Bit Running Guidelines R PDF

Drill Bit Running Procedures
A Guideline for Field Engineers

By Steve Taylor,
Modified by Mark Jordan with input from Pete Whorley and Peter Frew
Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION 4
RIG SITE PROTOCOL 5
RIG AND SURFACE EQUIPMENT EVALUATION 6
Solids Control Equipment

Mud Pumps
Mud Condition
Lost Circulation Material

Surface Parameter Gauges
BOTTOM HOLE ASSEMBLY EVALUATION 8
WELL BORE CONDITION EVALUATION 9
PRECEDING BIT RUN EVALUATION 9
DRILL BIT TFA (TOTAL FLOW AREA) CALCULATION 10
PREPARING THE BIT TO BE RUN IN HOLE 10
MAKING UP THE BIT TO THE DRILLSTRING 11
RUNNING IN HOLE 11
Drill Bit Running Procedure Page 1 of 48

Rev 2.0 – May 08 ©2008 ReedHycalog. All rights reserved.
DRILLING OUT THE WIPER PLUGS, CEMENT, SHOE AND FLOAT ASSEMBLIES 12
PDC (Including SteeringWheel and BiCentrix), Impregnated and Diamond Drill Bits
Roller Cone Drill Bits, (insert and Milled Tooth)
BEDDING/BREAKING THE BIT IN 13
MAKING CONNECTIONS AND RESTARTING DRILLING 14
GENERAL DRILLING PARAMETERS FOR 'CLEAN' FORMATIONS 14
DRILLED CUTTINGS ANALYSIS 14
FUNDAMENTAL PARAMETER DISCUSION 15
Torque
Weight
Rotary Speed
Flow Rate
OPTIMISING DRILLLING PERFORMANCE 17
SIMPLE DRILL-OFF TEST PROCEDURE 18
BP FORMALISED DRILL-OFF TEST PROCEDURES 19
Summary
Drill-off Test Method 1 - Locked Brake Test
Drill-off Test Method 2 - Drillability Test
DRILLSTRING DYNAMICS / VIBRATION 25
General
Types of Vibration
Drillstring Resonance
Axial Vibration
Bit Whirl
BHA Whirl
Torsional Vibration
Vibration Coupling
VIBRATION MONITORING 31
FACTORS RELATING TO BIT RUN TERMINATION 33
Economics
Worn Cutting Structure
Worn/Failed Bearings on Roller Cone Bits
Bit Balling
Lost Nozzle
Plugged (Blocked) Nozzle
Downhole Motor or Turbine Failure
DULL GRADING 36
DULL BIT PHOTOS 36
RUN REPORTING 36
REFERENCES 37
DRILLING TERMS 37
APPENDIX 1: OPTIMISATION RUN REPORT EXAMPLE 38
APPENDIX 2: QUICK REFERENCE TABLE FOR COMMON DRILLING PROBLEMS 39
APPENDIX 3: DPI PDC / BI-CENTER RUNNING GUIDELINES. 41

Introduction
While drilling a well, crucial decisions are made on the basis of what is believed to be happening down hole. There
are a large number of factors that can affect drilling performance from the drilling rig itself and associated surface
equipment to the down hole equipment; from run parameters and formation type to their consequential effect on
drillstring dynamics and bit life. It is the purpose of this document to improve the understanding of the entire drilling
system and provide guidelines so that the pertinent factors effecting drilling performance can be identified and
managed. With better identification and understanding of drilling problems informed decisions can be made to
improve drilling performance and significantly reduce the drilling costs for our customers, the operator.
These guidelines cover aspects of running a drill bit from arriving at the rig site through to recommending drilling
parameters, run recording and reporting. The guidelines can be used as part of the Drilling Optimisation Process,
the Plan, Execute & Evaluate Cycle to ensure a quality service is provided to the client.
Whilst in the position of Drilling Optimisation Specialist for BP, Martyn Fear developed two formalised drill-off test
procedures for optimising drilling parameters for maximum performance. These procedures are included on Pages
21 to 25.
Other reference material used was a Drillstring Vibration Primer written by Fereidoun Abbassian also of BP; DPI
drillout procedure; ReedHycalog InSight material, DPI Procedures.

Rig Site Protocol
On arriving at the rig site ensure that rig site protocol is adhered to. Each operator, contractor or location, be it land
or offshore, have their own standards and rules for HSE that must be adhered to. Ensure, as a Field Engineer, that
both ReedHycalog and rig site standards are met to which ever has the highest standard.
For example, the general rig site protocol for US Land is-
• Minimum PPE is a hard hat, steel toe capped rig boots and safety glasses.
• Sign in at entrance.
• Reverse park your vehicle.
• Introduce yourself to the oil company representative.
• State why you are there.
• Explain your objectives and how you plan to achieve them.
You should be aware that a number of operators have minimum levels of certification required before being allowed
on site. These may include national standards such as UK or Norway offshore survival certificates and medicals;
but may also include company specific requirements such as “Stepping and Handling”, H2S, Shell specific safety
procedures / orientation courses. Actual certificates or “passports” may be required to be shown before travelling to
or on arrival at a given location. Safety certification for some survival courses may also be needed on a land
location. Don’t assume ASK!

Rig and Surface Equipment Evaluation
Evaluate the rig and surface equipment to become familiar with the maximum and minimum parameter variables
that are available. An understanding of the limitations of the equipment can help in developing a realistic and
practical solution to a drilling problem.
Solids Control Equipment

Poor solids control equipment can cause the following problems-
• Ineffective or too few shakers can limit the speed at which cuttings can be removed from the mud system. If
this is the case penetration rate may need to be limited.
• If the solids are not removed from the mud effectively the mud can become very erosive. Erosive mud can
reduce bit and downhole tool life resulting in shorter run lengths.
• If the solids content becomes too high this can reduce the effectiveness of the mud, e.g. shale inhibition with
water based mud systems.
Evaluate the following equipment-

• Shale shaker specification
o Number
o Type
o Screen / mesh size / condition
• Centrifuge equipment
Go through the Mud Engineers morning reports and review Sand content in particular as this is the best indicator of
abrasives being left in the mud. “Solids”, as indicated on the report, may include weighting material that is not
directly detrimental to the bit.
Mud Pumps
Mud pumps drive the mud around the drilling system. Depending on liner size availability they can be set up to
provide high pressure and low flow rate, or low pressure and high flow rate. Analysis of the application and running
the Drill Bits hydraulics program will indicate which liners to recommend. Finding the specification of the mud
pumps allows flow rate to be calculated from pump stroke rate, SPM (Strokes per Minute).
Information required-
o Pump manufacturer
o Number of pumps
o Type of pump (Duplex, Triplex etc)
o Liner size and stroke length or volume per stroke cycle (gallons or Litres) Note: some pumps deliver 1
liner volume per cycle (Triplex) others deliver 2 liner volumes (Duplex NB: allow for rod dimension)
Mud Condition
Drilling mud has three fundamental functions. The primary function is to remove drilled cuttings and transport them
to the surface, this includes the ability to prevent cuttings falling back to bottom when the pumps are turned off;
secondly the mud keeps the well bore in good condition by managing the formations, e.g.: balancing pore pressure,
inhibiting shale reaction, minimizing fluid loss etc. The tertiary function is to aid the drilling process, e.g.: lifting the

cuttings into the flow, cleaning and cooling the drilling bit, etc. For maximum drilling performance the mud system
must be maintained in good condition.
Minimum information required-
o Type (OBM, WBM, POBM, Silicate, etc)
o Weight
o Solids content /Sand content
o PV/YP
Lost Circulation Material

Lost circulation material is frequently required to plug fractures in the well bore. If these fractures are not plugged a
significant volume of mud can be lost to the formation. In the worst case, if there is a rapid loss of mud, which may
reduce the hydrostatic pressure that is balancing the formation fluids, then this may lead to a blow out. Mud is also
expensive and losses must be minimised. Lost circulation material comes in various sizes and types, e.g.: nut plug,
cottonseed husks, cellophane, etc. LCM as well as plugging holes in the well bore can, unintentionally, plug
nozzles in a drill bit. If determined that lost circulation material may be required, ensure that the size and type is
known so that drill bit nozzles can be selected that will allow LCM to pass through with a minimal risk of plugging
i.e. the longest LCM are less than one third the diameter of the smallest nozzle or port.
Surface Parameter Gauges

Surface parameter gauges are the primary tools for evaluating and setting drilling parameters. Consequently it is
critical that all gauges are operational and calibrated.
The following gauges and recording instruments need to be checked-
o Standpipe pressure
o RPM (Revolutions per Minute)
o WOB (Weight on Bit) and Hookload (Total string Weight)
o Torque
o Geolograph (depth measurement)
o Rig Floor Parameter Display/Monitor
o SPM (Pump Strokes per Minute)

Bottom Hole Assembly Evaluation
The bottom hole assembly directly effects drilling performance. The addition of a down hole drive mechanism
(motor or turbine) can significantly increase penetration rate while the addition of stabilisers can effect the dropping,
building or turning tendencies of the drillstring. A rotary steerable system can provide improved directional control
compared to that of a motor in some applications, e.g.: extended reach wells, applications where differential
sticking of the BHA is problematic, etc; the increased torque available also may increase ROP.
Useful information: -
• Turbine specification.
• Revolutions per unit volume pumped for RPM calculation, (due to the mechanical operation of a turbine the
calculated RPM is theoretical and is not necessarily actual RPM)
o Motor bend angle
o Bit to bend distance
o Min / Max flow rates
• Motor specification.
o Performance charts
o Lobe configuration for motor type, e.g.: high torque/low speed
o Revolutions per unit volume mud pumped for RPM calculation
o Motor bend angle
o Bit to bend distance
o Min / Max flow rates
• Stabiliser details can effect both directional tendencies and transmitting weight to the bit, e.g.: stabilisers
hanging up. Details required are-
o Size
o Type (Straight or spiral blades, melon, V-Stab)
o Position in the drillstring (including motor stabilisers)
• MWD/LWD details. Find out the specifications for these tools and what data each is recording. It is easier to
ask/get the data if it is known that it is being collected. Real time down hole data is better than surface
parameter data for problem identification, monitoring and curing of vibration problems.
Useful downhole data is-
RPM (Average, maximum and minimum)
Torque, (average, maximum and minimum)
WOB
Pressure
Vibration
Stick Slip
Lateral
Axial
Peak Shocks
Temperature

Well Bore Condition Evaluation
Find out the history of events of the well to date to assess if any incidents have / will effect the run. Gather as much
information / ideas from-
o Casing depths
o Log data
o Survey data
o Oil company representative
o Rig contractor’s tool pusher
o Drillers from each shift
o MWD/LWD Engineers
o Mud company representative
o Directional tool representative if applicable (motor, rotary steerable, etc)
o Logging company representative/geologist
o Morning reports
o Mud reports
o Directional drillers reports
Preceding Bit Run Evaluation
Find out the details of the preceding bit run. What factors improved/reduced drilling performance and can the
lessons learnt be utilised in the planned run?
• Find out the condition of the preceding bit when it went in hole, i.e.: new bit, rerun, re-tipped, etc.
• Be on the rig floor to witness the preceding bit and BHA being pulled through the rotary table. This is the only
way of ensuring maximum information is collected on the dull condition of the bit and the BHA, e.g.: sometimes
bit/BHA balling is removed and not recorded.
• Collect the run details, dull grade the bit and take photos as outlined in the Dull Grading and Dull Bit Photos
section. If a detailed run report is required this information may be critical.
• If it is planned to run a PDC bit and the preceding bit is pulled out of hole with severe damage; lost cutters or
cones; or severely under gauge, the hole should be conditioned with a roller cone bit (Preferably a milltooth)
and a junk basket. (PDC bits are generally not recommended for long intervals of reaming or cleaning out junk,
aggressive insert bits may also add to the problem).
• If the previous bit is severely under gauge check the torque and trip records to see if you can determine from
what depth the well needs to be reamed. Ensure the new bit reams the section and is not tripped in too far
pinching the bit. The crew should be informed as to the expected reduction in bit life expectancy due to the
reaming. The bit will have suffered additional wear at gauge (and uneven bearing loading if an RC bit) reducing
bit life.

