we.G. Aviex mvdj¨ 1 2 we.G.

Aviex mvdj¨

‡MŠoe½ wek¦we`¨vj‡qi bZzb cvV¨µg Abyhvqx wjwLZ cÖKvkK-

AvwdK cvewj‡Kkb
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(†Rbv‡ij)
cÖ_g el©
cÖKvk- Rvbyqvix 2017
cÖ_g I wØZxq cÎ GK‡Î
M.C.Q & Descriptive Type Question with Answer
g~j¨ - 210 UvKv gvÎ

Wt gyRZvev Rvgvj Kw¤úDUvi UvBc-

Gg.G, Gg.wdj, wc.GBP.wW, (†R.Gb.BD. bZzb w`jøx) BK¡iv K‡¤úvR †m›Uvi
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I
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KvwjqvPK _vbv †ivW 4/B, †cÖwm‡WÝx jvBb
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cwðge½, fviZ 9734009262 9800907380
9734009262
 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨ 3 4 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨

wKQz K_v m~PxcÎ

Paper-I
Syllabus 5-7
Avjøvn& Zvqvjvi cÖksmv Ávcb Kwi whwb Avgv‡`i‡K my¯’¨
M.C.Q (Multiple Choice Question)
I fv‡jv †i‡L GB †QvÆ MvBW eBwU wjLvi †ZŠwdK `vb K‡i‡Qb|
Modern Arab world 9-12
GB eBwU †MŠoe½ wek¦we`¨vj‡qi bZzb cvV¨µg Abyhvqx we.G,
History of Arabic literature (upto 1258 AD) 12-17
Aviex (‡Rbv‡ij) QvÎ-QvÎx‡`i Rb¨ AwZ mnR I mijfv‡e
Grammar 17-19
mv‡Rk‡bi wfwˇZ †jLv n‡q‡Q| hv‡Z cÖ_g cÎ (M.C.Q) I
Prose 20-21
wØZxq cÎ (Descriptive Type Question) GK‡Î DËimn
Question Sample 22-23
†`Iqv n‡q‡Q|
Paper-II
Avgiv Avjøvn& Zvqvjvi wbKU cÖv_©bv Kwi †h, D³ eBwU
Discreptive Type Question
†_‡K we.G. Aviex (‡Rbv‡ij)-Gi mg¯Í QvÎ-QvÎx †hb jvfgq
Modern Arab world 25-44
nq| Avgxb
History of Arabic literature (upto 1258 AD) 45-98
Grammar 99-121
Aa¨vcK gyRZvev Rvgvj
Grammar Suggestion 122-123
I
Arabic Word - Meaning 125-141
Aa¨vcK gybwmd Avjx †iRex
Prose (Text) 143-162
Prose Text (Translation) 163-202
Prose Text Translation (Suggestion) with Answer 203-209
Explanation of Text (Suggestion) with Answer 210-225
Broad Answer Type Question with Answer 226-245
Short Note in Arabic (Prose) 246-252
 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨ 5 6 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨

University of Gour Banga, Malda f) Literary contribution of     
New Syllabus (W.E.F-2016-17 Session)
     
B.A Part- 1
Arabic (General)
3. Grammar Marks-15
Full Marks-100
        
1. Modern Arab world Marks-10    
a) General Introduction to Modern Arab World.
b) Arab league, OIC, IDB
    
c) Political, Social & economic condition of Modern     
Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Palastine, Egypt and Libya.     
    
2. History of Arabic literature (upto 1258 AD)
Marks-30     
a) General Introduction to Pre-Islamic period and its
literature.
   

b)  with special reference to             

        

c)  and its preservation, importance & influence on   

Arabic language and literature.         

d)  and its preservation, importance & influence      

on Arabic language and literature.   

e) Literary contribution of         
 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨ 7 8 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨

    

4. Translation (Unseen) Marks-5

5. Prose Marks-40

    

   
    
     
Paper - 1
MCQ (Multiple Choice Question)
Full Marks-50
Question pattern
This paper will consist of 25 Questions from entire
syllabus and each question will carry 2 marks.
 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨ 9 10 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨

MCQ With answer Ans- Palestine.

14) P.L.O Full Form
Ans- Palestine Liberation Organization.
Unit - 1- Modern Arab World
15) The President of P.L.O was
1) Arab league was established
Ans- Yasir Arafat
Ans- In 1945, in Cairo, Egypt
16) Capital of saudi Arabia (KSA)
2) Arab league present members
Ans- Riyadh.
Ans- 22 Arabic- Spoken Countries
17) Present king of KSA
3) IDB full form
Ans- King Salman bin Abdul Aziz.
Ans- Islamic Development Bank
18) Crown prince of KSA
4) IDB was founded/established
Ans- Mohammad bin Nayef.
Ans- In 1975in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
19) KSA (Soudi Arabia) is founded in
5) Present president of IDB
Ans- 1932.
Ans- Muhammad Ali Al-Madani
20) KSA full form
6) OIC full form
Ans- Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
Ans- Organisation of Islamic cooperation/Organisation of
21) Capital of Iraq-
Islamic Conference.
Ans- Baghdad.
7) OIC was founded/established in
22) Present president of Iraq
Ans- 1969 in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Ans- Fuad Masum.
8) Present president of OIC
23) Present prime Minister of Iraq
Ans- Recep Tayyip Erdogan
Ans- Haider Al-Abadi.
9) Present secretary of OIC
24) Saddam Hossain belonged to
Ans- Iyad bin Amin Madani
Ans- Ira.
10) Capital of Palestine
25) Saddam Hussain hanged to death
Ans :- East Jerusalem
Ans- In 30 December 2006
11) Present president of Palestine
26) Capital of libya
Ans- Mohammad Abbas.
Ans- Tripoli
12) Present prime minister of Palestine
27) Chairman of the Presidential Council and Prime
Ans- Rami Hamdallah
minister of Libya
13) Yasir Arafat belonged to
 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨
Ans- Fayez-Al-Sarraj.
28) Mummar Gaddafi belonged to
Ans- Libya
29) Muammar Gaddafi was Killed/died in
Ans- In Sirt, Libya, 20 october 2011.
30) Capital of Egypt
Ans- Cairo
31) Who is consider as a founder of modern Egypt
Ans- Mohammad Ali Pasha.
32) Mohammad Husni Mubarak belonged to
Ans- Egypt.
33) Gamal abdul Naser belonged to
Ans- Egypt
34) Gamaludin Al Afgani belonged to
Ans- Egypt
35) Muhammad Abdo ( ) Belonged to
Ans- Egypt
36) Present president of Egypt
Ans- Abdul fattah Elsisi.
37) Present prime Minister of Egypt
Ans- Sherif Ismail
38) Anwar Sadat (  ) belonged to
Ans- Egypt
39)   (King Faisal) belonged to
Ans- Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
40) Samsi/Samusi movement belonged to
Ans- Libya
41)   belonged to
Ans- Egypt
11 12 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨
42) Al-bath party ( ) belonged to
Ans- Iraq
43) Al-Bath party was founded by
Ans- Saddam Hossain in 2003.
Unit - II (History of Arabic literature upto 1258 AD)
1)  Meaning-
Ans- Age of Ignorance / Age of Darkness.
2)  meaning
Ans- hanging/ hanging poem.
3) other name of   
Ans-   
4) Who is the greatest poet of the pre Islamic period-
Ans-  .
5) Who Compiled the ""-
Ans- Hammad Al-Rabia ( ).
6)    (Labid bin Rabiah) was a
Ans-  Poet.
7)    (labid bin Rahih) belonged to
Ans- Islamic and Pre-Islamic Period.
8)    (Labid bin Rabiah) was a
Ans-  Poet.
9)  is called
Ans- Who wrote poems in jahili and Islamic period.
10)            Who
 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨ 13 14 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨

said- Ans- 23 Years.

