Electrical

Project
Team Members
Abhishek Kumar Gupta 02
Ashutosh Prasad Yadav 10
Tanmoy Mondal 42
Bapun Sahoo 11
ACKNOWLEDGEMT
I hereby, completing this project, would like to express
my very great appreciation to
Ma’am SONALI BHOWMICK,
Who gave me the golden opportunity to do this
wonderful project. Which also helped me in doing a lot
or research and I came to know about so many new
things.
The successful and final outcome of this assignment
required lots of guidance and assistance from many
people.
I would also like to expand my deepest gratitude to all
those who have directly and indirectly guided me in
writing this assignment.
Lastly, I would like to extend my gratitude to authors of
the papers and information sources without
which this project would not have been possible.
ABSTRACT
the maximum power transfer theorem states that, to obtain
maximum external power from a source with a finite internal
resistance, the resistance of the load must equal the
resistance of the source as viewed from its output terminals.
Moritz von Jacobi published the maximum power (transfer)
theorem around 1840; it is also referred to as "Jacobi's law"
The theorem results in maximum power transfer across
the circuit, and not maximum efficiency. If the
resistance of the load is made larger than the
resistance of the source, then efficiency is higher, since
a higher percentage of the source power is transferred
to the load, but the magnitude of the load power is
lower since the total circuit resistance goes up
The theorem states how to choose (so as to maximize
power transfer) the load resistance, once the source
resistance is given. It is a common misconception to
apply the theorem in the opposite scenario. It does not
say how to choose the source resistance for a given
load resistance. In fact, the source resistance that
maximizes power transfer is always zero, regardless of
the value of the load resistance.
INTRODUCTION

what is the Maximum Power Transfer

Theorem. The power transferred from input to
the output in electric circuitries is an important
factor. If we have direct current circuitry then
in this circuitry resistor will be taken as
output. But if our circuitry is using alternating
current then it will have impedance as an
output.
In 1840 this theorem was given by the Moritz
Von Jacobi (Jacobi was an engineer of
Germany, most of his work was related to
electrical machine and telegraphy), maximum
power transfer theorem is also known as
Jacobi’s law. After the invention of this
theorem had some confusion because some
inventors thought that this theorem is also
applicable to find efficiency. These problems
were solved in 1880 when Edison said that at
the output the maximum value of efficiency is
not the same to the power at the output. In
today’s we will have a look at its equation,
examples, working, and application. So let’s
get started with a what is the Maximum Power
Transfer Theorem.
Maximum power transfer theorem can be
applicable in complex network as follows-
A resistive load in a resistive network will abstract
maximum power when the load resistance is
equal to the resistance viewed by the load as it
looks back to the network. Actually this is nothing
but the resistance presented to the output
terminals of the network. This is actually Thevenin
equivalent resistance as we explained in
Thevenin’s theorem if we consider the whole
network as a voltage source. Similarly, if we
consider the network as current source, this
resistance will be Norton equivalent resistance as
we explained in Norton theorem.
MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER
 Maximum Power Transfer Theorem says
that the maximum power will be transferred to
the load from the source if the resistance load
will be equal to the interior resistance of the
source.
 The main thing you should keep in mind that
this theorem is related to the power
measurement, not the efficiency
 We can understand this point by an example,
let’s suppose that if we increase the resistance
of the output then the resistance of the source,
due to this efficiency will increase, but the
power at out will be less because the net
resistance of the circuitry has increased.
 If we decrease the output resistance value then
supply, due to this mostly power will be
wasted in the source, though the net power
loss is large, due to less value of total
resistance, it causes the less power loss at the
output.
 This theorem also helps us to find the value of
resistance at the load so that maximum power
can be sent to the load from the input.
 Maximum power theorem also works for the
AC circuitries which has impedances and says
that power will be transferred to the output if
its impudence is identical to the impedance of
the input supply.
 You should keep in mind that efficiency is the
important factor in the power system, while
power transfer is the main fact for
communication techniques.
Steps To Solve Maximum Power
Transfer Theorem