Drill Bit TFA (Total Flow Area) Calculation
System hydraulics can greatly effect drilling performance, e.g.: HSI and cuttings removal for high ROP, cutter
cooling for drill bit life, etc. It is important that both the nozzle and pump liner size are selected to optimise the
hydraulics for that application. On a mechanical rig the motor driving the mud pumps may be the limiting factor for
flow and pump pressure. On an SCR rig the pump’s max input power is likely to be the limiting factor. The pump
model and liner size dictate the theoretical maximum stand pipe pressure and flow rate available; but in some
situations the stand pipe pressure limitations may take priority.
• Flow is the critical medium that cleans, cools and lubricates the cutting structure and bit, (critical for cooling
PDC cutters). In some applications, drilling with minimal flow rate will cause rapid degradation of the drill bit
cutting structure.
• HSI is a primary factor for maximising ROP. HSI is the energy at the bit that lifts the cuttings from the well floor
or bit face into the annulus.
• Flow rate is another important factor. High flow rate helps lift the cuttings to surface.
• Turbulent flow is generally achieved around the drill bit. It may be necessary to avoid turbulent flow around the
BHA if hole washout is seen as an issue. Dependent on the Operator Laminar flow or Turbulent flow may be
preferred around the BHA. This should be checked with the Company Representative. In general Laminar flow
will minimise the risk of formation damage, whilst turbulent flow gives better hole cleaning and is often the
preferred option in high angle and horizontal wells.
• Laminar flow is generally preferred around the drill string to prevent hole damage.
• The ReedHycalog Hydraulics program should be run to optimise the hydraulics for either maximum HSI or
maximum flow rate depending on the application requirement.
• If there is the possibility of pumping lost circulation material, small jet sizes should not be run as the risk of
plugging them is high. Check the LCM size available to your rig; the smallest nozzle diameter you can use is
greater than three times the maximum length of the LCM pieces. (EG for an 8/32” nozzle you can use LCM
smaller than 0.08” long. 12/32” Nozzles allow 0.12” long LCM through [Aide Memoir: Nozzle size in 32nds of
inch is equivalent to maximum length of LCM in hundredths of an inch])
• Calculate the expected pressure change if one of the nozzles becomes plugged or is lost.
• Optimum HSI for any bit type is between 3 and 5 HHP/In2. Matrix bodied bits may go up to 8 HSI but little ROP
is gained over 6. An HSI below 3 is not optimised for ROP.
• Large diameter Roller Cone bits, and some 12 ¼” and below if requested, have a centre jet. Approximately 17
to 21% of the flow should be taken by the centre jet for efficient bit cleaning and ROP. Greater flow to the
centre jet, such as all 4 nozzles being the same size, reduces ROP as the gauge area has reduced cleaning;
below 17% and it may be ineffective at preventing bit balling. In practical terms this normally means select a set
of nozzles so that the centre jet is 2/32” smaller than the 3 outer nozzles e.g. 3 x 18/32” and a 16/32” centre jet.

Preparing the Bit to be Run in Hole
These are final checks to ensure that the correct bit with the correct nozzle sizes is run into the hole and recorded
accordingly.
• Record bit type, size and serial number.

• Ensure there is no debris inside the central feed bore and the individual feed bores that could potentially plug a
nozzle.
• Ensure the bit is jetted with the correct size nozzles as indicated by the Drill Bits TFA calculation.
• Check the condition of the bit; If damaged in transit, a rerun or a repaired bit.
o Record bit condition/dull grade
o Photograph the bit as outlined in the Dull Bit Photos section. Take extra shots of damaged/worn area as
necessary.
• If the customer wishes to check the gauge of the bit ensure they are using a “GO” gauge of the correct type
(FC or RC).
• If a motor is to be tested in the casing, recommend using a dull bit rather than the bit required to drill the
section. This eliminates the risk of damaging the bit planned for the section in the casing.
• For impregnated bits ensure the blade height in the cone, nose, shoulder and taper are all measured for use in
grading later. For Natural Diamond or TSP bits record the stone exposure again for use in grading later.
Making Up the Bit to the Drillstring
Ensure that the bit is not manhandled on the rig floor and if it is damaged record the incident and damage
appropriately. If there is severe damage it may be necessary to recommend that a different bit be run in hole.
• Witness the bit and BHA being made up to the string and run through the rotary table.
• Ensure the bit is handled correctly on the rig floor and not damaged, e.g.: never place a PDC bit cutting
structure directly on the steel decking of a rig floor as this risks damaging cutters, ideally use a wooden or
rubber mat.
• Clean and grease API pin / box connection of both bit and drill string (ensure threads and face are well
lubricated / ”doped”.
• Using the ReedHycalog bit breaker, locate bit in rotary table.
• Lower drill string onto the bit and engage threads.
• Make up by hand if possible or ensure very slow rotation. Never rotate the table unless the bit is too heavy;
make up to a straight housing if possible.
• Torque up connection to the specified torque for that API connection, (this can be found on the Product Report
that accompanies the bit in the bit box). (NB: the motor or RSS may have a lower torque spec. Use the lowest.)

Running in Hole
When tripping there is little that a Field Engineer can influence. The rig crew will try and trip in hole as fast as
possible to return to drilling. It is worth noting the following points and communicating them to the oil company
representative and the driller.
• *Take care running through diverters, BOPs, well heads, casing shoes, and liner hangers etc.
• *Approach tight spots slowly as striking ledges can damage the bit cutting structure.
• When reaming tight spots pump at maximum flow rate, rotate the string with low rotary speed (50-60 RPM
approx) and low weight on bit, (no more than 4,000 lbs). In a tight spot the weight is only supported by the
cutting structure towards gauge resulting in higher weights on individual cutters, inserts or teeth than is
normally the case. Hence, to prevent cutting structure damage low weight should be recommended. On a
Roller Cone bit reaming also puts uneven load on the bearings, reducing bit life.
• On the final stand/kelly wash the hole at full flow to bottom and rotate the string at low rotary speed to prevent
plugging a nozzle or balling the bit with cuttings, cavings, etc that may have collected on the bottom of the hole.
• Watch for an increase in torque and / or weight when approaching bottom to identify when the bottom of the
hole has been tagged.
• Lift off bottom 6-12” at maximum flow while slowly rotating the bit for 5 mins approx to clean the bottom of the
hole.
• Collect on and off bottom torque, vibration and pressure readings
* - Especially true if running in a BiCentre bit. (see DPI “running in” section)
Note: The above assume no motor or turbine. With either drive type as soon as the pumps are turned on the bit is
rotating. If inside casing high RPM, and hence high flow rate, should be avoided as the bit may well be damaged.
On a bent assembly this is even worse as the bit will constantly impact against the casing damaging the cutting
structure and perhaps unevenly loading the bearings.
The above instructions for high flow and low RPM must be compromised when reaming and washing to bottom.
Flow is needed to remove the cuttings but as the bit is not stabilised by fully engaging the formation at this time
caution should be exercised to not increase the RPM too high.
It should also be remembered that circulating in open hole with a bent assembly the bit has the opportunity after a
short time to have cleared a small overgauge hole so as to minimise further gauge impact; if circulating inside
casing this opportunity does not exist so bit damage will continue to occur.

Drilling Out the Wiper Plugs, Cement, Shoe and Float Assemblies
Different types of drill bits and bottom hole assemblies have different drill out procedures. When designing a drill
out float assembly for PDC applications, ‘PDC friendly’ equipment will ensure a successful run (i.e.: more plastic
and rubber components make for an easier drill out). Liner running tools and float equipment that require an
activating ball to set or close the liner hanger or float valve can cause problems during drill out. These balls
(typically made of brass) can damage the bit resulting in slower penetration rates and failure to complete the
desired interval. Aluminium landing collars can also be problematic. Aluminium in the dart, landing collar, float collar
and float shoe can plug the junk slots of the bit impairing bit cleaning/cooling and hence bit performance. For such
“problematic” floats or shoes recommend a Milltooth roller cone bit be used. The intended primary bit will then be
preserved for the long or difficult drilling section.
PDC (including SteeringWheel and BiCenter), Impregnated and Diamond Drill Bits
• Natural diamond impregnated and surface set diamond drill bits will take 25-50% longer than PDC drill bits to
drill out casing shoe assemblies.
• Ensure there is no metal or junk in the hole.
• Do not use Automatic Driller.
• Wash and ream to bottom with maximum flow rate at least 30 feet (10m) above where the cement is expected.
(approx 50-65 gpm / in of bit diameter)
• Use 50-60 RPM with a rotary assembly and 20-40 RPM with a motor assembly.
• Tag bottom slowly with 3-500 lbs/in of bit diameter weight on bit and look out for green / wet cement.
• If the bit does not drill off, reciprocate the drill pipe. Do not stay on bottom if bit is not drilling.
• Use as little weight as possible, do not exceed maximum recommended weight on bit.
• If the wiper plugs begin to rotate, it may be necessary to tag bottom without rotation or pumping and increase
weight on bit slowly. Do not spud the bit into the float equipment. Once sufficient weight on bit (start with 6-
8,000 lbs [2,500 – 3,500 kg] and increase as necessary) is applied, slowly increase rotary 10 – 20 RPM at first
then to 60-80 RPM. After 5 mins start the pumps, at a low flow rate. Repeat as necessary to drill through the
remainder of the plugs. The idea is to cause the rubber to heat up, expand and grip the casing and deteriorate.
BUT do not heat to the point of being detrimental to the cutters so do not rotate with the pumps off for more
than 5 mins. Heating and cooling the rubber will also weaken the rubber.
• Monitor penetration rates and adjust weight on bit as necessary.
• In difficult drill out applications allow the weight to reduce / drill off naturally and evaluate penetration rate.
Repeat this process until a more consistent drilling pattern is established.
• Raise the bit 2 feet (60cm) off bottom and circulate once the plugs are drilled and midway through drilling the
float collar assembly, (repeat as often as dictated by hole conditions/bit performance).
• Reducing or stopping the flow rate may cause the bit junk slots to pack-off. Use extreme caution when reducing
flow rates during drill out.
• On semi-submersible and drill ships where the rig may heave, use the compensator to prevent spudding the
bit. Rig heave can complicate a successful drill out and can cause bit balling.
• When using water or salt water to drill out, be aware this usually does not have the lifting capacity to remove
large pieces of swarf from the casing or shoe. This may only become apparent when pills or sweeps are used,
and then the material will arrive at surface “en-masse” and appear to be far more severe than it actually is.

NOTE: Be patient – drilling out can take time
Note: Rotary Steerable Systems where pads are back pressure activated:
Use low flow rate to keep the bit pressure loss as low as possible to stop the pads exerting force against the
casing.
During displacement, if the string is not being rotated, then the flow can be increased without detrimental effect.
Avoid full flow and pipe rotation without reciprocating the drill string. The reciprocation will stop the casing suffering
severe wear in a localised area.
Roller Cone Drill Bits, (Insert and Milled Tooth)

• Wash and ream to bottom with maximum flow rate at least 30 feet (10m) above where the cement is expected.
• Use 50-60 RPM with a rotary assembly and 20-40 RPM with a motor assembly, (ensure correct motor has
been selected as very high speeds do not suit some roller cone bits).
• Do not use Automatic Driller.
• Tag bottom slowly with 3-500 lbs per inch (60 - 100 kg per cm) of bit diameter weight on bit and look out for
green / wet cement.
• If the bit does not drill off, reciprocate the drill pipe. Do not stay on bottom if bit is not drilling.
• Use as little weight as possible increasing to 10,000lbs (4,500 kg) if required, do not exceed maximum
recommended weight on bit.
• If the wiper plugs begin to rotate, it may be necessary to tag bottom without rotation and increase weight on bit
slowly. Do not spud the bit into the float equipment. Once sufficient weight on bit (start with 6-8,000lbs [2,500 –
3,500 kg] and increase as necessary) is applied, slowly increase rotary to 90-100 RPM. Repeat as necessary
to drill through the remainder of the plugs.
• Monitor penetration rates and adjust weight on bit as necessary.
• In difficult drill out applications allow the weight to reduce/drill off naturally and evaluate penetration rate.
Repeat this process until a more consistent drilling pattern is established.
• Raise the bit 2 feet (60 cm) off bottom and circulate once the plugs are drilled and midway through drilling the
float collar assembly, (repeat as often as dictated by hole conditions/bit performance).
• Reducing or stopping the flow rate may cause the bit cones to pack-off. Use extreme caution when reducing
flow rates during drill out.
• On semi-submersible and drill ships where the rig may heave, use the compensator to prevent spudding the
bit. Rig heave can complicate a successful drill out and can cause bit balling.
Bedding/Breaking the Bit In
• Approach bottom with maximum flow rate.

