Mendelian and Non-Mendelian Genetics Worksheet Solutions

Medina, Daniel Troy P.
Post-tasks April 30, 2020
BS3E MWF, 12:00-1:00 Dr. Jean Ramirez
Module: 06 “Mendelian Genetics or Transmission Genetics”
Post-task: 01
Seatwork: 01
Question : What are the possible gametes this parent can make?
Given : RrYy
Solution : Answer:
RY , Ry , rY , ry
RrYy = 2n = 4
Y = RY Y = rY
R R r
y = Ry y y = ry
Seatwork: 02
Complete the Punnett square and determine the PR of the cross.
Solution :
RY Ry rY ry
RY RRYY RRYy RrYY RrYy
Ry RRYy RRyy RrYy Rryy
rY RrYY RrYy rrYY rrYy
ry RrYy Rryy rrYy rryy
Answers:
o Round/Yellow = 9
o Round/Green = 3
o Wrinkled/Yellow = 3 9 : 3 : 3 : 1
o Wrinkled/Green = l
Medina, Daniel Troy P. Post-tasks April 30, 2020
Problem Solving : 01
1. In humans, brown eyes (B) are dominant over blue eyes (b). A brown-eyed
man marries a blue-eyed woman and they have three children, two of whom
are brown-eyed and one of whom is blue-eyed. Draw the Punnett square
that illustrates this marriage. What is the man’s genotype? What are
the genotypes of the children?
Note: “Actually, the situation is complicated by the fact that there is more
than one gene involved in eye color, but for this example, we’ll consider
only this one gene.”
Given : Bb x bb
Solution : Answer:
B b
The father’s genotype is Bb.
b Bb bb The genotype of their three children

could be Bb and bb.
b Bb bb
2. Suppose you counted 79 R_ and 33 rr. The total number of individuals

you counted, N, is 112. You expect 3/4 to be R_ (84) and 1/4 to be rr
(28). Are your results close enough to these ratios for you to accept
the null hypothesis — “that there is no real difference”?
Solution :
Ho: There is no actual contrast betwixt the observed ratios and the
expected ratios.
Ha: There is existent variance between the observed ratios and

expected ratios.
Genotype Observed Expected d = (O-E) d2 d2 / E

value (O) value (E)
R_ 79 ¾ x 112 = 84 -5 25 0.29
rr 33 ¼ x 112 = 28 5 25 0.89
Total ∑ 112 X2 = ∑ 1.18
Df = (2 – 1)
Df = 1
Answer :
The result is 1.19. The

closest value of 1.19 in P-
value chart is 1.32 under 0.25
or 25% which is lesser than α
= 0.05. ∴ , There is no actual
contrast betwixt the observed
ratios and the expected
ratios.
3. An ear of corn has a total of 381 grains, including 216 Purple &
Smooth, 79 Purple & Shrunken, 65 Yellow & Smooth, and 21 Yellow &
Shrunken. This ear of corn was produced by a dihybrid cross (PpSs x
PpSs) involving two pairs of heterozygous genes resulting in a
theoretical “expected” ratio of 9:3:3:1. Test your hypothesis using
chi square.
Solution :
Ho: There is no actual contrast betwixt the observed ratios and the
expected ratios.
Ha: There is existent variance between the observed ratios and

expected ratios.
Grain Observed Observed Expected d=(O-E) d2 d2 / E

Type (O) (Ratio) (E)
O/21(Lowest O
Value)
Purple/ 216 216/21 = 10.3 9/16 x 381 = 2 4 0.019

