Telephony circuits

Two Transformer Hybrid

This is the classic design for a telephone
hybrid circuit. Both transformers are
identical so the transmit and receive are
interchangeable.
The impedance represented by Zbal
should match the impedance of the
phone line to get the best performance.
This is similar to many central office
interfaces. Power to or from the phone
line is tapped in the line connecting the
two transformers in series with the
phone line.

OP AMP hybrid.

In this Op Amp hybrid, amplifiers are used to perform the 2 to 4 wire conversion. In this circuit, Zbal must
match the impedance of the phone line in series with the transformer and its impedance contribution. This
type of circuit does not perform as well as the two transformer hybrid but is considerable smaller and less
expensive. The zener diodes are to protect the amplifiers from surges through the transformer. A bi-directional
audio circuit for intercom and similar applications could skip the transformer but it would be suggested to use
a differential version if there is any chance of ground noise.
 Inductor simulation hold circuit
The purpose of this circuit is to carry the DC current in a phone line without
significant loss to the AC signals. The high gain Darlington transistor
teamed with Ri forms a constant current sink driven by the voltage found
across Cf. The voltage on Cf is determined by the R-C filter formed by Rf &
Cf. Using this technique allows the loop current to vary depending on the
source. Some telecom systems use a fixed constant current source to save
power and when teamed with a fixed hold circuit, become oscillators. When
calculating the filter response, the unity gain feedback from the transistor
needs to be taken into account. The Zener diode sets an upper limit on the
current the circuit takes in situations such short lines from a central office.

Constant current hold circuits

This circuit uses two green
LEDs as voltage references to
form constant current circuits
using the transistors and
resistors in an emitter follower
configuration. A novel aspect
of this circuit is that each
current circuit supplies source This circuit uses a "variable" output
power to the complementing voltage regulator in a constant current
current circuit LED voltage mode.
reference.