Ans-    (Labid bin Rabiah). 23) Who compiled the Quran in one phonetic sound
11) Who said "          Ans-    (Usman bin Affan)
" 24) The most true book in hadith is-
Ans-    Ans-   Compiled by Imam Bukhari.
12)    belonged to 25)    ( Zaid bin Sabit) was
Ans- Jahili period. Ans-   (Wahi Writer).
13)    Was a 26)   (Ibn Muqaffa) belonged to
Ans- Jahili Poet. Ans- Abbasid period.
14) The poet is called " "and   and  27)   was a
 Ans- Writer.
Ans-    (Antra bin Shaddad). 28) The real name of   before his Embracing
15) "        " Who said- Islam was
Ans-    Ans-  (Rozbah).
16)     belonged to 29)   was given the name after his embrecing
Ans-  tribe. Islam.
17)     Was a Ans-   
Ans-  poet 30) Full name of   was
18)     is a Ans-    
Ans- Jahili poet.
31)    is written by
19) Who was Known for his  Poems
Ans-  .
Ans-     (Zuhair bin Abi Sulma)
20) Who was known for knowledge and philosophy in his 32)   Was born in
poetry- Ans- 106 H.
21)     (Zuhair bin abi Sulma). 33) The real name of  was
22) The quran was revealed on prophet Mohammad Ans-       (Amar bin Bahar bin
(PBUH)-
 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨ 15 16 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨

Mehbub Alkinani). Ans- 

34)  was a 47)  belonged to
Ans- Writer. Ans- Ummayed Period.
35)  belonged to 48)  is known for his
Ans- Abassid Period. Ans-  Poems.
36)    and  were written by 49)    belonged to
Ans- . Ans- Ummayed and Abbasid period.
37) Full name of Al-Hariri was 50)    Was
Ans-      . Ans- Blind (From birth).
38)  was famous for 51)    Was
Ans- Al-Maqama. Ans- Persian origin.
39) The author is famous for Al Maqama () 52)    Was a
Ans- . Ans- Arab philosopher, poet and writer.
40) The real name of  was 53)   Was a
Ans-    Ans- Abbasid poet.
41)  means 54) The real name of   Was
Ans- Short-Nosed/Gazelle. Ans-   .
42) The poetess was known for her elegy poems () 55)   Was known as
Ans- . Ans-   (Wine poet).
43) The poetss whose Four sons were killed in the battle 56) The real name of   was
of Qadisiyah Ans-    (Ismail lbn Qasim).
Ans- . 57)   is a
44)  is a Ans- Abbasid poet.
Ans- Mukhadram () Poetess. 58)   is consider as a
Ans-    poet.
45) The real name of 
59)   was known for his
Ans-   
46) Who was the court poet of Ummayed Ans-   (Asceticic poetry).
 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨ 17 18 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨

60)    Belonged to Ans-  .

Ans- Abbasid Period. 3)  has
61)    Was a Ans- 1st letter as  .
Ans- Writer, philosopher and poet. 4)  has
62) Who was given the title of   Ans- 2nd letter as  .
Ans-   . 5)  has
63) Whos is   Ans- 3rd letter as  .
Ans-    6)  has
64) The abbasid poet who became blind in his childhood Ans-  (  ).
Ans-   . 8)   is
65) The real name of    was Ans- .
Ans-   . 9)  has
66) Who wrote   Ans- same two letters.
Ans-   . 10)    has
67) The abbasid poet who prohibited the meat for him Ans- Three letters.
Ans-   . 11)   Is reffered to
68) The poet who advised to write on his grave    Ans- Past tense.
      12)   has
Ans-   . Ans- 14 Conjugations.
13)   reffered to
Unit - III (Grammar) Ans- Present and future tense.
14)   has
1)   in Arabic are- Ans- 14 Conjugations.
Ans- 3 (). 15)    has
2)  has Ans- 6 Conjugations.
 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨ 19 20 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨

16) The signs of   are Unit- 5 (Prose)

Ans- 4 ().
17)   has 1)      Was written by
Ans- 14 Conjugations. Ans- 
18)  in Arabic is divided into 2) Who was the leader of hypoerite ()
Ans- 3 (Three) (). Ans-    
19) Number () In Arabic is Divided into 3) The meaning of 
Ans- 3 (Three) (   ). Ans- Hypoerite
21)  is called in english 4)   Was written by
Ans- Proper Noun. Ans-    
22)  is called in english 5) The meaning of  
Ans- Common Noun. Ans- The matter of seal/The matter of ring
23)   must has on it 6)   was taken from
Ans-  Ans-  
24)  must be 7)   was written by
Ans-  . Ans- 
25)  must be 8) Who forged the seal of Alkhilafat
Ans-  . Ans-   
26)   Must be start with 9)   Was written by
Ans-  Ans- 
27) The inventor of Arabic Grammar is 9) What is the real name of -
Ans-  . Ans-     .
10) The meaning of -
Ans- Culprit/ Criminal.
11)  is taken from
 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨ 21 22 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨

Ans-  . Paper-1-

12)  was written by Multiple Choice Question (MCQ)
-:Question Sample:-
Ans-   
13)  belonged to Answere all the Question in OMR Sheet.
Ans- lebanon. Choose the correct answere.
14)  Was Each Question carries 2 marks.
Ans- A Mahajar poet, Wtiter, philosopher and artist.
15) The famous book of  is
1) Arab league was established in-
A. Baghdad.
Ans-  (the Prophet)
B. Tehran.
16) Who established Pen league ( ) C. Dubai.
Ans-    D. Cairo.
17)    Was died in Ans- D- Cairo.
Ans- 1931 2) The real name of  was-
18)   (broken wings) was written by A.    (Ammar bin Bahr).
Ans-    B.   (Abdullah).
19) From whose hand the Prophet's ring ( ) fell C.   (Ishaq Nadeem).
into well. D.   (Mustafa Kamal).
Ans-    Ans- A.    (Ammar bin Bahr).
3) Samsi Movement belonged to
A. Turkey.
B. Tunisin.
C. Libya.
D. Iraq.
Ans- C - libya.
4) Full form of IDB
A. International Development Bank
 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨ 23 24 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨

B. Islamic Development Bank Paper II

C. Indian Development Bank (Descriptive Type) Marks-100
D. Irish Development Bank
Question Pattern & Marks Distribution
Ans- B- Islamic Development bank.
Marks of this paper are divided as mentioned below.
5) Other name of Mullaqa () is
A.  Unit-I Modern Arab World Marks-10
B.  Short Answer type (100 words) 2 out of 5 2x5=10
C. 
D.  Unit-II History of Arabic literature (Upto 1258 ad)
Marks-30
Ans- C- 
Broad Answer type (300-400 words) 3 out of 5 3x10=30
6) Jamal Abdul Naser belonged to-
A. Egypt.
Unit-III Grammar Marks-15
B. Libya.
short Answer Type- 3 out of 6 3x5=15
C. Iraq.
D.Tunisia
Unit- IV Translation Marks-5
Ans- A- Egypt.
Translation of very easy 4 Simple Arabic sentence into
English/Bengali 5 out of 8 1x5=5