Smooth 214
Purple/S 79 79/21 = 3.8 3/16 x 381 = 8 64 0.901

hrunken 71
Yellow/ 65 63/21 = 3.1 3/16 x 381 = -6 36 0.507

Smooth 71
Yellow/ 21 21/21 = 1 1/16 x 381 = -3 9 0.375

Shrunken 24
Total ∑ 381 X2 = ∑ 1.80
Df = (4 – 1)
Df = 3
Answer :
The result is 1.80. The closest

value of 1.80 in P-value chart
is 1.64 under 0.2 or 20% which
is lesser than the α = 0.05. ∴ ,
There is no actual contrast
betwixt the observed ratios and
the expected ratios.
Module: 07 “Extending Non-Mendelian Genetics”
Post-task: 02
Look for one (1) word problem on each of the following modes of Non-
Mendelian inheritance.
1. Incomplete Dominance
Sample Problem :
In shorthorn cattle, when a red bull (RR) is crossed with a white cow (WW), all
the offspring are roan (RW)- a spotted, red and white or milky color.
a. What offspring are expected from mating a

R R roan bull and a roan cow?
Answer :
W RW RW
W R
W
RW RW
RW RR
R
WW RW W
b. What phenotypes would you expect from a

cross between a red bull and a white cow?
Answers :
All or 100% are red and white color or roan

offsprings.
2. Co-dominance
Sample Problem :
In some chickens, the gene for feather color is controlled by
codiminance. The allele for black is B and the allele for white is W.
a) What is the genotype for black chickens?
Answer:
BB
b) What is the genotype for white chickens?
Answer: B B
WW
W BW BW
W BW BW
3. Multiple Allelism
Sample Problem :
Show the cross between a mother who is heterozygous for type B blood
and a father who is heterozygous for type A blood.
A O
Genotypes:
AB (1): BO (1):
AO (1): OO (1) B AB BO
GR: 1:1:1:1
Phenotypes:
Type AB (1) : type B (1): O AO OO
Type A (1) : type O (1)
PR: 1:1:1:1
4. Sex-related Inheritance
Sample Problem:
The eye color of the fruit flies are red-eyed male XY(RR) x XX(rr)
white-eyed female.
Given:
RR = Red eyed
Rr = Red eyed Xr Xr
rr = white eyed
XY = male
XX = female XR XRXr XRXr
Answer:
Genotype:
Y XrY XrY
= 50% Red eyed females
= 50% white eyed males
References:
http://www.biology.arizona.edu/mendelian_genetics/problem_sets/sex_linked_inherit
ance/sex_linked_inheritance.html
https://alt.hobart.k12.in.us/jkousen/Biology/multalle.htm
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-classical-genetics/hs-
non-mendelian-inheritance/a/multiple-alleles-incomplete-dominance-and-codominance
https://examples.yourdictionary.com/examples-of-incomplete-dominance.html
https://www.biologyjunction.com/incomplete-dominance
https://alt.hobart.k12.in.us/jkousen/Biology/inccodom.htm
https://www.expii.com/t/codominanceoverview-and-examples-10181
https://www.teacherspayteachers.com/Browse/Search:incomplete%20dominance%20and%20
codominance%20practice%20problems
Module: 08 “Chromosome Mutation In Structure And Number”
Post-task 03
I. You may read more about chromosomes before you answer the following
questions. (10 points)
1. What are the different parts of the chromosomes that are essential to
its function? Illustrate a submetacentric chromosome and locate those
parts.
Pellicle and Matrix:
A membrane which surrounds each chromosome is said as pellicle. A jelly

substance present inside the membrane is called as matrix. Presumably
the matrix and sheath are considered as non-genetic material. But the
existence of a matrix and pellicle has not been supported by electron

microscopic observations and several workers including Darlington have
questioned the reality of matrix.
Chromatids, Chromonema and Chromomeres:
The most important and constant constituent of the cell nucleus is

chromatin. The chromosomes are made up of chromatin. The chromonema
thread is marked at intervals in a linear order by a number of knot
or granular or beaded like structure arranged vertically in a single
row along its length called as chromomeres. These are clear as small
dense like structure at fixed intervals along the total length of
chromonema thread and appears similar to the beads on a string.
Centromeres:
The constricted non-stained portion of chromosome is known as

centromere. It is the specific part of the chromosome where spindle
fibres are attached. The position of centromere is constant for a
particular chromosome. The structure and function of the centromere
is different from that of the rest of chromosome. During division,
the centromere is functional while the rest part of the chromosome is
genetically inactive.
2. Compare the following chromosomes:

