FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT: CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

BELLVILLE CAMPUS

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING PRACTICE 2

Subject code: CIP200S

Report 2 - Extraction of Gold from Printed Circuit

Board Waste with Ammonium Thiosulphate

Name & Surname Kalala Muleya

Student Number 215086597

Supervisor: Mr.Romy Mboko

Due Date: 14th November 2019

 DECLARATION BY STUDENT

I, Kalala Muleya Oliviers declare that no part of this work has been:

 Copied by any means from any work produced by any other person(s).
 Produced by several students working together as a team.
 Previously submitted, wholly or in part, to any Higher Educational Institution for
credit purposes.

except where it is appropriately and duly acknowledged.

I understand that violation of any of the above will lead to a summary rejection of my
report.

………………………………………….. …………………………
Student’s name in full and signature …
Date

_________________________________________________________________________

DECLARATION BY RESPONSIBLE COMPANY MENTOR

The company warrants that this report is the student’s original work and has been read and
approved for submission by the designated company mentor.

……………………………… …………………………….
…… Name in full (Mentor) Signature

……………………………………
Date

i
 ASSESSMENT RECORD

% Mark
1. Executive Summary/Abstract 5
2. Introduction
 Background to the report (Literature Review, Introduction, 5

Objectives)
3. Technical Content
Material Balance 10
 Brief Introduction to task presented
Process flow sheets: BFD, PFD
 Basis for calculation defined, SI units consistently used
throughout balance
 Product specifications
 All assumptions clearly stated, deviation between theory and 10
practice explained, balance presented in a clear methodical
manner
Energy Balance
 Brief introduction to task presented
Process flow sheets: BFD, PFD
 Basis for calculation defined, SI units consistently used
5
throughout balance
 Product specifications
 All assumptions clearly stated, deviation between theory and
practice explained, balance presented in a clear methodical
manner 15
P&ID Control
 Brief introduction to task presented
P&ID System: Identify the various equipment
 Computer generated P&ID produced, all major streams and
equipment labelled/acceptable symbols and notations used
15
Evaluation of Heat Transfer operation of any unit operation
 Brief introduction to task presented
Process/plant flow sheet: BFD, PFD
 Choice of heat transfer equipment in application justified
 Calculations presented in a clear, methodical manner. SI

ii
 units consistently used
 All assumptions clearly stated and fully justified. Deviation
between actual and design fully discussed
Evaluation of Mass Transfer operation/separation unit
 Brief introduction to task presented
Process/plant flow sheet: BFD, PFD
 Choice of mass transfer equipment in application justified
 Calculations presented in a clear, methodical manner. SI
units consistently used
 All assumptions clearly stated and fully justified. Deviation
between actual and design fully discussed
4. Report lay-out and grammar 10

5. Reflective analysis (Technical and Life skills) 10

6. Conclusions and Recommendations 5

7. References 10

TOTAL 100

iii
Abstract
The production rate of newer technology is higher and almost impossible to stop or slow
down, every year newer electronics and electrics materials (cellphones, computers, etc.) are
produced and everyone want to be updated. But this production has its advantages mostly
economical and its disadvantages. Thus, the higher the rate of production, the higher the
electronic waste generation. To support and connect electronic components, all electronics
use printed circuit boards (PCBs). The PCBs contain a huge concentration of precious and
base metals compared to primary metal resources. The e-waste contains toxic substances,
which can affect human health both indirectly and directly. Therefore, the environment must
be protected by recycling and recovering the metals from e-waste with regard to resource
conservation.
Hydrometallurgy is the preferred method for the recovery of precious metals because of its
low production of gas and dust emissions, and low use of energy (Akcil et al., 2015) and it is
also known as a perfect process for high precious metal recovery. The recovery of gold was
regularly made by the cyanidation, it is an old leaching process for the recovery of the gold
and other valuable metals, but this process is very toxic and has been prohibited in some
countries. Various studies have been conducted recently to find some cyanide alternatives.
Different non-cyanides have been found, but for this investigation, the ammonium
thiosulphate had been chosen as the preferred cyanide alternatives.
The PCBs granules of ±2mm mm were leached in a 700 mL reactor in open atmosphere.
The recovery of gold has be done using copper then an alternative (nickel) has been
proposed at the same recovery condition and it was found More golds are extracted (almost
50% extraction) using nickel as a catalyst than copper (21%) at the same condition (room
temperature (25 degrees Celsius), 0.03M copper sulphate, 0.1M ammonium thiosulfate, pulp
density: 50 g/L, pH: 10.5, and at and stirring speed of 350 rpm in 6h duration) because of its
low consumption. The effect of different parameters such as copper sulphate concentration,
ammonium thiosulfate concentration, pH was also studied.

iv
Table of Contents
Abstract............................................................................................................................iv
List of abbreviations.........................................................................................................vii
List of Symbols................................................................................................................viii
List of tables......................................................................................................................3
List of figures.....................................................................................................................3
1 Introduction...............................................................................................................4
2 Theoretical content....................................................................................................6
2.1 Material and Energy balance...........................................................................................6
2.1.1 The use of balance...........................................................................................................................6
2.1.2 System..............................................................................................................................................7
2.2 Mass balance...................................................................................................................8
2.2.1 Permanent Material Balances..........................................................................................................8
2.2.2 A reactor...........................................................................................................................................8
2.2.3 Material balance result....................................................................................................................9
2.3 Energy balance...............................................................................................................10
2.3.1 Derivation of the Energy Balance:..................................................................................................11
2.3.2 Heat transfer..................................................................................................................................12
2.3.3 Activation energy...........................................................................................................................16
2.3.4 Heat of reaction.............................................................................................................................17
2.3.5 Rate of reaction..............................................................................................................................17
2.4 Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS).........................................................................18
3 TECHNICAL CONTENT................................................................................................19
3.1 Process description........................................................................................................19
3.1.1 Size Reduction Process...................................................................................................................19
3.1.2 Copper ATS Leaching Process with acid pre-treatment.................................................................20
3.1.3 AAS Process....................................................................................................................................22
3.1.4 Aqua Regia leaching(Anon, n.d.)....................................................................................................23
3.1.5 Block Flow Diagram........................................................................................................................24
3.1.6 Process Flow Diagram....................................................................................................................25
Size reduction...............................................................................................................................................25
Leaching........................................................................................................................................................25
Extraction......................................................................................................................................................25

4 Results and discussion................................................................................................4

4.1 Particle size distribution...................................................................................................4
4.2 Gold extraction................................................................................................................6
4.3 Effect of copper ion concentration...................................................................................8
4.4 Effect of ammonia concentration.....................................................................................8
4.5 Effect of leaching time.....................................................................................................8
4.6 The aqua regia.................................................................................................................8
5 Conclusion................................................................................................................10

v
6 References................................................................................................................11
APPENDICE A: Experimental Raw Data.............................................................................12
Particle Size Distribution............................................................................................................12
Aqua regia leaching....................................................................................................................12
Cu-ATS leaching..........................................................................................................................14
Ni-ATS leaching..........................................................................................................................15
APPENDICE B: Sample of calculation................................................................................18
APPENDICE B: Mathematical modelling of a batch reactor...............................................21

vi
List of abbreviations
AAS: Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy
ATS: Ammonia Thiosulphate
Au: Gold
BFD: Block Flow Diagram
CA: Actual concentration
CD: Diluted concentration
Cu: Copper
H2O2: Hydrogen peroxide
MSDS: Material Safety Data Sheet
ppm: Part per million
NaOH: Sodium hydroxide
Ni: Nickel
PCB: Printing circuit board
PFD: Process Flow Diagram
PI&D: Process Instrumentation Diagram
pH: Potential Hydrogen
WEE: Waste Electronic Equipment
PSD: Particle Size Distribution

vii
List of Symbols

Symbols Description Units

Wt Mass fraction %
Consumption %
M Molar mass g/mol
N Molarity mol
P Density g/L
Extraction %
M Mass kg