Unit-V Prose Marks-40

1. Translation of Text, 1 out of 3 1x10=10
2. Explanation of Text (2 Lines), 1 out of 3 1x10=10
3. Broad Answer Type (250-300 Words) 1 out of 3-
1x10=10
4. Short note, 2 out of 4 2x5=10
 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨ 25
Unit-I
MODERN ARAB WORLD
MARKS-10
Short Answer Type (100 Words)
2 out of 5 = 2x5=10
26 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨
Question :- What do you mean by Modern Arab world?
Give a brief note on it.
or
Write a short note on Modern Arab world.
Ans :- AvaywbK Avie RM‡Zi †fŠ‡MvwjK mxgv‡iLv wba©viY Ki‡Z †M‡j
ej‡Z nq, Avi‡ei Dˇi mxixqv giæf‚wg, `wÿ‡Y fviZ gnvmvMi, c~‡e©
cvim¨ DcmvMi Ges cwð‡g †jvwnZ mvMi| Gi AvqZb t ˆ`N©¨ 1500
gvBj, cÖ¯’- 600 gvBj, me©‡gvU cÖvq evi jÿ¨ eM©gvBj, hv BD‡iv‡ci
GK PZz_©vsk Ges Av‡gwiKvi GK Z…Zxqvs‡ki gZ|
Avayw bK Avie RM‡Zi, †cŠiKvVv‡gvi g‡a¨ c‡o AvjwRwiqv,
B‡q‡gb, BivK, Bivb, Igvb, KvZvi, Kz‡qZ, RW©b, wReyZx, wZDwbwmqv,
Zzi¯‹, wdwjw¯Íb, evniv‡qb, gi‡°v, gwiZvwbqv, wgmi, wjweqv, †jevbb,
‡mŠ`x Avie, mshy³ Avie AvgxivZ, my`vb cÖf…wZ ivóª|
Question- Write a Short note on Arab league?
or
What is Arab league?
Ans :- Avie jxM ¯’vwcZ nq wgk‡ii KvB‡iv kn‡i 22 gvP© 1945 wLªt|
m`m¨ †`k t- cÖ_gZ mvZwU m`m¨ †`k h_v- 1. wgmi, 2. BivK, 3.
Bqvgvb, 4. †jevbb. 5. †mŠw` Avie. 6. RW©vb, 7. Ges wmwiqv wb‡q MVb
nq AviejxM| wKš‘ eZ©gv‡b Gi m`m¨ nj 22 wU Avie †`k, Dc‡i
D‡jøwLZ mvZwU †`k Ges 8. Avj‡Rwiqv, 9. Igvb, 10. KvZvi, 11.
wReywZ, 12. wZDwbwmqv, 13. wdwjw¯Íb, 14. gwiZvwbqv, 15. gi‡°v, 16.
wjweqv, 17. my` vb, 18. †mvgvwjqv, 19. mshy ³ Avie AvgxivZ, 20.
evnivBb, 21. Kz‡qZ Ges 22. Bwi‡Zwiqv|
cÖkvmwbK kvLv t-
Aviejx‡Mi cÖ k vmwbK KvVv‡gvi 6wU kvLv Av‡Q| h_v- 1)
ivR‰bwZK kvLv| 2) mvgvwRK kvLv| 3) A_© ‰bwZK kvLv| 4) ¯^ v¯’¨
 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨ 27
m¤^Üxq kvLv| 5) ms¯‹…wZ welqK kvLv Ges 6) cwienb msµvšÍ kvLv|
KvDwÝj t- Aviejx‡Mi m‡e© v ”P ÿgZvkvjx gnj nj KvDwÝj| GB
KvDw݇ji cÖwZwU m`m¨ iv‡óªi cÖwZwbwa Av‡Q Ges m`m¨ iv‡óªi GKwU
K‡i †fvUvwaKvi Av‡Q| eQ‡i `yevi KvDw݇ji Awa‡ekb e‡m|
mwPevjq t-
GB ms¯’vi GKwU ¯’vqx mwPevjq Av‡Q| KvDw݇ji `yB Z…Zxqvsk
m`‡m¨i mg_©‡b jx‡Mi GKRb gnvmwPe wbhy³ nq| gnvmwPe, mnKvix
mnmwPe wb‡qvM K‡ib|
jx‡Mi g~j D‡Ïk¨ t-
AviejxM ¯’vc‡bi GKwU eo jÿ¨ wQj we‡`kx kw³i `Lj n‡Z
Avie RbMb Ges Avie f‚wg‡K gy³ Kiv|
Question- What do you Know about O.I.C?
or
Write a Short note on O.I.C.
Ans :- O. I. C. (ORGANIZATION OF ISLAMIC
CONFERENCE) (BmjvwgK m‡¤§jb ms¯’v)|
1969 mv‡j ‡m‡Þ¤^i gv‡m, 57 wU m`m¨ wb‡q AvbyôvwbK fv‡e
BmjvwgK m‡¤§jb ms¯’v ¯’vwcZ nq| 1969 mv‡j †RiæRv‡j‡gi gmwR‡`i
cÖwZ BRivB‡ji AegvbbvKi Ges aŸsmvZ¥K Kvh©vewj mviv gymwjg Rvnvb
Ry‡o cÖPÐ †ÿv‡fi m„wó K‡i| H eQi †m‡Þ¤^i gv‡m gi‡°vi ivev‡Z
gymwjg †`k¸wji ivóª cÖavbMY welqwU we‡ePbvi Rb¨ GK kxl© ˆeV‡K
wgwjZ n‡q I.AvB.wm. ¯’vc‡bi bxwZMZ wm×všÍ MÖnY K‡ib| 1970 m‡bi
gvP© gv‡mi †RÏvq Ges H eQi wW‡m¤^i gv‡m KivwP‡Z AbywôZ gymwjg
†`k¸wj ciivóª gš¿x‡`i m‡¤§j‡b I.AvB.wm. Gi iƒc‡iLv wba©viY K‡i|
28 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨
2011 mv‡j 28 †k Ryb ms¯’vi bvg cwieZ©b K‡i bZzb bvgKiY Kiv nq
"ORGANIZATION OF ISLAMIC COOPERATION". ev
BmjvwgK mvnvh¨ ms¯’v|
I.AvB.wm. Gi cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ewj
1) gymwjg †`k¸wji HK¨ I msnwZ e„w× Kiv|
2) A_©‰bwZK, mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹…wZK †ÿ‡Î m`m¨‡`i g‡a¨ civgk© e„w×
Kiv|
3) eY© ‰elg¨ I Dcwb‡ekev` Aemv‡bi Rb¨ †Póv Ki|
4) cweÎ f‚wgi †ndvRZ, we‡klZ evBZzj gyKvÏvm D×vi, c¨v‡j÷vBwb
RbM‡Yi üZ AwaKvi Ges BRivBj AwaK…Z Avief‚wg cybiæ×vi Ges
5) gymwjg RbM‡Yi gh©v`v, ¯^vaxbZv I RvZxq AwaKvi iÿvi Rb¨ msMÖvg
gReyZ Kiv|
Question :- What do you know about I.D.B?
or
Write a short note on I.D.B
or
What is I.D.B? Mention its role.
Ans :- I.D.B Islamic Development Bank. Bmjvwg Dbœqb e¨v¼|
I.AvB.wm. A_© gš¿x‡`i m‡¤§j‡bi ci 1973 mv‡j †mŠw` Avi‡ei †RÏvq
¯’vwcZ nq Bmjvgx Dbœqb e¨v¼| 1975 mv‡ji A‡±vei gv‡m GB e¨v¼
AvbyôvwbK fv‡e †Lvjv nq| e¨v‡¼i †cÖwm‡W›U I wbe©vnx cwiPvjK- †evW©
Ae& MfY©i Gi †Pqvig¨vb Wt Avngv` †gvnv¤§v` Avjx| Ges Gi m`k¨
56wU †`k|
D‡Ïk¨ t-
†`kxq m¤ú` e„w× I gymwjg †`k¸wji A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b Drmvn
 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨ 29 30 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨

`vb Kiv| Av‡jvPbvi Rb¨ AvMgb KiZ| wZwb Aw½Kvi I cÖ wZkÖæ wZi cÖw Z `„ p
Avw_©K KvVv‡gv t- msKí _vK‡Zb| GB ¸YwU Zuv‡K GK `vwqZ¡kxj, kvwšÍ I b¨v‡qi Rb¨
GB e¨v‡¼i wnmv‡ei BDwbU Bmjvgx w`bvi| Bmjvgx w`bvi wb‡ew`Z e¨w³ wnmv‡e mycÖwZwôZ K‡iwQj|
AvšÍR©vwZK gwbUix dv‡Ði †¯úkvj †Wªwqs ivBU‡mi mg g~‡j¨i| e¨v‡¼i Avãyj Avhxh, Avi& ikx` cwievi n‡Z ivR¨ D×vi Kivi msKí
Aby‡gvw`Z g~jab 200 †KvwU Bmjvgx w`bvi| Ki‡jb| 1902 mv‡j Avãyj Avhxh, gvÎ 40 Rb AbyMvgx wb‡q wiqv`
`Lj Ki‡jb| AZtci 1924-1925 mv‡ji g‡a¨ Avãyj Avhxh wnRv‡hi
Question :- Write a Short note on   mgMÖ AÂj g°v g`xbv mn cy b t`Lj Ki‡jb| wZwb Ry R y a vb
DcRvwZ‡`i‡K GKwU RvwZ‡Z cwiYZ Ki‡jb|
Ans:-
t ivRv dvBmvj 1964 - 1975 t
Question :- Write a short note on  
ivRv dvBmvj GKRb Ly e B ¸bai K… wZ e¨w³ wQ‡jb| whwb mgvR I
Ans :-
A_©‰bwZK cwiKvVv‡gv MV‡b A‡bK `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i‡Qb, evwjKv‡`i
‡nvmwb †gveiK wQ‡jb wgk‡ii †mbv wefv‡Mi GKRb mvaviY
Rb¨ me©cÖ_g we`¨vjq cÖwZôv K‡ib| kvn dvBmvj Bmjvgx RM‡Zi †K›`ª
ˆmwbK| 1981 mv‡ji 6 B A‡±vei mvgwiK evwnbxi K‡qKRb m`‡m¨i
we›`y ‡ Z cwiYZ n‡qwQj| 1971 mv‡j wZwb O.I.C Gi mgv‡e‡ki
nv‡Z ZrKvjxb †cÖwm‡W›U (ivóªcwZ) AvbIqvi mvAv`vZ wbnZ n‡j fvBm
Av‡qvRb K‡ib †RÏv‡Z| GwU 56wU gymwjg †`‡ki mw¤§wjZ ms¯’v, hv
†cÖwm‡W›U (Dc ivóªcwZ) ‡nvmwb †gveviK †cÖwm‡W›U (ivóªcwZ) wnmv‡e
Bmjvgx HK¨ Dbœqb I mn‡hvwMZv wel‡q KvR K‡i _v‡K| 1960 mv‡ji
`vwqZ¡fvi MÖnY K‡ib| Zvi Avg‡j BLIqvbyj gym‡jgx‡bi Dci wbh©vZb
c‡i Avi‡e hLb B¯ªvB‡ji weiæ‡× `yÕevi hy× msNwUZ nq Ges 1973
evwo‡q †`Iqv nq| wgk‡ii wewfbœ KvivMv‡i nvRvi nvRvi Bmjvgx
mv‡j hLb ˆZj msKU ˆZwi nq| kvn dvBmvj H mg‡q AvaywbKZv, kvwšÍ
Av‡›`vj‡bi †bZv‡K AvUK Kiv nq| ˆ¯^ivPvix †gveviK miKv‡ii `gb
I ¯’vwq‡Z¡i wel‡q D‡jøL‡hvM¨ f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i‡Qb|
bxwZi Kvi‡Y     (eZ©gv‡b 
Question :- Write a Short note on King Abdul Aziz
  "EIJ") International Justice group cÖf…wZ
Bmjvgx `‡ji Avwef©ve N‡U‡Q| mvaviY RbM‡Yi AwaKvskB gymjgvb|
(  )
Zviv Pvq Kz i Avb I my b œ v ni Aby k vm‡b †`k cwiPvwjZ †nvK| wKš‘
Ans :-
kvmK‡Mvwó KÆi †mKzjvwi÷ ZvB Bmjvg cš’x‡`i mv‡_ kvmK †Mvóxi
t ivRv Avãyj Avhxh (1932 - 1953) t
Av`k©xK msNl© Pj‡Z _v‡K|
ivRv Avãyj Avhxh, wZwb †mŠw` Avie‡K AvaywbKxKi‡Yi Rb¨
wgki DËi Avwd«Kvi GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© †`k| †nvmwb †gvevi‡Ki
Riæix c`‡ÿc MÖnY K‡ib| †`‡ki cwiKvVv‡gv, h_v- iv¯Ív, †hvMv‡hvM
GK bvqKZvwš¿K I ˆ¯^ivPvix kvm‡bi Kvi‡Y mvej¤^x G wekvj †`kwU
e¨e¯’v, AvaywbK cÖhyw³, wkÿv, ¯^v¯’¨ Ges K…wli wel‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv
A_©‰bwZKfv‡e w`b w`b `~e©j n‡q c‡o‡Q|
cvjb K‡ib|
mv¤ªvR¨ev`x kw³i c` ‡jn‡bi Kvi‡Y wgk‡i cvðvZ¨ ms¯‹…wZK
Avãy j Avhxh Avie RM‡Zi evB‡i KLbI c`vc©Y K‡ibwb,
AvMÖ v kb ‡ek k³ wfZ jvf K‡i‡Q| ms¯‹… w Zi bv‡g †envqvcbv,
we‡`kx K‚ U ‰bwZKiv AZ¨šÍ m¤§vb I gh© v `vmn Zvi m‡½I mvÿvr
 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨ 31
†e‡jjøvcbv cÖmviZv †c‡q‡Q| Avi GRb¨ †cÖwm‡W›U †nvmwb †gvevi‡Ki
gvbwmKZv A‡bKvs‡k `vqx| RbM‡Yi avivevwnK Av‡›`vjb I wgÎ kw³i
mg_©‡b 2011 mv‡ji †g gv‡m †gveviK‡K c`Pz¨Z Kiv nq|
Question- Write a short note on the creation of
Modern Saudi Kingdom.
or
Who is the founder of Saudi Arabia (KSA)?
Write a short note on it.
Ans :-
KINGDOM OF SAUDI ARABIA
  