A. Metacentric vs. Submetacentric
B. Acrocentric vs. Telocentric
C. Heterochromatin vs. Euchromatin
Metacentric:
These are X-shaped chromosomes, with the centromere in the middle so

that the two arms of the chromosomes are almost equal.
A chromosome is metacentric if its two arms are roughly equal in
length.
Submetacentric:
A submetacentric chromosome is a chromosome whose centromere is

located near the middle. As a result, the chromosomal arms (i.e. p
and q arms) are slightly unequal in length and may also form an L-
shape.
Acrocentric:
A chromosome in which the centromere is located quite near one end of

the chromosome. Humans normally have five pairs of acrocentric
chromosomes.
Telocentric:
A telocentric chromosome's centromere is located at the terminal end

of the chromosome. A telocentric chromosome has therefore only one
arm. Telomeres may extend from both ends of the chromosome. Their
shape is similar to letter "i" during anaphase.
Heterochromatin vs. Euchromatin:
The major difference between heterochromatin and euchromatin is that

heterochromatin is such part of the chromosomes, which is a firmly
packed form and are genetically inactive, while euchromatin is an
uncoiled (loosely) packed form of chromatin and are genetically
active.
3. What cells can be used to examine the chromosomes? Give ways to obtain
them in adult and even in embryo and fetus.
Each person normally has 23 pairs of chromosomes in each cell (23

pairs = 46 chromosomes). One of these pairs carries chromosomes
called the X and Y chromosomes, which determine whether you will be
male or female. If you are male, you have an XY pair. If you are
female, you have an XX pair. The other 22 pairs are called
autosomes.
Cells for chromosome analysis can come from a blood sample, from
inside a bone (bone marrow sample), from a swab of cells taken from
inside your mouth, or from a sample of your skin or hair. Cells can
also be taken from the fluid that surrounds a baby inside a
mother's womb. This is called amniocentesis.
4. What are the symbols to describe the type of aberration present in a

particular karyogram?
Deletion or Deficiency:
Deletion or deficiency as the name suggests there is a loss of

segment of chromosome. After break the part without centromere is
lost. On the other hand the part attached to the centromere acts as
deficient chromosome.
Duplication:
Here a segment of chromosome is repeated twice, i.e., duplicated.

Duplication was discovered in Drosophila ‘X’ chromosome for the first
time carrying wild type allele for vermilion (v+) and has been
transposed to an ‘X’ chromosome carrying the mutant vermilion allele
(v), Bridges found that due to the fact that ‘X’ chromosome was
carrying allele v and v+ both it was wild type instead of vermilion.

Equal properties of v and v+ produced wild type effect. Such
‘duplication females’ when crossed with nonduplicated vermilion males
all female progeny was vermilion and all male progeny, i.e., y was
wild type.
Translocation:
Transfer of a section of one chromosome to non-homologous chromosome

is known as translocation. When there is exchange of segments on two
non-homologous chromosomes it is called reciprocal translocation. It
also includes exchange of segments between non homologous parts of a
pair of chromosomes, e.g., ‘X’ or ‘Y’ chromosomes. The segment is
neither lost or added it is just exchanged.
5. How will you know if the karyogram is normal or not?
XX = female & XY = male

If all chromosome are in their homologous pairs (no extra chromosomes
present; 2n) then non-disjunction has not occurred and there are no
chromosomal abnormalities. Trisomy 21 shows non-disjunction has
occurred for pair number 21, this results in Down syndrome. These
individuals can be male (XY) or female (XX). XO shows non-disjunction
has occurred for the sex chromosomes, this results in Turner syndrome.
These individuals are genetically female. XXY shows non-disjunction has
occurred for the sex chromosomes, this results in Kleinfelter
syndrome. These individuals are genetically male.
II. Review the discussion/powerpoint presentation and complete the table

