МІНІСТЕРСТВО ОСВІТИ І НАУКИ УКРАЇНИ

ХЕРСОНСЬКА ДЕРЖАВНА МОРСЬКА АКАДЕМІЯ

Факультет суднової енергетики
Кафедра експлуатації суднових енергетичних установок
Самостійна РОБОТА №6 Individual WORK No.6

Theme: 1.Fire extinguishing systems. Classification of systems in the type

of the medium and the method of fire extinguishing. Purpose, principle of
action, scope of application. Register requirements for fire extinguishing
systems”.
2. Ballast system. Purpose of the system. Composition of the
system. Schematic diagram.
3. Sewage system. Purpose of the system. Sewage treatment
plant -The principle of operation of the sewage treatment plant and
the principle of the scheme. MARPOL 73/78 Convention
Requirements.

Мета роботи:
Aims of job:
1. «Study ship Fire systems, their purpose, composition, peculiarities of
application and rules of technical exploitation. Requirements of
classification societies and conventions SOLAS 74/78.”
2. Study ship ballast system. Purpose of the system. Composition of the
system. Schematic diagram.
3. Study of sewage system. Purpose of the system. Sewage treatment
plant -The principle of operation of the sewage treatment plant and
the principle of the scheme. MARPOL 73/78 Convention
Requirements.
Курс другий Група ____223 (ін.)___

Форма навчання денна

Курсант – Cadet:
_____________________________________________

2. General Information

1. Water extinguishing system,

The most common means of combating fire on ship is the water
firefighting system, which all vessels must be equipped with.
The system is made of a centralized principle with linear or circuit
pipeline, which is made of steel galvanized pipes 100-200 mm diameter.
The location of the nozzles should provide two jets of water to
any vessel seat.
In interior areas they are installed no more than 20 m, and on the
open deck which is increased to 40 m.
Centrifugal pumps with independent actuator are used in the water
firefighting system.
Stationary fire pumps are placed lower waterline, which is
pumped up the pores on the suction.
The total number of fire pumps depends on the vessel size and the
large vessels comes to three with a total supply of up to 200 m3/h.
In addition to these, many ships have an emergency pump, driven
by an emergency energy source.
 For fire firefighting can also be used
Ballast, bilges and other pumps if they are not used for pumping oil
products or for draining compartments in which the oil residues may
appear.
The efficiency of the water firefighting system is largely dependent on
pressure.
The minimum pressure at the location of any fire nozzles 0.25-0,30 Mpa,
which gives the height of the jet of water from the fire hose to 20-25 m.
Taking into account all losses in the pipeline, this pressure in the fire cones
is provided at a pressure in the fire line of 0.6-0.7 Mpa.
The water firefighting pipeline is designed for maximum pressure up to 10
Mpa.

2. Sprinkler system
On the vessels of water in a sawn form is supplied sprinkler system,
which can be equipped with residential and public spaces, as well as the
roll cutting and various barns.
On the pipelines of this system, which laid under the doubling of the
premises installed automatically current sprinkler heads.
To ensure the automatic operation of the sprinkler system should
always be under pressure.
The required pressure creates pneumatic tank, which is equipped
with a system.
When triggered splitter, the pressure in the system decreases, as a
result of which the sprinkler pump is automatically activated, which
provides the system with water during the extinguishing of the fire.

2.3 Water spray system. Water spray System-water spray systemThe

water dispersion system is used for extinguishing fires in the engine
compartment, for the extinguishing of petroleum products, pumping
offices, hangars, garages. The pipelines of this system instead of
 automatically operating sprinkler heads install water sprays, the
output of which is constantly open.Water nebulizers begin to act
immediately after opening the locking valve on the pipeline, which
leads to the object of protection.Spray water is also used in irrigation
systems and to create water curtains.Irrigation system used for
irrigation decks of oil-based vessels and partitions of premises,
intended for storage of explosive and flammable substances. 2.4
Steam-extinguishing system. For extinguishing the fire must be
submitted at least 1.33 kg/h pair per 1 m3 of space. Система
парогасіння повинна забезпечити заповнення паром половини
обсягу обслуговуваних нею приміщень не більше ніж за 15 хв.
Steam extinguishing system must ensure that ferry half the volume of
the
premises served by it no more than 15 minutes.