ivRKxq †mŠw` Avie
18 kZvãxi cÖ _ g fv‡M GKRb gymwjg cwÐZ Ges ms¯‹viK
kv‡qL gynv¤§v` web Avãyj Inve gymjgvb‡`i g‡a¨ cÖK…Z Bmjv‡gi w`‡K
cÖZ¨veZ©b Kivi gZ cÖPvi K‡ib| Avãyj Inve cÖ_g ag©xq cwÐZ Ges
†bZ…e„›` KZ©„K wbM„nxZ n‡qwQj, †h‡nZz Zviv Avk¼v KiwQj †h, Zuv i
cÖ PvwiZ gZv`‡k©i Kvi‡Y Zv‡`i‡K ÿgZvPz¨ Z n‡Z n‡e| ZLb wZwb
gynv¤§v` webmvD` kvwmZ Ôw`wiqvnÕ bM‡i myiÿv cÖv_©bv Ki‡jb| gynv¤§v`
web Avãyj Inve Ges gynv¤§v` web mvD` `yR‡b w¯’i Ki‡jb †h Bmjv‡gi
cÖK…Z wkÿv‡K gymwjg mgv‡Ri g‡a¨ cybtcÖwZôvi Rb¨ wb‡Ri cÖvY DrmM©
K‡i †`‡eb| GB Av‡eM wb‡q web mvD` cÖ _ g †mŠw` †÷U cÖ w Zôv
Ki‡jb| hvi Ava¨vwZ¥K ¸iæ wQ‡jb gynv¤§v` web Avãyj Inve, whwb kv‡qL
bv‡g mycwiwPZ|
1788 Lªxt m¤ú~Y© bR` gvjf‚wg AÂj Ry‡o †mŠw` †÷U cÖwZwôZ
nq|
32 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨
t †mŠw` Avivweqvi AvaywbK ivR¨ t
hyeK Avãyj Avhxh, Avi ikx` cwievi n‡Z ivR¨ D×vi Kivi
msKí Ki‡jb| 1902 mv‡j Avãyj Avhxh, gvÎ 40 RbAbyMvgx wb‡q
wiqv` `Lj Ki‡jb| AZtci 1924-1925 mv‡ji g‡a¨ Avãyj Avhxh
wnRv‡hi mgMÖ AÂj g°v g`xbvmn cyb t `Lj Ki‡jb| wZwb Ry Rya vb
DcRvwZ‡`i‡K GKwU RvwZ‡Z cwiYZ Ki‡jb 23 †m †m‡Þ¤^i 1932
mv‡j GB †`kwU KINGDOM OF SAUDI ARABIA bv‡g
AwfwnZ nj|
Avãyi ingvb Avj dvqmvj Avj mD` Gi †bZ…‡Z¡ 1932 mv‡ji
23 †k †mÞ¤^ i wnRvR, bR`, Avwmi I Ab¨vb¨ ÿz ` ª Avgxi kvwmZ
AÂj¸‡jv‡K GK ivóª KvVv‡gvi Aax‡b wb‡q G‡m bvgKiY Kiv nq
Royal Kingdom of Saudi Arabia ev ivRKxq †mŠw` Avie|
Gfv‡e GK nvRvi eQ‡iiI †ewk Kvj AwZevwnZ nIqvi c‡i Avie
f‚-L‡Ð Avevi wbqgZvwš¿K I kw³kvjx GKwU ivóªKvVv‡gv cÖwZôv jvf
K‡i| ivRv Avãyjøvn& Gi g„Zz¨i ci eZ©gv‡b †mŠw`i ivRv n‡jb- mvjgvb
( )|
Question- Write a short note on Muhammad Ali
Pasha.
or
Who is the founder of Modern Egypt?
Write a short note on it.
Ans:- ‡gvnv¤§v` Avjx n‡jb Avayw bK wgk‡ii cÖ avb cªw ZôvZv| wZwb
1805 Lªxt ‡_‡K 1841 Lªxt ch©šÍ wgk‡ii kvmK wQ‡jb| wZwb cvkv nIqv
m‡Ë¡ I Z`vbxšÍ b Zz K x© my j Zvb wØZxq gvngy ‡ `i m½wZ wb‡q bR` I
†nRv‡Ri Invex‡`i †mLvb n‡Z †ei K‡i †`Iqvi Rb¨ ˆmb¨ cvVvb|
†gvnv¤§v` Avjxi cyÎ Beªvnxg cvkvi ˆmb¨`j Invex‡`i m‡½ `yÕeQi a‡i
hy× K‡i Zv‡`i‡K civwRZ K‡i Zv‡`i kw³ †kl K‡i †`q| wZwb 1820
Lªxt hy× K‡i `ÿZvi m‡½ my`vb Rq K‡ib| GBfv‡e wZwb wgk‡ii ÿgZv
 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨ 33
I KZ…©‡Z¡i cwiwa‡K we¯ÍvwiZ K‡ib| GB mg¯Í weR‡qi Kvi‡Y ‡gvnv¤§v`
Avjx, ¯^vaxbfv‡e wgk‡ii kvmbKvh© cwiPvjbvi †hvM¨Zv AR©b K‡ib|
wZwb 1817 Lªxt †gwW‡Kj K‡jR ¯’vcb K‡ib| 1839 Lªxt wZwb wmwiqvi
Dmgvbx evwnbx‡K civwRZ K‡i ZzK©xi myjZvb‡K wgk‡ii AwaKv‡i wb‡q
Av‡mb| 1841 Lªxt ZzK©x myjZvb cÖ_g Avãyj Avjxi nv‡Z Ac©b Ki‡Z
eva¨ nb| Ges wZwb 1861 Lªxt cÖ_g BwÄwbqvwis ¯‹zj ¯’vcb K‡ib|
wZwb cÖ_g wgk‡ii kvmb e¨e¯’vi DbœwZi Rb¨ GKwU †`Iqvb
cÖwZwôZ K‡ib| wZwb wgkixq‡`i wkÿvi Rb¨ mµxq wQ‡jb| wZwb eû
gv`ªvmv ¯’vcb K‡iwQ‡jb| †gavex I `wi`ª QvÎQvÎx‡`i D”P wkÿvjv‡fi
Rb¨ wZwb BD‡iv‡c cvVv‡Zb| wewfbœ BD‡ivcxq fvlvq iwPZ MÖš’ wZwb
Aviex fvlvq Abyev` Kivi D‡`¨vM wb‡q wQ‡jb| GB D‡Ï‡k¨ wZwb weL¨vZ
mvwnwZ¨K †idvAv ZvnZvwfi ZË¡veav‡b cwiPvwjZ GKUv Abyev` †K›`ª
ˆZix K‡iwQ‡jb| wZwb e¨w³MZ cwikÖ‡g GKwU miKvix QvcvLvbv ˆZix
K‡iwQ‡jb|
wZwb `ÿZvi m‡½ ivR¨ we¯Ívi I cÖRvwn‰Zlx Kv‡Ri m‡½ hy³
_vKv Ae¯’ v q 1841 Lª xt wgk‡i †kl wbtk¦ v m Z¨vM K‡ib| GB mg¯Í
cÖvRvwn‰Zlx ivR¨ we¯Ív‡i `ÿZv I my‡KŠk‡j wewfbœ mvgwiK evwnbx‡K
†cÖiY K‡i Ab¨vb¨ ivR¨‡K wb‡Ri kvm‡b wb‡q Avmvi Rb¨ Zuv‡K AvaywbK
wgk‡ii RbK ejv nq|
Question- Write a short note on   
Ans :-
t mvB‡q¨` RvgvjDÏxb AvdMvbx t
Ewbk kZ‡Ki †klfv‡M gy mwjg we‡k¦ Ôc¨vb BmjvwgR& g Õ
Av‡›`vj‡bi cÖPviK cÖv‡P¨i AwMœcyiæl, Avjøvgv RvgvjDÏxb 1838 mv‡j
AvdMvwb¯Ív‡bi mxgvšÍ kni nvgv`v‡bi wbKUeZ©x Avmv`vev‡` Rb¥ MÖnY
K‡ib| Zuvi wcZv mvB‡q¨` mvd`vi wQ‡jb GKRb ˆmwbK| 8 eQi eq‡m
RvgvjDÏxb GjvKvi wewkó wkÿK‡`i Kv‡Q †jLvcov ïiæ K‡ib| Aí
34 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨
wKQz w`‡bi g‡a¨B wZwb Aviex, dvimx, weÁvb, MwYZ, wPwKrmv we`¨v I
ag© x q welq m¤ú‡K© cvwÐZ¨ AR© b K‡ib| evj¨Kvj †_‡KB wZwb hy ×
we`¨v‡Z cvi`wk©Zv AR©b K‡ib| wZwb AvdMvwb¯Ív‡bi Z`vbxšÍb Avgxi
†`v¯Í †gvnv¤§v‡`i †mbv evwnbx‡Z †hvM`vb K‡ib| 1869 mv‡j wZwb
AvdMvwb¯Ív‡bi cwiewZ©Z cwiw¯’wZi Kvi‡Y fvi‡Z AvMgY K‡ib| fviZ
†_‡K wZwb †bŠ c‡_ 1871 mv‡j wgk‡i Dcw¯’Z nb| Zvici 1883 mv‡j
AíwKQz w`b jЇb Ae¯’vb K‡i Avjøvgv AvdMvbx c¨vwi‡m P‡j hvb| wZwb
Bmjvgx cÖ v b aviYv Rbg‡b Dc¯’ v wcZ Ki‡Z _v‡Kb c¨vb Bmjvgx
Av‡›`vj‡bi cÖPvi K‡i| wZwb eû gymwjg †`k ågY K‡ib| RvgvjDÏxb
