Exercise 7B

1 a f(x) = x 2 − 12 x + 8 2 c f(x) = (6 + x)(1 − x) =6 − 5 x − x 2

f ′(x) = 2x − 12 f ′(x) = −5 − 2x
Putting f ′(x) = 0 Putting f ′(x) = 0
2x − 12 = 0 −5 − 2x = 0
x=6 5
f(6) = 62 − 12 × 6 + 8 =−28 x= −
2
The least value of f(x) is −28.  5  7 7 49 1
f−  = × = = 12
 2 2 2 4 4
b f(x) = x 2 − 8 x − 1
The greatest value of f(x) is 12 14 .
f ′(x) = 2x − 8
Putting f ′(x) = 0
2x − 8 = 0 3 a=
y 4 x2 + 6 x
x=4 dy
= 8x + 6
f(4) = 42 − 8 × 4 − 1 =− 17 dx
The least value of f(x) is −17. Putting 8x + 6 = 0
6 3
x= − = −
c f(x) = 5 x + 2 x
2
8 4
f ′(x) = 10x + 2 3
When x = − ,
Putting f ′(x) = 0 4
10x + 2 = 0  3
2
 3 9 9 9
2 1 y = 4 −  + 6 −  = − = −
x=− =−  4  4 4 2 4
10 5
2 So ( − 34 , − 94 ) is a stationary point.
 1  1  1 5 2 1
f  −  =− 5  + 2 −  = − = − d2 y
 5  5  5  25 5 5 = 8>0
dx 2
The least value of f(x) is − 15 .
So ( − 34 , − 94 ) is a minimum point.
2 a f(x) = 10 − 5x 2
f ′(x) = −10x b y = 9 + x − x2
Putting f ′(x) = 0 dy
= 1 − 2x
−10x = 0 dx
x=0 Putting 1 − 2x = 0
f(0) = 10 − 5 × 02 =
10 1
x=
The greatest value of f(x) is 10. 2
1
When x = ,
b f(x) = 3 + 2x − x 2 2
2
f ′(x) = 2 − 2x 1 1
Putting f ′(x) = 0 y= 9+ − 
2 2
2 − 2x = 0 1
x=1 y =9
f(1) = 3 + 2 − 1 = 4 4
The greatest value of f(x) is 4. So ( 2 , 9 14 ) is a stationary point.
1

d2 y
=−2 < 0
dx 2
So ( 12 , 9 14 ) is a maximum point.

© Pearson Education Ltd 2019. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 1
3 c y = x3 − x 2 − x + 1 3 d y = x( x 2 − 4 x − 3) = x3 − 4 x 2 − 3 x
dy dy
= 3x 2 − 2 x − 1 = 3x 2 − 8 x − 3
dx dx
Putting 3x2 − 2x − 1 = 0 Putting 3x2 − 8x − 3 = 0
(3x + 1)(x − 1) = 0 (3x + 1)(x − 3) = 0
1 1
So x = − or x = 1 So x = − or x = 3
3 3
1 1
When x = − , When x = − ,
3 3
3 2 3 2
 1  1  1  1  1  1
y =  −  −  −  −  −  +1 y =  −  − 4  −  − 3 − 
 3  3  3  3  3  3
5 14
=1 =
27 27
When x =1, When x =3,
y = 13 − 12 − 1 + 1 y = 33 − 4(3)2 − 3(3)
=0 = −18
So ( − 13 , 1 275 ) and (1, 0) are stationary So ( − 13 , 14
27 ) and (3, −18) are stationary

points. points.
d2 y d2 y
= 6x − 2 = 6x − 8
dx 2 dx 2
1 d2 y  1 1 d2 y  1
When x = − , 2
= 6  −  − 2 = −4 < 0 When x = − , 2 = 6  −  − 8
3 dx  3 3 dx  3
= −10 < 0
So ( − 13 , 1 275 ) is a maximum point. So ( − 3 , 27 ) is a maximum point.
1 14

d2 y d2 y
When x = 1, = 6(1) − 2 = 4 > 0 When x = 3, = 6(3) − 8
dx 2 dx 2
So (1, 0) is a minimum point. = 10 > 0
So (3, −18) is a minimum point.

© Pearson Education Ltd 2019. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free.
2
 1 54
3 e y =x + = x + x −1 3 f y = x2 + = x 2 + 54 x −1
x x
dy dy
= 1 − x −2 = 2 x − 54 x −2
dx dx
Putting 1 − x−2 = 0 Putting 2x − 54x−2 = 0
x2 = 1 27
x= 2
x = ±1 x
When x = 1, 3
x = 27
1 x=3
y = 1+
1 When x = 3,
=2 54
y = 32 +
When x = −1, 3
1 = 27
y = −1 +
−1 So (3, 27) is a stationary point.
= −2 d2 y
So (1, 2) and (−1, −2) are stationary points. = 2 + 108 x −3
dx 2
d2 y d2 y 108
= 2 x −3 When x = 3, =2+ 3 =6>0
dx 2 dx 2
3
d2 y
When x = 1, =2>0
dx 2 So (3, 27) is a minimum point.

So (1, 2) is a minimum point.

d2 y
When x = −1, = −2 < 0
dx 2
So (−1, −2) is a maximum point.

© Pearson Education Ltd 2019. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free.
3
 1 1 3 1
3 g y=
x−3 x =
x − 3x 2 3 h y = x 2 ( x − 6) = x 2 − 6x 2
dy 3 −1 dy 3 12 −
1
= 1− x 2 = x − 3x 2
dx 2 dx 2
3 −1 3 12 −
1
Putting 1 − x 2 = 0 Putting x − 3 x 2 = 0
2 2
3 3 12 3
1= x = 1
2 x 2
3 x2
x= 3
2 x=3
2
9
x= x=2
4 When x = 2,
9 1
When x = ,
4 y = 2 2 ( −4 )
9 9 = −4 2
y = −3
4 4 So (2, − 4 2 ) is a stationary point.
9 d 2 y 3 − 12 3 − 32
= − = x + x
4 dx 2 4 2
So ( 4 , − 94 ) is a stationary point.
9
d2 y 3 3
d 2 y 3 − 32 When x = 2, 2
= + >0
= x dx 4 2 4 2
dx 2 4
3
So (2, − 4 2 ) is a minimum point.
−
9 d2 y 3  9  2
When x = , = × 
4 dx 2 4  4  i =y x 4 − 12 x 2
3 2
3 dy
= ×  = 4 x 3 − 24 x
4 3 dx
Putting 4x3 − 24x = 0
2
= >0 4x(x2 − 6) = 0
9
x = 0 or x = ± 6
So ( 94 , − 94 ) is a minimum point.
When x = 0, y = 0
When x = ± 6 , y = −36
So (0, 0), ( 6 , −36) and (− 6 , −36) are
stationary points.
d2 y
= 12x2 − 24
dx 2
d2 y
When x = 0, = −24 < 0
dx 2
So (0, 0) is a maximum point.
When x = ± 6 ,
d2 y
= 12 × 6 − 24 = 48 > 0
dx 2
So ( 6 , −36) and (− 6 , −36) are
minimum points.

© Pearson Education Ltd 2019. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free.
4
4 a 5 y =x 3 − 3 x 2 + 3 x
dy
= 3x 2 − 6 x + 3
dx
Putting 3x2 − 6x + 3 = 0
3(x2 − 2x + 1) = 0
3(x − 1)2 = 0
x=1
When x = 1, y = 1
So (1, 1) is a stationary point.
Considering points near to (1, 1):
x 0.9 1 1.1
dy
0.03 0 0.03
dx
b +ve 0 +ve
Shape
The gradient on either side of (1, 1) is
positive, so (1, 1) is a point of inflection.

6 f(x) = 27 − 2x4
f ′(x) = −8x3
Putting −8x3 = 0
x=0
When x = 0, y = 27
So (0, 27) is a stationary point.
f ″(x) = −24x2
When x = 0, f ″(x) = 0, so not conclusive
d Considering points near to (0, 27):
x −0.1 0 0.1
f ′(x)
 
0.008 0 −0.008
+ve 0 −ve
Shape
So (0, 27) is a maximum point.
So the maximum value of f(x) is 27 and the
range of values is f(x) ≤ 27.

© Pearson Education Ltd 2019. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free.
5
7 a f(x) = x4 + 3x3 − 5x2 − 3x + 1 7 b
f ′(x) = 4x3 + 9x2 − 10x − 3
Putting 4x3 + 9x2 − 10x − 3 = 0
Using the factor theorem: f ′(1) = 0,
so dividing 4x3 + 9x2 − 10x − 3 by x − 1:
4 x 2 + 13 x + 3
x − 1 4 x3 + 9 x 2 − 10 x − 3
4 x3 − 4 x 2
13 x 2 − 10 x
13 x 2 − 13 x
3x − 3
3x − 3
0
2
(x − 1)(4x + 13x + 3) = 0
(x − 1)(4x + 1)(x + 3) = 0
1
x = 1, x = − or x = −3
4
When x = 1,
y = (1)4 + 3(1)3 − 5(1)2 − 3(1) + 1
= −3
1
When x = − ,
4
4 3 2
 1  1  1  1
y = −  + 3  −  − 5  −  − 3  −  + 1
 4  4  4  4
357
=
256
When x = −3,
y = (−3)4 + 3(−3)3 − 5(−3)2 − 3(−3) + 1
= −35
So (1, −3), (−3, −35) and (− 14 , 357
256 ) are
stationary points.
f ″(x) = 12x2 + 18x − 10

When x = 1, f ″(x) = 20 > 0

So (1, −3) is a minimum point.
When x = −3,
f ″(x) = 12(−3)2 + 18(−3) − 10 = 44 > 0
So (−3, −35) is a minimum point.
1
When x = − ,
4
2
 1  1
f ″(x) = 12  −  + 18  −  − 10
 4  4
55
= −− <0
4
So (− 14 , 357
256 ) is a maximum point.7

© Pearson Education Ltd 2019. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free.
6