• Slowly set the bit on the hole bottom with no more than 4,000lbs (1,800 kg) weight and 40-60 RPM to establish
the bottom hole pattern.
• Extra care should be taken following a coring run due to the possible ‘stump’ left on the bottom of the hole.
• If the bit does not drill ahead increase weight until it does.
• Maintain as low weight as possible until the bit has drilled at least its own length. Until the bit has cut its own
bottom hole pattern only some of the cutters / inserts / teeth will be in contact with formation so if weight is
added too quickly, particularly in hard formations, they may be overloaded and fail.
• Conduct a drill off test (See pages 19 to 25)
• Increase weight on bit to target weight on bit, (do not exceed recommended maximum for the bit). As a general
rule, the optimum weight for a PDC is less than half that for a roller cone bit.
• Increase rotary speed up to target RPM (Identified from Drill off test). As a rule PDC bits increase ROP with
RPM; Roller Cone bits’ ROP plateaus when high RPM prevents optimum penetration.
Making Connections and Restarting Drilling
• Maintain full flow as bit is raised off bottom.

• Return to bottom at half of the target drilling rotary speed and full flow rate to wash and clean the hole.
• Return to bottom gently. Dropping the string too rapidly can cause the bit to tag bottom violently and damage
the cutting structure.
• Increase weight on bit to target weight on bit taking care to avoid stick-slip or other detrimental vibrations.
• Increase RPM to target RPM.
General Drilling Parameters for ‘Clean’ Formations
Clean formation refers to a homogenous formation that is not interbedded and is 100% one lithology type. These
types of formations are rare as some shales for example include a certain sand and limestone content. However,
selecting parameters that suit the primary lithology will generally optimise drilling performance.
• Soft clean shales

o Increasing rotary speed generally improves penetration rate, (usually RPM has a greater effect on ROP
than WOB for fixed cutter bits).
o There is minimal risk of damaging the cutting structure in this lithology.
• Hard clean chalk / limestones
o Penetration rate is maximised by increasing cutter / insert / tooth point loading to fracture the formation.
Good bit selection is therefore critical. High weight is recommended with low rotary speed to allow the
cutting structure to bite into the formation. Limestone’s have been drilled with rotary assemblies and
medium speed motors, the higher RPM generated by the motors helps overcome stick slip.
o Bits may suffer impact damage. If the formation is clean (i.e.: no sand content) the cutting structure
should suffer minimal abrasive wear.
• Hard sandstones
o Penetration rate is maximised by increasing cutting structure point loading so high weight is
recommended.
o To ensure the cutters / Inserts / Teeth can get a bite, low rotary speeds are preferred; however, if Stick
Slip occurs higher RPM may be required.
o Bits may suffer both impact damage and abrasive wear. Low RPMs will reduce abrasive wear.
o Low rotary speeds will also reduce penetration rate, especially for Fixed Cutter bits, so a reasonable
compromise must be reached.
o Note: the ability to withstand high RPM in abrasive formations is a key advantage of using the thermally
stable TReX® or Raptor™ cutters in PDC bits.

Drilled Cuttings Analysis
Regularly collect and analyse the cuttings coming over the shakers to confirm the formation lithology being drilled.
It must be remembered that cuttings coming over the shakers take time to reach surface (Lag time). This time can
be calculated and the cuttings related to their drilled depth and those drilling parameters. The Lag time is usually
measured in terms of pump strokes i.e. volume of mud required to lift the cuttings from the bit to the surface; also
known as “Bottoms up” time. Reviewing the cuttings shape and size can indicate drilling efficiency, i.e.: rock flour is
very inefficient.
Fundamental Parameter Discussion
Torque
• Rotary torque may be an indicator of what is happening at the drill bit. For example-
o PDC high torque - the bit is likely to be drilling normally or if there is low ROP the torque could be being
generated from the BHA and not the bit.
o PDC low torque - the bit could be skidding on a hard formation, the cutting structure could be dull or the
bit could be balled up.
o Roller cone medium torque - the bit is likely to be drilling well.
o Roller cone high torque - the bit could have locked cones, if this is the case the torque will reduce as the
inserts/teeth wear down.
o Roller cone low torque -the cutting structure could be dull or balled up.
Note: Roller cone bit torque for the same parameters and formation will be significantly lower than
for a PDC bit.
• In soft formations torque may indicate the bit is on bottom before the weight on bit gauge does. In such
formations the torque gauge may be the best surface measurement by which to drill.
• The torque could be considered to be too high when it starts to slow down surface rotary speed.
• The torque is too high when it stalls the motor, rotary table or the top-drive.
• Homogenous formations should produce a smooth constant torque signal.
• Interbedded formations will produce torque changes as the bit and / or the BHA moves in and out of formation
beds that have different rock strength and 'drillability'.
• If downhole torque measurements are available they can be used in combination with surface measurements
to gain a more accurate representation of what is happening in the well bore.
• High torque can be due to Stick Slip (see page 39)
Weight
• As a drill bit cutting structure wears more weight will be required to achieve the same ROP in a homogenous
formation.
• PDC wear flats, worn inserts and worn milled tooth teeth will make the bit drill less efficiently.
• Increase weight in increments of 2,000lbs approx.

• In general, weight should be applied before excessive rotary speed so that the cutting structure maintains a
significant depth of cut to stabilise the bit and prevent whirl.
• If downhole weight measurements are available they can be used in combination with surface measurements
to gain a more accurate representation of what is happening in the well bore.
Rotary Speed
• Total bit rotary speed is equal to the surface rotary speed plus the down hole motor / turbine rotary speed.
• Rotary speed is not limited when running PDC drill bits, but is for roller cones for efficient drilling.
• High rotary speed should be avoided in abrasive formations to prevent rapid abrasive wear.
• High rotary speed should be avoided if the drill bit starts to whirl.
• Rotary speed may be limited due to drill pipe or drive limitations; or dogleg requirements.
• Some rotary speeds can initiate drill string resonance (high levels of vibration) and should be avoided. Either
increase or decrease RPM to avoid operating in drill string harmonic frequencies.
• High rotary speeds in hard formations may reduce ROP as the cutting structure is unable to ‘dig in’.
• The rotary speed that maximises ROP without causing other drilling problems is likely to be the ‘right’ one.
Flow Rate
• Flow rate greatly effects hole cleaning. Generally high flow rates provide better hole cleaning than low flow
rates as they are better able to return cuttings to surface due to increased annular velocity.
• Flow rate effects bit cleaning. Generally high flow rates provide better bit cleaning than low flow rates by
increasing hydraulic energy at the bit – optimise for HSI or JIF.
• If a motor is in the hole increasing flow rate will increase the rotary speed developed by the motor. Increasing
motor speed must be considered carefully as it can greatly effect drilling performance-
• In clean shale increasing motor speed increases bit speed that will generally increase penetration rate
without damaging the bit cutting structure or other downside (may not apply to a Roller Cone bit if the
optimum RPM has already been achieved).
• In hard abrasive sandstone increasing motor speed increases bit speed that will generally increase
penetration rate momentarily. However the higher rotary speeds will tend to increase the wear rate of the
bit cutting structure that will reduce penetration rate and ultimately bit life.
• Increasing motor and consequently bit speed can change the directional tendency of the bottom hole
assembly with a bigger effect on building / dropping tendency than azimuth. The compromise between
instantaneous penetration rate and sliding corrections must be considered.
• High flow rates can cause formation damage especially in highly fractured formations, Permeable formations or
soft formations so excessive flow rates must be avoided.
• Flow rate should be optimised to give an HSI of between 3 and 5 at the bit having satisfied the requirements of
the other BHA components and basic hole cleaning.

Optimising Drilling Performance
Optimising drilling performance is frequently interpreted as maximising penetration rate. However, this is not always
the case as in some applications drilling performance will be optimised by maximising run length and reducing the
number of trips. In these applications, an example of which is interbedded formations, the goal is to protect the
cutting structure so it may be necessary to compromise penetration rate for run length.
A diligent driller that performs frequent drill off tests for drilling parameter optimisation will always drill further and
faster than the driller who “sets and forgets”. Parameter optimisation can significantly reduce cost per foot. Points to
note are-
• Be on the rig floor at all crew changes. This is critical to ensure optimum drilling parameters are maintained, to
update the new driller of the current drilling / rig issues and of any drilling parameter testing in progress.
• If running a motor, try setting the automatic driller to run off motor differential pressure rather than weight on bit.
This generally corrects the weight faster, consequently the weight will be applied more consistently and better
performance achieved.
• Conduct a series of drill-off tests at various weights (e.g.: 2 - 5,000lbs increments [500 – 2,200kg]), rotary
speeds (e.g.: 5 – 10 RPM increments) and flow rate (to change down hole RPM if a motor is in the hole
although care is required as flow rate changes will also effect bit HSI and hole cleaning) to find the optimum
drilling parameters to achieve satisfactory penetration rate or to minimise bit / BHA damage.
• Formation changes can result in a penetration rate change, e.g.: if the ROP reduces and reasonable torque is
still being generated the formation is likely to be harder so the rotary speed should be reduced and weight
increased. If this generates too much torque, weight should be reduced and RPM increased.
• Monitor mud weight. As mud weight increases, ROP generally decreases. When close to balanced drilling
(where the pressure from the mud column equals the formation pore pressure) ROP generally increases.
• Maintaining good notes is very important for optimising drilling performance over an entire run. It also aids
understanding / problem solving if the drilling becomes problematic. If this is completed in a spreadsheet down
hole RPM, etc can easily be calculated and plotted to watch for trends, see Figure 1.
• Parameter readings are more accurate if read directly from the gauges (Weight indicator for WOB, the stand
pipe gauge for pressure, etc) than those displayed on the rig floor monitor or geolograph. The rig floor monitor
and the geolograph can be inaccurate unless they are frequently recalibrated as the hole is drilled.
Pump 1 Pump 2 Stand

Torque Torque Strokes Gallons Strokes Gallons Total Pipe
Date Time Rotary Depth RoP WoB RPM RPM RPM On- Off- per Liner Per Flow per Liner Per Flow Flow Pressure
/Slide (ft) (fph) (klbs) Surface Motor Total Bottom Bottom Minute Size Stroke (gpm) Minute Size Stroke (gpm) (gpm) (psi) Comments