below. ( 15 points )
Total Affected Give at least 3

Specific Classification
Number Chromos characteristics of
Abnormality of abnormality
Of ome the person with
Chromosomes /number this abnormality
Seizures
Metafemale Numerical
Kidney
syndrome abnormality
47 #23 abnormalities
Sexual Abnormally shaped
aneuploidy breast-bone.
Reduced facial and
Klinefelter body hair
syndrome Sexual
47 X Tall stature
aneuploidy
Absent, delayed or
incomplete puberty
Cleft pallet or
Wolf- Structural palate
Hirschhorn 46 abnormality Heart and kidney
#5
syndrome problems
Deletion Unusually small
head
Cat cry
Cri du chat Structural Chrom #5 Hypotonia
syndrome 46
abnormality Behavior issues
Wide-set eyes
Jacobsen Structural Chrom #11
46 (hypertelorism)
Small lower jaw

Deletion
(micrognathia)
Skull abnormality
(trigonocephaly)
Low muscle tone at
Pallister- birth (hypotonia)
Numerical
Killian 47 Chrom #12 Coarse face
abnormality
syndrome Highly arched
palate
Noses are usually
Chrom #13 large (“bulbous”)
Patau Numerical
47 Cleft lip and
palate
Heart defects
Mild to severe
intellectual
Isodicentic Numerical disability
15 47 abnormality #15 Delayed or absent
syndrome autosomal speech
Behavioral
abnormalities
Intrauterine
Edwards Numerical growth retardation
47 Chrom #18 Small fingernails
Neurodevelopmental
delays
Iris coloboma
Cat eye Numerical
46 Chrom #22 Anal atresia
Hypertelorism
With oblique eyes

Down Numerical Also called
47 #12 Mongoloid
With distinctive
facial features
Numerical Criminal syndrome
XYY abnormality
47 #23 Antisocial
syndrome Sexual Very, very tall
aneuploid
Short stature and
non-functioning
Turner Sexual ovaries which
45 X causes infertility
syndrome aneuploidy
Kidney problems
Skeletal
abnormalities
Numerical Swollen hands and

Monosomy X 45 abnormality X feet
sexual A high palate
aneuploid Low-set ears
Distinctive facial
Structural features
Alagille 46 abnormality #20 Liver problems
syndrome
Translocation Pancreatic
insufficiency
References:
https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/triple-x-syndrome
https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/klinefelter-syndrome
https://www.webmd.com/children/wolf-hirschorn-syndrome#1
https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/cri-du-chat-syndrome/
https://www.healthline.com/health/jacobsen-syndrome
https://ojrd.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1750-1172-4-9
https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/8421/pallister-killian-mosaic-syndrome
https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/trisomy-13
https://www.malacards.org/card/isodicentric_chromosome_15_syndrome
https://www.aboutkidshealth.ca/Article?contentid=875&language=English
https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/birthdefects/downsyndrome.html
https://www.everydayhealth.com/xyy-syndrome/guide/
https://www.webmd.com/children/what-is-turner-syndrome
https://www.ssmhealth.com/cardinal-glennon/fetal-care-institute/genetic-
syndromes/monosomy-x-turner-syndrome
https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/alagille-syndrome
https://www.healio.com/hematology-oncology/learn-genomics/genomics-primer/what-are-
chromosomes
https://www.biologydiscussion.com/chromosomes/6-main-parts-of-a-chromosome/35239
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/metacentric-
chromosomes
Module : 09 “CENTRAL DOGMA GENETICS”
Post-task: 03
Guide questions: (For 30 points)
1. There are two experiments that describe DNA as a genetic material. Choose
one and describe/explain the chosen experiment. ( 5 points )
Hersey—Chase Experiments
These experiments established DNA as genetic material.
And not just a transforming agent, through the use of differential

labeling of proteins and amino acids.


The phage ghosts were labeled with 35S but not with 32P.
This means that the DNA was injected but the proteins remained
outside.
Then, the new viruses that were made were all labeled with the 32P,
meaning that the DNA that was injected into the bacterium is what was
used to produce the new viruses.
This shows that DNA is what contains genetic material, not proteins.
Answer the following. (10 pts)

2. List down at least five (5) enzymes responsible for DNA replication?
Describe their corresponding role in the process of replication.
Helicase: Unwinds ds DNA at the replication fork.