AvdMvbx wQ‡jb wek¦ gymwjg msnwZ Av‡›`vj‡bi †ÿ‡Î GKRb gnvb
w`Kcvj| wZwb 1897 mv‡ji 9B gvP© gvÎ 48 eQi eq‡m B‡šÍ K vj
K‡ib|
Question- Write a short note on   
Ans :-
t gydZx †gvnv¤§v` Ave`yû t
gydZx kvqL †gvnv¤§v` Ave`yû web nvmvb Lvqiæjøvn& wgmix 1949
mv‡j wgk‡ii GK cjø x ‡Z Rb¥ MÖ n Y K‡ib| Zu v i wcZvi bvg nvmvb
Lvqiæjøvn&| wgk‡ii RvZxq Rxe‡b beRvMiY m„wó‡Z Zuvi Ae`vb Abe`¨|
evj¨Kvj n‡ZB gydZx Ave`yû wQ‡jb AZ¨šÍ †gavex, AwZ Aí
eq‡m wZwb Kz i Avb wndR K‡ib| Gici AwffveKMY Zu v ‡K Rv‡g
Avng`x bvgK gv`ªvmvq fwZ© K‡ib| GLv‡b wkÿv mgvß K‡i 1866 mv‡j
gvÎ 15 eQi eq‡m, wZwb wgk‡ii †kÖô we`¨cxV Rv‡g Avj-Avhnv‡i fwZ©
nb| Avj& Avhnv‡i Aa¨qb Kv‡j wZwb Z`vbxšÍb gymwjg we‡k¦i hyM †kÖô
weíex bvqK RvgvjDÏxb AvdMvbxi ms¯ú‡k© G‡m ms¯‹vi Av‡›`vj‡b
DØy× nb|
kZvãx a‡i gymjgvb‡`i g‡a¨ †h RoZv, AKgY©Z v ¯‘ c xK… Z
n‡qwQj, Zvi Aemvb NwU‡q Zv‡`i g‡a¨ beRvMi‡Yi mvov I ¯ú›`b
 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨ 35
Avbq‡bi Rb¨ wZwb ms¯‹vi Kvh©µg ïiæ K‡ib| Zuvi Rxeb e¨vcx mvabv
I Av‡›`vj‡bi †gŠwjK avivwU wQj ms¯‹vi g~ j K| wgm‡ii miKvix
msev`cÎ Avj& AKvBDj wgmwiqvn& Gi m¤úv`‡Ki `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡Z
wM‡q Zuvi mgvR ms¯‹vi g~jK msKí I evmbv‡K †`‡ki Avbv‡P Kvbv‡P
cÖPvi Ki‡Z jvM‡jb| wZwb D”P c`¯’ Kg©KZ©v‡`i AbvPvi I `~bx©wZ‡K
me©mvavi‡Yi m¤§y‡L Zzj a‡i, Zvi Zxeª cÖwZev` I mgv‡jvPbvi evY el©Y
Ki‡Z ïiæ K‡ib| Zuvi ms¯‹vi Kvh©µ‡gi g~j welq wQj; hyw³evw`Zv I
gy ³ ey w ×i Dci ¸iæZ¡ v ‡ivc, AÜ Aby K i‡Yi we‡ivwaZv, we`vqv‡Zi
we‡ivwaZv cÖf…wZ|
iPbvewj t-
ivRbxwZ, Av‡›`vjb, Aa¨vcbv, cVb-cvVb BZ¨vw` wewfbœ gywL
`vwqZ¡c~Y© Kv‡h©i mv‡_ wb‡R‡K IZ‡cÖvZfv‡e e¨vc„Z ivLv m‡Ë¡I gydZx
†gvnv¤§v` Ave`yû Zuvi RxeÏkvq Áv‡bi wewfbœ kvLv‡K †gŠwjK Ae`v‡b
mg„× K‡i eû `yj©f MÖš’ iPbv K‡i †M‡Qb| Zb¥‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ MÖš’¸wj
n‡”Q- 1) wimvjvZz b dx Avi ivwÏ Avj gy w mDnvby Z y | 2) AviivÏy
AvjvÏvnwiqxb, GwU Zuvi I¯Ív` RvgvjywÏb AvdMvwbi divwm fvlvq wjwLZ
ÔRoev‡`i LÐbÕ bvgK eBwUi Aviex Abyev`| 3) wimvjv AvZ& ZvInx`|
4) Zvdmxiæj gvbvi| 5) Avj& Bmjvg Iqvi ivÏy Avj gyZvwd`xwn| 6|
Bmjvûj gvnvwKwgk kvwiqvn| 7| kvi‡n bvnvRyj evjvMv BZ¨vw`|
Zvi AMva cvwÐZ¨ I Bmjvgx kwiq‡Zi GKRb mdj e¨vL¨v `vZv wnmv‡e
miKvi Zuv‡K wgm‡ii gydwZ‡q AvRg c‡` AwawôZ K‡ib| 1985 mv‡j
GB hyM †kÖô gnv gYxlx wgm‡i B‡šÍKvj K‡ib|
Question- What do you know about ' '
Ans :-
Avay w bK wgk‡ii me© ‡ kª ô wkÿv cÖ wZôvb wnmv‡e cwiwPZ nj
Rv‡gqv Avj AvRnvi wek¦we`¨vjq| †hwU KvB‡iv kn‡i cÖ_g wek¦we`¨vjq,
36 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨
wgk‡ii me‡P‡q cÖ v Pxb wkÿv cÖ w Zôvb Ges c„ w _exi e‡ov e‡ov
wek¦we`¨vjq¸wji g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg wek¦we`¨vjq| ‡ekwKQzKvj c~‡e© Avwd«Kv‡K
ÔAÜKviv”Qbœ gnv‡`kÕ e‡j AvL¨vwqZ Kiv n‡jI Bmjv‡gi Avwef©v‡ei ci
wgki Bmjvgx wkÿv I ms¯‹…wZ PP©vi Ab¨Zg †K›`ª wnmv‡e M‡o I‡V|
970 Lª x óv‡ã Lwjdv Avj& gy q vBR Gi kvmbvg‡j †mbvcwZ
hvInvi mvKvjx GB wek¦we`¨vjqwU wbg©vY K‡ib| gymwjg `ywbqvi wewfbœ
†`‡k wkÿv I fveavivi cÖPvi, cÖmvi I cwiPq Ges Bmjvgx Av`‡k©i
†ÿ‡Î Avj-Avhnvi wek¦w e`¨vj‡qi `vb Acwimxg| Avay w bK wgk‡ii
wPšÍ v bvqK kvBL gy n v¤§v` Ave`y û Ges kvBL nvmvby j evbœ v GB
wek¦w e`¨vj‡qi Av`k© wkÿvi Øviv DØy × n‡qwQ‡jb| mv¤úª `vwqKKv‡j
evwYR¨, cÖkvmb, KvwiMix, wPwKrmv cÖf…wZ welqZË¡ GB wek¦we`¨vj‡qi
cvVµ‡gi AšÍfy©³ Kiv n‡q‡Q|
Question- Write a short note on Saddam Hussain.
Ans :-
mvÏvg †nv‡mb
mvÏvg †nv‡m‡bi Rb¥ Biv‡Ki evM`v` kn‡ii Avj AvIRv MÖv‡g 1937
Lª x t 29 †k GwcÖ j | R‡b¥i c~ ‡ e© Zvi wcZv gviv hvb, Zvi ‰kke I
evj¨Kvj AwZevwnZ nq Zuvi PvPvi Kv‡Q| †hŠe‡b c`vc©b K‡i evM`v`
kn‡i AvMgb K‡ib| c‡i wZwb wmwiqv I wgk‡i wM‡q wkÿv jvf K‡ib|
1979 mv‡j †cÖwm‡W›U Avngv` nvmvb Avj evKi c`Z¨vM K‡ib|
Ges mvÏvg †nv‡mb †cÖwm‡W›U c` Ges Revolutionany Command
Gi †Pqvig¨v‡bi c‡`i `vwqZ¡ fvi MÖnY K‡ib| 1980 mv‡j RvZxq weavb
mfv MVb K‡ib| mvÏvg †nv‡mb 1958 mv‡ji ivRZš¿ Aemv‡bi c‡i
GwUB cÖ_g msm` mfv| mvÏvg †nv‡mb RvZxq ‡bZvi gh©v`v cvb RvZxq
HK¨ cwijwÿZ Kivi Rb¨|
‡cÖw m‡W›U mvÏvg †nv‡m‡bi nv‡Z BivK hy ‡× wea¯Í nq| Zvi
†mŠR‡b¨ Biv‡K †j‡M‡Q cwðg D`viZvi DbœwZ n‡q‡Q wkÿv I Rb¯^v‡¯’i
 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨ 37
†ÿ‡Î| wZwb Biv‡K mvwe©K Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ eyk Gi wbKU n‡Z A‡bK Avw_©K
mvnvh¨ G‡bwQ‡jb| wKš‘ gvwK©b †cÖwm‡W›U eyk 2003 mv‡j AvµgY K‡i
mvÏvg‡K Kviviæ× K‡ib Ges duvwmi ivq †ei K‡ib|