2.5 Powder Fire extinguishing system The powder fire

extinguishing system includes: Station where the tanks with powder are
placed, Gas cylinders-Carrier and distribution collector; Post-extinction,
Pipelines and fittings for launching the system and supplying the powder to
the posts. Start is made with any post-extinction. The system is driven by in
action no more than 30 sec after opening the starting cylinder from the
most remote post-extinction.Located behind the deck cargo compartments
provided that the length of the deck does not exceed 150 m. A powder
fire extinguishing system must have at least two independent stations,
except for gas locomotives with a capacity of cargo compartments of less
than 1000 m3, where there can be one station.

3. Compressed gases (inert gases)

-Reduce the oxygen content in the combustion zone below 12% and form
an environment that eliminates combustion.
-Carbon dioxide (CO2)
 -Argon, inert
Gas firefighting used to eliminate major classes of fires:
-A (solids burning),
-B (liquid combustion)
-С (combustion of gaseous substances) and electrical equipment (electrical
installations under voltage).

Volume Chemical extinguishing system

The volume chemical suppression system became widespread in the
suppression of fires in the Engine Room and freight holds of dry-cargo
ships in a voluminous way, i.e. the system of volume chemical extinction.
The advantage of the volume chemical suppression, compared with the
carbon-dioxide extinguishing system, is that easily evaporated fire-
extinguishing liquid is retained at low pressure, resulting in the possibility of
losses from leakage is significantly reduced.

Volume Fire extinguishing systems

Of all gas systems on sea vessels widely used carbon dioxide.
Liquid carbon dioxide gas is stored on vessels in special pressure
cylinders
The essence of the carbon-dioxide extinguishing action is reduced to the
breeding of air with carbon dioxide to reduce the oxygen content to such a
percentage at which combustion is terminated.
So, when entering the room carbon dioxide in the amount of 28.5% of its
volume atmosphere of the room will contain 56.5% nitrogen and 15%
oxygen.
At 8% oxygen content in the air is terminated even corruption.
 Carbon dioxide gas at temperature 273 К (o ° С) and pressure 3.5 Mpa
The ability to scrub with a decrease in 400-450 times compared with the
gaseous state.
Carbonic acid is stored in steel cylinders 40 L with pressure up to 5 Mpa.
According to the register rules in a fire it is necessary to fill 30% volume of
the largest dry cargo truffle and 40% Engine Room.
According to the Register rules 85% of the estimated amount of carbon
dioxide should be introduced for no more than 2 minutes-in the machine
room, emergency diesel-generator and fire pumps, other rooms where the
liquid fuel or other Flammable liquids;
10 min-In a room with vehicles and fuel (except diesel) in tanks, as well as
in a room where there is no liquid fuel or other flammable liquids.
The cylinders are connected in a battery and work on a general junction
box, from which the pipelines made of steel seemless galvanized pipes
with a diameter of 20-25 are held in separate premises.Nozzles should be
inspected regularly by pressure of 0.6 – 0.8 MPa. It is impossible to apply
it in residential and public areas, as even a slight leakage of gas can lead
to accidents.The main drawback of the system is the disposability of the
system and the need to thoroughly ventilated premises after the use of
carbon dioxide steering.A large number of cylinders, High cost of station
equipment, Significant costs for the recharge of cylinders and Personnel
hazards when comply with precautionary measures 2.7 The system of
inert gases In 1978, on the Convention, IMO decided that the new oil
tankers with a resolution of 20000 t and above should have a system of
inert gases (LPG), and other tankers when using the system of washing of
tanks with crude oil, or with the supply of detergent solutions of over 60
m³/h should also be The SIG. The system of inert gases is designed for
active protection of cargo compartments of the tanker from fire and
explosion by means of creation and constant maintenance of inert (non-
flammable) Microatmosphere with the content of oxygen by volume not
higher than 5%. The system of inert gases should maintain in any part of
the cargo tank atmosphere with an oxygen content of not more than 8% by
volume and excess pressure, which prevents the supply of air (as a rule,
this pressure does not exceed 20 Kpa). The gas temperature coming
into the room should be no more than 65 ° C for freight tanks and not more
than 50 ° C for dry-cargo holds. The system provides the supply of inert
gas to freight tanks in an amount of 125% of maximum productivity of
vessel unloading. Thus filling voids which are exempt during unloading of
the volume of tanks taking into account the possibility of evaporation of
some volume of inert gas. Flue gases from main or auxiliary boilers
that have been processed can be used as inert gas. Currently, special
generators of inert gases of various types are common. The system of inert
gas includes: -A source of inert gas, Scrubber -Main pipeline with
branches Fans Protective devices and fittings, control devices and alarms.