Figure 1: Spreadsheet for recording and calculating drilling parameters.
Note: Units must be recorded and not assumed they may be; metres, tonnes, L/m etc.
“Drill-Off Test” Procedures
Summary
Drill-off tests are essential to identify which factors are limiting ROP on a particular bit run, and the levels of WOB
and RPM that will give best ROP for the constraints acting during that bit run.
This section describes how to perform a drill-off test, and how to treat the resultant mud logging data to yield clear
drilling parameter relationships to ROP, so that the best WOB and RPM can easily be chosen.
There are two types of drilling test available to relate WOB and RPM to ROP :
1. A "drill-off" test, where the WOB is built to a selected level, the brake locked, and the bit allowed to drill-off as
the string extends under its own weight. RPM and flow rate are held constant as the bit drills off, and the drill
off is then repeated at different rotary speeds. ROP is calculated from the rate of WOB decay as the bit drills
off, and plotted versus WOB for each RPM. (This method is described twice below as the ReedHycalog
description and BP’s primary method).
2. A "drillability" test, where pairs of WOB and RPM are chosen, and a certain depth increment drilled at each
pair. Average values of WOB, RPM and ROP are then taken for each interval, and cross-plots of ROP versus
WOB created, again for each RPM. (Described below as BP’s second method)
The first type of test is generally preferred, because a range of WOB and ROP data is gathered while the bit drills
off over only a very small interval. Thus the results are less likely to be effected by formation changes. It also has
the advantages of being straight forward, gives results quickly and does not impact on rig drilling time. The BP
versions of both tests are more complicated and may impact on rig time. The second type of test is, however,
useful when prevailing ROP is very high, because insufficient (time-based) data can be gathered if the bit drills-off
rapidly at high WOB during the drill-off type of test. The second type of test guarantees acquisition of a minimum
amount of (Interval - based) data irrespective of ROP.
Both types of test may be limited as to the maximum applicable weight on bit, either by motor stalling when a motor
is in use, by weight below the jars, or by torque cycling if the soft torque system is not perfectly in tune. In addition,
varying surface RPM when a motor is in use may be of little value, since small changes in surface speed make little
difference to bit speed with a motor in use. Motor speed will probably need to be constant since a flow rate
stipulation will be in effect for hole cleaning.
The first “Drill-off” test described has been in use for many years and in many locations and is a proven
methodology. Both types of test have been run in BPXC wells since 1993, and have proven useful and relatively
easy to perform. The most laborious step involves treating the mud logging data to reduce the contribution of
errors in the ROP measurement. To aid this, BP's methods have been built into drill-off test software which has
been installed into several mud logging systems. Since this software is not always available, more generalised
methods for drilling tests are described below, where data is treated using conventional spreadsheet packages.
Simple “Drill-Off Test” Procedure RH
The following simple drill off test has been used since drilling started. It is simple to conduct, has little or no impact
on rig time and the results are immediately apparent. All that is needed is a watch with a second hand, a tally book
and a pen. At three different rotary speeds weight is applied to a given level and the brake chained down. The
weight is then allowed to drill off.
• Talk to the driller to describe and explain the series of tests to be performed.
• Select three rotary speeds to be tested, e.g.: 80, 120 and 160.
• Apply the lower rotary speed and increase the weight to the maximum recommended in the bit operating notes.
• If the formation is known to be soft a lower weight should be selected to avoid bit balling.
• If the maximum weight is not achieved before high torque levels or vibration occur then select a lower weight.
• Chain the brake down and allow the weight to drill off.
• Note down the weight on bit that the brake was locked and list below weights, in decreasing value, e.g.: every
2,000 lbs (1,000 kg).
• Note down the time taken to drill off each weight interval as listed. The least time taken in seconds to drill off
indicates the weight that will give the highest penetration rate at that rotary speed.
• Test the other two rotary speeds in the same way.
• Attention should be made to any vibrations experienced throughout the tests, see InSight 3330980, Drilling
Optimisation Operating Guidelines. Check with time based MWD shock data to see if unstable drilling
conditions existed at any particular weight and rotary speed combination. Review VibraSCOPE if run.
• Select on the basis of the drill-off tests and shock data the optimum combination of weight and rotary speed.
• Frequently increasing weight will increase penetration rate, however if vibration occurs (axial, whirl or torsional)
drilling efficiency is poor resulting in lower penetration rate. When this occurs higher penetration rate can
frequently be achieved by reducing the weight to minimise the inefficient vibrations.

BP Formalised Drill-Off Test Procedures
Drill-off Test Method 1 – Locked Brake Test
Planning and supervising the test

1. Choose the WOB limits for the test. Choose upper limit noting torque cycling, motor stalling, weight below jars,
and bit limit (from product data sheets). Drill-off over as wide a range as possible within these constraints.
2. Choose the three rotary speeds to be applied (if a rotary BHA). Choose as wide a range as possible, e.g. 80,
140 & 200 RPM (a lower maximum may be applicable with a roller cone bit).
3. Notify the mud logging unit that a test is to be performed.
4. Ensure that the WOB is simultaneously zeroed by the driller and the mud logging unit immediately before the
test. Note the reference hookload (string weight) values (from the mud logging display and the rig weight
indicator gauge), while rotating off bottom at the same RPM and SPM that will be used during the drill-off test.
5. With the middle RPM value, build the WOB up to the desired maximum, lock the brake, and allow the bit to
drill-off at constant RPM / SPM. Lower the desired maximum WOB and restart the test if torque cycling is
severe.
6. Repeat step 5 with the highest and lowest RPM, and lastly with the middle RPM (this last repeat drill-off will
give some idea if the formation remained constant, and if the data quality is good).
7. Return to normal drilling. Instruct the mud loggers to process the drill-off test data.
Processing of the data by the mud loggers

During the test, the logging system should run a time database and chart recorder, gathering the following data at
an interval not longer than every 30 seconds: time, block height, hookload, instantaneous WOB, RPM, average
torque, sigma torque, flow rate in, pump pressure. These data will be used for the computations described here.
• Calculate a value for the axial stiffness (compliance) of the drillpipe (ignore the HWDP and drill collars). The
formula is :
C = L/E (Fdp1/Adp1 + Fdp2/Adp2), in which
C = compliance (m/kn)
L = total length of drillpipe (m). Exclude HWDP and drill collars
E = young's modulus for steel (gpa)
Fdp1,2 = fraction of drillpipe length for pipe of size 1 and 2 (e.g. 5" and 6.5/8" pipe)
Adp1,2 = cross-sectional area of pipe of size 1 and 2, (e.g. 5" and 6.5/8" pipe) (sq.mm).
Example values are :

E = 206 gpa for drillpipe
Adp = 5354 sq.mm for 6.5/8" drillpipe (average of body and tooljoint)
Adp = 4153 sq.mm for 5" drillpipe (average of body and tooljoint)

Fdp1 = 1 if the drillpipe is all of 1 size
Fdp1 = 0.4 if 40% of the drillpipe length is of 1 size, with 0.6 (60%) of the other size.
Note that to convert C to ft/klb, multiply C (m/kn) by 14.5939.
• From the acquired chart or time database data, identify the start and end of each drill-off interval
• From each drill-off interval, read the following data into a spreadsheet : time, hookload, instantaneous WOB,
pump pressure (the latter if a motor BHA only).
• Within the spreadsheet, perform the following calculations for each line of data :
Delta time = time spacing between data points (secs)

Depth change = C * (Inst. WOB - previous inst. WOB) (feet)
ROP = Depth change * 3600/delta time (ft/hr)
Avg. WOB = (Inst. WOB + previous inst. WOB / 2) (k lbs)
• Cross-plot average WOB (x axis) versus ROP (y axis), for each RPM. Label or code each curve for the RPM
value.
• If the plot is noisy (e.g. attachment 11), repeat the calculations by selecting only intermittent data points, i.e. by
expanding delta time (all four of the above calculations must be repeated).
• Repeat the last step with longer time increments until clear ROP / WOB relationships appear. Avoid using
excessively long time increments, since the character of the ROP / WOB relationship will be suppressed. A
delta time of 1- 4 mins will normally suffice; use the lowest that gives a clear plot.
• Deliver the cross-plot to the Drilling Representative or Assistant.
An example of the spreadsheet calculations is shown on the attachment (note that on the attachment example,
WOB was calculated from the difference between reference hookload and instantaneous hookload, because the
raw WOB data was unreliable. Note also how two separate sets of ROP and AVG. WOB were computed using
different delta times.
Interpreting the test results

Review the ROP / WOB cross-plot. Use the examples on attachments to aid identification of excessive drag or bit
dulling. Choose the optimum WOB and RPM noting any excess torque cycling at high WOB / low RPM, and any
WOB / RPM constraints for required BHA directional behaviour. If possible, choose the lowest WOB and RPM that
gives maximum ROP (if additional loads are applied without any extra ROP, this will only shorten bit life).
Note that when informing the driller of the chosen optimum WOB, the value from the cross-plot will be the mud
loggers' value of WOB. Any discrepancy with the rig WOB indicator will need to be rectified before the driller is
given an optimum WOB.

Drill-off Test Method 2 – Drillability Test
Planning and supervising the test

1. Choose the three or four WOB values to use during the drillability test. Choose the highest WOB noting torque
cycling, motor stalling, weight below jars, and bit limit (from product data sheet).
2. Choose the three rotary speeds to be applied at each WOB (if a rotary BHA). Choose as wide a range as
possible, e.g. 80, 140 & 200 RPM (a lower maximum may be applicable with a roller cone bit).
3. Notify the mud logging unit that a test is to be performed.
4. Start the test early enough in the drilling of a stand so that making a connection will not be necessary before
the test is completed.
5. Ensure that the WOB is simultaneously zeroed by the driller and the mud logging unit immediately before the
test. Note the two reference hookload (string weight) values (from the mud logging display and the Martin
Decker gauge), while rotating off bottom at the same RPM and SPM as will be used during the drilling test.
6. With the first WOB value, drill 5 ft with each of the three RPM's. Abort the test at highest WOB if torque cycling
is severe, and restart with lower WOB. Ensure the driller works to maintain as constant WOB as possible.
7. Repeat step 6 with the other WOB values.
8. Return to normal drilling. Instruct the mud loggers to process the drill-off test data.
Processing of the data by the mud loggers

During the test, the logging system should run a time database and chart recorder, gathering the following data at
an interval not longer than every 30 seconds: time, block height, hookload, instantaneous WOB, RPM, average
torque, sigma torque, flow rate in, pump pressure. These data will be used for the computations described here. If
any problems exist with these data, conventional depth database data can be used.
• From the time database or chart recorder data (former is preferred), identify the start and end of each period of
constant WOB and RPM
• Calculate an accurate average of WOB and RPM for each period when these parameters were held constant
• For each period of constant WOB and RPM, calculate an average ROP from the change in block height, and
the duration of the period.
• Repeat the calculations for each period of constant WOB and RPM.
• Cross-plot average ROP (y axis) versus average WOB (x axis), for each RPM.
• Deliver the cross-plot to the drilling Representative or Assistant.
An example of part of a time database data set from this type of drilling test is shown. The final ROP/WOB cross-
plot is shown. Two RPM's were used at each WOB in this case.

Interpreting the test results
Review the ROP/WOB cross-plot. Use the examples to aid identification of excessive drag or bit dulling. Choose
the optimum WOB and RPM noting any excess torque cycling at high WOB/low RPM, and any WOB/RPM
constraints for required BHA directional behaviour. If possible, choose the lowest WOB and RPM that gives
maximum ROP (if additional loads are applied without any extra ROP, this will only shorten bit life).
Note that when informing the driller of the chosen optimum WOB, the value from the cross-plot will be the mud
loggers' value of WOB. Any discrepancy with the weight indicator WOB will need to be rectified before the driller is
given an optimum WOB.
PROCESSING DRILL-OFF TEST DATA

DRILL-OFF TEST DRILLABILITY TEST
Drillpipe length = 2000 m Drill off test at (depth): m Drillability test at (depth): 699 m
DP modulus = 206 GPA Date: 10/11/97 dd/mm/yy Date: 1/9/97 dd/mm/yy
Area of DP = 4153 mm*mm Bit type: G536GU 12.1/4" Bit type: 17.1/2" O2M
Compliance = 0.0023 m/kn
Compliance = 0.0104 m/klb
10 mins at each pair:
Raw drill-off test data: RPM WOB Distance ROP

Time WOB from Calculated Delta Interval Average Calculated Test klbs drilled (m) m/hr
ste p M.De c ke r c o m plia nc e WOB drille d WOB ROP RPM 80 20 0.23 1.4
mins klbs m/klb klbs m klbs m/hr revs/min 80 40 1.42 8.5
1 50 0.010398898 80 50 Slip-stick
2 45.5 0.010398898 4.5 0.046795 47.75 2.81 110 80 60 Bouncing
3 42 0.010398898 3.5 0.036396 43.75 2.18 110 140 20 0.72 4.3
4 38.7 0.010398898 3.3 0.034316 40.35 2.06 110 140 40 1.51 9.1
5 35 0.010398898 3.7 0.038476 36.85 2.31 110 140 50 1.93 11.6
6 31.8 0.010398898 3.2 0.033276 33.4 2.00 110 140 60 2.4 14.4
7 29 0.010398898 2.8 0.029117 30.4 1.75 110
8 27.2 0.010398898 1.8 0.018718 28.1 1.12 110
9 24 0.010398898 3.2 0.033276 25.6 2.00 110 Drill-off test: 17.1/2" 02M at 699m, BJ-2
10 21.8 0.010398898 2.2 0.022878 22.9 1.37 110
11 19.9 0.010398898 1.9 0.019758 20.85 1.19 110 16
12 18 0.010398898 1.9 0.019758 18.95 1.19 110 14
13 16.1 0.010398898 1.9 0.019758 17.05 1.19 110 12
80 rpm
ROP (m/hr)
14 14.7 0.010398898 1.4 0.014558 15.4 0.87 110 10

