Al-Azhar University – Gaza

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND INFORMATION

TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER AND COMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING

IMPEDENCE MATCHING

PREPARED BY
Yasmeen A. Attallah 20150503

SUPERVISED BY
Dr. Mustafa Abu Naser

April 2020
Conclusion :
The main objective of matching is to have the maximum utilization of power in
communication system .
Two resistive impedances can be matched by a section of a transmission line which is
quarter-wavelength long and has characteristic impedance equal to the geometric mean
of the two resistances.
The quarter wavelength transfer is commonly used at the junction of two transmission
lines of unequal characteristic impedances.
And by the single-stub matching technique is superior to the quarter wavelength
transformer as it makes use of only one type of transmission line for the main line as
well as the stub. This technique also in principle is capable of matching any complex
load to the characteristic impedance/admittance.
The single stub matching technique is quite popular in matching fixed impedances at
microwave frequencies

Introduction :
impedance matching is the practice of designing the input impedance of an
electrical load or the output impedance of its corresponding signal source to
maximize the power transfer or minimize signal reflection from the load.
The term “impedance matching” is rather straightforward. It’s simply defined as
the process of making one impedance look like another. Frequently, it becomes
necessary to match a load impedance to the source or internal impedance of a
driving source. A wide variety of components and circuits can be used for
impedance matching.
In the case of a complex source impedance ZS and load impedance ZL, maximum
power transfer is obtained when

where the superscript * indicates the complex conjugate of the variable.

Where ZS represents the characteristic impedance of a transmission line,
minimum reflection is obtained when

The concept of impedance matching found first applications in electrical

engineering, but is relevant in other applications in which a form of energy, not
necessarily electrical, is transferred between a source and a load. An alternative
to impedance matching is impedance bridging, in which the load impedance is
chosen to be much larger than the source impedance and maximizing voltage
transfer, rather than power, is the goal.

Maximum Power-Transfer :

The maximum power-transfer theorem says that to transfer the

maximum amount of power from a source to a load, the load impedance
should match the source impedance. In the basic circuit, a source may be
dc or ac, and its internal resistance (Ri) or generator output impedance
(Zg) drives a load resistance (RL) or impedance (ZL) (Fig. 1):

RL = Ri or ZL = Zg

Fig 1. Maximum power is transferred from a source to a load when the
load resistance equals the internal resistance of the source.

A plot of load power versus load resistance reveals that matching load
and source impedances will achieve maximum power (Fig. 2).

Fig 2. Varying the load resistance on a source shows that maximum

power to the load is achieved by matching load and source impedances.
At this time, efficiency is 50%.

A key factor of this theorem is that when the load matches the source, the
amount of power delivered to the load is the same as the power
dissipated in the source. Therefore, transfer of maximum power is only
50% efficient.

The source must be able to dissipate this power. To deliver maximum

power to the load, the generator has to develop twice the desired output .
impedance-matching devices :

Adjusting the source impedance or the load impedance, in general, is called

"impedance matching". There are three ways to improve an impedance
mismatch, all of which are called "impedance matching":

 Devices intended to present an apparent load to the source of Zload = Zsource*

(complex conjugate matching). Given a source with a fixed voltage and fixed
source impedance, the maximum power theorem says this is the only way to
extract the maximum power from the source.
 Devices intended to present an apparent load of Zload = Zline (complex
impedance matching), to avoid echoes. Given a transmission line source with a
fixed source impedance, this "reflection less impedance matching" at the end
of the transmission line is the only way to avoid reflecting echoes back to the
transmission line.
 Devices intended to present an apparent source resistance as close to zero
as possible, or presenting an apparent source voltage as high as possible. This
is the only way to maximize energy efficiency, and so it is used at the
beginning of electrical power lines. Such an impedance bridging connection
also minimizes distortion and electromagnetic interference; it is also used in
modern audio amplifiers and signal-processing devices.
There are a variety of devices used between a source of energy and a load that
perform "impedance matching". To match electrical impedances, engineers use
combinations of transformers, resistors, inductors, capacitors and transmission
lines. These passive (and active) impedance-matching devices are optimized for
different applications and include baluns, antenna tuners (sometimes called ATUs
or roller-coasters, because of their appearance), acoustic horns, matching
networks, and terminators.
 Impedance Matching using Transmission Line :

Impedance Matching Impedance matching is one of the important aspects of high

frequency circuit analysis. To avoid reflections and for maximum power transfer
the circuits have to be impedance matched.