3. Guidelines:

3.1 Become familiar with ship fire systems: water extinguishing, sprinkler
systems, water spraying systems, foam-fire systems, steam extinguishing
systems, powder fire extinguishing systems, and gas extinguishing systems
including the volume chemical extinguishing system and the system of
volumetric firefighting CO2, as well as the inert gases system on the oil-
liquid vessels.

Become familiar with the requirements of SOLAS 74/78 and classification

communities regarding fire protection of ships, technical characteristics and
construction of installation.

Answer the questions:

1. Describe the basic rules of fire safety

 2. What are the known fire systems and principles, their work?
3. What are the main requirements for classification societies imposed
on water extinguishing systems.
4. Why do fire pumps set below the waterline of the vessel empty?
5. What fire systems are operating from the main system of water fire
suppression?
6. What is the main and most effective fire fighting system used to
extinguish a fire in the engine room Поясніть принцип дії та використання
системи інертних газів?
7. For what purpose and on which ships is the inert gas system used?

1. Draw a schematic diagram of the ship's ballast system.

Describe the purpose of the ballast system and show the main
components of the system. Explain the concept of "hydraulic hammer" and
how to avoid it

3.3 Draw the principal diagramm of a wastewater system. Explain the

meaning of "gray water", "black water".
Describe the principle of wastewater treatment with bacteria. MARPOL
73/78 requirements for treated sewage.
 ANSWERS
1. Describe the basic rules of fire safety
On ships with a gross capacity of 1000 reg. ton and more on an open
deck from each side the water main should have a device for connecting
the international connection.
Water- fire extinguishing system. The most common means of fighting
fires on board is the water fire extinguishing system, which all vessels
should be equipped with.
♦ For fire purposes, ballast, bilge and other pumps may also be used if
they are not used for pumping oil products or for draining
compartments in which residues of petroleum products may be found.
♦ Throughout the mainline, fire hydrants (cranes) are installed to
connect fire hoses.
♦ The location of the hydrants should ensure the supply of two jets of
water to any place of the vessel.
♦ The total number of fire pumps depends on the size of the vessel and
on large vessels reaches three with a total feed rate of up to 200 m3 /
h.
♦ When installing pumps above the waterline, they must be self-
priming.
♦ The use of a carbon dioxide system in cargo tanks of bulk vessels is
not allowed.
♦ The use of non-conductive gas in the system makes it possible to use
the gas system to stop the fire on the operating electrical equipment.
♦ In the engine room for extinguishing oil products a water spray
system is used.
♦ The minimum pressure at the location of any fire horn 0,25-0,30 MPa,
which gives the height of the jet of water from the fire hose to 20-25
m.

2. What are the known fire systems and principles?, their work?
Water- fire extinguishing system
 Water- fire extinguishing system. The most common means of fighting
fires on board is the water fire extinguishing system, which all vessels
should be equipped with.The system is executed on the centralized
principle with a linear or circular main pipeline, which is made of steel
galvanized pipes 100-200 mm in diameter.