KvivMv‡i e‡m wZwb GKUv cy¯ÍK iPbv K‡ib| hvi bvg ÒAwfkß
†ewi‡q hvIÓ GUv GKUv Dcb¨v‡mi gva¨‡g wZwb wPwÎZ K‡i‡Qb GK
Awek¦vmx Lªxóvb AvµgbKvix †mbvevwnbx‡K Ges GK `„p‡PZv ¯^vaxbZv
Kvgx Aviexq †hv×v‡K|
2006 mv‡j 5B b‡f¤^i Zuvi duvwmi ivq †NvwlZ nq| †mLv‡b
Dcw¯’Z wQ‡jb gywbi nvg` K‡qKRb gš¿x I GKRb wPwKrmK| Ae‡k‡l
Zvi Mjvq duvwmi `wo †P‡c e‡m|
Question- Write a short note on Yasir Arafat.
Ans :-
wdwjw¯Í‡bi wecbœ Amnvq RvZxi †bZv Bqvwmi AvivdvZ n‡”Qb
wdwjw¯Í‡bi ivR‰bwZK cwigЇji GKwU bÿÎ| wdwjw¯Í‡bi ¯^v‡_© cxwoZ
gyw³Kvgx RbZvi ivR‰bwZK AwaKvi, ¯^vaxbZv I mve©‡fŠgË¡ cybtcÖwZôv
K‡i msMÖvgx †bZvi f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i‡Qb Bqvwmi AvivdvZ| wZwb 1923
mv‡j †RiæRv‡j‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| wcZvi m‡½ wZwb Kvq‡iv‡Z emevm
Ki‡Zb| Kvq‡iv wek¦ we`¨vj‡q BwÄwbqvwis covKv‡j wZwb ivRbxwZ‡Z
Ask MÖnY K‡ib| 1948 mv‡j Avie BRivBj hy‡× mwµq ˆmwbK wnmv‡e
wZwb AskMÖn Y K‡ib| 1956 mv‡j my‡ qR Lvj hy y‡ × AvivdvZ wgkix
†mbvevwnbxi KgvÐvi wn‡m‡e wbhy³ nb| 1962 mv‡j †k‡li w`‡K Kz‡q‡Z
Ae¯’vb Kv‡j AvivdvZ wdwjw¯Íb‡K gy³ Kivi Rb¨ cÖevmx‡`i wb‡q †Mwijv
BDwbU MVb K‡ib| 1969 mv‡j wZwb PLO-i ‡Pq¨vig¨vb wbhy³ nb|
1987 mv‡j cÖ e vmx wdwjw¯Í b RvZxq cwil‡`i Awa‡ek‡b wdwj¯Í x b
cÖ w Z‡iva msMÖ v g wewfbœ ` j Dc`‡ji Dcw¯’ w Z‡Z bZz b fv‡e Bqvwmi
AvivdvZ‡K PLO (Palestine Liberation Organization) Gi
†Pqvig¨vb wbhy³ Kiv nq| wdwjw¯Í ‡ bi gy w ³ msMÖv ‡gi BwZnv‡m Zvi
38 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨
Ae`vb Abb¨| wZwb wdwjw¯Íbx RbM‡Yi AZ¨šÍ AvcbRb| GB gnvb †bZv
2004 mv‡ji 11B b‡f¤^i c¨vwi‡mi d¬vgv‡i Aew¯’Z wgwjUvix nvmcvZv‡j
75 eQi eq‡m B‡šÍKvj K‡ib|
Question- Write a short note on Samsi/Samusi
movement in libya.
Ans:-
-t mvgymx Av‡›`vjb t-
Aóv`k kZvãxi †Muvovi w`‡K (1871 mv‡j) gynv¤§v` Kvigvbwj
bvgK R‰bK ZzwK© Kg©Pvix wÎcjx‡Z we‡`ªvn †Nvlbv K‡i Kvigvbwj es‡ki
AbyKz‡j ÿgZv `Lj K‡ib| Kvigvbwj esk A‡Uvgvb myjZv‡bi ek¨Zv
¯^xKvi K‡i cÖvq GK kZvãxKvj ivRZ¡ K‡i| Zv‡`i kvm‡bi †klw`‡K
mvB‡q` gynv¤§v` Avjx mvgymx bvgvK R‰bK ag©xq †bZvi ms¯‹vi Av‡›`vjb
ïiæ nq| wZwb wQ‡jb g°vi Invex‡`i b¨vq RvZxq fveavivcy ó Ges
ms¯‹viev`x| cieZ©x‡Z †gvnv¤§v` Avj gvn`xi cwiPvjbvq 1843 mv‡j
mvgymx Av‡›`vjb †Rvi`vi nq Ges Zviv mvB‡iwbKvq h‡_ó cÖfve we¯Ívi
K‡i| 1902 mv‡j mvgy mxi g„Z z ¨i ci Zuv i †Q‡j Avwgi Bw`ª m mvgy mx
Av‡›`vj‡bi †bZ…Z¡ MÖnY K‡ib|
Question- Write a short note on Independence
Movement of Iraq.
Ans-
-t ¯^vaxbZv Av‡›`vjb t-
mwÜ cÖZ¨vL¨vb t- BivwK RvZxqZvev`xiv weªwUk‡`i M„nxZ wewfbœ c`‡ÿ‡c
mš‘ ó n‡Z cv‡i wb| Zviv weª w U‡ki AwQwMwii mgvwß I Biv‡Ki c~Y ©
¯^vaxbZvi `vwe K‡i| 1922 mv‡j weªwUk-BivwK Pzw³i Lmov Rbmg‡ÿ
cÖKvk cvq| G‡Z BivK‡K ¯^vaxb ivóª wn‡m‡e ¯^xKvi Kiv nqwb d‡j
RvZxqZvev`x BivKxiv G mwÜ cÖZ¨vL¨vb K‡i|
`gbbxwZ I Zvi cwiYvg t-
 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨ 39
BivKx‡`i K…Z mwÜ cÖZ¨vL¨v‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ ïiæ nq mv¤ªvR¨ev`
we‡ivax MY-Av‡›`vjb| cvkvcvwk weªwUk kvmK‡Mvôxi cÿ †_‡K ïiæ nq
RvZxqZvev`x‡`i weiæ‡× `gbbxwZ| wKš‘ Zv‡`i `gbbxwZi d‡j
Av‡›`vjb Av‡iv †Rvi`vi n‡q I‡V| RvZxqZvev`xiv BivKx RvwZi
cwil‡`i wbe©vPb `vex K‡i| weªwUk miKvi RvZxqZvev`x AbgbxqZv I
Av‡cvlnxb `„p wPËZvi Kvi‡Y Zv‡`i `vwe `vIqv †g‡b †bIqv fvb K‡i G
Av‡›`vjb‡K wKQzUv w¯ÍwgZ K‡i w`‡Z mÿg nq|
¯^vaxbZv jvf t-
1923 mv‡j weªwUk‡`i mv‡_ BivKx gš¿xmfvi GK Pzw³ ¯^vÿwiZ
nq| G Pzw³ Abyhvqx weªwU‡ki AwQwMwii †gqv` 20 eQi †_‡K Kwg‡q 4
eQi Kiv nq| wKš‘ weªwUkiv K_v iv‡Lwb| 1930 mv‡j 5 eQi †gqv‡`i
Rb¨ B½-BivKx mwÜ ¯^vÿwiZ nq| G mw܇Z Biv‡Ki ¯^vaxbZv ¯^xK…Z
nq| 1932 mv‡ji 3iv A‡±vei BivK ¯^ v axb ivóª wnmv‡e jxM Ae
†bkb‡mi c` jvf K‡i|
Question :- Write a short note on Cornel Gaddafi
Ans- Zuv i cy‡ iv bvg gyÔ Av¤§vi MvÏvdx| wZwb Rb¥MÖ nY K‡ib 1942
Lªxóv‡ã| cÖ_g Rxe‡b we`¨v wkÿv mgvwßi ci wZwb †mbv wefv‡M PvKzix
MÖnY K‡ib| c‡i av‡c av‡c cÖ‡gvkb †c‡q K‡Y©j nb| 1969 wLªóv‡ãi
1jv †m‡Þ¤^ i wjweqvi †mbvevwnbxi GK ZiæY AvwaKvwiK, mvgwqK
Afz ¨ Ìv‡bi gva¨‡g Z`vbxšÍ b ivRv Bw`ª m‡K ÿgZvPz ¨Z Ki‡j K‡b© j
MvÏvdx H wecøex KgvÐ cwil‡`i †bZv wbe©vwPZ nb| H wecø‡ei c‡iB
wZwb wjweqv n‡Z B½-gvwK©b mvgwiK NuvwU mwi‡q w`‡qwQ‡jb| wZwb H
cwil‡`i †bZv wnmv‡e wjweqv‡K cÖRvZš¿ wnmv‡e †NvlYv K‡ib| d‡j
Avie Rbg‡b Zuv i cÖ wZ cÖ e j mnvby f‚ w Z m„w ó nq| MvÏvdx K‡qKevi
Ab¨vb¨ Avie iv‡óªi m‡½ wjweqv‡K mshy³ Kivi cÖ‡Póv Pvjvb Ges 1971
Lª x t wjweqv, wgmi I wmwiqvi m‡½ Avie cÖ R vZš¿ †`k¸wji GKUv