Transmission line sections can be used for the purpose of impedance matching.

There are various impedance matching techniques which are discussed in the
following :

Quarter Wavelength Transformer :

A quarter-wave impedance transformer is a component used in RF engineering

consisting of a length of transmission line one quarter of a wavelength (λ/4) long and
terminated in some known impedance ZL.
At the operating frequency, the electrical length of the matching section is λ/4. But at
other frequencies the length is different, so a perfect match is no longer obtained.
The quarter wave transformer has a limited bandwidth, like other transformation
methods.

Zo = √ (Zin x ZL)
Single-Stub Matching Technique :
A stub is a short-circuited section of a transmission line connected in parallel to
the main transmission line. A stub of appropriate length is placed at some
distance from the load such that the impedance seen beyond the stub is equal to
the characteristic impedance. Suppose we have a load impedance connected to a
transmission line with characteristic impedance (Figure a). The objective here is
that no reflection should be seen by the generator. In other words, even if there
are standing waves in the vicinity of the load , the standing waves must vanish
beyond certain distance from the load. Conceptually this can be achieved by
adding a stub to the main line such that the reflected wave from the short-circuit
end of the stub and the reflected wave from the load on the main line completely
cancel each other at point B to give no net reflected wave beyond point B towards
the generator.

Electrical examples :

Loudspeaker amplifiers
Typical push–pull audio tube power amplifier, matched to loudspeaker with an
impedance-matching transformer
Audio amplifiers typically do not match impedances, but provide an output
impedance that is lower than the load impedance (such as < 0.1 ohm in
typical semiconductor amplifiers), for improved speaker damping. For vacuum
tube amplifiers, impedance-changing transformers are often used to get a low
output impedance, and to better match the amplifier's performance to the load
impedance. Some tube amplifiers have output transformer taps to adapt the
amplifier output to typical loudspeaker impedances.
The output transformer in vacuum-tube-based amplifiers has two basic functions:

 Separation of the AC component (which contains the audio signals) from

the DC component (supplied by the power supply) in the anode circuit of a
vacuum-tube-based power stage. A loudspeaker should not be subjected to
DC current.
 Reducing the output impedance of power pentodes (such as the EL34) in
a common-cathode configuration.
The impedance of the loudspeaker on the secondary coil of the transformer will
be transformed to a higher impedance on the primary coil in the circuit of the
power pentodes by the square of the turns ratio, which forms the impedance
scaling factor.
The output stage in common-drain or common-collector semiconductor-based
end stages with MOSFETs or power transistors has a very low output impedance.
If they are properly balanced, there is no need for a transformer or a
large electrolytic capacitor to separate AC from DC current.
Matching range :

The T-match impedance matching circuit is one of the circuits used to match the
impedance between two points, usually a source and a load. The circuit got its
name because the inductor and the capacitor form a T-shape as shown in the
schematic diagram below. You can either pass or block DC current depending on
the placement of the inductors and capacitors. The circuit below is a pass dc
current circuit. Interchange the inductors and the capacitor and you have a block
DC current circuit.

The L-match impedance matching circuit is one of the circuits used to match the
impedance between two points, usually a source and a load. The circuit got its
name because the inductor and the capacitor form an L-shape (see schematic
below). Note that the inductor and capacitor can be interchanged depending on
the input. If you need to block direct current, then the capacitor is placed near the
source. Otherwise, the inductor is placed near the source, as seen in the
schematic below.
The Pi match impedance matching circuit is used to match the impedance
between two points, usually a source and a load. The circuit got its name because
the inductor and the capacitor form a Pi symbol (see schematic below). 
This calculator will help you determine the correct values for the inductor and
capacitor in a Pi match impedance matching circuit. The required parameters are
the signal (or source) frequency, the impedance of the source  and the impedance
of the load. You can also specify if the circuit will pass or block the direct current
(DC). The inductor quality factor is also computed