Fire hydrants (cranes)

Throughout the mainline, fire hydrants (cranes) are installed to connect fire
hoses. The location of the hydrants should ensure the supply of two
jets of water to any place of the vessel.
In the inner compartments, they are installed no more than 20 m, and on
open decks this distance is increased to 40 m.

In the water-use system, centrifugal pumps are used.Stationary fire

pumps are installed below the waterline, which provides a suction head.
When installing pumps above the waterline, they must be self-priming.
The total number of fire pumps depends on the size of the vessel and on
large vessels reaches three with a total feed rate of up to 200 m3 / h.
In addition, many ships have an emergency pump driven by an emergency
power source.
On ships with a gross capacity of 1000 reg. ton and more on an open deck
from each side the water main should have a device for connecting the
international connection.

Sprinkler system
On ships, sprayed water is supplied by a sprinkler system, which can be
equipped with residential and public compartments, as well as
wheelhouse and various storerooms.
On the pipelines of this system, which are laid under the ceiling of the
protected room, automatically operating sprinkler heads are installed.
Sprinkler heads-a - with a metal lock, b - with a glass bulb, 1-piece, 2-glass
valve, 3-diaphragm, 4-ring; 5- washer, 6-frame, 7-socket; 8 - low-melting
metal lock, 9-glass bulb
The exit of the sprinkler is closed by a glass valve (ball), which is
supported by three plates, connected together by low-melting solder.
When the temperature rises during a fire, the solder melts, the valve
opens, and the outflow of water, striking a special outlet, splashes
In sprinklers of a different type, the valve is held by a glass bulb filled with
an easily-evaporating liquid.
In case of fire, a vapours of liquids burst the bulb, as a result of which the
valve opens.
To ensure automatic operation, the sprinkler system must always be
under pressure. The necessary pressure creates a pneumatic tank,
which is equipped with a system.When the sprinkler is opened, the
pressure in the system drops, which automatically turns on the sprinkler
 pump, which provides the system with water for extinguishing the fire. In
emergency cases, a sprinkler pipeline can be connected to the water-
system. In the engine room for extinguishing oil products a water spray
system is used.
On the pipelines of this system, instead of automatically operating sprinkler
heads, water sprayers are installed, the outlet opening of which is
constantly open.
The water sprayers start to operate immediately after opening the shut-off
valve on the supply line.

Spray system
In the engine room for extinguishing oil products a water spray system is
used.
On the pipelines of this system, instead of automatically operating
sprinkler heads, water sprayers are installed, the outlet opening of
which is constantly open.
The water sprayers start to operate immediately after opening the shut-off
valve on the supply line.

Steam fire extinguishing system

The operation of the steam fire extinguishing system is based on the
principle of creating an atmosphere in the room that does not support
combustion.
Therefore, steam exhaustion is used only in enclosed spaces
Steam smothering can also be used in engine mufflers and in exhaust
gases tube.
The system of steam-extinguishing on ships is carried out on a centralized
basis.
From the steam boiler, steam with a pressure of 0,6-0,8 MPa goes to the
steam distribution box (collector), from which separate pipelines from
steel pipes with a diameter of 20-40 mm

Gas systems.
The principle of the gas system is based on the fact that an inert gas is
supplied to the site of the fire, which does not support combustion.
When using the system, gas does not cause damage to goods and
equipment.
The use of non-conductive gas in the system makes it possible to use the
gas system to stop the fire on the operating electrical equipment.
Of all the gas systems on marine vessels, carbon dioxide is widely used.
Liquid carbon dioxide is stored on vessels in special cylinders under
pressure.
Cylinders are connected to batteries and operate on a common junction
box, from which in separate rooms pipelines are made of steel all-rolled
galvanized pipes with a diameter of 20-25 mm.
Pipes are usually laid under the deck without downshifts, since carbon
dioxide is heavier than air and when extinguishing a fire it must be
introduced into the upper part of the room.
The carbon dioxide system can be used to extinguish a fire in enclosed
spaces.
Most often such a system is equipped with dry cargo holds, engine-boiler
rooms, electrical equipment rooms, as well as storerooms with combustible
materials.
The use of a carbon dioxide system in cargo tanks of bulk vessels is not
allowed.
It cannot also be used in residential and public rooms, since even a small
leak of gas can lead to accidents.
The main disadvantage of the system is the one-time operation of the
system and the need to carefully ventilate the room after applying
carbon dioxide quenching.