P Pressure Pa
Particle size μm
C Concentration ppm
T Time s
T Temperature K
V Volume m3

viii
List of tables
Table 1 metal content............................................................................................................. 8
Table 2: PSB on Frequency Basis........................................................................................12
Table 3: PSB Cumulative Basis............................................................................................12
Table 4: Metal content.......................................................................................................... 12
Table 5: Fixed factor............................................................................................................. 12
Table 6: Actual Copper concentration in ppm......................................................................13
Table 7: Actual gold concentration in ppm............................................................................13
Table 8: Dilute concentration in ppm....................................................................................13
Table 9: fixed factors............................................................................................................ 14
Table 10: titration (run and replicate)....................................................................................14
Table 11: Responses........................................................................................................... 15
Table 12: fixed factors.......................................................................................................... 15
Table 13: titration.................................................................................................................. 16
Table 14: Responses........................................................................................................... 17

List of figures
Figure 1 the top 10 countries that generate most e-waste in the world...................................4
Figure 2 Example of a system................................................................................................7
Figure 3 Conduction heat transfer........................................................................................12
Figure 4 Heat flow with convective boundaries: cylindrical wall............................................14
Figure 5: Grinding machine..................................................................................................19
Figure 6 copper ATS leaching..............................................................................................20
Figure 7: AAS set-up............................................................................................................ 22
Figure 8: Reaction process set - up......................................................................................23
Figure 9 overall BFD............................................................................................................ 24
Figure 10 overall PFB.............................................................................................................3
Figure 11 P&ID of a reactor....................................................................................................3
Figure 12 cumulative PSD......................................................................................................4
Figure 13 frequency PSD.......................................................................................................4
Figure 14 Cu-ATS leaching....................................................................................................6
Figure 15 Ni-ATS leaching.....................................................................................................6
Figure 16 batch reactor........................................................................................................ 21

3
1 Introduction
New technologies are going so fast that they cannot be stopped. If there is a time
when the world has made great progress in new technologies, it is the era of the
present generation. Progress is palpable at the high-tech level. Every day,
researchers make constant improvements and new research to improve the products
and services they offer, as well as to create new ones. Indeed, all that is possible
today was hardly possible a few years ago. People did not even know that it was
possible to imagine or even create all these things that exist today. Technology has
allowed so many innovations that if we were to list everything the list would go on
forever.
Because of the electronic equipment production, this led to the increase of electronic
waste (e-Waste) which invent more opportunities in the economic growth by
recycling of important metals that the waste contains and over 50 million metric tons
of e-waste is generated in the world per year, and China is on top of the list with 7.2
million tons per annum followed by the US with 6.3 million tons per annum.

Figure 1 the top 10 countries that generate most e-waste in the world
All electronics use printed circuit boards (PCBs) which contain a huge concentration of
precious and base metals to support and connect electronic components. The e-waste
contains toxic substances, which can affect human health both indirectly and
directly(Albertyn, 2017). E-waste is made up of a complex mixture of non-ferrous, plastic and
ferrous, ceramic materials. The Association of Plastics Manufacturers in Europe (APME)
specified that the main components of electronic and electric equipment are ferrous (38 %),

4
non-ferrous (28 %) and (19 %)plastic (Albertyn, 2017). the PCBs which are found in e-waste
form are composed 30% ceramics,30% plastics, 40% metals.
These materials can be environmentally unsafe. Therefore, the environment must be
protected by recycling e-waste which provides both economic and environmental benefits
because it contains valuable constituents and also recovering the metals from e-waste with
regard to resource conservation. To extract important metals from e-waste, two main
process are used, which are hydrometallurgy and pyro-metallurgy(Dong et al., 2017). the
pyro-metallurgical processes were used as a main treatment of e-waste, but due to the
emission of toxic gases and low recovery of metals, the hydrometallurgical processes were
taken with more consideration because it is easily controlled and better predictable.
The recovery of gold was regularly made by the cyanidation for many years, but because of
its toxicity, it has been prohibited in some countries. Thus, studies have been conducted
recently to find some cyanide alternatives such as thiourea, thiosulphate, etc. But it has been
proved that thiosulfate is the most used nowadays because it is more environmentally
friendly.
The recovery of gold from waste mobile PCB using ammonium thiosulfate is the aim of this
work. Various parameters and their effects such as copper sulphate concentration,
ammonium thiosulphate concentration, pH were also studied.

5
2 Theoretical content

2.1 Material and Energy balance

Engineering problems are intervening the principles of conservation of two physical
quantities: matter (or mass) and energy. Systematic reviews are essential for the calculation
of facilities, but also to inform the engineer or the technician on the correct operation of a
device (identification of a leak, verification of a diet permanent…). Balance may relate to the
entire system or relate to an element of the system; they can be global or relative to a given
constituent (Partial). In addition, the balances depend on the operating regime of the
process: permanent or transient(Lors, n.d.)

2.1.1 The use of balance

 Balance are used to calculate all the data for sizing an installation. To design an
installation, you must have:
 The dimensions of the reactor
 The capacities of the pumps
 The height and diameter of a column
 Establishing balances also serves to optimize an existing facility.
 Identify heat loss, optimize product use, check the correct operation of
the sensors.

Newton’s law is considered to be one of the laws of nature, so as the conservation of energy
and mass, it is also the law of nature. This law affirms that energy and mass cannot be
created or destroyed. The use of these laws of conservation in processes (chemical
processes in particular) leads to energy and material (mass) balances. These balances
( material and energy) are very important for process plants and engineering practice,
analysis and operation of the plants, process units, for design, and for economical and
inventory evaluation. Material and energy balances are often used as the major conditions
(constraints) in developing or establishing many design equations. In a word, material and
energy balances are the basic principles of chemical engineering and process
technology(Lors, n.d.)

6
2.1.2 System
To establish the balance of matter or energy, one must define and select the part of the
process to be studied that will be called system. So, by definition, a system is the matter
contained in a portion of space, delimited by a boundary which fixes its volume.

S1 S2 S3

Figure 2 Example of a system

 S1, S2, S3 are all systems
 S1+S2 is a system
 S2+S3 is a system
 The whole process is a system

2.1.2.1 Type of system

2.1.2.1.1 Discontinuous systems or closed systems

These are systems in which there is no exchange of material between the system and the
external environment during the operation. The masses are loaded before starting the
operation and are discharged when the device is stopped.
Example: batch distillation.

2.1.2.1.2 Continuous systems or open systems

These are systems in which there are flows of material entering and leaving the system
during the operation.
Example: mixing, stirring a dough continuously

2.1.2.1.3 Semi-continuous systems or semi-open systems

These are systems in which there is simultaneous entry and exit of material during the
operation and loading and unloading of masses at the beginning and at the end of the
operation
Example: Washing a gas in a column.
A system is characterized by two types of parameters:

7
  Extensive quantities, which are functions of the chosen system: mass, number of
moles, volume, flows, etc.
 Intensive quantities, independent of the choice of the system: density,
concentration, pressure, temperature, etc.

2.2 Mass balance

In 1777, Antoine Laurent Lavoisier enunciated the law that today bears his name in science
academy: "Nothing is lost, nothing is created, everything is transformed. " by Applying this
law to a system for a time t, this law is mathematically translated as follows:
Entry+Creation−Exit−destruction=Accumulation
The law of conservation of the material is written in different ways applied to an open or
closed or semi open system either in steady state or in transient regime. Moreover,
Lavoisier's law can be applied to a constituent or globally to all the constituents.

2.2.1 Permanent Material Balances

in steady state, there is no accumulation of matter. So, the term of accumulation is zero:
from where we will have:
Entry+Creation−Exit−destruction=0

2.2.1.1 Without a chemical reaction

In the absence of a chemical reaction, there is no creation or destruction of matter. So, the
previous relationship is simplified by canceling the terms Generation and Consumption and
becomes:
Entry−Exit=0
Entry=Exit
Therefore, the amount of material of the incoming and outgoing chemical species will be the
same, giving rise to an equation for each of the species in the system based on molar flow
rates or mass flow rates.

2.2.1.2 With a chemical reaction

In the presence of a chemical reaction, the law of conservation of mass is written in steady
state as follows:
Entry+Creation−Exit−destruction=0

2.2.2 A reactor
A reactor is any apparatus in which the transformation takes place chemical, meaning the
transformation of molecular species into other species molecular. A reactor is a system that

8
can be, like any other system for this investigation an open system (batch reactor) is used.
The batch reactor is perfectly mixed, usually in the liquid phase.:
 Open: when it can exchange matter and energy with the outside
environment.
 Closed: when it cannot exchange matter (exchange of energy remains
possible)
 Isolated: if it cannot exchange matter or energy with the outside
environment

2.2.3 Material balance result

Initial Final Accumulation

Component [g] [g] [g]
Copper 16.16 0.27 15.89
Gold 0.0183 0.00891 0.00939
PCB 35 19.06 15.94

The overall material balance was conducted on the Cu ATS leaching reactor the production
of metals used. The input amount of 35g of PCBs entered the system and 19.06g left the
system as product. Because the process is not operating under steady-state (batch
process) the input cannot be equal to the output.

9
2.3 Energy balance
The second property to be considered in the general balances on a control volume. The
same way the general mass balance had been obtained, the principle of the conservation of
energy are applied to a control volume fixed in space. The first law of thermodynamics is
then combined with the conservation of energy equation will then to produce the overall
energy-balance equation. The first law of thermodynamics can be written as:
∆ E=Q−W
The term "generated energy" is to be considered in the broad sense: energy produced or
consumed. It is the same for the term of accumulation (variation in the time of the energy in
the volume of control).
The generation term, may appear in the following cases:
 exothermic or endothermic chemical reactions,
 nuclear reactions - viscous dissipation
 Joule effect in an electrical resistance

10
2.3.1 Derivation of the Energy Balance:

Q̇+W S + ∑ E˙J¿=∑ E ˙jout

¿ out

The energy of a stream is made of made of potential, kinetic and internal energy

E J =u+ E K + E p
^2
V
E j=m j ( u^j + J +gz j)
2

Two types of work exist; shaft(WS) and flow work(WFL)

W =W S + W FL
W ¿ =P¿∗V ¿
W F =P¿ .V ¿ −Pout . V out
W FL=∑ m j . P j . V
^J −∑ m j . P j .^
VJ
¿ out
^2
+V ^2
+V
J J
Q+W S + ∑ m j ( u^j + P j V
^J ¿ + gz j )=∑ m j ( u^j + P j V
^J ¿ + gz j )¿ ¿
¿ 2 out 2

H=u+ PV

+ V^2J ^2
+V J
Q+W S + ∑ m j (H J ¿ + gz j )=∑ m j (H j ¿ + gz j) ¿ ¿
¿ 2 out 2
For an open system the equation becomes

∆ H + ∆ EK +∆ E P=Q+W S
For a batch system
^2
V J
; gz j ; P j V
^J =0(because no flow∈¿ out during the process)
2

∆ u=Q+W S

11
2.3.2 Heat transfer
There is heat transfer between two points where different temperatures prevail: the transfer
always takes place from the highest temperature to the lowest temperature. The difference
in temperature is the driving force of heat transfer. There are three types of heat transfer:

2.3.2.1 Conduction:
Conduction is the propagation of heat from molecules to molecules (or from atoms to atoms
or ions to ions) in a body or in several contiguous bodies without there being any movement
of this medium.

Figure 3 Conduction heat transfer

Jean-Baptiste Joseph Fourier (1768-1830) proposes in 1822 the law of conduction now
known as Fourier's law. This relationship indicates that the heat flux is proportional to the
temperature gradient and is in the direction of decreasing temperatures. In the case of
unidirectional conduction along the x-axis, Fourier's law is written:
qx dT
=−k
A dx
Where:
q x is the heat-transfer rate in the x direction in watts (W)
A is the cross-sectional area normal to the direction of flow of heat in m2
k is the thermal conductivity in W/m. K
T is temperature in K
x is distance in m
The minus sign indicates that heat transfer is in the direction of decreasing temperatures

12
2.3.2.2 Convection:
Convection is the propagation of heat in a moving fluid. The heat transfer is affected by the
combined action of the conduction within the fluid and the movement of the fluid. The
conduction therefore intervenes in the convection, but the movement of the fluid leads to
different laws of a phenomenon of conduction without displacement of matter.
Forced convection is when the movement of the fluid is affected by external forces (pump,
fan, agitator) and natural convection when the movement is under the influence of
differences in density due to differences in within the fluid.
On a surface, the global phenomenon of heat transfer is expressed in a practical way by
Newton's cooling law:
q=hA (T s−T o )
Where:
T S is the temperature of the solid surface in K
T O is the average or bulk temperature of the fluid flowing by in K
h is the convective heat-transfer coefficient in W 1m2. K
Here are some examples of situations with convection heat transfer: heat exchanger, hair
dryer, fan, .... when you blow on your coffee to cool it!

2.3.2.3 Radiation:
Radiation is the emission by a body of electromagnetic waves that are the vectors of this
heat transfer. The waves are emitted in all directions and belong to the field of infra-red and
visible. No material support is needed for their propagation.
It is a type of heat transfer that is familiar to us: winter in front of a good fire or summer on
the beach in the sun. The heat passes from a body at high temperature to a body at low
temperature in the form of electromagnetic radiation (photon); the two bodies must be in a
transparent medium (like air or emptiness).
The maximum flux density emitted by a surface is given by Stephan-Boltzmann’s law:
q max =σ T 4S
where the Stephan-Boltzmann constant (σ) is 5.669 10-8 W / (m2.K4)
The maximum flux is obtained for an ideal surface (black body). However, the real surfaces
(gray body) have a certain emissivity (ε) that reduces the flux emitted by the surface:
q real=ε σ T 4S
In the case where this surface is surrounded by another surface at a temperature (T ENV), the
net heat exchange is then:
q net =ε σ (T 4S −T 4ENV )

13
2.3.2.4 The overall heat-transfer coefficient
An overall heat transfer coefficient is used to combine together the effects of convection and
conduction. Consider a pipe with an inside diameter ri and the outside ro, the fluid flows
inside the pipe with a bulk temperature of Ti and t& for the outside bulk temperature of air.
This pipe is made of K material. he convective heat transfer coefficients for the inside and
outside are respectively hi and ho.

A
Ti

ri
Tь

ro
hi

ho

Figure 4 Heat flow with convective boundaries: cylindrical wall

The rate of a transfer process equals the driving force over the resistance, the approach of
thermal resistance value is used to obtain the overall heat transfer coefficient U expression.
It can be written as:
T i−T ∞
q=
Rt
Rt is the sum of different thermal resistances.
Rt =Rtinside conv + Rt cond + Rt outside conv
1
Rt inside conv =
hi A i
1
Rt outdeconv =
ho A o
ro
Rt cond=ln /2 πLk
ri
T i−T ∞
q=
1 r 1
+ln o /2 πLk+
h i Ai ri ho A o
Using the equation bellow to obtain the U expression,
q=U i A i (T i−T ∞)=U o A o (T i−T ∞ )
Based on the inside diameter:

14
 1 1 ro 1
= + ln /2 πLk +
U i A i hi A i ri ho A o

15
the tank volume is 700ml which is 0.0007m3
Assumption:
Ao =0.0343 m 2
hi =1200 w/m 2 . K
h o=22 w/m2 . K
k glass=0.75 w/m. K
L
=1,3¿ the standard tank configuration
D
D 2 L D3
v= +
4 24
1.3 π D 3 π D 3
0.0007= +
4 24
0.0007=1.152 D3
D=0.0847 m
L=0.11 m Ai=π D i∗L
Ai=0,0847 π∗0.11

Ai=0.0293 m2
27−21
q=
1 0,01715 1
+ ln /2 π∗0.11∗0.75+
( 1200∗0.0293 ) 0.01465 22∗0.0343
q=3.62 W
For a batch reactor

∆ u=Q+W S

Ws is zero because there is no pump thus:

∆ u=Q

∆ u=3.62 w

The result above proved the first law of thermodynamic.

16
2.3.3 Activation energy
Different relationships have been proposed to explain the temperature dependence of the
constant of speed of a reaction. The expression generally used is the relation established by
Arrhenius in 1889. Arrhenius, a Swedish chemist, has collected large amounts of numerical
data concerning the behavior of many chemical reactions depending on the temperature, to
obtain this relationship. This relationship was confirmed around 1935 as a result of
development in theoretical chemistry, it is why this law is often called the semi-empirical law
of Arrhenius:
d lnK E a
= 2
dT RT
Ea. denotes the molar activation energy; it corresponds (in a simplified way) to the energy to
be supplied to the system for the reaction to take place. It is of the order of a few tens of
kJ.mol-1. On an interval temperature below 100K, it can be considered that the activation
energy is constant. By therefore, the law of Arrhenius can be written in the following
integrated form:
K= Ae−E / RT
a

A is the preexponential factor, homogeneous to a speed constant, it takes into account the
frequency of collisions and steric effects

Activation energy E calculation

Assumption
K 2 at 27 C ( 300 K )=0.00061 S−1
T 1=25 C(298 K )
K= A .e− E / RT
K 2 −E 1 1
ln ( ) (
K1
= −
R T2 T1 )
Rate=K [ A ]
1,538.10−5 =0.03 K
K 1=1,538.10−5 /0.03
K 1=5,13.10−4 S−1
K2

Ea =
−R . ln
K1 ( )
1 1
−
T2 T1

17
 0.00061
Ea =
−8.3145∗ln ( 0.000513 )
1 1
−
300 298
Ea =64365 j/mol
Ea =64,4 kj/mol

2.3.4 Heat of reaction

Heat of reaction is the total amount of energy released or absorbed during the chemical
reaction. This heat is the sum of the energy released/absorbed by the products minus the
sum of the energy released/absorbed by the reactants.
∆ H rx ( T )=H B (T )−H A ( T )=mcp ∆ T
∆ H rx =51.1783∗4.186∗( 27−21 )
∆ H rx =1285. 4 J
∆ H rx =0. 05951 W

2.3.5 Rate of reaction

To know how fast the reaction was the rate of reaction had to be calculated, by definition it is
simply the speed at which the chemical reaction proceeds and it is expressed molar per
second.
Consider the following equation
dT
( N A . Cp A + N B .CpB ) dt =∆ H rx . r A V +Q
r A V is therate of reaction
∆ [C ]
By definition the rate of reationis
∆t
The actual copper at 20min and 60min are respectively 17905ppm (0.358M) and
19750 (0,395M)

0,395−0,358
R x=
3600−1200
R X =1.538∗10−5 M /s

18
 dT
Cp ( N A + N B ) =∆ H rx . r A V +Q
dt
dT
4.186 ( 0,46184 +0,000524 ) = ( 0.05951∗0.00001538 ) +3.62
dt
dT
1.9355 =3.62
dt
dT
=1.87
dt

2.4 Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS)

Absorption or emission spectroscopy is probably the oldest analytical method used in the
world. It includes two quantitative analysis methods that can be used to measure
environmental concentrations of 70 elements (metals, metalloids and non-metals). The
principle behind these methods of analysis depends on how it is transformed into free atom
analysis (atomization). Molecules are turned or vibrated, in this case only, electronic
transitions take place when the energy is absorbed. Because the transitions are quantized,
on a spectrum of lines and elements detected by optical or mass spectrometry. This
technique is based on the absorption of monochromatic radiation. Atoms in the ground state
absorbing the energy in a long time of a product in a text evaluated in a source. This source
of product is intense electromagnetic radiation with a length similar to that absorbed by
atoms. The sensitivity of this technique is proportional to the number of atoms in the ground
state. The basic components of an atomic absorption instrument are in the following figure.

19
3 TECHNICAL CONTENT

3.1 Process description

3.1.1 Size Reduction Process

3.1.1.1 Apparatus and others materials used

 PCBs
 Stop watch
 Weighing balance
 Sieves (ranging from 3000-500µm)
 A crusher and a cover
 Sieve shaker

Figure 5: Grinding machine

3.1.1.2 Experimental procedure

The cell phones are collected and disassembled using screwdrivers and others tools to
removed unwanted components (batteries and covers), then the PCBs are collected from
the cell phones (unwanted components are also removed from PCBs). These unwanted
components are impurities which can slow the size reduction process. The size reduction
process is also divided in 3 parts. The PCBs are first reduced to 1cm 2 granules, then they
are crushed using a hammer mill to ≤ 2mm, finally the sieving part. All granules ≥ 2mm are
crushed recycled for them to have a required size, which will be used for the leaching
process.

20
3.1.2 Copper ATS Leaching Process with acid pre-treatment

Figure 6 copper ATS leaching

3.1.2.1 Experimental procedure

Copper ATS leaching

- 300ml were measured and poured into the reactor; the stirrer was switched on and
run at a speed of 350rev/min, a vortex was noticed because of the high speed and
also because of the reactor which was not baffled.
- 28g of PCBs powder were weighed and poured into the same reactor, and the speed
was adjusted to 369rev/min. after the PCBs were well mixed with the water in the
reactor, 5.24g of Cu2+ were added into the solution at the same speed.
- Then 21.8ml of NH4OH were added, precipitation and color changed was noticed, the
color changed from dark green to dark blue, then 10.37g of ammonium thiosulphate
were added to the same solution. Finally, 300ml of water were added to feel the
reactor at 700ml.
- According to the literature, there is a reasonable recovery of gold at P H of 10.5, so
the PH meter was set a 10.5. 30ml more of 20ml of NaOH were added to the solution
to increasing the PH until 10.48 because it was very low.
- The process runs for 4 hours but to stabilize the PH, 1ml of NaOH had been adding
to the solution after every 30min

Titration
1. An initial volume V1 was recorded from the reactor
2. The pH was adjusted on range the of [7 to 7.5]

21
3. A new volume V2 was recorded afterward
4. This volume was place in a burette, and a new volume VT0 was recorded
5. 5mL of iodine plus 2mL of starch solution and 2 mL of acetate were added in the
beaker
6. A final volume VTF was recorded after titration. Noted that a colour changed, go from
a dark brown to white milk solution
7. Then the difference between the titration volume L2 was calculated
8. ATS was calculated with all the data recorded

22
3.1.3 AAS Process

1.1.1.1 Apparatus and others materials used

Figure 7: AAS set-up

3.1.3.1 Safety Precaution

all samples must be diluted before testing the actual concentration in the AAS
because of acetylene toxicity the gas must be closed after the usage
when once the application is on the green light have to appear

3.1.3.2 Experimental procedure(Anon, n.d.)

1. The compressor air valves and acetylene were opened

2. After The metal lamp connection in the unit, the computer was switch on and the
application AA win lab analyst also
3. The charge of the desired metal was check above 30
4. The method was selected
5. Standard concentrations were adjusted to the one desired
6. Acetylene and compressor air were respectively adjusted to 0.8 L/min and 8L/ min in
the flame control
7. A blank solution was analysed with ionised water
8. The standards were analysed for all the concentration wanted
9. Then all the diluted samples were analysed
10. All data were recorded on the printing paper

23
3.1.4 Aqua Regia leaching(Anon, n.d.)

3.1.4.1 Apparatus and materials used

 Two tank reactors

 Two continuous stirred tank reactor
 Experiment Chemicals
 A Water bath

Figure 8: Reaction process set - up

3.1.4.2 Safety Precaution

Make sure to run inside a fume hood
With the addition of the PCB’s the colour of the solution changed to green

3.1.4.3 Experimental procedure

1. Sulphuric acid was poured inside four beakers afterwards nitric acid was added.
2. The four beakers were placed inside a water bath at initially 29 0C, after a while
the solution was fuming red, aqua solution was made;
3. Approximately 5 grams of PCBs powder was added to the mixture
4. . After a while samples were taken every 20 minutes for 2 hours.
5. Samples were filtered

24
3.1.5 Block Flow Diagram

PCBs are collected from more than 50 broken cellphones. Then they are disassembly by
removing all unwanted components. After disassembling them, they are reduced to the
required size for the gold leaching process and finally gold is extracted using the resin
absorption technique. Gold is dissolved by the reagent and then removed from a stirred tank
reactor. It is then extracted from the pregnant leach solution by adsorption on resins.

Size reduction
recovery
Resins loaded

Component disassembly

leaching

PCBs

Figure 9 overall BFD

25
3.1.6 Process Flow Diagram
Figure 12 showed the overall process in details. It can be divided in 3 process which are:
size reduction, leaching and extraction.

Size reduction
The cell phones are collected and disassembled using screwdrivers and others tools to
removed unwanted components(batteries and covers), then the PCBs are collected from the
cell phones(unwanted components are also removed from PCBs). These unwanted
components are impurities which can slow the size reduction process. The size reduction
process is also divided in 3 parts the PCBs are first reduced to 1cm2 granules, then they are
crushed using a hammer mill to ≤ 2mm, finally the sieving part. All granules ≥ 2mm are
crushed recycled for them to have a required size, which will be used for the leaching
process.

Leaching
This process is conducted under 25 degrees by using a water bath. pH solution is control
using a pH meter. The solution mixed contains: Copper thiosulphate, ammonium hydroxide,
sodium hydroxide, deionized water and ammonium thiosulphate. The stirrer is running at a
speed of 700rpm and the tank is not baffled, after 4h run, the PCBS slurry fed through the
second rector by passing through a filter where the extraction begins using resin adsorption.

Extraction
the clarified liquor solution fed into the adsorption tank containing resins granules which
absorb the gold and the copper. The parameters are again controlled in this section. This
process removes more gold that the other metals.

26
 -heat sinks
-Capacitors
Collection of -Piezo buzzers
broken cellphones -other metals
Cellphones PCBs Component
disassembly disassembly

PCBs granules •
-Batteries 2mm
-covers

Primary size PCBs granules

reduction
(cutting)
Secondary size
reduction (hammer mill
crusher) PCBs
sieving granules
” 2mm

-NaOH
-Copper thiosulphate
Water at -Amonium hydroxide
25 degree -Amonium thiosulphate
stirrer stirrer

T
Pregnant leach Clear Pregnant Loaded
filter
liquor leach liquor resins

water Water at 25 degrees

waterbath

Water at 25 degree Solid

waste

Figure 10 overall PFB

3
3.1.7 piping and instrumentation diagram
A piping and instrumentation diagram gives a close view on the system which is used for the
process. Based on the reactor used, the temperature and pH meter of the reaction were
placed in the reactor to control the system. Water was flowing from The cooler, which is the
water bath, to the jacket and back in the cooler. The temperature of the cooler was set at 30
degrees Celsius, the pH had to be maintained at 10.5 and the inside temperature at
27degrees Celsius.

-NaOH
-Copper thiosulphate
-Amonium hydroxide pH TI
-Amonium thiosulphate

TI

Water bath WATER

Figure 11 P&ID of a reactor

3
4 Results and discussion

4.1 Particle size distribution

Cummulati ve PSD
1.00

0.80
Mass Fraction

0.60

0.40

0.20

0.00
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
Particle Size (μm)

Figure 12 cumulative PSD

Frequency PSD
0.60

0.40
Mass Fraction

0.20

0.00
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
Particle Size (μm)

Figure 13 frequency PSD

4
Sieve analysis is used for this investigation as the particle size method, which covers a wide
range of sizes. The sieves were arranged in a way that the sieve with a larger opening size
were placed above the ones having smaller sizes. Therefore the sieve with a diameter of
3000µm was placed at the top followed by 1700µm, 1000µm accordingly.
Frequency particle size distribution curve shows that the mass percentages of the sand
particles of size is initially 0% at 0µm, the mass percentages increases from 0µm until the
peak of approximately 50% at 500µm. this shows that most sand particles and granules
before milling are at or below 500µm. Then the mass percentages decrease with an
increase in particle from 500 to 1700 µm. then there is a small increase in in mass fraction,
this just shows the type of equipment used which is Retsch KG hammer mill crusher.
Frequency particle size distribution curve represents the relative amount at or below
particular size. 50% of the mass fraction is below 520µm and 60% of the amount of particles
is at 560µm.

5
4.2 Gold extraction

Cu-ATS
25.00

20.00
gold extraction (%)

15.00

10.00

5.00

0.00
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

time (mn)

Figure 14 Cu-ATS leaching

Ni-ATS
50.00

45.00

40.00

35.00
gold extraction (%)

30.00

25.00

20.00

15.00

10.00

5.00

0.00
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

time (mn)

Figure 15 Ni-ATS leaching

6
Copper is a good catalyst in gold leaching, but it has a higher thiosulphate consumption
which affect the gold price. Nickel has been studied for the last past years and it was found
that nickel is a perfect alternative catalyst for copper in gold leaching. It has been proved that
thiosulfate consumption was evidently lower during nickel-catalysed leaching than that of
copper catalysed leaching, and the gold and silver extractions with the nickel catalysis were
also comparable (Dong et al., 2017)

Thiosulfate consumption is high because thiosulfate itself is metastable and easily oxidized
by Cu(II), which is a catalyst for gold leaching and, furthermore, certain associated minerals
can accelerate the oxidation; the recovery of dissolved gold in pregnant leach solution is

difficult because of the low affinity of activated carbon for [Au(S 2O3)2]3−, the complex

composition of the solution, and the interference of [Cu(S2O3)3]5−. the replacement of

traditional cupric-ammonia catalysis with other metals, such as nickel- and cobalt-based
catalysts is the most optimal approach, because it not only reduces thiosulfate consumption
observably by decreasing the redox potential of the leach solution significantly, but also

eliminates the interference of [Cu(S2O3)3]5− for gold recovery from pregnant thiosulfate

solution.(Dong et al., 2017)

Fig 14 and fig 15 show the extraction of gold using copper and nickel both at the same
condition (pulp density of 50g/l; ammonia thiosulfate concentration of 0.1M; ammonia
concentration of 0,3M; 25 degrees Celsius temperature; pH of 10,5; speed of 350rpm; for 6
hours). The results has proved that the extraction of gold is higher using nickel as a catalyst,
than copper. However, using copper the recovery of gold is more is more stable, because of
the presence of Ammonia is which modify the pH and stabilize the catalyst of cupric ion.

The highest recovery percentage of gold using copper was found to be 20,82% and for the
consumption 248,1 kg/t-PCB for the run and 132,7 kg/t-PCB. Then using Nickel catalyst the
highest recovery percentage of gold using copper was found to be 44,22% and for the
consumption 54,5 kg/t-PCB for the run and 54.9 kg/t-PCB. It is clear that the choice of a
catalyst has a serious effect on the gold recovery. The higher the consumption, the less the
recovery of gold.

7
4.3 Effect of copper ion concentration
Has a very important role in thiosulphate leaching. The gold leaching rate is very low without
copper ion, the rate is increased with increase in copper concentration, it is difficult for the
leaching rate of gold to increase if the concentration of copper ion is out of the range, the
decreases of gold leaching rate can also be cause by the oxidation of thiosulfates by copper
ions. Copper is used as a catalyst in gold leaching and ammonium thiosulfate consumption.
Thus, the concentration of copper ion is controlled to prevent the use of ammonium
thiosulphate, 0.03 mol/l is the preferable coper ion concentration.

4.4 Effect of ammonia concentration

The adding of ammonia is very important in leaching process. Cu ¿ is formed by increasing
of ammonia concentration, copper ion speeds up the reaction according to the literature, but
hydroxide ion which avert the gold cessation increase at high ammonia concentration. High
ammonia concentrations decrease of Cu ¿ concentration which reduces catalytic
ability(Kasper & Veit, 2018)

4.5 Effect of leaching time

The gold leaching rate increase with an increase in time but as the leaching process once
reach the maximum time the leaching process must be stop because extra time does not
improve the leaching rate of gold, it increases the use of thiosulphate and affects the price of
leaching

4.6 The aqua regia

Table 1 metal content
Metal Content
Metal Range Average Units
43.53 - 48.07 46,18 wt%
Cu
453.3 - 480.7 461,8 kg/ton-PCB
0.0456 - 0.0607 0,0524 wt%
Au
456 – 607 524 g/ton-PCB

under the fixed factor conditions ((pulp density of 50g/l; 5g mass of solids; 25degrees
Celsius temperature;100ml reaction volume; for 24 hours). Copper (Cu) and Gold (Au)
,which are the main metals, were tested in the experiment and the initial mass fraction of the
base metals were found. To find the average only the maximum and the minimum
concentration of the metals were needed

8
As expected from the literature review, the highest concentration was found to be the
Copper(46,18) was found to have the highest concentration compare to gold(0,0524wt%), as
stated in the literature, on a rage of 43,53wt% to 48,07wt% for copper and 0,0456wt% to
0,0607wt%. A PCB contains high amounts of precious metals, about 20 % copper, 0.04 %
gold (Xia, 2008)

9
5 Conclusion
After this investigation, it can be concluded that ammonium thiosulphate is a favourable
alternative to cyanide because of its friendship with the environment. Gold can be extracted
from this method effectively using the thiosulphate method from printed circuit boards.
Different parameters such as thiosulfate concentration, ammonia concentration, copper ion
concentration and reaction time can affect the thiosulphate leaching. Copper ions and
ammonia have a very important role of catalysts during the thiosulfate leaching process. But
they also have a big disadvantage of consumption, using copper as a catalyst it leads to a
high consumption and low gold recovery, an alternative such Nickel has been used and a
high recovery of gold has been noticed with a small consumption.
The metal contents were found using the aqua regia process and it was noticed that in PCB,
there is a high concentration of copper(46,18wt%) than gold(0.0524wt%).

10
6 References

Akcil, A., Erust, C., Sekhar, C., Ozgun, M., Sahin, M. & Tuncuk, A. 2015. Precious metal recovery
from waste printed circuit boards using cyanide and non-cyanide lixiviants – A review. Waste
Management, 45: 258–271. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2015.01.017.
Albertyn, P.W. 2017. LEACHING OF GOLD FROM by. , (March).
Anon. Jacky Mouyecket - IST Report 2.
Dong, Z., Jiang, T., Xu, B., Yang, Y. & Li, Q. 2017. Recovery of Gold from Pregnant Thiosulfate
Solutions by the Resin Adsorption Technique. Metals, 7(12): 555.
Kasper, A.C. & Veit, H.M. 2018. Gold recovery from printed circuit boards of mobile phones scraps
using a leaching solution alternative to cyanide. Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering,
35(3): 931–942.
Lors, E. Réaction chimique et bilan de matière. , 3: 3–6.
Xia, C. 2008. Associated Sulfide Minerals in Thiosulfate Leaching of Gold : Problems and
Solutions. , (September).

