: Objectives

The objective of this project is describes the concepts and tetchiness inserted into the
blackout restoration of Libyan eastern power grid [400kv,220kv, and 132kv] , which
: includes

. Ensure satisfactory steady state condition of frequency ,and voltage -1

.Transient and steady state condition will be under worst limit condition -2

. Concepts of restoration arrangements -3

. Study and try to reduce the possible causes of complete blackout -4

: Contents

1 Introduction 1
2 Components of a power system 1
2.1 Synchronous Machines. 3
2.2 Lines, Cables and Transformers 3
2.2.1 Overhead Lines –Types and Parameters 4
2.2.2 Parameters of Underground Cables 4
2.2.3 The Natural Load 4
2.2.4 Transformers 5
2.2.4.1 Phase Shifts in Three-Phase Transformers 5
2.2.4.2 Three-Winding Transformers 5
2.3 Autotransformers 6
2.4 Earthing (Grounding) Transformers 7
2.5 Tap-Changing Transformers 7
2.6 Synchronous Motors 7
2.7 Induction Motors 8
3 Control of Reactive Power , Voltage and Frequency 8
3.1 Reactive Power Control : 8
3.1.1 The Generation and Absorption of Reactive Power 12
3.1.1.a Synchronous Generators : 12
3.1.1.b Overhead Lines and Transformers 12
3.1.1.c Cables 12
3.1.1.d Loads 13
3.2 Variation in the system voltage 13
3.2.1 Requirements to control the voltage 14
3.2.1.a The usual means required to control the voltage 14
3.2.1.b Unusual means required to control voltage 14
3.2.2.a Injection of Reactive Power 15
3.2.2.b Shunt Capacitors and Reactors 15
3.2.2.c Series Capacitors 16
3.2.2.d Synchronous compensators 17
3.2.2.e Synchronous generators 18
3.2.2.f Static VAr Compensators (SVCs) and STATCOMs 20
3.2.3 Tap-Changing Transformers 21
3.3 Control of Frequency 22
4 BLACKOUT 23
4.1 Types of Black Out 23
4.1.1 Total System Black Out 23
4.1.2 Partial System Black out 23
4.1.3 System Islanding 23
4.1.4 Normal System Conditions 23
4.1.5 Black Start 23
4.2 The possible causes of blackouts 24
4.3 Restoration Problems 24
4.4 Restoration Plan Objective, Strategy, and Priorities 24
4.1.1 Objective 24
4.4.2 Strategy 25
4.4.3 Priorities 25
4.5 Load Restoration Principles 25
4.6 Priority Customer Loads 26
4.7 Restoration Guidelines 26
4.7.1 Stabilize Islands 26
4.7.2 Recover Generation 26
4.7.3 Energize Transmission 26
4.7.3.a Energizing Capability 26
4.7.3.b Voltage Rise 27
4.7.3.c Restoring Load 27
4.8 Synchronizing Islands 28
4.8.1 Closing Transient 28
4.8.2 Synchronizing Transient 28
4.8.3 Post-Synchronization Frequency 28
4.9 Restoration Tasks 29
5 Work outline 29
6 .Metodsology 29
7 Reference 29