Inert gases
The system of inert gases is designed to actively protect the tanker's cargo
compartments from fire and explosion by creating and maintaining an
inert (non-flammable) micro-atmosphere with an oxygen content of not
more than 5%.
Inert gas system is the most important integrated system for oil tankers for
safe operation of the ship. Inert gas is the gas which contains
insufficient oxygen (normally less then 8 %) to suppress combustion of
flammable hydrocarbon gases.
An inert gas is a gas that is generally non-reactive with other substances.
Purified argon and nitrogen gases are most commonly used as inert gases
due to their high natural abundance (78.3% N 2, 1% Ar in air) and low
relative cost.

3. What are the main requirements for classification societies imposed

on water extinguishing systems.
Water- fire extinguishing system is the most common means of fighting
fires on board is the water fire extinguishing system, which all vessels
should be equipped with.
On ships with a gross capacity of 1000 reg. ton and more on an open deck
from each side the water main should have a device for connecting the
international connection.

4. Why do fire pumps set below the waterline of the vessel empty?
The minimum pressure at the location of any fire horn 0,25-0,30 MPa,
which gives the height of the jet of water from the fire hose to 20-25 m

5. What fire systems are operating from the main system of water fire
suppression?
Sprinkler system

6. What is the main and most effective fire fighting system used to
extinguish a fire in the engine room
water spray system

7. For what purpose and on which ships is the inert gas system used?
The system of inert gases is designed to actively protect the tanker's
cargo compartments from fire and explosion by creating and
maintaining an inert (non-flammable) micro-atmosphere with an oxygen
content of not more than 5%. Tanker vessels are the type of vessels
that normaly use the inert gas system.
 1. Draw a schematic diagram of the ship's ballast system.

Describe the purpose of the ballast system and show the main
components of the system. Explain the concept of "hydraulic hammer" and
how to avoid it
The ship ballast system is designed for intake, outlet or pumping seawater
for the purpose of changing the trim and list of the vessel, to improve its
stability, change in the draft.

The vessel complies with MARPOL Protocol 73/78 as a segregated ballast

tanker.
Segregated ballast is carried in the AFT ballast tanks, FORE PEAK tank
and in pairs of wing tanks arranged along the entire length of the cargo
tank area.
The vessel is designed with sufficient heavy weather ballast capacity to
meet any weather condition without having to load additional ballast in
the cargo tanks.
A set of ballast water tanks;
♦ Each tank is fitted with hydraulic
♦ Suction/Discharge Valve;
♦ No 1 (No 2) Ballast Pump – 750 m3/h x 25 mwc;
♦ Sea Water Crossovers and Sea Chest;
♦ Pipelines with valves, filters, measuring gauges
The ballast system is collected from solid-drawn galvanized steel pipes,
connected by flanges with rubber or paronite gaskets, bronze or steel
fittings are used.
On pipelines install zinc protectors near bronze fittings.
On the ballast system, shut-off valves are mounted, on bilge suction
system
– non-return valves.
The ballast pumps
It is used for pumping liquid into ballast tanks.
Maintenance of the pump is carried out only when it is used. It is
necessary:
To ensure that the temperature of the bearings does not exceed the
temperature of the room by more than 40 ... 50 ° C and was not +90 °
C, for which there are openings in the pump bracket;
Maintain normal leakage through the seals - this serves to control the
correct operation of the packing seal and protects the protective sleeve
from the production of stuffing.
If there is no leak, loosen the gland tightening.
Pressure gauge
The pressure gauge is used for checking the following during ballast
operations.
 Pressure at the inlet to the pump
 Pressure at the outlet of the pump;
 Pressure of the shutter-coolant;
 The water temperature at the inlet to the pump;
 Number of pump hours.

