parcels may be affected by preliminary surveying activities. Most of the information on
the LOCO maps can be obtained from the GIS county assessor 's website or the
Wyoming Statewide Parcl Viewere website. Usually, a LOCO map is created in a CADD
design file, but it can also be produced on county assessor maps (plates). Other formats
may be used with the approval of the State Photogrammetry & Surveys Engineer. The
LOCO map must include a title block with the project name, section, and number as
shown in Figure 3. Other important items to include in the title block are:
i) Name of the map preparer
ii) County or counties where the project is located
iii) Date map was completed
iv) LOCO map scale
v) Total number of sheets
vi) Land owner table listing owners and lessees
 Figure 3 : LOCO map
Source : (Department of Transport and Main Roads)

A copy of the LOCO map and Permit to Survey forms shall be sent to the State
Photogrammetry & Surveys Engineer when complete. The LOCO map would then be
circulated as suggested in the survey conference. The preliminary survey is a detailed
study of the route, establish levels, recording the route at the top of the route selected on
the basis of the graph and plots the results. It also determines reconissance survey details
and suggests the final position of this plot or provisional fixes. It's going through a pro
map. The scale and scope of the project would determine the nature and depth of the
preliminary survey for certain military installations. A preliminary survey consists of
field data collected for the creation of project mapping files. Examples of preliminary
survey data involve, but are not limited to, pavement features, sidewalk and roadway
structures, driveways and roads, bridge ends, road slabs, retaining walls and topographic
landscape photos. Figure 4 and Figure 5 shown example of pavement features and
preliminary survey respectively. While Figure 6 shown preliminary location center line
profile from photogrammetric map.
 Figure 4 : Example of Pavement features
Source : (Department of Transport and Main Roads)

Figure 5 : Example of Preliminary survey

Source : (Department of Transport and Main Roads)
 Figure 6 : Preliminary location center line profile from photogrammetric map.
Source: (Bailey, 1958)

i) Third stages analysis : Design location

The final location is essentially the fixing of the details of the planned highway. The
precise configuration of the chosen route is determined in this step, which involves
horizontal or vertical orientation, structural location and drainage channels, the cycle of
checking and error by the builder for engineering and aesthetic considerations.

The final identification survey will have sufficient curvature and tangential points and
comparisons at fairly close intervals to prevent the lack of data. The location of such
points should be free from disruptions attributable to building activities or other purposes.
Direction of all property lines, distance to land corners and placement of houses, fencing
and other facilities should also be noted. It is important to keep notes on alignment and
degree, i.e. notes taken in field during the final location survey generally are part of the
permanent record. The final location survey for roads is completed when all required
knowledge is accessible and ready. It ensured that all the details required for preparation
of complete building. Any details relating to the following considerations must be made
readily accessible to all standards, such as orientation, topography, bench mark point,
cross section parts as shown in Figure 7, corner section links and other land connections
and drainage and utilities as shown in Figure 8 . And example of final location survey as
shown in Figure 9.

Figure 7 : Example of cross section

Source : (Department of Transport and Main Roads)

Figure 8 : Example of drainage and utilities

Source : (Department of Transport and Main Roads)
 Figure 9 : Example of final location survey
Source : (Department of Transport and Main Roads)

CONCLUSION
Highway construction will push ahead with ever-increasing momentum, as we must plan, build
and implement modern equipment, technologies and techniques to minimize costs and conserve
vital manpower. Some of the most successful solutions to reduction of cost and manpower lies in
the field of photogrammetry. It has provided useful resources for general geography, medicine,
geology, forestry and others fields. Most State Highway Departments have already proved the
utility by using photogrammetry, and almost all of them are beginning to implement it. To me,
the results on record are very satisfied. Photogrammetry used in road survey operations saved 80
per cent of the workers and 40 per cent of the bill. Previously in the planning cycle, the
reductions contributed between 50% and 30%. And, of course, there are other savings that have
not yet been fully evaluated and registered. This is a unusual feature of a photographic method.
All that is capable of being recorded for example in scale and presentation in compliance with
the specifications , the photo process being used should be documented. If we visit or pass
around the area a lot of times, we can never see or remember anything. This is one of the factors
for the dominance of photogrammetric procedures over planetary mapping work even the perfect
planetary operator can neglect or forget stuff. In Highway Engineering, each specialist will look
into the area with his or her particular interest in mind, and there is a danger in each case that
something will be overlooked. Everyone may gain benefits from the usage of photographic scope
and photogrammetric methods. Photogrammetric engineers can provide data when needed,
whether they are contour maps, profiles or cross-sections. Figures may be provided for
computing machines.   However, experts in many technical disciplines, with a little practice,
have been skilled in the usage of the stereoscope and have supported themselves with knowledge
when to visit the field. Reality modeling solution enables engineers to leverage LiDAR surveys
or to quickly create detailed and accurate geometry from digital photos to maintain an accurate
as-built record. This would benefit from a collaborative environment for the behavior and
administration of their work and cooperation with other contractors. We would see interest in
approaches that incorporate comprehensive preparation, architecture and development. We can
see interest in technologies that leverage the detailed planning, design and as-built software for
maintenance, asset management, routing and authorizing, GIS, and other applications.
REFERENCES
[1] Bailey, D. A. (1958). Application of Photogrammetry to Mapping for Highway Location
Studies. Retrieved from: https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?
article=2763&context=roadschool
[2] Department of Transport and Main Roads (2015 October). Chapter 2 : Urban Road Design
Drawings. Retrieved from https://www.tmr.qld.gov.au/~/media/busind/techstdpubs/Bridges
%20marine%20and%20other%20structures/Drafting%20and%20Design%20Presentation
%20Standards/Volume%202/DDPSMVOL2Part2Chapter2.pdf
[3] William C. Cude. Potential Future Use of Photogrammetry in Highway Engineering.
Retrieved from https://www.asprs.org/wp-content/uploads/pers/1957journal/jun/1957_jun_558-
563.pdf