Interfaces and protocols in LTE

Typesof RNTIs are there in LTE ?( Radio Network Temporary Identifier.)

RNTI is used to indentify one specific radio channel from other radio channel and one user from another
user.
RA-RNTI : UE determines RA-RNTI
T-CRNTI : Network allocate T-CRNTI via RAR as shown in here in the RACH page.
C-RNTI : T-CRNTI becomes C-RNTI once Contention Resolution gets passed

Followings are the brief summary of RNTIs being used in LTE.

 P-RNTI : It stands for Paging RNTI. Used for Paging Message.

 SI-RNTI : It stands for System Information RNTI. Used for transmission of SIB messages
 RA-RNTI : It stands for Random Access RNTI. Used for PRACH Response.
 C-RNTI : It stands for Cell RNTI. Used for the transmission to a specific UE after RACH.
 T-CRNTI : It stands for Temporary C-RNTI. Mainly used during RACH
 SPS-C-RNTI : It stands for Semi persistance Scheduling C-RNTI
 TPC-PUCCH-RNTI : It stands for Transmit Power Control-Physical Uplink Control Channel-
RNTI
 TPC-PUSCH-RNTI : It stands for Transmit Power Control-Physical Uplink Shared Channel-
RNTI
 M-RNTI : It stands for MBMS RNTI
 CC-RNTI : It stands for Common Control RNTI
 G-RNTI : It stands for Group RNTI
 SC-RNTI : It stands for Single Cell RNTI
 SL-RNTI : It stands for Sidelink RNTI
 SC-N-RNTI : It stands for Single Cell Notification RNTI
 eIMTA-RNTI : It stands for Enhanced Interference Management and Traffic Adaptation – RNTI

Overal LTE latching Sequence

i) UE is Off
ii) Power On UE
iii) < Frequency Search >
iv) < Timing Sync >
v) < Cell Search > : Normally a UE would find multiple cells in this process
vi) < Cell Selection >
vii) MIB decoding
viii) SIB deconding
ix) < Initial RACH Process >
x) < Registration/Authentication/Attach>
xi) < Default EPS Bearer Setup >
xii) Now UE is in IDLE Mode
xiii) <(If the current cell become weak or UE moves to another cell regisn) Cell Reselection>
xiv) <(When Paging message comes or User make a call) RACH Process>
xv) < Setup Dedicated EPS Bearer >
xv) Receive data
xvi) Transmit data
xvii)  (If UE power is percieved too weak by the network) Network send TPC command to increase UE
Tx Power
xviii) (If UE power is percieved too strong by the network) Network send TPC command to decrease UE
Tx Power
xix) < (If UE moves to another cell region) Network and UE perform Handover procedure >
xx) User stop call and UE gets into IDLE mode
 

EPS Bearer

 EPS Bearer spans across LTE Network From UE to PGW

 Every EPS Bearer created for an UE contains a ID for managing it across the network
 Every EPS Bearer is associated with a Quality Of Service Class Identifier (QCI)

 GBR(Guarantee bit rate): Guarantee delivery of packets on high priority

 NGBR(Non GBR): No guarantee delivery, priority can be late.
 ARP(Allocation Retention Priority):Used to set priority to reduce the congestion in the network.

How can we calculate LTE DL/UL throughput?

Lets’ assume we have 20 MHz channel bandwidth.

we need to calculate the resource elements in a subframe for this band i.e.
12subcarriers x 7 OFDMA symbols x 100 resource blocks x 2 slots= 16800 REs per subframe.
Assume we have 64 QAM modulation and no coding, one modulation symbol will carry 6 bits.
16800 modulation symbols x 6 bits / modulation symbol = 100800 bits.
So, the data rate is 100800 bits / 1 ms = 100.8 Mbps.

With 4×4 MIMO, the peak data rate goes up to 100.8 Mbps x 4 = 403 Mbps.
Estimate about 25% overhead e.g. PDCCH, reference signal, sync signals, PBCH, and some We get
403 Mbps x 0.75 = 302 Mbps.