Hydraulic hammer
The term "hydraulic hammer" denotes both an increase and a decrease
in pressure.
Unlike the force, the pressure is non-directional, that is, it has no vector.
Only after the hydrostatic pressure begins to act on a limited area, there
is a force that acts in the direction normal to this area.
Since preventing the jumps of pressure in the operation of the pipeline
system is impossible in principle, the most important point is to maintain
dynamic changes in pressure within the controlled limits.
Often, the effects of water hammering are the formation of cracks in the
pipe, the weakening or detachment of the pipe flanges, which manifest
themselves over time.
With increasing pressure:
 Rupture of the pipe
 Damage to pipe fasteners
 Damage to pumps, foundations, fittings and piping valves

With lowering pressure:

 Cutting of plastic and thin-walled steel pipes

 Deflection of cement internal lining of pipes
  suction of dirty water or air into the pipeline through flange
connections or coupling sleeves, packing seals or leakage areas
Prevention of hydraulic hammering
The principle of protection against hydraulic hammer is to prevent the
transition of kinetic energy to the energy of elastic deformation.
 -Energy storage;
- Devices for suction of a liquid and an air inlet (vacuum breakdown);
- Optimization of the closing of the shut-off valve;
- Optimization of the pipeline system management algorithm.
 High operational reliability is ensured if the actuator valves have a
guaranteed drive time and an interruption point (shutdown), or if
reliable actuators such as diaphragms (washers) or feed regulating
valves are used on the hydraulically actuated shut-off valves.
 When operating, it is necessary to regularly check the operating time
of the drive and monitor its proper functioning in order to control its
compliance with its closing / opening characteristics.
 The anti-heeling system of a ship automatically detects the heeling
angle of the ship and compensates the same.
This allows the vessels to have continues loading and unloading cargo
operation without stopping in between for list correction.
This saves considerable amount time on the port.
3.3 Draw the principal diagramm of a wastewater system. Explain the
meaning of "gray water", "black water".
Biological vacuum sewage treatment plant normally used on ships.
The biological vacuum sewage treatment plant consists of an integrated
vacuum generator and a biological sewage treatment plant.
In the sewage treatment plant, an aerobic process of the biopopulation
convert organic substances existing in waste water to carbon dioxide
and water without danger of methane gas production.
 Black water consists of water from the toilets, urinals and hospital.

Grey water consists of water from the galley, showers and sinks.

Describe the principle of wastewater treatment with bacteria. MARPOL

73/78 requirements for treated sewage.
Principle
The biological vacuum sewage treatment plant consists of an integrated
vacuum generator and a biological sewage treatment plant.
In the sewage treatment plant, an aerobic process of the bio population
converts organic substances existing in waste water to carbon dioxide
and water without danger of methane gas production.
The breakdown of raw sewage in water is affected by aerobic bacteria if
there is a relatively ample presence of oxygen, but by anaerobic
bacteria if the oxygen has been depleted.
When the amount of sewage relative to water is small, dissolved oxygen in
the water will assist a bio-chemical (aerobic) action which breaks down
the sewage into simple, clean components and carbon dioxide.

The biological vacuum sewage treatment plant is fully automatic in normal

operation and they require low maintenance.
These plants are designed to fulfill the requirements of IMO MARPOL
73/78 Annex IV and USCG 33 CFR Part 159 for inspected vessels
which specify discharged waste water from sewage treatment plants.
Intetnational requirements
The effluent quality is as follow:
• BOD5 < 50 ppm
• Suspended solids < 50 ppm (tested on shore) or 100 ppm (tested aboard
ship)
• Faecal coliforms < 250 pcs/100ml M. P. N.