MOTIVES

I Introduction

A motive etymologically means that ‘which moves’. A motive may

be considered as an energetic force or tendency (learned) working within the
individual to compel, persuader inspire him to act for the satisfaction of his
basic needs or attainment of some specific purpose

II (a) Definitions

1. A need given rise to one or more motives. A motive is a rather specific

process, which has been learned. It is directed towards a goal

(carol- 1969)

2. A motive may be defined as a readiness or disposition to re-opened in

some ways and not others to a variety of situations

(Rosen, Fox and Gregory-1972)

II(b) Concepts of motivation

 Motivation is generated through basic needs driven

 It compels an individual to respond by creating a mind of tension
or urge to act
 It is a goal directed activity, till the attainment of the goal
 Attainment of a goal helps in the release of tension around by a
specific motive change in goal may bring changes in the and
strength of the motive
 Motivation is an inner state or an arounded feeling
 We experience motives an feelings of want, need and desire
 Motive may be considered as a learned response or tendency

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  We cannot see motives directly but must in for them from the
behaviour of people.

II (c) Types:-

Psychologists have motives in various ways, some of them are

1. Learn or unlearned
2. Acquired or learned motivation can also be classified as

1. Psysiological or primary motive

2. Social or secondary motives

3. Personal motives

4. Un conscious motives

1. Physiological dries or motives

Physiological drier are called biological dries organic needs. There
dries become active when the physiological balance within our
body, called homeostasis is disturbed. Under such conditions,
tensions are produced in our body and this tension driven us to
some specific activity which relive the tensions

Some of the important biological driers are

1. The hunger drive

2. The thirst drive
3. The sex drive
4. The need for oxygen or the air hunger
5. The need for rest and sleep
6. The need to avoid or seat relief from pair
7. The need for activity
8. The elimination needs
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1. Hunger drive:- The urge for food is the result of certain periodic and
important biological changes which are taking place in the tissue of the
body. Their food supply is being fast what food we eat and how we eat to
satisfy this hunger depends on our training, climatic conditions and socio
economic factors.

2. The Thirst drive :- It is similar to the hunger drive, the amount of fluid
gets reduced in the tissues of the body. This causes the mulour
membranes in the throat to become dry, resulting i8n the sensations of
thirst. The body become restless and active.

3. The sex Drive :- It is a powerful drives, but the biological satisfaction is

not essential to life. The drive becomes active as results of glandular
functioning. Its expression however, is subject to social and moral code
and civil law, when the drive is active it creates a lot of restlessness and
major activity in the organism

4. The oxygen hunger or the Respiratory drive :- it must be satisfied

constantly if late is to continue. When an individual suffers from oxygen
want, his memory, sensory activity and muscular control are seriously
impaired. He suffers from dizziness and confused thinking, secure
oxygen deprivation for a short length of time results in neural damage in
an infant and may cause mental deficiently.

5. The need for Rest and the need to sleep :- it is the fundamental drive in
animal and human belongs .continued activity the amount of carbon
dioxide and lactic acid and reduces the amount of on in the blood it result
fatigue, as such the need for rest become imperative. Sleep is another

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 important need of the body. Deprivation of sleep carve annoyance and
discomfort

6. The need for activity :- there seems to be an organic need for activity
after rest and sleep . In a well rested organism there ions a positive
real for activity. There activity depend on the hormones and vitamins and
an the rested state of muscles, sense organs, and brain . this problems are
most commonly seen in adults children

7. The elimination needs :- The distension of the bladder or of the large

intestine responsible for the eliminate tensions. They cause discomfort
and restless behaviour. This continues until the tensions are relieved.
There needs become urgent if and when not promptly met

II Social or secondary motives

Human beings are not only biological , but also social human
behaviour is activated by social motives such as activation motives, need for
status, power motives and social approval. These motives develop through
relationship with peoples.

1. Affiliation motives :- In general, pleasure of life cannot be enjoyed

without company. We all resent loneliness. Even the simple routine
activities of eating and drinking cannot be enjoyed without company.
The need to be with other people is referred to as affiliation need. This
motive of affiliation is universally seen in all human cultures.
2. Need for status:- almost all individuals have a desire to have some
standing or position among the people of his society or group

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 3. Power motile :- The desire to be in a position of control to be the boss
to give to command respect and obedience is called power motive.
Power motive directs the behaviour of dictators, gang leaders and the
builders of fraudulent financial empires.
4. Social approval :- we try our best to avoid doing anything that may
evoke social disapproval we often show an almost compulsive
tendency to conform to the norms set by our social groups

III Personal motives :- Personal motives are allied with physiological

needs and common social motives, but they are so much individualized
that they are no longer common. They are wants and which are not shared
commonly by others

They are:

1 Need for Achievement:- Achievement motivation refers to a drive

towards some standard of excellence. People with high need for
achievement prefer which would promise success and are moderately
difficult. David c m c cell and has found that while high achievers
tend to succeed, low achievers
Tend to avoid failures. High achievers challenge failures and work larder,
while loco achievers accept failures and go for less difficult fast.