140 rpm
15 12.9 0.010398898 1.8 0.018718 13.8 1.12 110 8
16 11.8 0.010398898 1.1 0.011439 12.35 0.69 110 6
17 10.6 0.010398898 1.2 0.012479 11.2 0.75 110 4
18 9.9 0.010398898 0.7 0.007279 10.25 0.44 110 2
19 8.9 0.010398898 1 0.010399 9.4 0.62 110 0
20 8.1 0.010398898 0.8 0.008319 8.5 0.50 110 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
WOB (klbs)
EXAMPLE DRILL-OFF TEST
3.00 y = 0.0529x + 0.1328

2
2.50 R = 0.897
ROP (m/hr)
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
0.00
0 10 20 30 40 50
WOB (klbs)
110 RPM

INTERPRETING DRILL-OFF TEST RESULTS
1 2 .1 /4 " DS 4 7 H, C5 FO R M. @ 1 3 0 0 5 ft, 1 4 0 R P M 17.1/2" MAX-11HD IN C5, @ 9256ft, 160 RPM
Two drill-off tests from within one bit run. Second shows
6 .0 0 y = 0 .1 4 4 9 x + 0 .6 0 1 4 flatter response of ROP to WOB, perhaps due to bit wear
R 2 = 0 .9 2 4 4 9.00
5 .0 0 Ser ies1 8.00

L in ear ( Ser ies1 ) 7.00
4 .0 0
Sharp bit
6.00
ROP
ROP (ft/hr)
ROP (ft/hr)
5.00 (ft/hr)
3 .0 0
T e s t s h o ws ROP d e cre as in g 4.00
to wa rd ze ro as W O B falls to w ard
2 .0 0 3.00
ze ro , ie n o rmal. Test shows decreasing benefit
No te th e b es t-fit lin e fitted , 2.00 of WOB, as WOB rises
1 .0 0 u s in g th e " In s ert" " T ren d lin e" Dull bit
1.00
o p tio n in exc el.
0.00
0 .0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 WOB (klbs)
0 .0 0 1 0 .0 0 2 0 .0 0 3 0 .0 0 4 0 .0 0
W O B ( k l bs ) WO B (klbs)
Typical test result; ROP will only be close to zero Decreasing benefit of higher WOB; perhaps due to Decreasing response of ROP to WOB; often seen as
as WOB approaches zero, and response is linear imperfect bit cleaning (e.g. in water base mud/shale) a PDC bit suffers abrasive wear of the cutters
The two types of drilling test

Drill-off test showing drag, ie bit stops
drilling off before zero WOB is reached. Pump Drill-off test: 17.1/2" 02M at 699m, BJ-2
pressure confirms drag by disappearance of 1. Drill-off test, in which:
differential when the bit stops drilling off, probably • pick-off bottom, & set RPM and flow rate
showing WOB no longer reaching the bit 16
• return to bottom, build to maximum WOB
14
• let the bit drill-off with brake locked. Note
12
WOB 80 rpm WOB every minute
ROP (m/hr)
10
140 rpm • repeat at other RPM’s
8
ROP
Pump
• mud loggers calculate ROP from hookload
(ft/hr) 6
pressure changes
4
• mud loggers plot ROP vs WOB and RPM.
2
0
2. Drillability test, in which:
0 20 40 60
• set RPM and flow rate
WOB (klbs) • drill for 10 minutes with constant WOB;
write down distance drilled in 10 min period
• repeat at other WOB values
Drill-off test with a steerable motor in a deviated Drillability test, in which the combination of low RPM
• repeat sequence with other RPM’s
well; considerable drag detected and high WOB was impossible due to cyclic torque.
• mud loggers plot ROP vs WOB and RPM.

Drillstring Dynamics/Vibration
General
• Drillstring vibration is inevitable.
• Low levels of vibration can be harmless.
• Severe downhole vibrations can be problematic and can cause the following-
o Drillstring failure, washout / twist off
o Premature bit failure
o Poor directional control
o Damage to well bore, hole enlargement
o Rotary drive stalls, top drive / rotary table
o Motor stalls
o Motor failure, bearings / stator
o MWD failure
o Stabiliser / tool joint wear
o Reduced penetration rate
• Primary drillstring excitation forces are-
o Bit / formation interaction
o BHA / borehole interaction
o Downhole motor / turbine
o Rotary drive type
o Parameters vs the natural frequency of the string
• The response of the drillstring to excitation forces is complex.
• The complexity of vibration is due to the physical coupling between the bit, the formation and the drillstring and
the coupling of vibration mechanisms. Vibration is a system issue.
• Identify if the rig is equipped with a rotary feedback system (“soft torque”) and whether it is activated.
Types of Vibration
• There are three types of vibration-
o Axial, motion along the drillstring axis.
o Whirl, eccentric rotation of a component about a point other than its geometric centre that can generally
be recognised / seen as lateral vibration (side to side motion). This can relate to both the bit and the
bottom hole assembly (BHA).
o Torsional, motion causing twist / torque / stick-slip.
• These types of vibration can co-exist and produce symptoms that belong to more than one vibration
mechanism. This can make the detection process iterative for identification and cure.

Drillstring Resonance
• Drillstrings have their own natural frequencies for vibration relating to rotary speed.
• Excitation frequencies close to the natural frequency of the drillstring will cause the drillstring to resonate,
(vibrate laterally, axially and / or torsionally).
• A resonating drillstring can be highly damaging to both the bit and BHA components.
• Rotary speeds that induce and sustain drillstring resonance should be avoided.
Axial Vibration
General
• Severe axial vibration leads to “Bit Bounce”.
• Vibration range is 1-10Hz, (1Hz is equal to 1 vibration cycle per second).
• Most frequently occurs when drilling with roller cone bits in hard formations.
• Occasionally occurs with PDC drill bits in hard formations.
• Caused by weight on bit (WOB) fluctuations. Extreme WOB variance can cause the bit to lose contact with the
bottom of the hole and then impact back to bottom but this is rare, pulses of WOB variation are more common.
• The three cones of a roller cone bit will generate a tri-lobe pattern causing the bit to be axially displaced three
times per bit revolution.
• Can be caused by formation change.
Detection
• Rig or top drive shaking.
• Deadline anchor vibrating at surface.
• Bushing jumping out of rotary table
• Large weight on bit fluctuations.
• High levels of axial vibration from MWD tools.
Consequences
• Bit damage including cutting structure / bearings / seals.
• Reduction in penetration rate.
• Short run lengths.
• BHA washout.
• MWD failures.
Cures and Control

• Pick up off bottom the change parameters by either-
o Increasing WOB.
o Reducing RPM
o Or Both
o Lift off and return to bottom with a changed set of parameters.
• Run a shock sub in the BHA (this may prevent the reflection and sustaining of the vibration but not the cause).

• Running shock subs with PDC bits is not recommended as they can lead to bit ‘chatter’ (high frequency
vibrations) that can chip and prematurely fail PDC cutters.
Whirl (Bit and BHA)

General
• The eccentric rotation of the bit about a point other than its geometric centre.
• Whirl is a self perpetuating motion.
• Types of whirl-
o Forward whirl, the centre of rotation rotates in the same direction as the drillstring. Causes flat spots on
stabilisers and tool joints.
o Backward whirl is very rare, the centre of rotation rotates in the opposite direction to the drillstring. It is
more violent than forwards whirl and can cause severe cutting structure damage.
o Chaotic whirl, the whirl rotation moves between forward and backward whirl.
• Can generally be recognised / seen as lateral vibration (side to side motion).
• Whirl induces high frequency lateral / torsional vibrations in the range 10-50Hz, (10Hz is equal to 10 vibration
cycles per second).
• Causes a dramatic increase in impact loading on the bit cutting structure causing rapid failure.
• Motors with bent housings can cause whirl.
• Can be initiated by formation change.
• Frequently seen while reaming.
• BHA whirl can induce bit whirl and vice-versa.
Detection
• Can be difficult to detect at surface.
• Generally seen at high RPMs and low WOBs.
• Increased surface and downhole torque.
• High frequency downhole lateral / torsional vibration.
• Increase in MWD shock counts.
• Over gauge hole.
• Cutter impact damage, generally over the shoulder and gauge areas of the bit.
Consequences
• Bit damage, cutting structure damage generally over the shoulder and gauge areas of the bit.
• Short run lengths.
• BHA washout.
• MWD failures.
• Motor failures.
Cures and Control

• Reduce rotary speed and increase weight on bit.
• Ream at lower rotary speeds.
• Destroy bottom hole whirl pattern by either-
o Changing drilling parameters.
o Lift off bottom and attempt to restart drilling without initiating whirl, try high WOBs and lower RPMs
• Run anti-whirl or SteeringWheel bit.
• Run higher torque and lower speed motors so that higher weights can be applied.
• Run roller reamers instead of stabilisers.
• Increase mud lubricity, eg: pump a pill.
• Run non rotating drill pipe protectors.
Torsional Vibration
General
• Severe torsional vibration leads to stick-slip.
• Stick-slip vibration range is below 1Hz, (1Hz is equal to 1 vibration cycle per second).
• Stick-slip is the rotary acceleration and deceleration of the drillstring. The bit can stop rotating momentarily at
regular intervals causing the drillstring to windup and the torque to increase. The drillstring will then brake free
and accelerate the bit to high rotary speeds with minimal torque.
• Stick-slip motion is often accompanied during its slip phase by lateral vibration of the BHA.
• Most common with PDC drill bits and can cause severe and rapid damage to their cutting structures.
• Can be formation dependent.
• Can be caused by the interaction of-
o the bit and formation.
o the BHA and the bore hole, e.g.: stabilisers ‘digging in’ to a soft formation.
o the drillstring and the bore hole, (e.g.: high well bore tortuosity).
• Can be caused by the drive system characteristics.
• Generally occurs at low rotary speed and high weight on bit.
Detection
• Can be detected at surface by both torque (Max – Min Torque > 20% Mean Torque) and RPM variance.
• Increased surface mean torque.
• Rotary drive stalls, (rotary table or top drive).
• Increase in MWD shock counts.
• High Stick Slip reading from MWD.
• Downhole RPM can range from zero to up to 2-3 times surface RPM.
• Bit impact damage, cutting structure damage generally seen over the nose of the bit.
• MWD tool failure.
• Reduced penetration rate.
• Over torqued connections, washouts and twist-offs.
• Connection back-off due to backward rotation.
• Downhole memory data acquisition and analysis.
Cures and Control

• Change drilling parameters, increase RPM or reduce WOB or both.
• Increase flow rate for increased motor RPM and increased lubricity / reduced friction due to improved hole
cleaning.
• Run rotary drive system (rotary table or top drive) in higher gear.
• Run a soft torque system. This consists of a top drive or rotary table feedback mechanism that regulates
surface torque fluctuation by altering rotary speed thus enabling more uniform bit rotation. The system must be
regularly tuned to take account of changing parameters including depth and formation.
• Increase mud lubricity, e.g.: pump a pill.
• Run a motor to decouple the drill bit from the drillstring and to increase bit RPM.
• Run roller reamers or non rotating stabilisers.
• Lift off bottom and attempt to restart drilling without initiating stick-slip, high RPMs or lower weights or both
should facilitate this.
Vibration Coupling
• Vibration mechanisms can be coupled since some can trigger others, for example-
o Bit whirl can be triggered by high bit speeds generated during stick-slip motion.
o Stick-slip can generate lateral vibration of the BHA as the bit accelerates during the slip phase.
o Large lateral vibration of the BHA into the well bore can cause bit bounce.
o Stick Slip can cause axial vibration.
Vibration Monitoring
General
• It is essential to establish what vibration mechanism is occurring downhole in order to prescribe the correct
remedial actions.
• Corrective actions for one may exacerbate another, e.g.: the corrective actions for bit whirl are directly opposite
than those for stick-slip.
Tool Inspection
• The nature of damage to downhole drilling components can often be a direct indication of the vibration source
and mechanism. For example-
o The location of bit impact damage could suggest bit whirl or stick-slip, (shoulder and gauge for whirl,
nose and face for stick-slip).
o Flat spots on tool joints are evidence of lateral vibration.
o Damage to stabiliser blades is an indication of BHA whirl and lateral vibration.
Mud Logging Data

• Mud logging data can provide the following surface measurements-
o Mean torque.
o Max / min torque.
o RPM
o WOB
o Flow rate
• This data gives a good indication of whether stick-slip is present, i.e.: a significant separation between max and
min torque is indicative of stick-slip type vibration. (Note: PDC bits work largely by shear action and when
drilling effectively give rise to torsional oscillations, you will always see some torque fluctuations with a PDC bit.
If torque cycling becomes excessive it is likely to be Stick Slip. (see p 29 detection).
• To improve accuracy, set the chart recorder speed between 0.1- 0.3 ft/min.
MWD Data
• MWD data can serve as an invaluable real time monitoring system.
• An increase in the number of lateral shocks above a threshold value provides a direct indication of the severity
of BHA lateral vibration.
• Schlumberger D&M, Baker Hughes Inteq and Sperry-Sun provide MWD tools with shock measurements.
• Other down hole measurements that give a true indication of whirl or stick-slip at the bit are-
o RMS torsional vibrations. Torsional / Stick Slip Indicator
o RMS axial vibrations. Axial accelerators
o RMS lateral vibrations. Lateral accelerators
• Gamma ray can indicate if any of the vibration mechanisms are related to lithology, i.e.: correlate formation
changes to vibration changes.
• If a rock strength analysis is completed (gamma, sonic and lithology required as minimum) it may indicate if
rock strength is inducing the vibration mechanisms.
LWD / Wireline Log

• Calliper data indicates hole oversize and provides evidence for either bit or BHA whirl.
High Frequency Surface Measurements

• High frequency surface measurements of axial and torsional vibration can help indicate bit whirl, especially in
shallow and non-deviated wells.
• Baker Hughes Inteq can provide these measurements.
Downhole Recording
• In deviated wells, it is not usually possible to detect high frequency events such as bit whirl from surface
measurements due to dampening and attenuation of lateral vibrations.
• Downhole recording of the vibration data can be analysed for subsequent wells.
• Schlumberger, Inteq, and Sperry-Sun can provide downhole vibration measurement recording tools.

Factors Related to Bit Run Termination
For a quick reference of common problems see Appendix 1.
Economics
• Frequently assess the run economics for the benefit of the operator, for example-
o At a formation change, it may be more economical to replace an insert bit with a faster PDC bit even
though the insert bit still has many operating hours left.
o It may be more economical to pull a bit early to achieve a shorter trip and then complete the section with
a longer final run.
o Consider planning a bit change to match a BHA change perhaps when directional requirements change
to meet the planned well path. This may allow more aggressive bits to be selected knowing shoe to TD is
not a requirement.
Worn Cutting Structure

• Cutting structures wear out, (PDC / Insert / Milled tooth / Diamond impreg / Natural diamond).
• A worn cutting structure requires more weight to achieve the same penetration rate as a new cutting structure,
i.e.: ROP generally decreases.
• If the gauge area of the cutting structure wears first the bit can become a ‘wedge shaped plug’ that fits tightly in
the hole. This can cause high on-bottom torque even with low weight on bit, very low penetration rate and often
accompanied by an increase in Pump Pressure (SPP). Under gauge bits can also cause the stabilisers to hang
up and cause general BHA damage.
• As an impregnated or surface set diamond bit wears the standpipe pressure will increase due to a reduction of
the flow area. This is due to a reduction in blade height due to wear.
• As a PDC bit wears, for a given weight on bit, torque generally reduces as the cutting structure is no longer as
aggressive.
• Severe PDC wear can result in a ring out and the blades being worn down to the bit body / nozzles.
Consequently, a significant increase in SPP will be seen as the flow is restricted due to contact of the bit face
and the formation.
Worn / Failed Bearings on Roller Cone Bits

• If it is thought that the bearings have failed the bit should be pulled immediately. Failed bearings can
deteriorate rapidly and result in losing a cone downhole. This is a very serious and expensive failure for the oil
company due to lost time fishing.
• There are various symptoms that suggest a bearing failure, for example-
o Torque changes: spikes, character or overall level not related to parameter or formation changes.
o ROP changes: not related to parameter or formation changes. The ROP can increase temporarily as the
skew angle of a cone increases with a failed bearing.
o Directional responsiveness change: loss in control of toolface.
o MWD signal quality deteriorates as the vibration from the bit masks the signal.
Bit Balling
• Usually occurs when drilling soft sticky formations with WBM.
• Some formations, predominantly shales react with water swelling considerably and becoming sticky.
• Montmorillonite content is the most significant factor with respect to formation hydration and bit balling.
• Montmorillonite changes to illite with time and temperature.
• Kaolinite does not hydrate and react with water.
• The order of claystones with greatest to least balling tendency is-
o Montmorillonite
o Mixed layer, montmorillonite and illite
o Illite
o Kaolinite
• Swollen and sticky cuttings can adhere to the bit clogging up waterways, junk slots, individual cones and
possibly the entire bit.
• Severe balling results in total clogging up of the cutting structure so that the string weight is transmitted to the
formation via the balling material rather than the cutting structure. Consequently, penetration rate is
dramatically reduced.
• Balled formation can also pack off the annulus so that no cuttings can be returned to surface. This results in an
increase in SPP and possible risk of losing mud into the formation.
• Balled bits are generally characterised by-
o Reduced rotary torque
o Reduced penetration rate
o Increased SPP
• If it is thought a bit is balling up lift off bottom immediately. Drilling with a balled bit can only exacerbate the
problem by forcing more material to plug the bit or annulus further. This tightens / compresses the material and
makes it heavier and more difficult to transport back to surface.
• Methods for un-balling a bit are-
Pick up off bottom then:-
o Increase flow rate to the maximum for at least 5mins.
o Spin the bit as fast as possible to ‘fling’ the material off.
o Lift and drop the string rapidly to ‘shake’ the formation off, (take care not to surge the hole and damage
the formation or drop the bit on bottom and damage the cutting structure).
o Pump a pill, (e.g.: Nut Plug) to try and wash the material off.
o Pump a caustic pill and allow it time to soak the material around the bit.
o Pump a drill water slug.
o A combination of the above.
• When returning to bottom after un-balling a bit use maximum flow rate and high rotary speed. Tag bottom
gently as there may be huge chunks of balled material that need to be cut up. If weight is added too quickly the
bit may just push into the balled material and become immediately balled again.
• Where balling is expected the risk of occurrence can be reduced by limiting penetration rate. This means that a
reduced and more manageable amount of cuttings can be transported away from the bit face and annulus to
surface.
Lost Nozzle
• A lost nozzle will cause a sudden decrease in pump pressure. Calculation will indicate the expected pressure
drop.
• Pressure may continue to decrease gradually in an erosive environment due to the nozzle feed bore washing
out and increasing in size / cross sectional area. (The risk of feed bore washout is also why steel bodied bits
and roller cone bits are never recommended to be run open).
• If penetration rate is not significantly reduced drilling can continue but may result in cutting structure damage
due to drilling on tungsten carbide nozzle components.
• In softer formations, a lost nozzle may be pushed into the hole wall and cause minimal cutting structure
damage.
• If a nozzle is lost HSI is reduced so there in an increased risk of bit balling and reduced ROP.
Plugged (Blocked) Nozzle

• Nozzles can be plugged by a variety of materials. Some examples are-
o Formation
o Lost circulation material
o Motor stator rubber
• A plugged nozzle will result in increased SPP.
• If penetration rate is not significantly reduced drilling can continue.
• If multiple nozzles are plugged and there is a severe deterioration in ROP it should be attempted to un-plug the
nozzles or pull the bit out of hole.
• Methods for un-plugging a bit are-
o Increase flow rate to the maximum for at least 5mins.
o Lift and drop the string to ‘shake and surge’ the plugging material free, (take care not to surge the hole
and damage the formation or drop the bit on bottom and damage the cutting structure).
• A bit with plugged nozzles has an increased probability of balling in softer formations and accelerating PDC
cutter wear in abrasive formations.
Downhole Motor or Turbine Failure

• A down hole motor or turbine failure will dramatically reduce penetration rate.
• SPP pressure fluctuations are likely to occur as the failure develops.
• A reduced pressure differential (the difference between on and off-bottom pressure) over the motor or turbine is
likely to be seen.
• Depending on the failure, even if the rotary drive is rotating the string, there is a high probability that the bit will
not be turning. This is because the motor or turbine may not be able to transmit any torque to the bit.
• Catastrophic motor failures can be caused by repeated motor stalling.
• Motor and turbine failures can be caused by bit whirl, stick-slip, BHA lateral vibration, etc.
• At surface, motor bearing wear can be estimated / measured by examining the play in the thrust bearings.
Dull Grading
• Witness the bit and BHA being pulled out of hole as evidence for run analysis can be collected. Take photos if
necessary. For example-
o All the tool joints worn on the same side suggests lateral vibration.
o BHA balling, (Roughnecks will frequently clean the BHA off and this information will be lost and not
recorded).
o Bit balling, (Roughnecks will frequently clean the bit off and this information will be lost and not
recorded).
• Dull grade the bit using the IADC system.
• Roller cone bits and fixed cutter bits have different sized gauge rings. Ensure that the correct gauge ring is
used. i.e.: if an in-gauge PDC bit is measured with a roller cone gauge it will appear to be under gauge.
Dull Bit Photos
• Use a digital camera so that the photos can easily and quickly be e-mailed to Engineering if necessary and for
easy manipulation in a Run Report.
• Ensure good quality close up photos are taken. Number each blade or cone / shirttail with a marker pen to aid
photo analysis at a later date.
• Take the following photos to ensure the full dull bit condition is recorded-
o Face view
o Side view
o Blade by blade or Axial view of each cone
o All 3 shirttails
o Close ups of any extraordinary cutting structure damage, body junk damage, etc
Run Reporting
• If good notes are maintained throughout the run a good report can be written easily. It is good practice to write
the report as the run is progressing so relevant points are highlighted and not forgotten.
• On the report it is important to record the run objectives and observations, dull bit observations and finally
recommendations for how performance can be improved or good performance maintained consistently.
• Record the ‘drillability’ of each of the different lithologies drilled.
• Record mud and BHA details.
• See Appendix 2 for an example of a Run Report.

References
Drillstring Vibration Primer, January 1994, Fereidoun Abbassian, BP Exploration
Other reference material used was a Drillstring Vibration Primer written by Fereidoun Abbassian also of BP; DPI
drillout procedure; RH InSight material, DPI Procedures.
Drilling Terms
Annulus The space between the drill pipe and hole wall or casing inside surface.
BHA Bottom Hole Assembly.
Bit Breaker The steel plate that locks the bit in the rotary table as it is screwed onto / made up, or removed
from to the drillstring.
BOP Blow Out Preventer, a series of valves that close to seal in the well and prevent it blowing out.
Cavings Formation that has fallen out of the wall of the well down hole rather than being drilled from the
bottom of the well.
Drill Collar Heavy drill pipe used in the BHA to add weight.
Fishing Attempting to recover an item out of the well bore to surface.
GPM Gallons Per Minute.
HSE Health, Safety and Environment.
HSI Hydraulic horsepower per Square Inch.
JIF Jet Impact Force
Kelly The heavy steel drive shaft with a square or hexagonal cross section that locks into the rotary table
and is connected to the drillstring to transmit torque.
LCM Lost Circulation Material.
LWD Logging While Drilling.
MWD Measurement While Drilling.
OBM Oil Based Mud.
PDC Polycrystalline Diamond Compact.
POBM Pseudo Oil Based Mud.
PPE Personal Protective Equipment.
PSI Pounds per Square Inch, pressure.
RMS Root Mean Square (a method of averaging a signal, The integrated area under a curve).
ROP Rate of Penetration, ft/hr or m/h.
Rotary Table Device on the rig floor used to drive / rotate the kelly.
RPM Revolutions Per Minute.
RSA Rock Strength Analysis.
Sliding While directionally drilling with a motor, the rotary drive is switched off so the drillstring does not
rotate and is ‘slid’ downhole.
SPM Strokes Per Minute.
SPP Stand Pipe Pressure.
Spudding Burying the bit face into material, e.g.: the hole bottom or casing shoe assemblies.
TFA Total Flow Area, the sum of the cross-sectional areas of the exits of all nozzles in the bit.
Toolface The direction the motor is orientated to in hole while sliding.
Top Drive A torsional motor used to rotate the drill string. Usually installed on the bigger rigs and can provide
more power than a kelly drive.
WBM Water Based Mud.
WOB Weight on Bit, lbs / tonnes.
Appendix 1

