What will cover in this lab?

Verify Thevenin theorem by obtaining the

 Thevenin equivalent voltage (VTH) and
 Thévenin equivalent resistance (RTH)
for the given circuit. Verify the Maximum Power Transfer Theorem.

Theory:
Thevenin theorem:
It is a process by which a complex circuit is reduced to an equivalent series circuit consisting of
a single voltage source (VTH), a series resistance (RTH) and a load resistance (RL). After
creating the Thevenin Equivalent Circuit, the load voltage VL or the load current IL may be
easily determined. One of the main uses of Thevenin theorem is the replacement of a large part
of a circuit, often a complicated and uninteresting part, by a very simple equivalent. The new
simpler circuit enables us to make rapid calculations of the voltage, current, and power which the
original circuit is able to deliver to a load. It also helps us to choose the best value of this load
resistance for maximum power transfer.

To make this easy, we can use Thevenin theorem to remove the load resistance and voltages. We
then simplify the rest of the circuit as a single voltage source and series resistance. In this
simplified Thevenin circuit, the two resistors R1 and R3, along with secondary voltage B2, are
all simplified into a single voltage source and series resistance. As far as the load resistor is
concerned, the simplified voltage and resistance will operate the same as our original circuit.
Now we just have two simple variables to work with in our calculations.
Equivalent Circuit is

Maximum Power Transfer:

Theorem states that an independent voltage source in series with a resistance RS or an

Linear circuit analysis

independent current source in parallel with a resistance RS, delivers a maximum power to that
load resistance RL for which RL = RS. In terms of a Thévenin Equivalent Circuit, maximum
power is delivered to the load resistance RL when RL is equal to the Thévenin equivalent
resistance RTH of the circuit.
Maximum Power Transfer occurs when the resistive value of the load is equal in value to that of
the voltages ources internal resistance allowing maximum power to be supplied Generally, this
source resistance or even impedance inductor or capacitors are involved is of a fixed value in
Ohm´s. However, when we connect a load resistance, RL across the output terminals of the
power source, the impedance of the load will vary from an open-circuit state to a short-circuit
state resulting in the power being absorbed by the load becoming dependent on the impedance of
the actual power source. Then for the load resistance to absorb the maximum power possible it
has to be “Matched” to the impedance of the power source and this forms the basis of Maximum
Power Transfer. The Maximum Power Transfer Theorem is another useful circuit analysis
method to ensure that the maximum amount of power will be dissipated in the load resistance
when the value of the load resistance is exactly equal to the resistance of the power source. The
relationship between the load impedance and the internal impedance of the energy source will
give the power in the load. Consider the circuit below.
Thevenin equivalent circuit is

Where;
Rs =25Ὠ
RL is variable resistance between o-100Ὠ
Vs =100V

Mathematical:
Find the value of the load resistance, RL that will give the maximum power transfer in the
following circuit.
Then by using the following Ohm’s Law equations:

Simulation:

Linear circuit analysis

Calculation:
We can now complete the following table to determine the current and power in the circuit for
different values of load resistance.

Resistance(Ὠ Current(A) Power(W)

0 4.0 0

5 3.3 55

10 2.8 78

25 2.0 100

30 1.8 97

60 1.2 83

100 0.8 64

Using the data from the table above, we can plot a graph of load resistance, RL against power,
power for different values of load resistance. Also notice that power is zero for an open-circuit
(zero current condition) and also for a short-circuit (zero voltage condition).

Graph of Power against Load Resistance:

Linear circuit analysis

From the above table and graph we can see that the Maximum Power Transfer occurs in the load
when the load resistance, RL is equal in value to the source resistance, RS that is:
RS=RL=25Ω.
This is called a “matched condition”
Maximum power is transferred from an active device such as a power supply or battery to an
external device when the impedance of the external device exactly matches the impedance of the
source.

Conclusion:
In this lab, we have to cover the concept of Maximum power transfer theorem.

Reference:
<http://www.amazon.com/Physics-Engineering
Extended-Chapters/dp/0393926311>.
Physics for Engineers and Scientists (Extended Third Edition)
[Hardcover]." (9780393926316): Hans C. Ohanian, John

Linear circuit analysis