11
APPENDICE A: Experimental Raw Data

Particle Size Distribution

Table 2: PSB on Frequency Basis

Particle Size Frequency
Mass (g)
(μm) Mass Fraction
500 405,28 0,49
500-1000 152,18 0,18
1000-1700 77,87 0,09
1700-3000 192,99 0,23

Table 3: PSB Cumulative Basis

Particle Size Frequency
Cumulative Mass Fraction
(μm) Mass Fraction
0 0 0
500 0,49 0,49
1000 0,67 0,18
1700 0,77 0,09
3000 1,00 0,23

Table 4: Metal content

Metal Content
Metal Range Average units
43.53 - 48.07 46,18 wt%
Cu
453.3 - 480.7 461,8 kg/ton-PCB
0.0456 - 0.0607 0,0524 wt%
Au
456 – 607 524 g/ton-PCB

Aqua regia leaching

Table 5: Fixed factor

Pulp density Particle Solids Mass Reaction

Temp (°C) Time (h) rpm
(g/L) Size (µm) (g) Vol (mL)

50 - 60 24 - 5 100

12
Table 6: Actual Copper concentration in ppm
Time
            Time (h)
  (min)
Run 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 24h
1 0 17905 19745 19750 19680 20360 20810 24035
2 0 19690 19990 19735 20870 21260 22230 23035
3 0 18855 19805 19650 21280 22365 22420 22935
4 0 20510 20310 21040 21675 21500 23215 23690
5 0 20500 20220 22320 22990 23075 23685 21765

Table 7: Actual gold concentration in ppm

Time
            Time (h)
  (min)
Run 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 24h
1 0,00 17,35 19,14 20,00 21,27 21,94 23,49 30,35
2 0,00 20,71 20,48 20,54 21,64 21,87 24,38 22,82
3 0,00 15,43 16,62 17,44 17,61 19,33 18,77 26,68
4 0,00 16,27 18,21 18,77 20,07 19,87 21,96 23,62
5 0,00 18,77 19,44 21,77 22,33 22,26 23,26 27,48

Table 8: Dilute concentration in ppm

Response 1: Cu Concentration (ppm) - Dilute
  Time (min)             Time (h)
Run 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 24h
1 0 358,1 394,9 395 393,6 407,2 416,2 480,7
2 0 393,8 399,8 394,7 417,4 425,2 444,6 460,7
3 0 377,1 396,1 393 425,6 447,3 448,4 458,7
4 0 410,2 406,2 420,8 433,5 430 464,3 473,8
5 0 410 404,4 446,4 459,8 461,5 473,7 435,3
T0 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7
Response 2: Au Concentration (ppm) – Dilute
  Time (min)             Time (h)
Run 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 24h
1 0 0,347 0,383 0,400 0,425 0,439 0,470 0,607
2 0 0,414 0,410 0,411 0,433 0,437 0,488 0,456
3 0 0,309 0,332 0,349 0,352 0,387 0,375 0,534
4 0 0,325 0,364 0,375 0,401 0,397 0,439 0,472
5 0 0,375 0,389 0,435 0,447 0,445 0,465 0,550

13
Cu-ATS leaching
Table 9: fixed factors
Particle
Pulp density NH3 Temp
Size ATS (M) Cu2+ pH Time (h) Rpm
(g/L) (M) (°C)
(µm)
50 500 0,1 0,2 0,03 25 10,5 6 350

Reactio Cu Au  
Solids
n Vol Mass Mass
Mass (g)
(mL) (g) (g)  
Run 35 700 16,16 0,0183  
Duplicate 35 700 16,16 0,0183  

Table 10: titration (run and replicate)

Run R2: ATS Consumption
L2
Time (min) V1 (mL) V2 (mL) Vto (mL) Vtf (mL) ATS (M) %
(mL) kg/t-PCB
0 - - - - - - 0 0
60 14 16 41,3 50,6 9,3 0,061 38,56 114,3
120 13,5 15 43,5 54,6 11,1 0,050 49,95 148,1
180 22,5 25,5 33,1 41,8 8,7 0,065 34,87 103,3
240 18 20,3 38 46 8 0,070 29,51 87,5
300 19,5 22 37,2 45,1 7,9 0,071 28,59 84,8
360 19 21,5 38,7 47 8,3 0,068 31,83 94,4

Replicate R2: ATS Consumption

L2
Time (min) V1 (mL) V2 (mL) Vto (mL) Vtf (mL) ATS (M) %
(mL) kg/t-PCB
0 - - - - - - 0 0
60 14 15,5 41,7 51 9,3 0,060 40,48 120,0
120 13 14,5 42,9 53 10,1 0,055 44,78 132,7
180 21 23,5 34,7 43,7 9 0,062 37,83 112,1
240 21 23,5 35,7 44,1 8,4 0,067 33,39 99,0
300 20 22 37 45 8 0,069 31,25 92,6
360 20 22 36,7 44,5 7,8 0,071 29,49 87,4

14
Table 11: Responses
Response 1: Au Extraction
Time (min) 0 60 120 180 240 300 360
Run 0,00 16,50 16,67 16,12 16,38 18,92 20,14
Dup 0,00 18,03 16,32 17,04 18,38 18,30 21,51
Mean 0,00 17,26 16,50 16,58 17,38 18,61 20,82
Std Dev 0,00 1,08 0,25 0,65 1,41 0,44 0,97

Response 1: Au Concentration (ppm) - Actual

Time (min) 0 60 120 180 240 300 360
Run 0 4,321 4,367 4,223 4,291 4,956 5,274
Dup 0 4,722 4,275 4,462 4,814 4,793 5,633
Mean              

Ni-ATS leaching

Table 12: fixed factors

Particle
Pulp density NH3 Temp
Size ATS (M) Ni2+ pH Time (h) rpm
(g/L) (M) (°C)
(µm)
50 500 0,1 0,2 0,03 25 10,5 6 350

Solids Reactio Cu Au  
Mass n Vol Mass Mass
(g) (mL) (g) (g)  
Run 35 700 16,16 0,0183  
Duplicate 35 700 16,16 0,0183  

15
Table 13: titration
Run R2: ATS Consumption
V1 V2 Vto Vtf L2 ATS
Time (min) %
(mL) (mL) (mL) (mL) (mL) (M) kg/t-PCB
0 - - - - - - 0 0
60 19 21,2 37,8 44,2 6,4 0,087 12,83 38,0
120 20 22,2 37,4 44,2 6,8 0,082 18,38 54,5
180 18,5 20,7 38,6 45 6,4 0,087 12,58 37,3
240 18,5 20,7 38,6 45,3 6,7 0,084 16,50 48,9
300 19 21,1 38,4 44,8 6,4 0,087 13,24 39,2
360 18,5 20,6 38,2 44,8 6,6 0,084 15,64 46,4

