FHMM1034 Chapter 1 Coordinate Geometry PDF

9/15/2011
Centre For Foundation Studies

Department of Sciences and Engineering Topics
1.1 The Cartesian Coordinate
FHMM1034 Mathematics III
1.2 The Straight Line
Chapter 1 1.3 Shortest Distance from a Point to a
Straight Line
Coordinate Geometry 1.4 Circle
1.5 Intercepts and intersections
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Mathematics III Mathematics III
Topics
1.6 Parabola
1.7 Ellipse
1.1
1.8 Hyperbola The Cartesian
1.9 Shifted Conics Coordinate
1.10 Parametric Equations
1.11 Loci
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Coordinate Geometry Distance between 2 points

y Let points P ( x1 , y1 ) and Q ( x 2 , y 2 ) on the
coordinate plane.
P(x, y)
•
∴ The distance between 2 points :
r y
• x PQ = ( x 2 − x1 ) 2 + ( y 2 − y1 ) 2
0 x
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Example 1 Example 2
Which of the points P(1, –2) or Q(8, 9) is A ( 2 , 5) , B ( 4, 1) and C ( −3, 52 ) are three points
closer the point A(5, 3) ? on the coordinate plane. Find the distance of
AB , BC and AC . Hence, show that ∆ABC is
a right - angled triangle and find its area.
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Point Dividing Straight Line Point Dividing Straight Line

If R ( x , y ) divides the line joining point
If R ( x, y ) divides the line PQ externally ,
P ( x1 , y1 ) and point Q ( x 2 , y 2 ) internally
in the ratio λ : µ , then
λ and µ will have opposite signs , then
λ x 2 + µx1 λ y 2 + µy1 λ x 2 − µx1 λ y 2 − µy1

x= , y= x= , y=
λ+µ λ+µ λ−µ λ−µ
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Point Dividing Straight Line Mid-Point
The mid - point of point P ( x1 , y1 ) and

point Q ( x 2 , y 2 ) are
 x1 + x 2 y + y2 
 , 1 
 2 2 
R divides PQ internally. R divides PQ externally.
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Example 3
Find the coordinate s of the point R which divides
the line joining the point P (8, 3) and the point
Q ( −4, − 5) in the ratio 5 : 2
1.2
(i) internally
The Straight Line
(ii) externally
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Straight Line The Equation of Straight Line

The equation of a straight line passing through
The gradient / slope m of a straight line passing
points A( x1 , y1 ) and B ( x 2 , y 2 ) is
through points P ( x1 , y1 ) and Q ( x2 , y 2 ) is
y 2 − y1 y − y1 y − y1
m= , x1 ≠ x 2 = 2
x 2 − x1 x − x1 x 2 − x1
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The Equation of Straight Line Example 4

The equation of a straight line with gradient m Find the equation of the straight line passing
and passing through t he point ( a , b ) is through th e points H ( 4, − 2 ) and K ( −5, 3).
y − b = m(x − a)
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Example 5 Parallel and Perpendicular Lines

Let m1 and m2 represent the gradients of the lines
Find the equation of the straight line with
l1 and l 2 , which are inclined at angles θ1 and θ 2
2
gradient − that passes throught points (1, 5 ). respective ly to the positive x − axis.
3
Then, m1 = tan θ1 and m2 = tan θ 2 .
(i) If m1 = m2 , the two lines l1 and l2 are parallel.
(ii) If m1m2 = −1 , the two lines l1 and l2 are

perpendicular.
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Angle Between 2 Lines Example 6

The angle θ between the two lines l1 and l2 Find the angle between the straight lines
is given by
m − m1 3 x − 4 y + 8 = 0 and 5 x + 3 y − 20 = 0.
tan θ = 2
1 + m1 m 2
θ
l1
(i) If tanθ > 0 , θ is an acute angle. l2
(ii) If tanθ < 0 , θ is an obtuse angle.
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The Shortest Distance