What is Rank Indicator in MIMO?

In MIMO transmission we have CSI (Channel Status Indicator). CSI have 3 main indicators:
1. CQI (Chennel Quality Indicator),
2. PMI (Pre-coding Metrix Indicator),
3. RI (Rank Indicator).
RI have two values RI 1 means ue face bad radio condition, RI 2 means ue have good radio condition,
behalf of RI1 & RI2 enodeB decide which transmission mode should apply to transmitt a signal in ue
direction.

What is PCI? How to calculate PCI in LTE? Total PCI present in LTE?
Ans. PCI is the physical cell ID of a sectors on site or we can say pci is the name of a sector on a tower.
LTE networks provide a unique value for identifying eNb’s. The PCI value is generated from two signals
– PSS and SSS.
The PSS, Primary Synchronization Signal, has the value 0, 1, and 2.
The SSS, Secondary Synchronization Signal, can have a value between [0--167].
The PCI value is [(3x SSS)+(PSS)], resulting in a value between 0 and 503. Total 504 PCI values.

What is PCI Collision?

Ans. PCI collision means when same number of PCI is broadcasting by two different antenna than it
creates interference. This is called as PCI collision.

PRACH and RSI Planning

First step in the random access procedure is the transmission of a random access preamble › In each cell,
there are 64 preamble sequences available › UE randomly selected 1 of 64 PRACH sequences to transmit
on the PRACH. To avoid false call setup detection, each cell (with in a reuse distance) should have
different set of 64 preambles, otherwise transmitted preamble may be detected in multiple cells or
commonly known as “ghost PRACHs”.

The random access preambles are generated from Zadoff-Chu sequences with zero correlation zone,
generated from one or several root Zadoff-Chu sequences.
 There are 838 root Zadoff-Chu sequences available for preambles.
 The length of each root sequence is 839 (format 0 -3). One root sequence can generate several
preambles by cyclic shift.
 From 3GPP TS 36.211 a relation between the cell size, described by the parameter cellRange,
and the number of RACH root sequences needed for a cell (to complete 64 preambles) has been
derived, see Table below

If cell range = 9 km., #Root sequence needed to full fill 64 preambles is 6

What do mean by RSRP, RSRQ and RSSI in LTE? And what kind of information they carry?

RSRP- Reference signal received power Its a most basic parameter in LTE used to show the power of a
received signal, Range is =(-44 to -144)dBM . The formula of RSRP = (RSSI-10 log(12N)).

RSRQ-Refrence signal received quality its used to show the quality of signal, range is (-3 to 19.5)dBM.
The formula is RSRQ=[RSRP/(RSSI/N)]

RSSI-Refrence signal strength indicator its used to show the strength of the received signal and for better

strength used to less than -110. The formula is RSSI-RSRP*12N.

What is Alarm? And what kind of information they provide to RNO?

Alarm is nothing but its a reflection of faults occurring in any components of sites. Basically Alarm is
classified in two categories: (i)Major and (ii) Minor alarm.
There are few alarms and category:

What is Resource Block (RB)?

Resource Block is the smallest unit of Radio Resources allocated to user, it is 180Khz in freq Domain and
0.5ms in time domain. 1 Resource block is equivalent to 1 Time Slot. One resource block carry 12
subcarrier and each subcarrier BW in 15Khz. It also carry OFDMA symbol which is categorized in
normal (7 OFDMA symbols) and extended(6 OFDMA symbols) cyclic prefix.

What is OFDM symbol? How many symbol present in a subframe in Normal & Extended?

OFDM is a orthogonal freq division multiple access, Its a scheme or method for digital multi subcarrier
using many closely spaced subcarrier-previously modulated signal modulated into another signal of
higher freq and bandwidth. Each of the subcarrier contains number of parallel data stream grp bits of data
related to gross bit rate, which is expressed in bites/second. Sub-frame that tightly packed to help make
efficient use of spectrum. 1 OFDMA symbol sampling rate is 2048 and 66.7usec in sampling time.

Uses and Benefits: