CHAPTER II

This part presents the conceptual and research literature gathered by

the researchers to enrich the study.

Conceptual Literature

Concepts gathered related to the study play a significant role in the

success of the system. The following literatures shows specific concepts

that concern which teaching strategies that the learners will learn better

through the traditional teaching or the new educational teaching which is

the 21st century teaching.

Traditional and 21 st century teaching are both important in the

learning of an individual. According to Sutton Trust and Durham University,

Schools need to put more effort into evaluating what makes effective

teaching, and ensure that discredited practices are rooted out from

classrooms. They say that some schools and teachers continue using

methods that cause little or no improvement in student progress, and

instead rely on anecdotal evidence to back fashionable techniques such as

“discovery learning,” where students are meant to uncover key ideas for

themselves, or “learning styles,” which claims children can be divided into

those who learn best through sight, sound or movement.

According to Janelle Cox,  Master's of Science in Education from the

State University of New York College at Buffalo and a writer in teach

HUB.com and Teach HUB Magazine says that technology in the classroom

is ever-changing and moving at a rapid pace. The 21 st  century teacher is

one that moves right along with it. Technology in the classroom, whether

it’s for lessons, assignments, or grading, can help students learn better

and faster, and help make a teacher’s time more effective. A 21 st century

teacher does not have to have a class set of tablets in every child’s

hand, or the latest Smart board. But they can have a nice balance of

educational tools in their classroom. An effective teacher knows what

technology in the classroom  can truly help transform their students’

education. They know what the best tools are, and how and when to

use them.

Based on   recent study of classrooms in the UK and China and a

recent UK report titled  What makes great teaching? there is increasing

evidence that these new-age education techniques, where teachers

facilitate instead of teach and praise students on the basis that all must

be winners, in open classrooms where what children learn is based on

their immediate interests, lead to under-performance, it means that in UK

and China the 21 st century teaching is the most important and used in

teaching .

According to Raymond Wlodkowski and Margery Ginsberg (1995),

research has shown no teaching strategy that will consistently engage all

learners. The key is helping students relate lesson content to their own

backgrounds which would include students' prior knowledge in

understanding new concepts.  It means that its not important what kind of

teaching strategies will the teacher use in teaching but the most important

is the students will learn in any kind of teaching styles.

Related Literature

The teaching of accounting has been done, mostly, by conventional

(traditional) or slightly sophisticated teacher-centered mostly rather than

modern student-oriented applications and techniques while the transmission

of knowledge and information has been realized with the usual form of

lectures or discussions requiring physical presence of both student and the

teacher. Furthermore the teaching methods used may differ in 21 st century

teaching methods (Cotter & Millis, 1993; Bonner, 1999)

In the study of Dela Rosa, et. al..(1997), methods and strategies of

teaching are the best means of improving the educational system of the

country. By the methods and strategies used by the teachers in the

classroom, pupils learn a lot of it and gain more knowledge and

understanding to the different situations and problems in daily life.

Cueto et. al. (1995), believed that teachers should give a strong

motivation to pupils to feel the value of the subjects to their lives. They

stated that the teachers should be aware on the effects of the kind of

learning environment to the teaching learning process, since the teacher

are the key factors which influence learner's behavior and performances.

Good establishments of interest and attitudes of learners towards all the

subjects should be maintained so that learners would show positive

attitudes.

According to Kelly (1993), the process of effective teaching is the

foundation of all progress in education. Effective instructional techniques

constitute a most important part of the teacher. There exist altogether a

prevalent idea that merely preparing lessons plan constitutes good teaching.

Thus, the use of such instructional techniques means the effectiveness of

learning and the building of knowledge among learners.

As cited by Good , et al. (1986) there are several factors related to

effective teaching and student learning. Among these are clarity about context of

instructional goal, knowledge and variety about the ways of teaching as well as

variety in the use of teaching methods and strategies, seatwork instruction and

management that focus on the productive task and monitoring of students

understanding.

Panganiban (1991), states that the teacher gain techniques and skills in

teaching through experiences and training. the principles of teaching and

classroom instruction cannot be successfully accomplished with methods alone;

they require some particular as well. Different techniques are basic factors in

learning and good teaching techniques are necessary part of effective instruction.

Every learner will gain and widen knowledge by having a good teacher. The

teacher must be resourceful, creative and must use different strategies and

techniques for better teaching result. having this, the learners will be interested to

learn more and by means of this, teacher may succeed on one's profession.
 As stressed by Dela Rosa, et. al..(1997), methods and strategies of

teaching are the best means of improving the educational system of the country.

By the methods and strategies used by the teachers in the classroom, learners

learn a lot of it and gain more knowledge and understanding to the different

situations and problems in daily life.

Technology based instructional materials can also be applicable in

teaching specially in English. Every classroom teacher who uses this

brings about an upgrade and improvement in their style of teaching.

Bringing a difficult type of learning to students was an essential task of a

teacher. Therefore, he has a great responsibility in the classroom as much

in the achievement of his learners who, on the other hand depends on his

helping arms through the technology aided instructional process.

Nevertheless, maintaining a balance between teaching and learning through

face to face contact and technology based learning are still needed.

Cavague, (2010).

Furthermore, according to Girons (2001), Competence, overhaed

projectors and photographic slides are example of technological instructional

materials. Computer is the brain of technology program. Overhead

projector is one of the most widely used devices in the classroom

,business and other corporate firm.