DNA polymerase: Involved in synthesis of new DNA strand in 5' to 3'
direction. Also, performs proof reading and nick translation.
Topoisomerase/Gyrase: Helps in relaxation of DNA from its coiled
structure; relieves strain.
Ligase: Helps in annealing gapped strands (okazaki fragments)
Primase: Provides a platform for DNA polymerase for synthesis of new
strand.
Telomerase: Adds length to the ends of DNA by adding repetitive
nucleotide sequences in the end.
3. What are the three (3) major types of RNA, what is its role in transcription
and translation?
Messenger RNA:
As the name suggests mRNA carries the genetic information from

DNA to the ribosomes.
Genetic information on the DNA are transcribed into the mRNA by
a process called transcription.
The mRNA is always single stranded.
It is about 3 to 5 per cent of cell.
mRNA serves as template for photosynthesis.
Transfer RNA
The tRNA is a small molecule when compared with other type of

RNAs.
It amounts to about 15 per cent of the cell.
The most important function of the tRNA is that it carries amino
acid to the site of protein synthesis.
tRNA has a clover leaf like structure and it is synthesized in a small

part of DNA.
Though tRNA molecule is single strand, it assumes clover leaf like
structure through folding.
It has four arms namely anticodon arm, D arm, T arm and amino acid
acceptor arm.
The acceptor arm carries an amino acid.
The anticodon arm has three anticodon nucleotides, which will join
with the complementary codon in mRNA during photosynthesis.
D arms main function is that of recognition.
Ribosomal RNA
Ribosomal RNAs are the most stable form of RNA.

It constitutes 80 percent of the total RNA of the cells.
They are produced in the nucleus i.e. in nucleolus.
These RNA associates with proteins to form ribosomes.
These complex structures physically move along an mRNA molecule,
catalyze the assembly of amino acids into protein chain.
4. How is mRNA formed in the process of transcription from pre-RNA to matured

RNA? What is the importance of splicing prior to translation?
Transcription, but other processes are also involved in eukaryotes, and

transcription is not limited to just mRNA (for example, both tRNA and
rRNA are also produced by transcription).
Transcription is the process by which an RNA transcript is synthesized

from a DNA template strand;
the primary enzyme involved is an RNA polymerase.
Again, that RNA does not have to be mRNA; any RNA (tRNA, rRNA, etc.)
that is synthesized from a DNA template strand has been made by

transcription.
This separation allows the primary transcript to be modified after

transcription and before translation.
In eukaryotes, a primary transcript for mRNA (which is often called a

pre-mRNA) has 3 main modifications made to it before it is mature mRNA,
ready to be exported from the nucleus and translated.
1. Addition of a 5′ cap.
2. Splicing out of introns.
3. Addition of a poly-A tail.
5. To test whether you understand the processes involved in the Central Dogma
of Molecular Genetics, complete what is being asked for and finally refer to
a Genetic Code table to determine what specific amino acid will be finally
formed. (10 points)
Given:
DNA strand: 3’ T A C - T A G - C C T - A C T - G C G 5’
A. Give the sequence of bases in:
Complementary DNA strand:
Answer:
5’ A T G - A T C - G G A - T G A - C G C 3’
mRNA strand formed:

Answer:
5’ U A C – U A G – C C U – A C U – G C G 3’
tRNA strand:
Answer:
5’ A U G – A U C – G G A – U G A – C G C 3’
B. What are the 5 amino acids formed based on the codons. (5 points)
Answers:
1. Methionine - START
2. Isoleucine
3. Glycine
4. STOP-codon
5. Arginine
References:
https://embryo.asu.edu/pages/hershey-chase-experiments-1952-alfred-hershey-and-
martha-chase
https://study.com/academy/lesson/dna-replication-review-of-enzymes-replication-
bubbles-leading-and-lagging-strands.html
https://www.sparknotes.com/biology/molecular/dnareplicationandrepair/terms/
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/dna-as-the-genetic-material/dna-
replication/a/molecular-mechanism-of-dna-replication
https://socratic.org/questions/what-enzymes-are-used-in-dna-replication
http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/biocoach/transcription/difgns.htm
l
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/microbiology/chapter/structure-and-function-
of-rna/
https://www.news-medical.net/life-sciences/-Types-of-RNA-mRNA-rRNA-and-
tRNA.aspx
https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/life-science/metabolomics/learning-center/amino-
acid-reference-chart.html
https://www.technologynetworks.com/applied-sciences/articles/essential-amino-
acids-chart-abbreviations-and-structure-324357
https://www.genscript.com/amino_acid_structure.html
Module: 10 “DNA Repair, Mutation and Transposition”
Post-task: 04
For 20 points:
1. Make a table to compare the different kinds of mutations.
Different kinds of Mutations
Based-substitution mutations Frameshift mutations
Silent Missensse Nonsense Frameshift Frameshift deletion

Mutation Mutation Mutation Insertion
o Single
o Single based
o Single o Nucleotide
based substitutio insertions of a o Nucleotide
n in 1st or base nucleotide deletion of a
substituti
on in 3rd 2nd base substituti sequence repeat nucleotide
base
nucleotide ons that essentially of
sequence is the
position. yield stop a large number
nucleotide This result removal of bases,
codon. of copies of
position in changed the nucleotide causing a frame
of a sequence. shift
amino
codon.
acids.
2. Illustrate the different kinds of DNA repair.

DNA Molecule
Exogenous factors
5’ 3’
3’ 5’
Damaged
DNA Endogenous factors
Repair Mechanism
Direct Single Strand Double Strand

Reversal Repair Repair
Base Homologous
Photoreactiv
Excision Recombination
ation Repair
Repair
Non-
Nucleotide homologous
Excision End-Joining
Repair
Microhomolog
Mismatch y Mediated
Repair End-Joining
Photoreactivation Repair
Direct Reversal
DNA Molecule
Ultraviolet
Radiations
5’ 3’
3’ 5’
Photoreactivation Covalent Bond formations

between Adjacent
Pyrimidines residues
Conformation
Symmetry Lost Thymine Dimer
in DNA
O O
H H
T T T = T
O Thymine
O
NH Dimer NH
Photolyases
Absorbs Energy
350 – 500nm
FAD MTHF
Flavin Adenine Methylene
Dinucleotide tetrahydrofolate
MTHF gets
Excited
FADH2
High Energy
Electron to Dimer
Dimer Breaks
DNA FIXED
Base Excision Repair

Single-strand Repair
DNA Molecule
5’ 3’
3’ 5’
Damage To Hydrolytic
Deamination
Single
Oxidation
Base
A, T, G, C Alkylation
BER Mechanism
“Enzymes in BER”
DNA Glycosylase –removes damaged base.
AP Endonuclease – recognizes the AP site
(missing base site) and creates Nick in
Phosphodiester backbone.
DNA Polymerase – Insertion of base at AP
site.
DNA Ligase – Seals the Nick.
DNA Molecule
5’ 3’
A T A A C T A A G Hydrolytic
T A T T G A T T C Deamination
3’ 5’
5’ 3’
A T A A U T A A G
T A T T G A T T C
3’
DNA Glycosylase
5’
C -> G
AP Endonuclease
3’ 5’
5’ 3’ 5’ 3’
A T A A T A A G A T A A T A A G
T A T T G A T T C T A T T G A T T C
3’ 5’ 3’ 5’
DNA POLYMERASE AND DNA

LIGASE
5’ 3’
3’ 5’
DNA FIXED
5’ 3’
3’ 5’
5’ 3’
3’ 5’
DSB Formation DNA – damaging
agents
5’ 3’
3’ 5’
5’ 3’
3’ 5’
Nucleolytic Nucleases &