High achievers prefer personal responsibility and like get feel back about
their works.
2. Vocational Ambitions and life goals :- There discourse are common to
many others but there is something unique about each one’s driver. There
are powerful determinants of our behaviour.
3. Levels of aspiration :- Levels of aspiration imty degree of expectation
which a person has ie, how much he expects to accomplish or achieve.
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 Inch general people tend to set their goals slightly higher than the level
they are sure of attaining. This is a healthy ardency for progress. There
are a few who set their level of aspiration much higher or lower in
comparison to their actual level of per aspiration much higher or lower in
comparison to their actual level of performance leading to frustrations
and level of aspiration.
4. Force of Habit :- a habit which has been formed acts as arrive and
compels us to continue the accustomed ways of doing things. In other
words habit once formed persist and influence our behaviour greatly.
5. Interests and attitudes:- The interests we have developed and the attitudes
are have formed colour our everyday bhr in many ways
6. Curiosity:- This is a motive, which is close exploration. Exploration is a
drive that aids the satisfaction of curiosity. The extent opt man’s
knowledge and experience widens as result of this drive.
7. Fear :- fear is a burned motive. It motivation individuals is escape from
fear producing situation. Fear may al so interfere with the satisfaction of
other motives
8. Unconscious motives :- There are certain and motives of which we are
unaware we are seldom conscious of all the various motives that
influence our behaviours. Even though we try, frequently we are unable
to analyze our motives and identify the reasons for our behaviour. Their
motives are called unconscious motives. They are in the form of our
repressed desires or wishes repressed emotional tensions or complexes.

II (d) THEORIES OF MOTIVATION:-

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 Theories of motivation try to provide general sets of principles to
guide our understanding of the urge wants, needs, desires and goals which
fall under the category of motivation. They are given below

1. Instinct theory of motivation

2. Drive theory ( push theory of motivation )3
3. Arousal theory of motivation
4. Incentive theory of motivation (pull theory)
5. Maslow is hierarchy of needs .

1.Instinct theory of motivation :- peoples all motivated to behave in

certain way because they are evolutionarily programmed to do so.

William James created a list of human instincts that includes such

things as attachment ,play , shame, anger4 fear, shyness, modesty and
love . the main problem with this theory is that it did not really explain
behaviour, it just described it.

According to William MC Doug all all behavioural acts are

essentially instinctive and this instinctive behaviour is found to have three
aspects.

1. Cognitive (knowing)
2. Affective (feeling)
3. Co native (acting or doing)

Eg: ashen a child sees a monkey coming towards him, first, he sees the
monkey, second he experiences an emotion of fear and third he listen to
run away. All human behaviours could be explained in terms of some
instinct.

2 Drive theory ( push theory of motivation):-

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 It was developed by claret Leonard Hall in 1943. According to the
drive theory of motivation people are motivated to take certain actions in
order to reduce the internal tension that is caused by unmet reach. This is
useful in explaining behaviours that have asking biological component,
such as hunger or thirst. The problem with the drive theory of motivation
is that these behaviours are not always motivated purely by physiological
needs .for examples people offers eat even when they are not really
hungry.

Drive theories might be described as the “push the men of

motivation “, Behaviour is pushed towards goals by driving states within
the person. When internal drive state is aroused, the individual is pushed
to engage in behaviour, which will lead to a goal. Reducing the intensity
of the drive state motivation consists of

1. A drive state
2. Goal directed bhr initiated by the drives state
3. The attainment of an appropriate goal
4. The reduction of the drive state and subjective

Satisfaction and relief when the goal is reached. The sequence of

events is called motivational cycle. Drive includes the influence of
learning in secondary drives . primary driven are there which arrives
from basic biological needs such as hunger, thirst and elimination.
Through the conditioning and learning’s, peoples can acquire other
driven, its known an secondary driven. Their will help the person do
attain a particular goal.

3 Arousal theory of motivation

b) safety and security needs :- ones the physiological needs are fairly
well satisfied safety and securely needs predominate the main needs

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 are need for security of body, employment, resources, morality family
and health, safely needs are of greater important you in childhood. The
failure to satisfy the needs of children may make them fearful.
c) Need for low and belongingness:- there needs become prominent
when the physiological and safety security needs have been met. The
person at them lows long for a affectionali relationship with others, for
a place in his family and social groups. The sec urea individual will
behave to reach our for friends, affiliate with a group and ultimately
take on the responsibilities in marriage of being both a spouse And
apparent.
Self Esteem Needs:- Here the people want self respect and the respect,
confidence and admiration of others. Maslow divided then needs in to
two types. Self respect and respect, self respect includes a person’s
desire fSor competence,confidence,achiewmentand in dependence,
respect from others include his desive for prestigue,reputation,status,
recognilion,appreciation and from others. Satisfaction of their needs
generation feelings of self confidence, self worth and a since of being
useful and necessary in the world.
a) Self- Actualization :- it is the highest human motive. It is needed for self
fulfilment, the sense that one is becoming everything that he is capable of
being the self actualized persons is someone who has reached the peak of
his potential .

II (e) MOTIVES AND BEHAVIOR

 Motives act on the immediate force to energy to direct,

sustain and stop a behaviour
 Motives are a powerful tool for explaining behaviour
 Motives help us to make predictions about behaviour in
many different situations.

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 Motives do not tell us exactly what will happen, they gives
as an idea about the range of things a person will do
 Motives are inner forces that control an individual’s
behaviour in a subtle manner.

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