Replicate R2: ATS Consumption

V1 V2 Vto Vtf L2 ATS
Time (min) %
(mL) (mL) (mL) (mL) (mL) (M) kg/t-PCB
0 - - - - - - 0 0
60 18,5 20,7 38,5 45 6,5 0,086 13,93 41,3
120 9 10,5 48,6 55,3 6,7 0,087 12,94 38,3
180 18,5 20,6 46,7 52,8 6,1 0,091 8,73 25,9
240 18,5 20,5 38,8 45 6,2 0,089 10,64 31,5
300 18,5 20,2 38,1 44,8 6,7 0,081 18,52 54,9
360 18,5 20,2 44,9 51,3 6,4 0,085 14,70 43,6

16
Table 14: Responses
Response 1: Au Extraction (%)
Time (min) 0 60 120 180 240 300 360
Run 0,00 31,57 29,62 17,39 22,34 48,95 41,05
Dup 0,00 25,02 24,49 18,81 24,83 44,83 44,22
Mean 0,00 28,29 27,05 18,10 23,59 46,89 42,63
Std Dev 0,00 4,63 3,63 1,01 1,76 2,92 2,24

Response 1: Au Concentration (ppm) - Actual

Time (min) 0 60 120 180 240 300 360
Run 0 8,267 7,758 4,554 5,852 12,82 10,75
Dup 0 6,552 6,413 4,927 6,504 11,74 11,58
Mean              

17
APPENDICE B: Sample of calculation
Size Reduction
 Total mass mT = m1(<500um) + m2(500um - 1000um) + m3(1000um - 1700um) +
m4(>1700um)
Total mass mt = 405.28g +152.18g +77.87g +192.99g
Total mass mt = 828.32g

 Mass fraction = m1 /mt * 100

 Mass fraction = 405.28g/828.32g *100
 Mass fraction = 48.93%

Aqua Regia leaching

Consider time t1=20minutes on the run 1

 Actual Concentration of Copper (CA)

CA = pulp density * Diluted Copper Conc
CA= 50 * 358,1ppm
CA = 17905 ppm

 Metal Content in concentration (ppm)

Min= the min. Copper Conc =21765ppm
Max= the maximum Copper Conc. = 24035ppm
Aver = (Min +Max)/2= (21765+24035)/2=23092ppm

 Metal Content in mass fraction (wt %)

Mass fraction= ((Min * Volume)/1000)/ (mass of solid *1000)) *100
%= ((21765ppm*100ml)/1000)/(5g*1000) *100
%=43.53
Average = (Min +Max)/2= (48.070+43.53)/2=46.184%

18
  Initial thiosulphate concentration

volume=0,7 l

148.95 g
Molar mass ATS=
mol

m=n∗Mr

m=148.95∗0.7

m=10.37 g

1 mol of ATS=1 mol S2 O2−¿¿

3

148.95 g of ATS=112.128 g S 2 O 2−¿ ¿

3

( 112.128∗10.37 )
2−¿ Conc= ∗100¿
( 148.95∗0.7 )
S2 O3

 Initial copper sulphate concentration

volume=0,7 l

155.68 g
Molar massCuSO 4 =¿
mol

m=5.24 g

1 mol of CuSO 4=1 mol Cu 2+¿¿

155,68 g of CuSO 4 =63.54 g Cu2+¿¿

( 63.53∗5.24)
2−¿ Conc= ∗100 ¿
( 155.68∗0.7 )
S2 O3

19
  Titration calculation
o Total Thiosulphate Volume = Volume after titration – Volume before titration

L2 = Vtf –Vto
L2 = 46 mL - 38 mL= 8 mL

o Final ATS Concentration = (0.5 * Volume of thiosulphate after pH adjusted) /

(Volume of Thiosulphate before pH adjusted * Total Thiosulphate volume)

Final ATS Concentration = (0.5*V2)/ (L2 * V1)

Final ATS Concentration = (0.5 * 20.3) / (8 * 18)
Final ATS Concentration = 0.070 M
 ATS consumed = ((Initial ATS – Final ATS) / Initial ATS) *100
ATS consumed = ((0.1 – 0.070) / 0.1) * 100
ATS consumed = 29.51 %
The same procedure was repeated for Ni-ATS leaching

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APPENDICE B: Mathematical modelling of a batch reactor
Consider the open system which has been used for the investigation

FAO FBO

A→B
V
Q
FA
NA NB
FB
T

Figure 16 batch reactor

ASSUMPTION
¿ Assumption
w=0
Constant Cp
Constant ∆ H
Tin=Tout
rA=rB
H A ( T )=H A ( ¿ ) +Cpa(T −T 0)
¿ Unsteady state energy balance
ACC=¿−OUT +Q
The Q is the heat transfer across the system because there is a cooling jacket around the
reactor.
d
[ N . H . ( T )+ N B . H B ( T ) ] =F AO . H A . ( T 0 ) + F BO . H B . ( T 0 )
dt A A
−F A . H A . ( T )−F B . H B . ( T )+ Q

- No phase change

dHA dT
=Cp
dt dt
d NA
=F AO −F A + r A V
dt
d NB
=F BO−F B +r B V
dt
- Substitute it in the general equation

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 dT
( N A . Cp A + N B .CpB ) dt =F AO . H A . ( T 0 ) + F BO . H B . ( T 0 )
−H A ( T ) ( F AO−r A V )
−H B ( T ) ( F BO −r A V ) +Q

dT
( N A . Cp A + N B .CpB ) dt =F AO . Cp A ( T −T 0 ) + F BO . CpB ( T −T 0 )
+ [ H B ( T )−H A ( T ) ] .r A V +Q

∆ H rx ( T )=H B (T )−H A ( T )

dT
( N A . Cp A + N B .CpB ) dt =F AO . Cp A ( T −T 0 ) + F BO . CpB ( T −T 0 )
+ ∆ H rx .r A V +Q

¿ batch reactor
Because there is no flow in and out of the reactor then the formula can be as follow
dT
( N A . Cp A + N B .CpB ) dt =∆ H rx . r A V +Q

22
The system can also be model part by part in other words by considering the jacket and the
reactor.

d ^ 1 2 ^ i + 1 V 2i + gzi ρi F I − ∑ ^ 1
dt [(
H + V + gz ṁ =∑ H
2 inlet
) ] (
2 )
outlet 2 ( )
H o + V 2o gz o ρ o FO + Q̇−Ẇ

ASSUMPTION
- No shaft work
- Insignificant change in E K ∧E P
- Fluid in the reactor is liquid constant C P
- Constant ^
H

Reactor Balance

d ^
dt [ R R ]
( H . ṁ ) =Q−q

d
( C .T . ṁ ) =Q−U A i (T R−T a )
dt [ P R R ]
dTR
ṁ R C P =Q−U A i (T R −T a)
dt
dTR Q U Ai
= − (T −T a)
dt m R C P mR C P R

Cooling jacket balance

d ^
dt [ J j ]
( H . ṁ ) = H
^ i . ṁi− H
^ J . ṁ i +q

d
( C .T . ṁ ) =C P .T i . ṁi−C P . T J . ṁi +q
dt [ P J j ]

d TJ
C P . ṁ j =C P .T i . ṁ i−C P . T J . ṁ i+ U A i (T R−T J )
dt

d T j ṁi ṁ U Ai
= . T i− i . T j + (T −T j )
dt m j mj m j. CP R
d T j ṁ i U Ai
= .( T ¿ ¿ i−T j )+ (T −T j) ¿
dt m j mj. CP R

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