Processing Helicase
5’ 3’
3’ 5’
5’ 3’
3’ 5’
Joint-molecule Rad51p.
formation Rad52p.Rad54p.
Rad55/57p. RP-A
5’ 3’
3’ 5’
5’ 3’
3’ 5’
Resolution DNA Polymerase,

ligase,
resolvase
5’ 3’
3’ 5’
5’ 3’
3’ 5’
DNA FIXED
References:
https://www.slideserve.com/melaney-ganas/mutations
https://www.biology-pages.info/D/DNArepair.html
https://www2.palomar.edu/users/warmstrong/codons.htm
https://www.genscript.com/amino_acid_structure.html
https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/translation-dna-to-mrna-to-protein-
393/
https://www.nature.com/articles/nrg2380
https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/dna-damage-repair-mechanisms-for-
maintaining-dna-344/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK9900/
http://www2.csudh.edu/nsturm/CHEMXL153/DNAMutationRepair.htm
https://biologydictionary.net/silent-mutation/
https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Missense-Mutation
https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/mutationsanddisorders/possiblemutations
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-
biology/photoreactivation
https://www.nature.com/scitable/definition/frameshift-mutation-frame-shift-
mutation-frameshift-203/
https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Frameshift-Mutation
https://www.britannica.com/science/direct-reversal-repair
https://www.britannica.com/science/base-excision-repair
https://www.creative-diagnostics.com/base-excision-repair-pathway.htm
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/nucleotide-excision-repair
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3087377/
biology/repair-enzyme
biology/non-homologous-end-joining
https://www.genome.jp/kegg-bin/show_pathway?map=ko03450&show_description=show
Module: 11 “Population Genetics”
Post-task: 05
Answer the following review questions: (10 points)
1. What is a population? Give 3 examples of it.
It refers to groups of individuals of one species, living in a

prescribed geographical area.
Examples:
Selection Genetics:
All domestic dogs are the same species even though there is a
huge variation in the way they look.
Genetic drift:
Cheetahs, which have very little genetic variation, are presumed

to have gone through several genetic bottlenecks.
Migration and Mutation:
Interbreeding occurs due to the migration,

such as of tall members of an African tribe to an area of South
America where people are much shorter,
making possible new combinations of genetic traits, including
variations of skin color and height.
2. “We like him, he seems to have a terrific gene pool,” says the parents upon
meeting their daughter’s boyfriend. Explain why their statement doesn’t make
sense.
Primarily because I am aware that everybody has a set of genes that make the
proteins that determine who we are and how we develop and how we function.
Each of our genes has a particular DNA sequence that results in a particular protein
sequence.
In most cases, our protein sequences are going to be very similar from person to
person, but some genes have variations between people or groups of people.
Certain of these variations are associated with unfortunate effects, like diseases
or congenital problems, but that's another issue.
Now “Gene pool”, is just a term describing the aggregate of all the genes in some
group.
So, therefore, no person can say the gene pool of a single person by just looking at
him/her appearance,
because it constitutes a larger sets of gene varieties or the gene pool of an
ethnicity, or the gene pool of a species.
In short, it’s diverse and a few does not constitute the majority.
References:
https://studylib.net/doc/5855677/population-genetics-examples
http://gracebioblog.blogspot.com/2010/05/artificial-selection-good-or-
bad.html
http://lesliebio.umwblogs.org/2008/09/20/evolution/
http://www.biologyreference.com/Ph-Po/Population-Genetics.html
https://www2.le.ac.uk/projects/vgec/highereducation/topics/population-
genetics
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-biology1/chapter/283/
https://study.com/academy/lesson/genetic-selection-definition-pros-cons.html
https://www.nature.com/articles/nrg2506
https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/natural-selection-genetic-
drift-and-gene-flow-15186648/
https://www.britannica.com/science/selection
https://www.britannica.com/science/selection
biology/genetic-selection
https://www.geneticsandsociety.org/topics/genetic-selection
https://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/evo_24
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/her/heredity-and-
genetics/a/genetic-drift-founder-bottleneck
https://www.britannica.com/science/gene-flow
https://www.biology.lu.se/research/research-groups/molecular-ecology-and-
evolution-lab/research-projects/genetics-of-migration
https://biologydictionary.net/gene-pool/
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/her/heredity-and-
genetics/a/allele-frequency-the-gene-pool
https://science.howstuffworks.com/life/genetic/gene-pool2.htm

Mendelian and Non-Mendelian Genetics Worksheet Solutions

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Medina, Daniel Troy P.

Post-tasks April 30, 2020

BS3E MWF, 12:00-1:00 Dr. Jean Ramirez

Module: 06 “Mendelian Genetics or Transmission Genetics”

RY RRYY RRYy RrYY RrYy

Ry RRYy RRyy RrYy Rryy

rY RrYY RrYy rrYY rrYy

ry RrYy Rryy rrYy rryy

BS3E MWF, 12:00-1:00 Dr. Jean Ramirez

b Bb bb The genotype of their three children

BS3E MWF, 12:00-1:00 Dr. Jean Ramirez

2. Suppose you counted 79 R_ and 33 rr. The total number of individuals

Ha: There is existent variance between the observed ratios and

Genotype Observed Expected d = (O-E) d2 d2 / E

The result is 1.19. The

BS3E MWF, 12:00-1:00 Dr. Jean Ramirez

Ha: There is existent variance between the observed ratios and

Grain Observed Observed Expected d=(O-E) d2 d2 / E

Purple/ 216 216/21 = 10.3 9/16 x 381 = 2 4 0.019

Purple/S 79 79/21 = 3.8 3/16 x 381 = 8 64 0.901

Yellow/ 65 63/21 = 3.1 3/16 x 381 = -6 36 0.507

Yellow/ 21 21/21 = 1 1/16 x 381 = -3 9 0.375

Total ∑ 381 X2 = ∑ 1.80

The result is 1.80. The closest

BS3E MWF, 12:00-1:00 Dr. Jean Ramirez

Module: 07 “Extending Non-Mendelian Genetics”

a. What offspring are expected from mating a

b. What phenotypes would you expect from a

All or 100% are red and white color or roan

BS3E MWF, 12:00-1:00 Dr. Jean Ramirez

BS3E MWF, 12:00-1:00 Dr. Jean Ramirez

BS3E MWF, 12:00-1:00 Dr. Jean Ramirez

Module: 08 “Chromosome Mutation In Structure And Number”

Pellicle and Matrix:

A membrane which surrounds each chromosome is said as pellicle. A jelly

BS3E MWF, 12:00-1:00 Dr. Jean Ramirez

existence of a matrix and pellicle has not been supported by electron

Chromatids, Chromonema and Chromomeres:

The most important and constant constituent of the cell nucleus is

BS3E MWF, 12:00-1:00 Dr. Jean Ramirez

The constricted non-stained portion of chromosome is known as

BS3E MWF, 12:00-1:00 Dr. Jean Ramirez

2. Compare the following chromosomes:

These are X-shaped chromosomes, with the centromere in the middle so

A submetacentric chromosome is a chromosome whose centromere is

BS3E MWF, 12:00-1:00 Dr. Jean Ramirez

A chromosome in which the centromere is located quite near one end of

A telocentric chromosome's centromere is located at the terminal end

BS3E MWF, 12:00-1:00 Dr. Jean Ramirez

Heterochromatin vs. Euchromatin:

The major difference between heterochromatin and euchromatin is that

BS3E MWF, 12:00-1:00 Dr. Jean Ramirez

Each person normally has 23 pairs of chromosomes in each cell (23

4. What are the symbols to describe the type of aberration present in a

Deletion or deficiency as the name suggests there is a loss of

Here a segment of chromosome is repeated twice, i.e., duplicated.

BS3E MWF, 12:00-1:00 Dr. Jean Ramirez

carrying allele v and v+ both it was wild type instead of vermilion.

Transfer of a section of one chromosome to non-homologous chromosome

BS3E MWF, 12:00-1:00 Dr. Jean Ramirez

5. How will you know if the karyogram is normal or not?

XX = female & XY = male

II. Review the discussion/powerpoint presentation and complete the table