1.3 The shortest distance d from a point P ( h , k )
to the straight line ax + by + c = 0 is
Shortest Distance ah + bk + c
d=
from a Point to a a2 + b2
For points (hi , ki ) lying on the same side of the
Straight Line straight line ax + by + c = 0 , the expressions
ahi + bki + c all have same sign (either + ve or − ve).
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Example 7 Example 8
Find the perpendicu lar distance from Without using a diagram, determine if
the point P ( 2, − 4 ) to the straight line the points P ( 2 , 12 ) and Q ( 12 , 2 ) lie on
3 x − 4 y + 5 = 0. the same side of the straight line
x + 2 y − 4 = 0.
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Circle
The equation of a circle with the centre C ( a , b )
and radius r is
1.4
( x − a)2 + ( y − b)2 = r 2
Circle
∴ If the centre is the origin, the equation becomes :
x2 + y2 = r 2
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Circle Example 9
The general equation of a circle is : Find an equation of the circle
x + y + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0
2 2
with radius 3 and center ( 2 , − 5 ).
where its centre is ( − g , − f ) and

its radius is g 2 + f 2 − c.
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Example 10 Example 11
Find an equation of the circle that has the Show that the graph of
point P (1, 8) and Q (5, − 6 ) as the endpoints x 2 + y 2 + 2( 4 y − 3 x ) + 9 = 0
of the diameter. is a circle, and find its centre and radius.
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Find the equation of the circle with centre at the Find the equation of the tangent at the point (5, 1)
point (3, 2) and having radius equal to the on the circle x 2 + y 2 − 2 x + 4 y − 20 = 0.
shortest distance of the centre from the line
2 y = 3x + 6 .
33 34
Example 14
Find the perpendicular distance of the point A(4, 2)

to the straight line 2 x + y = 4. Then, find the equation
1.5
of a circle with centre A(4, 2) touching the straight Intercepts and
line 2 x + y = 4 . Find also the coordinates of the point
where the circle touches the above line. intersections
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Intercepts Intercepts
The x-coordinates of the points where a graph
intersects the x-axis are called the x-intercepts of
the graph and y = 0.
The y-coordinates of the points where a graph

intersects the y-axis are called the y-intercepts of Set y =0 and solve for x Set x = 0 and solve for y
the graph and x = 0.
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Example 15 Points of Intersection

Find the x–intercepts and y–intercept of the In general, the coordinate of the points of
equation y = x 2 − 2. intersection of two equations can be found by
solving the two equations simultaneously.
Each real solution gives a point of intersection.
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Types of Points of Intersection Example 16

(i) 2 distinct real roots Find the coordinates of all points of intersection
(ii) 2 equal real roots between the curves in each of the following
(iii) No real roots cases.
(i) 2 y + x = 3 , x 2 − y 2 − 3 y + 3 = 0
(ii) y = 2 x , y = x 3 + 5 x 2 + 6 x
(i) (ii) (iii)
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Example 17
Sketch the graphs of 2 y + x = 24 and

y = x 2 − 6 x + 10 on the same diagram, 1.6
and mark the points of intersection, P and Q .
Without finding the coordinates of P and Q ,
Parabola
find the coordinates of the mid - point of PQ.
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Parabola Parabola
A parabola is the set of points in the plane The general equation of a parabola is
equidistant from a fixed point F (called the focus)
x 2 = 4ay
and a fixed line l (called the directrix).
The fixed point F (0, a ) is called the focus and
the fixed line y = − a is called the directrix.
(0,0) is called the vertex.
F(0,a)
a The graph is symmetric about y − axis and
a exists only for y ≥ 0.
y=-a
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Parabola Parabola
If a>0 opens upward If a<0 opens downward Parabola with vertical Parabola with horizontal
axis axis
•Equation : x 2 = 4 ay •Equation: y 2 = 4 ax
•Properties: Vertex V (0,0) •Properties: Vertex V (0,0)
Focus F (0, a) Focus F (a, 0)
Directrix y = - a Directrix x = - a
(0, a)
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Parabola Example 18
The line segment that a) Find the equation of the parabola with vertex
run through the focus a a V(0 ,0) and focus F(0, 2), and sketch its graph.
perpendicular to the
b) Find the focus and directrix of the parabola
axis with endpoints on 2a
6 x + y 2 = 0 and sketch the graph.
the parabola is called
the latus rectum and F(a, 0) c) Find the focus, directrix and focal diameter of
its length is the focal the parabola y = 12 x 2 and sketch its graph.
diameter.
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x = -a 49 FHMM1034 50
Ellipse
An ellipse is the set of all points in the plane the
sum of whose distances from 2 fixed points.
1.7 These 2 fixed points are the foci of the ellipse.
y
Ellipse P(x, y)
x
F1(-c,0) 0 F2(c,0)
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Ellipse Ellipse
The general equation of an ellipse is
x2 y2
+ =1
a2 b2
Generally, a > b and 2a is called the major axis

and 2b is called the minor axis.
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Ellipse Ellipse
Equation: x 2
+
y 2
= 1 Equation: x 2
+
y 2
= 1
Eccentricity of an ellipse, e
a 2 b 2 b 2 a 2
a > b > 0 a > b > 0
• The eccentricity is a measure of how “stretched”
Vertices: ( ± a, 0) Vertices: ( 0, ± a) the ellipse is.
c
Major axis: 2a Major axis: 2a • Eccentricity of an ellipse, e = .
Minor axis: 2b Minor axis: 2b a
Foci: ( ± c ,0) , c 2 = a 2 − b 2 Foci: (0,± c) , c 2 = a 2 − b 2
Eccentricity, e =
c
Eccentricity, e =
c • The eccentricity of every ellipse satisfies 0 < e < 1.
a a • If e is close to 1, the ellipse is elongated in
shape but if e is close to 0 then the ellipse is
close to a circle in shape.
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Show that each of the following equations represent a) Find the equation of an ellipse with its
an ellipse : vertices are (±4, 0) and the foci are (± 2, 0) .
(i) x2 + 2 y 2 = 4 b) Find the equation of the ellipse with foci

(ii) 4 x + y = 8
2 2
(0, ± 8) and eccentricity e = 4 .
5
State all the properties each case, and sketch the curves.
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Example 21
Find the equations of the tangents with gradient 2
to the ellipse with equation 2 x 2 + 3 y 2 = 6, and
find their points of intersection.
1.8
Hyperbola
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Hyperbola Hyperbola
A hyperbola is the set of all points in the plane,
the difference of whose distances from 2 fixed The general equation of a hyperbola is
points. These fixed points are the foci of the
x2 y2
hyperbola. y
− =1
a2 b2
P (x, y)
Note that :
0
x The curve does not exist for − a < x < a.
F1 (-c, 0) F2 (c, 0)
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Hyperbola Hyperbola
Notice :
For large value of x (either + ve or − ve)
i.e. x → ±∞ :
b2
y2 → 2 x2
a
b
y → ± x
a
b
Hence, y = ± x are the asymptotes . x2 y 2
a − =1
a 2 b2
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Hyperbola The Rectangular Hyperbola

•Equation : x 2 y2
If a = b :
2 2
− 2 =1 •Equation: y − x = 1
2 2 2
a b a b
Vertices ( ± a ,0) Vertices (0, ± a)
The equation of a hyperbola reduces to
b
Asymptotes y = ± x Asymptotes y = ± x
a
a
Foci ( ± c ,0) , c2 = a2 + b2 ±
b
Foci (0, ) , c = a + b2
c 2 2 x2 − y2 = a2
This hyperbola is called the rectangula r hyperbola,
with the asymptotes are y = ± x.
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The Rectangular Hyperbola Example 22

The graph of x − y
2 2
= a 2 and xy = c 2 Sketch the following curves :
x2 y2
are shown below (i) − =1
y 9 4
x2 − y2 = a2
xy = c 2
(ii) x2 − y 2 = 5
x
0
(iii) x( y − 1) = 4
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Example 23
a) State all the properties of the hyperbola and
sketch the graph
(i) 9 x 2 − 16 y 2 = 144 (ii) x 2 − 9 y 2 + 9 = 0 1.9
b) Find the equation of the hyperbola with Shifted Conics
vertices (±3, 0) and foci (±4, 0) .
c) Find the equation of the hyperbola with

vertices (0, ± 2) and asymptotes y = ±2 .
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Shifted Conics Shifted Conics

In previous section, we studied parabolas with Given h and k are positive real numbers,
vertices at the origin and ellipse and hyperbolas
Replacement How the graph is shifted
with centers at origin.
1. x replaced by x – h Right h units
In this section, we consider conics whose 2. x replaced by x + h Left h units
vertices and centers are not necessarily at the 3. y replaced by y – k Upward k units
origin, and we need to determine how this affects 4. y replaced by y + k Downward k units
their equations. (Page 776)
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Shifted Ellipses Shifted Ellipses

General equation of an ellipse:
x2 y2
+ =1
a2 b2
If we shift it so that its center is at the point (h, k)
instead of at the origin, then its equation
becomes:
(x − h)2 ( y − k)2
+ =1
a2 b2
(Page776)
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Example 24 Shifted Parabolas

Sketch the graph of the ellipse Applying shifts to parabolas leads to the
equations and graphs shown as followings:
( x + 1) 2 ( y − 2) 2
+ =1
4 9
and determine the center.
(i) ( x − h) 2 = 4a( y − k ) (ii ) ( x − h) 2 = 4a( y − k ) (iii ) ( y − k ) 2 = 4a( x − h) (iv) ( y − k ) 2 = 4a( x − h)

for a > 0 for a < 0 for a > 0 for a < 0
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Determine the vertex, focus, and directrix Sketch the curve y 2 = 2 x.
and sketch the graph of the parabola.
Show that y 2 = 2( x + 2 y ) is the equation
x 2 − 4 x = 8 y − 28 of a parabola and state the coordinate s
of its vertex. Sketch thi s curve.
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Shifted Hyperbolas Example 27

A shifted conic has the equation
9 x 2 − 72 x − 16 y 2 − 32 y = 16
Complete the square in x and y to show that
the equation represents a hyperbola.
Hence states all its properties and sketch this
graph.
( x − h) 2 ( y − k ) 2 ( y − k ) 2 ( x − h) 2
− =1 − =1
a2 b2 a2 b2
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Parametric Equations
If f and g are functions defined on an interval I,
1.10 then the set of points ( f(t), g(t) ) is a plane
curve. The equation
Parametric A moving point : P ( x, y )
Equations
x = f (t ) y = g (t )
where t ∈I, are parametric equations for the curve.

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Parametric Equations Example 28

Parametric equation for Ellipse: Find the Cartesian equation of P having
y = b sin t
x = a cos t
parametric equations x = t 2 and y = 2t + 1.
Parametric equation for Parabola:
x = at 2 y = 2at
Parametric equation for Hyperbola:
x = a sect y = b tan t
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Describe and graph the curve represented by the
Prove that the cartesian equation of the locus
parametric equations
with parametric equations x = 1 − 3t and
x = cost y = sin t 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π
11 − 2 x
y = 2 + 3t is y = .
1− x
(Page 803)
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Mathematics III
Example 31
Find the range of values of k for which the line
y = k − x intersects the curve with parametric
equations x = 2t , y = 2t at real points.
1.11
State the values of k for which the line y = k − x
Loci
is a tangent t o the curve, and find the points of
intersecti on between th e line y = k − x and the
curve when k = 5.
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Mathematics III
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Loci Example 32
If a point P ( x, y ) on the coordinate planes moves, The coordinate s of two points are A( 4, 5) and
either in a straight line or on a curve, such that its B ( −2, 1) .Find the equation of the locus of a
movement is restricted by certain conditions , the point P ( x, y ) such that
set of such points is called the locus of P.
The relationship between x and y , satisfying the (i) AP = BP
conditions, is called the cartesian equation of the
locus of P. (ii) AP = 2 BP
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The End
Of
Chapter 1
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Mathematics III
23

FHMM1034 Chapter 1 Coordinate Geometry PDF

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9/15/2011

Centre For Foundation Studies

Coordinate Geometry Distance between 2 points

Point Dividing Straight Line Point Dividing Straight Line

λ x 2 + µx1 λ y 2 + µy1 λ x 2 − µx1 λ y 2 − µy1

Point Dividing Straight Line Mid-Point

The mid - point of point P ( x1 , y1 ) and

R divides PQ internally. R divides PQ externally.

Straight Line The Equation of Straight Line

The Equation of Straight Line Example 4

Example 5 Parallel and Perpendicular Lines

(i) If m1 = m2 , the two lines l1 and l2 are parallel.

(ii) If m1m2 = −1 , the two lines l1 and l2 are

Angle Between 2 Lines Example 6

The Shortest Distance

where its centre is ( − g , − f ) and

Find the perpendicular distance of the point A(4, 2)

The y-coordinates of the points where a graph

Example 15 Points of Intersection

Each real solution gives a point of intersection.

Types of Points of Intersection Example 16

(i) (ii) (iii)

Sketch the graphs of 2 y + x = 24 and

Generally, a > b and 2a is called the major axis

(i) x2 + 2 y 2 = 4 b) Find the equation of the ellipse with foci

Hyperbola The Rectangular Hyperbola

The Rectangular Hyperbola Example 22

c) Find the equation of the hyperbola with

Shifted Conics Shifted Conics

Shifted Ellipses Shifted Ellipses

Example 24 Shifted Parabolas

and determine the center.

(i) ( x − h) 2 = 4a( y − k ) (ii ) ( x − h) 2 = 4a( y − k ) (iii ) ( y − k ) 2 = 4a( x − h) (iv) ( y − k ) 2 = 4a( x − h)

Shifted Hyperbolas Example 27

where t ∈I, are parametric equations for the curve.

Parametric Equations Example 28

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