2.

1 Figures and Tables

Highway design has the same design problems with the other construction. The best
highway design is divided into phases or stages. To indicate the type of map and scales that
considered suitable for reconnaissance and design purposes was shown in Figure 1 and
Figure 2.

Figure 1: Photogrammetric reconnaissance map

Source: (Bailey, 1958)

Figure 2: Photogrammetric design map

Source: (Bailey, 1958)
3.0 Materials and Methods
Nowadays, most of the industrial are abandoned ordinary plane table mapping for
preliminary and final highway location surveys. Photogrammetry method that was widely
used to replace the ordinary plane table mapping method. This is because the
photogrammetry method is more accurate than ordinary plane table mapping.
Photogrammetry method also is a type of method which suitable for highway construction.
Normally, the highway design will divide into phases or stages. This enables the planner to
make the most economic use of maps and equipment at his disposal [1]. There are 3 stages to
carry out photogrammetry for the highway construct.
These stages were:
1. Reconnaissance of an area: The various steps of area reconnaissance to determine route
alternatives by photogrammetry was mostly used by the state highway departments.
Normally, the scale 1: 20,000 of Department of Agriculture photographs was used in
conjunction with the 7½-min National Topographic Quadrangle Series of maps. Both of it
was enlarged to the scale of the photographs which is 1: 2,000. As the photogrammetry
available, the necessary equipment for area reconnaissance is a simple lens stereoscope or a
mirror stereoscope with binocular attachment only. By matching vertical photographs in a
flight line, the uncontrolled photographic mosaics of a large area can be assembled for use in
area reconnaissance. Lens or mirror stereoscope can be observed easily when matched with
photographic mosaics and oriented to the auxiliary stereoscopic mate photograph. It would be
advisable to obtain for the area reconnaissance survey new photography of the area of interest
if the existing governmental photography of the area of survey is over 6 to 10 years old. The
range of scale for this new photography should be obtained between 1,500 to 2,500 ft per in.
The photographs could be obtained with a 12-in. focal length camera as land use, drainage,
urban areas, and general topography are the major controls. Besides that, these vertical
photographs would not be used for topographic mapping in making the area reconnaissance
survey. For rugged mountainous regions and large cities where the streets are narrow and
buildings are tall, the long focal length photography is very useful.
2. Preliminary survey of best route: The material that required for the preliminary survey and
design of the location are medium-scale aerial photographs of the highway route, the
uncontrolled photographic mosaics and topographic strip maps. In rural areas, a general
practice is to have taken the route photographs at a scale of about 1,000 ft per in. The
equipment that need to use is a 6-in. focal length camera or 800 ft per m. with an 8y4-in.
focal length camera. The 6-in. focal length camera is generally used in commercial practice.
To map at a manuscript scale of 200 ft per in. annotated with contours at a 5-ft interval, the
vertical photographs at these scales are used in the photogrammetric plotter. In highly
developed areas, the accepted practice is to obtain photographs at a scale of 500 ft per in. or
400 ft per in. with 6-in, or 8%-m. focal length cameras respectively. A strip of terrain up to ½
mi wide at a scale of 100 f t per in. annotated with contours at a 2-ft interval was contained in
the topographic map. By photogrammetric methods, the accuracies of aerial photographs,
photographic mosaics, and topographic maps are compiled with an appropriate contour
interval for the preliminary survey. Hence, it was enough for the highway design and the
maps are very accurately.
3. The designed location: The ultimate development for highway engineers was searching is
the application of photogrammetry and aerial surveys to design of the highway location. To
ultimate the development, the accurate measurement of all possible details for preparation of
construction plans are required. It is including estimation of earthwork quantities, final
measurement of earthwork quantities and procurement of right-of-way. Survey in the field of
the center line is one of the methods of developing the preliminary design of the highway
location. The center line was determined by the preliminary survey at 200 f t to 1 in. scale. To
fix the positions of tangent intersections, center line profiles are obtained after necessary
adjustments are made. Control points along this line will signalized by use of cloth, lime,
paint or other contrasting material that will photograph from the air as the ground detail is
insufficient. A flight line to produce route photography at a scale of 250 or 200 ft per in. for
6-in. or 8y4-in. photography respectively is made [2]. To plot planimetric maps along the
preliminary center line at a scale of 50 ft per in., the glass diapositives made from this
photography was used.

References
[1] Bailey, D. A. (1958). Application of Photogrammetry to Mapping for Highway Location
Studies. Retrieved from: https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?
article=2763&context=roadschool
[2] Miles, R. D. (1957). Equipment, Methods and Standards of Accuracy Applicable to Aerial
Surveys. Retrieved from: http://onlinepubs.trb.org/Onlinepubs/hrbbulletin/157/157-002.pdf