H-BRIDGE DC MOTOR DIRECTION CONTROLLER

Abstract— the main concept behind our project was to construct a cheap motor driver
which can be used in factories, electrical vehicles, cranes, solar seeker, inverter circuit and
other places. Another application of this circuit is that it can be attached with microcontrollers.
With the help of micro controller, the circuit can work more efficiently. We wanted to make it
by the easiest process to control a voltage of 5v-35v. As our project was really cheap, so high
voltage controlling is not possible. As we are using power MOSFET, high voltage application
is also possible with additional circuits.
I. INTRODUCTION

H-bridge is a simple electronic circuit which enables us to apply voltage to load in either
direction. It is commonly used in robotics application to control DC motors. By using H-
bridge, we can run DC motor in clockwise or anti-clockwise direction. [1] The circuit which
control a motor is called a motor driver circuit. Motor drive controls the speed and the
direction of a motor. Motor drive take low-current from a signal and then turn it into a higher-
current signal that can drive a motor. A bridge circuit is a topology of an electrical circuitry in
which two circuit branches are bridged by a third branch connected between the first two
branches at some intermediate point along with them. A H-bridge circuit switches the polarity
of a voltage applied to a load. H-bridge allow DC motors to run forwards and backwards. [2]

II. BLOCK DIAGRAM

III. SIMULATION MODEL AND RESULTS

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 Fig 01: Simulation

Fig 02: S1 closed (Motor rotates clockwise)

Fig 03: S2 closed (Motor rotates anticlockwise)

The simulation was done by Proteus software, on the simulation the circuit was exactly
same as the implemented one and it worked as we expected. For better simulation result SPST
switch was used instead of push switch.

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 I. USED/REQUIRED COMPONENTS

LED 100 ohm Resistor BD139 NPN Transistor

BD140 PNP Transistor Push switch 1 kOhm Resistor

Connecting wires Breadboard 5v DC Motor

9v Battery

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 IV. DESCRIPTION OF HARDWARE STRUCTURE

Fig 04: Implemented Circuit on Breadboard

Fig 05: transistor

BD 139: This is an NPN power transistor. This device has 3 terminals: base, emitter &
collector. Current passes from collector to emitter. Its emitter is connected to ground and
collector is connected to load. This transistor is used as a switch in our project.

BD 140: This is a PNP power transistor. This device has 3 terminals: base, emitter &
collector. It does the opposite of NPN transistor. Its emitter is connected to Vcc and collector
is connected to load. This transistor is used as a switch in our project.

Fig 06: Resistor

Resistors: Resistors is used to reduce the voltage. 100 ohm and 1K ohm are used to build our
circuit.

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 Fig 07: Push Switch

Push switch: Push switch allows electricity to flow between its two contacts when held in.
Two single poles single throw (SPST) switch is used in making our circuit.

Fig 08: Battery

Power supply: A power supply is a component that supplies power to electric load. A 9V DC
power supply is used to provide DC power to our circuit.

Fig 09: 5V DC motor

Motor: A motor is a type of machine which converts electrical energy to mechanical energy.
A motor has two part: stator and rotor. Its stator part is connected to input voltage and rotor
part is connected to load. The motor we used here is 3.5 V DC motor. This motor can rotate
in both directions.

II. RESULTS

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 Fig 10: Implemented Circuit on Breadboard

When the push switch 1 is pressed, transistor Q1 and Q4 become activated and current flows
from Q1 transistor to the motor and then from Q4 transistor to ground. This makes the red
LED illuminated and the motor runs in clockwise direction. When the push switch 2 is
pressed, transistor Q2 and Q3 become activated. Current flows from Q2 transistor to motor
and then from Q3 transistor to ground. This makes the green LED illuminated and the motor
runs in anti-clockwise direction. As, our project works just as we expected, so the project was
successful.

III. ANALYSIS ON THE ECONOMICAL ASPECTS OF THE PROJECT

When managing a project, one is required to make a lot of key decisions. There is always
something that needs executing, and often that something is critical to the success of the
venture. Because of the high stakes, good engineers don’t just make decisions based on gut
instinct. They prefer to minimize risk to the best of their ability and act only when there is
more certainty than uncertainty. So cost is a major factor for an engineer to conduct a project.
[3]

ITEMS Quantity(piece) PRICE(Taka)

BD140 Transistor 2 12
BD139 Transistor 2 12
Breadboard 1 80
Wires - 10
DC motor 1 25
Push switch 1 10
LED 2 10
Total=159

Table 1: Cost Analysis

Table I shows the cost to make this project. We tried to keep the production cost as low as
possible. Our total cost is BDT 159 taka. When the circuit will go into commercial production,
the cost of the circuit will be much lower. Hence it will keep a positive impact on users and
national economy.

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 REFERENCES

[1] https://electrosome.com/dc-motor-driving-using-h-bridge/
[2] https://www.instructables.com/id/Using-Motors-With-L293D-IC/
[3] https://www.projectmanager.com/blog/cost-benefit-analysis-for-projects-a-step-by-step-
guide
[4] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vCbqlsJiUu0&t=99s
[5] https://www.google.com/search?
q=google+pictures&oq=google+pictures&aqs=chrome..69i57j69i64.8249j0j7&sourceid=
chrome&ie=UTF-8