A.Y.

2021 – 2022, 1st Semester

HRE 313 – Highway and Railroad Engineering

Module 2

CHAPTER 1: THE HIGHWAY AND ITS DEVELOPMENT

1.7 Highway Economy

There are many designs and administrative decisions that does not involve public policy, but these
should be made by selecting the alternative that is cheapest in the long run.

The reason why we create highways and public transportation:

1. To augment the country’s level of economy
2. To provide easy access to working place
3. To facilitate public services; police, fire protection and other emergencies
4. To facilitate medical care, schooling and delivery of related basic services
5. To give landowner benefits to transportation and increase property assessment
6. Benefit to motor vehicle users through lower cost of operations and maintenance
7. Benefit in time saving
8. Less road accident
9. To give maximum comfort and ease of travel

1.8 Photogrammetry
Photogrammetry – also called Remote Sensing. It is the science of obtaining measurements by
means of photography based on aerial photographs for engineers working data on:
1. Locations 6. Drainage
2. Planning 7. Soil Classifications and Identifications
3. Geometric Design 8. Earthwork Measurements
4. Right of Way 9. Material Location
5. Traffic Studies 10. Pavement Condition Survey

Photogrammetric Mapping – a vertical aerial photograph taken by a camera pointed almost straight
downward which is most useful mapping for highway purposes.

Instruments used for aerial photographs data into maps:

1. Kelsh and Baplex Stereoscopic Plotters 3. Kern PG2
2. Wild Autograph 4. Zeiss Stereoplanigraph

Type of data collected from photogrammetric mapping:

1. Profiles 3. Cut and Fill of Earthwork Quantities
2. Cross Sections 4. The Motorist View of the Road

**Features of the highway that photographs cannot identify are located by ground measurements.
Google Map and Google Earth uses Photogrammetry for their features.

Colored Photographs – the ground have different colors to indicate difference in elevation between
points.

1.9 Proposing a Location for Highway Construction

Factors considered when designing a highway:

1. Reliable Cost Estimate
2. Character and Hourly Distribution of Traffic
3. Economic and Community Benefit Factor
4. Availability of Funds

Stages for Location Survey:

1. Reconnaissance survey of the entire area from the start of the road to its end
a. Stereoscopic exam of aerial photographs of the whole area
b. Determining of photograph and land use
c. Location of feasible routes based on the photos and maps
2. Reconnaissance survey of all feasible routes
a. Stereoscopic exam of aerial photographs of the feasible routes
b. Preparations of route maps by Photogrammetric method
c. Comparing the feasible routes
d. Selecting of the best route
3. Preliminary Survey of the best route
a. Surveying of the best route
b. Making preliminary design for the best route
4. Location Survey
a. Staking of the Right of Way