Appendix 2
Common Problems Effecting PDC, Natural and Thermally Stable Diamond Bit Performance
COMMON PROBLEM PROBLEM CAUSE PREFERRED ACTION

Difficulty going to bottom. - Previous bit under gauge. - Ream with roller cone bit.
- New bottom hole assembly. - When reaming to bottom, pick up and ream section
again. If difficulty remains, check stabilizers.
- Collapsed casing. - Roll casing with smaller bit.
- Out of drift. - Use bi-centre bit or reduce bit size.
- Bit oversized. - Gauge bit with API “GO”-gauge; if not in tolerance,
replace bit. (Check gauge used is PDC GO-GAUGE)
- Stabilizer oversized. - Replace with correct size stabilizer.
Low pressure differential - Flow area too large. - Increase flow rate and correct on next bit.
across nozzles or bit face. - Flow rate too low. - Increase flow rate / strokes.
- Change liners.
- Different drilling parameters - Attempt to optimise, on next bit - change flow area.
than designed for. - Check bit pressure drop, drop soft line, trip to check
- Washout in drill string. pipe and collars.
High pressure differential - Flow area too small. - Reduce flow rate, on next bit - change flow area.
across nozzles or bit face. - Excessive flow rate. - Reduce flow rate.
- Diamond too small for formation. - If ROP acceptable, change on next bit.
- If ROP unacceptable, pull bit and use bit with correct
diamond size.
- Bit partially plugged (formation - Check off bottom standpipe pressure. Let bit drill off,
impaction) circulate full volume for 10 minutes while rotating.
Check off bottom pressure again.
- Formation change. - Pick up, circulate, resume drilling at higher RPM,
reset, drill-off test.
- Ring out. - On - and off- bottom pressure test, pull bit.
- Downhole motor stalled. - Refer to manufacturer’s handbook.
Fluctuating standpipe - Drilling through fractured - If ROP acceptable, continue.
pressure. formation.
- Formation breaking up beneath - If ROP acceptable, continue.
bit. - Check equipment.
- Try combination of lighter weight and higher RPM.
- Stabilizers hanging up. - Check over pull.
- Check stabilizers on next trip.
- Equipment failure. - Repair equipment.

Bit won’t drill - Bottom not reached. - Check tally.
- Stabilizers hanging up or too - Check torque, over pull.
large.
- Formation too plastic. - Check pressure – increase flow rate, decrease /
increase bit weight, RPM.
- Establishing bottom hole - Can take up to an hour.
pattern.
- Core stump left. - Attempt to carefully drill ahead with low bit weight.
- Bit balled - Pick up and increase flow rate, then slug with
detergent or oil.
Slow ROP - Not enough weight on bit; - Increase weight on bit
hydraulic lift.
- RPM too low / high. - Increase / decrease rotary.
- Plastic formation. - Reset drill off
- Reset weight
- Change in formation. - Reset drill off.
- Overbalanced. - Accept ROP.
- Pull bit.
- Diamonds flattened off. - Compare beginning and present ROPs – new bit may
be required.
- Cutters flattened. - Increase weight.
- Pull bit.
- Pressure drop too low. - Increase flow rate – new bit may be required.
- Wrong bit selection. - Pull bit.
Excessive torque - Excessive weight on bit. - Reduce weight and RPM.
- Slow RPM. - Increase rotary.
- Decrease weight
- Stabilizers too large. - Check bottom hole assembly; stabilizers should be
1/32” to 1/16” under hole size.
- Collars packing off. - Increase flow rate and work pipe.
- Bit under gauge. - Pull bit.
Bit Bouncing - Slip-stick action. - Change rotary weight combination.
- Broken formation. - Reduce rotary speed and weight.
- Pump off force. - Increase weight.
- Decrease volume.

Appendix 3:
PRODUCT BULLETIN:
PDC / Bi-Center PDC; BIT OPERATING PROCEDURES
Drilling with a Bi-Center drill bit is similar to that of a conventional PDC drill bit, but certain steps must be undertaken
to properly prepare and operate the Bi-Center drill bit. First and foremost is preplanning of the well with all concerned
parties. Depending on the application, this can involve numerous service company personnel with the Operator. Items
of importance are:
• Hydraulic Properties • Drilling modes – rotary or positive displacement

• Lithology motor (PDM)
• Length/depth of Interval • An understanding of how the Bi-Center operates
• Directional objectives and enlarges the wellbore
• Drilling Fluids
• Stabilization / BHA
• Casing design / objectives
All of these items must be discussed and agreed upon before the application of a Bi-Center drill bit downhole.
PREPARATION AT JOBSITE
Steps Prior to Making Up Bi-Center Drill Bits
1. Hydraulic calculations must be performed to optimize the Bi-Center performance.

2. Bottom hole assembly must be agreed upon with well objectives. This is especially important when drilling
with a PDM. Confirm that largest OD* tool +/- 30ft above Bi-Center bit is less than the maximum tool size.
3. On casing drill outs followed with a vertical section application pass through size stabilizers are
recommended at 60ft and 90ft. This BHA provides flex above the bit reducing damage in the drill out stage.
On vertical non drill out applications pass through stabilizers are recommended at 30ft, 60ft and 90ft above
the bit. This provides maximum BHA stiffness.
4. Detailed directional BHAs are recommended later in these procedures.
5. Confirm that the stabilizer ODs have been checked with a PDC “GO” Ring Gage.
6. Previous bits must be inspected for gage wear, broken teeth, or junk damage. If any previous bit is under
gage, then a reaming trip must be done to ensure a full gage hole. Reaming with a Bi-Center bit is not
advisable, due to the design characteristics of the Bi-Center drill bit.
• OD = Outside Diameter
Appendix 1: DPI page 1.

Making Up the Bi-Center Drill Bit
1. Rig floor handling of a Bi-Center drill bit is similar to that of a conventional PDC drill bit. Under no
circumstances should the Bi-Center drill bit be placed on the steel floor. Use a wooden pad or rubber mat.
Damage to the PDC cutters could occur and hinder performance if placed on the metal floor. Also see
SPE/IADC paper no. 16144 for bit handling and operation.
2. Locate the bit breaker and attach to the Bi-Center drill bit. Engage latch on bit breaker and carefully lower
the Bi-Center drill bit with bit breaker into the rotary table. Try to avoid any contact of the PDC cutters with
the rotary table. Position the bit breaker so that the open end of the breaker is opposite the make-up line.
3. For larger sizes, the Bi-Center Bit Breaker Box open end should be oriented away from the draw works.
4. Clean, check for connection damage and dope the pin.
5. Lower the drill string to the top of the pin and engage threads.
6. Make up the bit.
7. Remove bit breaker and carefully lower the bit and drill string through rotary table.
8. Guide the bit and drill string through the BOP and wellhead. The bit should not take any weight or be
obstructed in any way.
9. Trip slowly through casing shoes, liner hangers, doglegs, tight spots, or ledges.
10. When filling drill pipe (when a PDM is attached), reduce flow to a minimum to avoid rotation of the motor.
Recommended Make Up Torque

DPI
Tool Joint Size Nominal OD Ft-lbs N-m
3 ¼in *
2.3/8 API Reg 3,085 4,182
3 7/8in
2.7/8 API Reg 4,658 6,315
4 ¾in
3.1/2 API Reg 7,660 10,385
6in
4.1/2 API Reg 17,551 23,794
8in
6.5/8 API Reg 38,193 51,778
9in
7.5/8 API Reg 59,966 81,296
Notes:
1) Thread compound composition and application may effect torque values. These values
assume use of a thread compound containing 40 to 60% by weight of metallic zinc.
2) Normal torque "range" is the tabulated value plus 10%
3) Torque values are based on the API-RP7G recommendation.
4) *-indicates box is the weaker member for corresponding OD.
DRILL OUT RECOMMENDATIONS
♦ When drilling out casing shoe joints with PDC bits, use only PDC Compatible Float / Shoe & Liner
Equipment. Non-rotating cementing plugs are recommended to prevent plug rotation during drill out.
♦ Upon arriving on location, obtain the casing tally and verify the location of all cementing equipment within
the string. Try to determine and record the manufacturer and model number of all cementing equipment that
will be drilled out. Again, verify that all equipment is PDC drillable.
♦ Field personnel have determined that composite float equipment is easier to drill out with PDC bits. Rubber
Plugs and Aluminium landing collars have presented the most problems when drilling out. It is very
important to know what type of equipment is to be drilled out in order to anticipate problems before they
occur. Equipment with aluminium components must be drilled carefully to avoid damaging the bit. Steel
components should be drilled out with a dedicated milltooth bit run.
♦ Casing liner jobs typically cause the most problems. The hanger assembly or baffle plate will usually contain
aluminium so it must be drilled out carefully. The landing collar and wiper plug also usually contain
aluminium components.
♦ When drilling out, cement will usually be encountered first.

1. While drilling cement, WOB should be kept between 2,000 to 8,000 pounds.
2. It is important to keep a constant ROP while drilling cement in order to avoid rotating in one place
without penetration. WOB can be higher than mentioned in order to achieve this.
♦ When approaching any float, liner, or shoe equipment it is important to back off the WOB and approach this
equipment with the recommended parameters.

♦ As a general rule the following should be adhered to:
1. Approach any float, liner, or shoe equipment slowly and drill out using the following parameters:
2. WOB should be kept between 2,000 to 6,000 pounds,
3. RPM should be kept at or above the recommended minimum RPM (see following table),
4. When drilling float, liner, or shoe equipment ROP should be controlled between 3 to 6 feet per hour;
however, as long as the WOB is kept light and the recommended RPM is adhered to, the ROP can be
higher without damaging the bit. Newer equipment utilizing composite components will typically drill at
higher rates and not cause bit damage.
♦ Many times operators are hesitant to allow higher RPMs while in the casing in order to avoid casing damage
from stabilizers and other BHA components. When drilling out in rotary applications, DPI/ReedHycalog
strongly recommends adhering to the minimum RPM guidelines. The following reasons justify this
recommendation.
1. It is important to keep WOB light when drilling float, liner, or shoe equipment. In so doing the depth of
cut is kept to a minimum. This aids in preventing damage to the cutters as well as preventing rotation of
plugs and other equipment. By adhering to the recommended RPM guidelines, penetrations rates through
the casing equipment can be kept higher. It is important to keep the BHA drilling ahead to avoid rotating
in one place for extended periods which can cause casing damage.

2. WOB must be kept light to avoid causing large pieces of the equipment from becoming dislodged and
becoming stuck around the pilot or in the reamer blades. Again, higher RPMs will enhance the ROP
while drilling with light weight.
3. When drilling equipment with aluminium components, it is very important to keep cuttings size to a
minimum. When drilling aluminium it is typical to create long strings of aluminium similar to lathe
cuttings. If these become too large they can become lodged in the area between the pilot and reamer or in
the blades of either part. By keeping the WOB light and the RPM high this can be avoided while still
maintaining a constant ROP. Some casing equipment is designed to cause an interrupted cut when
drilling the aluminium components. It is still important to keep the depth of cut to a minimum to avoid
damage to the cutters.
4. Since drilling the float, liner, and shoe equipment requires using minimal WOB, it is important to keep
the RPM high to achieve a constant penetration rate. This helps to avoid staying in one place too long
and decreases the overall time spent in the casing.
♦ If the operator insists on using slower than recommended RPM, try and negotiate the use of higher RPMs
while drilling float and liner equipment. It is not as important to have higher RPMs when drilling cement and
shoe equipment.
PDC / CSD inside pipe
Rotary Motor & Rotary

Cutter Size Min. RPM Rotary/ Min. Mtr. / Min. Bit
3/8in – 8mm 120 40-60 / 140 / 180
0.4in - 10.5mm 110 40-60 / 130 / 170
1/2in - 13mm
5/8in – 16mm 100 40-60 / 120 / 160
3/4in - 19mm
♦ When approaching the shoe equipment it is important to slack off on the WOB and drill the shoe with light
WOB. If the shoe is encountered with too much WOB the bottom of the shoe can be sheared allowing it to
drop to the bottom of the hole where it can be difficult to drill.
♦ Avoid sudden impact with any of the various components.
♦ Many problems can occur when drilling float, liner, and shoe equipment. The most typical problems occur
when drilling components with aluminium or while drilling rubber plugs. As mentioned, long strings of
aluminium can become lodged in the bit stopping or slowing ROP. Likewise as rubber plugs break up the
pieces can become lodged in the bit stopping or slowing ROP.
♦ Any problems encountered inside casing should be handled by reciprocating while continuing circulation and
rotation to help clear debris from the bit. Maintain the same bit speed during this operation. Whenever
penetration stops prematurely, repeat this step until penetration resumes. This step is especially helpful in
removing cementing plug wipers as they are drilled up. Many times when picking up off of bottom increased
drag will occur. This is a clear indication that debris is lodged in the bit. Continue to reciprocate the pipe
until the drag returns to normal or until penetration resumes.