 These are some steps we should follow to use the

maximum power theorem.
Step 1:
  First of all, eliminate the load resistor (RL) from
the circuitry.
Step 2:
 Calculate the Thevenin resistor (RTH)  of the source
system observing from the open terminals.
 Step 3:
  Rendering to Thevenin theorem, (RTH) is the
load/output resistor of the system which means
RL is equivalent to the RTH which permits extreme
power transmission.
Step 4: 
  Maximum Power Transmission is intended by the
given equation.
(Pmax) = V2TH / 4 RTH

Proof of Maximum Power Transfer

Theorem

The maximum power transfer theorem ensures the value of the load resistance , at which the
maximum power is transferred to the load.

Consider the below DC two terminal network (left side circuit) , to which the condition for
maximum power is determined , by obtaining the expression of power absorbed by load with
use of mesh or nodal current methods and then derivating the resulting expression with
respect to load resistance RL.

But this is quite a complex procedure. But in previous articles we have seen that the complex
part of the network can be replaced with a Thevenin’s equivalent as shown below.

The original two terminal circuit is replaced with a Thevenin’s equivalent circuit across the
variable load resistance. The current through the load for any value of load resistance is
Form the above expression the power delivered depends on
the values of RTH and RL. However the Thevenin’s equivalent
is constant, the power delivered from this equivalent source to
the load entirely depends on the load resistance RL. To find
the exact value of RL, we apply differentiation to PL with
respect to RL and equating it to zero as

Therefore, this is the condition of matching the load where the

maximum power transfer occurs when the load resistance is
equal to the Thevenin’s resistance of the circuit. By
substituting the Rth = RL in equation 1 we get
The maximum power delivered to the load is,
Total power transferred from source is

PT = IL2 (RTH + RL) 

                 = 2 IL2 RL  …………….(2)

Hence , the maximum power transfer theorem expresses the

state at which maximum power is delivered to the load , that
is , when the load resistance is equal to the Thevenin’s
equivalent resistance of the circuit. Below figure shows a
curve of power delivered to the load with respect to the load
resistance.
Note that the power delivered is zero when the load resistance
is zero as there is no voltage drop across the load during this
condition. Also, the power will be maximum, when the load
resistance is equal to the internal resistance of the circuit (or
Thevenin’s equivalent resistance). Again, the power is zero as
the load resistance reaches to infinity as there is no current
flow through the load.
Example of Maximum power
Transformer
Applications of Maximum Power
Transfer Theorem

 This theorem is applicable for linear networks I.e the

networks with R, L, C, and linear controlled sources as
elements.
 The presence of dependent sources makes the network
active and hence, this theorem is used for both active as
well as passive networks.
 Maximum power transfer theorem is applicable only
when the load is variable. Otherwise, choose the
minimum internal impedance of the source which results
in maximum current through the fixed load. Hence,
maximum power is dissipated by the load circuit.
 This formula is permanently required in a
communicating scheme. For example, in a public
addressing scheme, the circuitry is adjusted for higher
power transmission with a creation speaker equal to the
loudspeaker. When the output and input have
coordinated then it has the equivalent resistor(R).
 In-vehicle engines, the power communicated to the
motor starting element of the vehicle will be contingent
on the active resistor (R) of the motor and the batteries
internal resistance (R). When the 2 resistors are equal,
then the higher power will be communicated to the motor
to start the engine.
Limitations of Maximum Power Transfer
Theorem

 These the main limitations of the

maximum power transfer theorem.
 The efficiency of this theorem is fifty
percent so it is not useful for such
circuits where efficiency is to be
measured.
 This theorem works for all circuitries
but device prepared according to it will
have less efficiency. The presence of
this factor is still used for speakers and
receivers where power use is small and
main concern is efficiency.