♦ If the drill pipe and / or rotary table should start to jump, back-lash or act erratically, temporarily change one
or more of the following drill out parameters: weight-on-bit, circulation rate or bit speed. (It is important to
maintain a certain bit speed to ensure a proper depth of cut.)
♦ When drilling float, liner, and shoe equipment with a PDC bit it is not unusual to see metal shavings in the
returns. This is normal but should be monitored and kept to a minimum. By adhering to these guidelines and
keeping a constant ROP while drilling out, metal shavings should be kept to a minimum. New bit technology
is helping to reduce this occurrence.
♦ Rotating and drilling out in casing in one place is not advisable for long periods of time.
♦ It is normally good practice to back ream and ream through any float, liner, and shoe equipment after the drill
out is complete. This simply ensures everything has been drilled and is cleaned out.
♦ With a normal cement job, drill outs should take approximately two (2) to three (3) hours.
♦ If the penetration rate ceases and cannot be reinstated using the above procedures, it would be advisable to
recover the bit for inspection.
PDC / Bi-Center PDC Bit Breaking-In in Formation
1. Circulating to bottom is preferable prior to tagging bottom. The pilot bit must be in contact with the bottom
of the hole so that it can be anchored to the formation and the reamer section can pivot around the wellbore
and enlarge the hole once rotation is started.

2. Use low weight on bit (drilling conditions dictate) and a minimum 100 rpm on rotary applications and 30 to
60 rotary on motor applications with full flow rates to establish a new bottom hole pattern.
3. Record pump strokes and standpipe pressure and compare with expected vs. actual hydraulics.
4. Slowly break the bit in, drilling at least three (3) feet in this manner.
5. Increase rotary speeds and add weight in 2,000 pound increments to determine the optimum drilling weight
on bit.
6. Perform drill off tests to determine optimum drilling parameters. Care should be taken with Bi-Center drill
bits of large diameters in determining maximum RPM to avoid heat damage to the reamer section. (formation
hardness dictates) If in doubt, contact your local ReedHycalog representative for recommendations.
Drilling Ahead
1. Before and after making connections, observe the following guidelines:

♦ Check pump strokes and standpipe pressure.
♦ After connections, add weight slowly to attain the previous weight on bit and maintain previous
parameters.
2. Rotary and weight on bit parameters should be adjusted to maintain optimum drilling parameters as formation
changes, directional requirements and hole conditions.
PDC / Bi-Center in Formation
Rotary Motor & Rotary

Cutter Size Min. RPM Rotary / Min. Motor. / Min. Bit
3/8in – 8mm 120 30-140 / 140 / 170
0.4in - 10.5mm 115 30-140 / 135 / 165
1/2in - 13mm 110 30-140 / 130 / 160
5/8in – 16mm 100 30-140 / 120 / 150
3/4in - 19mm
Generally recommended mud motor speeds have been 120+RPM. Recent testing in vertical applications has
suggested that in 30 ft/hr or slower drilling applications a slower speed motor will increase ROP and reduce
damage to the bit.
Reaming
1. Reaming long sections of undergage hole is not recommended, but has been accomplished successfully with varying
degrees of damage to the bit.
2. If reaming is absolutely necessary, observe the following guidelines:
Without a Mud Motor
♦ Ream with full flow.

♦ Use 40 to 60 RPM and 2,000 to 4,000 lbs. weight on bit.
♦ Ream slowly and avoid high torque.
With a Mud Motor
♦ Ream with full flow.

♦ In low dogleg situations, use 20 to 40 RPM.
♦ In high dogleg situations keep tool-face aligned to hole direction and do not rotate.
♦ In either case, use only 2,000 to 4,000 lbs. weight on bit and ream slowly to avoid high torque and
possible sidetracking of hole.
GUIDELINES TO PREVENT BIT BALLING
♦ If there were any previous tight spots; circulate with as much flow as possible through these intervals.
♦ Establish new bottom hole pattern.
♦ In sticky (Gumbo) formations, keep the pumps on at full throttle whenever the drill string is moving
(connections and short trips).
♦ Pump Low / High (Thin / Thick) viscosity sweeps as necessary to keep well bore clean of cuttings (especially
true when drilling with Bi-Center drill bits).
♦ Keep weight on bit constant; don’t let the weight drill off. Avoid unnecessary fluctuations of drilling weight.
A constant-steady feed of weight to bit is preferred.
♦ After connections and short trips, proceed to bottom with caution. Avoid spudding the bit. Make sure the
pumps are at full rate before encountering the bottom of the hole. Dropping the Kelly quickly and then
stopping the drill string suddenly can cause the bit to hit bottom damaging or balling it up due to pipe stretch.
♦ Review previous offset bit records, morning reports, mud logs and other related information to locate sticky /
balling intervals.
♦ Optimize hydraulics to provide maximum flow rate. Changing of liners to increase available standpipe
pressure, usage of a rotor nozzle with a motor, larger drill pipe OD, and minimized number of drill collars
(increase heavy weight drill pipe) are possible alternatives to increase available flow rates in marginal flow
applications.

GUIDELINES TO BIT CLEANING
Bit balling sometimes occurs when drilling in soft / sticky formations with a water base drilling fluid.
The usual indications are a sudden decrease in the penetration rate and rotary torque and an increase
in on-bottom standpipe pressure (which disappears when off-bottom). To clean the bit, raise the bit
off-bottom, and then go back to just above bottom while running full pumps and normal bit speed.
The bit should be held there for 10 to 15 minutes, giving the fluid flow across the bit face an
opportunity to clean the bit face while no new cuttings are being generated. Very high rotary speeds
off-bottom for short periods of time while circulating can be tried in an attempt to “sling” the balled-
up formation off the bit face.
WARNING: This may cause holes with an angle to undercut or wash on the low side.
If balling continues to be a problem and the flow rate of the drilling fluid cannot be increased, it might be best to
limit the penetration rate to one where balling is not a problem. If repeated cleaning is needed or the penetration
rate falls to the point where the bit can no longer drill economically, then it will be advisable to pull the bit. Other
bit styles designed for better cleaning should then be considered.
In the event a nozzle becomes plugged, the indication is an increase in standpipe pressure with the same amount
of flow used previously. One method is to use the same circulation technique as described above. Another
method of cleaning a plugged nozzle is to lift the bit 30 to 40 feet off-bottom, and then drop the Kelly 5 to 10 feet
and stop it suddenly to surge the fluid through the bit.
If it is not possible to clear the nozzle, but the bit still drills at an acceptable penetration rate and no other problem
have occurred, the bit should be left on bottom. Bits with a single plugged nozzle often make economical runs,
and plugging material will sometimes wash away given time. The pumping of nut plug, Low / High (Thin /
Thick) viscosity sweeps will also aid in unplugging nozzles and bit face balling.
BI-CENTER DIRECTIONAL TENDENCIES
FOR BUILD, HOLD OR DROP RUNS UTILIZING ROTARY SPEED TO CONTROL INCLINATION.
Optimum Rotary Speed for Build-30-40 RPM

Optimum Rotary Speed for Hold-40-50 RPM
Optimum Rotary Speed for Drop-50-60 RPM
BI-CENTER STABILIZER % DRILL

SIZE SIZE SIZE
17in X 20in 14.5in 72%
14.5in X 17.5in 13in 74%
12.25in X 14.75in 11.5in 78%
12.25in X 13.5in 10.5in 78%
10.625in X 11.5in 9.25in 80%
10.625in X 12.25in 10in 82%
8.5in X 9.875in 8.25in 84%
6.5in X 7.5in 6.5in 86%
6in X 7in 6in 86%
NOTE: A HIGH % OF THE RUNS THIS DATA WAS EXTRACTED FROM USED
PERFORMANCE MOTORS, WHICH WERE IN THE 30ft RANGE. THE MORE
SUCCESSFUL RUNS PLACED THE STABILIZER 40 TO 60 FT. FROM THE BIT; USED A
1.75° OR GREATER BENT HOUSING MOTOR AND A MINIMUM MOTOR SPEED OF 120
RPM.
Suggested Operating Parameters are based on case histories to date and have provided proven results.
Recommendations are however, general guidelines only and will vary with application. ReedHycalog assumes no
liability from the use of recommendations or suggestions contained herein.
Appendix 1: DPI page 8 of 8.


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Drill Bit Running Procedures

A Guideline for Field Engineers

RIG SITE PROTOCOL 5

RIG AND SURFACE EQUIPMENT EVALUATION 6

Solids Control Equipment

Lost Circulation Material

BOTTOM HOLE ASSEMBLY EVALUATION 8

WELL BORE CONDITION EVALUATION 9

PRECEDING BIT RUN EVALUATION 9

DRILL BIT TFA (TOTAL FLOW AREA) CALCULATION 10

PREPARING THE BIT TO BE RUN IN HOLE 10

MAKING UP THE BIT TO THE DRILLSTRING 11

Drill Bit Running Procedure Page 1 of 48

BEDDING/BREAKING THE BIT IN 13

MAKING CONNECTIONS AND RESTARTING DRILLING 14

GENERAL DRILLING PARAMETERS FOR 'CLEAN' FORMATIONS 14

DRILLED CUTTINGS ANALYSIS 14

FUNDAMENTAL PARAMETER DISCUSION 15

OPTIMISING DRILLLING PERFORMANCE 17

SIMPLE DRILL-OFF TEST PROCEDURE 18

BP FORMALISED DRILL-OFF TEST PROCEDURES 19

DRILLSTRING DYNAMICS / VIBRATION 25

FACTORS RELATING TO BIT RUN TERMINATION 33

DULL BIT PHOTOS 36

APPENDIX 1: OPTIMISATION RUN REPORT EXAMPLE 38

APPENDIX 2: QUICK REFERENCE TABLE FOR COMMON DRILLING PROBLEMS 39

APPENDIX 3: DPI PDC / BI-CENTER RUNNING GUIDELINES. 41

Drill Bit Running Procedure Page 3 of 48

Drill Bit Running Procedure Page 4 of 48

Drill Bit Running Procedure Page 5 of 48

Solids Control Equipment

Evaluate the following equipment-

Drill Bit Running Procedure Page 6 of 48

Lost Circulation Material

Surface Parameter Gauges

Drill Bit Running Procedure Page 7 of 48

Drill Bit Running Procedure Page 8 of 48

Preceding Bit Run Evaluation

Drill Bit Running Procedure Page 9 of 48

Drill Bit Running Procedure Page 10 of 48

• Record bit type, size and serial number.

Making Up the Bit to the Drillstring

Drill Bit Running Procedure Page 11 of 48

Drill Bit Running Procedure Page 12 of 48

Drill Bit Running Procedure Page 13 of 48

Roller Cone Drill Bits, (Insert and Milled Tooth)

Bedding/Breaking the Bit In

• Approach bottom with maximum flow rate.

Making Connections and Restarting Drilling

• Maintain full flow as bit is raised off bottom.

General Drilling Parameters for ‘Clean’ Formations

• Soft clean shales

Drill Bit Running Procedure Page 15 of 48

Fundamental Parameter Discussion

Drill Bit Running Procedure Page 16 of 48

Drill Bit Running Procedure Page 17 of 48

Pump 1 Pump 2 Stand

Drill Bit Running Procedure Page 18 of 48

“Drill-Off Test” Procedures

Simple “Drill-Off Test” Procedure RH

Drill Bit Running Procedure Page 20 of 48

Drill-off Test Method 1 – Locked Brake Test

Planning and supervising the test