†dWv‡ikb MVb K‡ib| 1988 Lª x t wZwb A‡bK¸wj ivR‰bwZK I
A_©‰bwZK D`vi bxwZ MÖnY K‡ib| d‡j Zuvi ciivóªbxwZ ev¯ÍegyLx iƒc
40 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨
MÖnY K‡i|
Ae‡k‡l cÖ v q 40 eQi ivR‡Z¡ i ci 69 eQi eq‡m wb‡Ri
gvZ…f‚wg wmiZ bvgK kn‡i 20B A‡±vei 2011 mv‡j wbnZ n‡q g„Zz¨ eiY
K‡ib|
Question :- Write a short note on Political and
Economic condition of Egypt.
Ans- wgk‡ii ivR‰bwZK Ae¯’v t 18 Ryb 1953 mvj n‡Z wgki GKwU
cÖRvZš¿x †`k| 1981 mv‡j †nvmwb †gveviK ivóªcwZ nb| wZwb RvZxq
MYZvwš¿K `‡ji †bZv| 2004 mv‡j Avngv` bvwRd cÖavb gš¿x wnmv‡e
kc_ MÖnY K‡ib|
2005 mv‡j †gveviK wbe©vPb AvBb cÖeZ©‡bi cÖwZkÖæwZ w`‡jI
Kvh©Z Awngvb by‡ii gZ †bZv‡K wbe©vP‡b Ask MÖnY Ki‡Z †`Iqv nq
bvB| 2007 mv‡j msweav‡b A‡bK cwieZ©b NUv‡bv nq †h, ivRbxwZi
g‡a¨ ag©e¨envi Kiv hv‡ebv| bZzb mš¿vm we‡ivax AvBb cÖbqb Kiv nq|
Ges ivóªcwZ B”Qv Ki‡j msm` †f‡½ w`‡Z cv‡i| 2007 mv‡ji d‡j
†KejgvÎ 27 mZvsk RbMY Ask MÖnY K‡i| wgki Rbkw³, mvgwiK
kw³ †fŠMwjKMZ Ae¯’v‡bi Kvi‡Y Avwd«Kv gnv‡`k I ga¨cÖv‡P¨i Dci
cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i Av‡Q|
A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’v t-
wgk‡ii A_©b xwZ cÖ a vbZ K… w l, wgwWqv, †c‡Uª vjRvZ ißvwb I
ch©Ub †Kw›`ªK wÎk jÿvwaK gvbyl cÖevmx wnmv‡e †mŠ`x Avie, cvim¨
DcmvMi I BD‡iv‡c KvR K‡i| 1970 mv‡j wbh©vwZZ Aswan high
Dam Ges Lake Nasser Gi Kvi‡Y wgk‡ii K…wl I cwiev‡i cÖf…Z
DbœwZ n‡q‡Q|
wgki 1979 mvj †_‡K Av‡gwiKvi wbKU n‡Z cÖvq evrmwiK 2.2
wewjqvb Wjvi mvnvh¨ †c‡q Avm‡Q| wgk‡ii Kv‡Q cÖPzi cwigv‡b Kqjv,
‰Zj cÖ vK… wZK M¨vm I nvB‡Wªv ‡Rb Av‡Q| 1940 wKDweK wK‡jvwgUvi
cwigv‡Y cªvK…wZK M¨vm Av‡Q| 2003 mv‡j D`vi ˆbwZK Avw_©K c`‡ÿc
MÖnY Kivi d‡j wgk‡ii A_©bxwZ‡Z cÖf‚Z mg„w× N‡U‡Q|
 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨ 41
Question :- Write a short note on Social, Political and
Economic Condition of Moderm Saudi Arabia.
Ans- Ae¯’vb t-
gvbe BwZnv‡mi GK ¸iæZ¡c~Y© †K›`ªf‚wg ‡mŠ`x Avie| Gi cwð‡g
†jvwnZ mvMi, c~‡e© Avie mvMi, `wÿ‡Y B‡q‡gb I Igvb Ges Dˇi
BivK I RW©b| †`kwUi miKvix bvg Avj gvgjyKvZ Avj Avivexqv Avm
‡mŠw`qv| G‡`k giæf‚wg I K¼igq gvjf‚wg Øviv †eóxZ|
ivR‰bwZK Ae¯’v t-
mD` web Avt Avhxh Gi bvg Abymv‡i †`kwUi bvg| ‡mŠ`xMY
DcmvMixq A‡ji Awaevmx| 1446 Lªxt Iqvw`‡q nvwbdvq evm Ki‡Zb|
gynv¤§v` web mqy` 1726 Lªxt Avwgi nb Ges 1745 mv‡j gynv¤§v` web
Avãy j Iqvnv‡ei wkl¨Z¡ MÖ nY K‡ib| Zvi gy Zz ¨ i ci Zvi cy Î Avãyj
Avwhh ÿgZvq Avmxb n‡q ZzK©x‡`i wbKU †_‡K wiqvØ `Lj K‡ib| 1818
mv‡j Zvi wk‡iv‡”Q` N‡U| 1890 mv‡j ZzK©x iwk` cybivq wiqvØ `Lj
K‡ib| Avãyj Avwhh Gi åvZv Avãyjøvn& web mqy` 1808 mv‡j B¯Ív¤^y‡j
wbnZ nb| Zvi Aci åvZv dvqmvj Kz‡q‡Z AvkÖq †bb| Avãyj Avwhh
Zvi åvZv dvqmv‡ji wbKU Kz‡qZ cjvqb K‡ib|
wZwb cybivq wiqvØ `Lj K‡ib| 1915 mv‡j wZwb Bs‡iR‡`i
m‡½ eÜzZ¡ K‡ib Ges 1921 mv‡j ZzK©x‡`i DrLvZ K‡ib| 1931 mv‡j
Zvi AwaK…Z iv‡R¨i bvg ivL‡jb ‡mŠ`x Avi‡ei ivRZ¡| †mB mgq †_‡K
eZ©gvb ch©šÍ eû e¨w³i kvm‡b Pj‡Z Av‡Q Avie ivRZ¡|
A_©‰bwZK t-
‡mŠ`x Avi‡ei cÖavb kl¨ †LRyi, dj, Mg, evwj©, M¨vm, †mvbv,
†jvnv, Zvgv| PjwZ kZ‡Ki w·ki `k‡K Lu y ‡ R cvIqv †Zj ‡mŠ`x
Avie‡K w`‡q‡Q Afz Zce© GK A_© ‰bwZK †mŠfvM¨| †Zj Ges †Z‡ji
UvKvi Dci wbf©i K‡i M‡o DVv wkí ‡mŠ`x RbMY‡K gv_v cÖwZ evwl©K †h
Avq G‡b w`‡q‡Q Zvi cwigvY 11 nvRvi cuvPkZ Wjvi| AbybœZ AZxZ‡K
wcQ‡b †d‡j `ªæZMwZ‡Z ‡mŠ`x Avie mg„w×i hy‡M cÖ‡ek Ki‡Q| cÖwZw`b
42 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨
†Zj †_‡K Rgv n‡”Q 80 wgwjqvb Wjvi| RbM‡Yi Kj¨v‡b wecyj A_©‡K
Zviv Kv‡R jvMv‡”Qb|
mvgvwRK Ae¯’v t-
AvR‡K ‡mŠ`x Avi‡ei mvgvwRK Ae¯’ v hv †`Lv hv‡”Q, Aag©,
AbvPvi Ges mgv‡Ri AkvwšÍi Avav‡i †MvUv Avie Wz‡ewQj Bmjvg c~e©
hy‡M, gnvbex Ges Lwjdv‡`i ¯^Y© hy‡Mi ci Avie RbM‡Yi GKUv e„nËi
Ask Avevi †mB Avuav‡i Wz‡e hvq| ag©xq †ÿ‡Î mxgvnxb wePz¨wZ Avmb
†M‡o i‡q‡Q msnwZ I mn‡hvwMZvi mgvwRK cwi‡ek I aŸ‡k c‡o|
Dchy³ AwffveKnxb cwi‡e‡kB A‡bK nZ¨v, nvbvnvbx, jyÉb, e¨wfPvi
BZ¨vw`i g‡Zv Rv‡nwjqv‡Zi nvRv‡iv e¨vwa Avie DcØx‡ci RbMY‡K G‡m
wN‡i a‡i| Zvi nvZ †_‡K Zv‡`i ewÂZ gyw³ GLbI Av‡mwb|
Question :- Write a short note on social and political
condition of Palestine.
Ans- ivR‰bwZK Ae¯’v t 1948 Lªxt A‰eafv‡e BmivBj ivóª cÖwZôvi
ci †mLvb †_‡K cÖvq Kzwo jÿ wdwjw¯Íbx‡`i‡K nZ¨v I wbh©vZ‡bi wkKvi
n‡q †`k Z¨vM Ki‡Z eva¨ Kiv n‡qwQj| 1965 Lªxt BmivBj hy‡×i mgq
A‡bK wdwjw¯Íbx MuvRv A‡j AvkÖq wb‡qwQj| ZLbB Rb¥ †bq AvjdvZv
ev †Mwijv MÖæc| G‡`i cÖavb Bqv‡mi AvivdvZ| 1964 Lªxt ¯’vwcZ nq
P.L.O| GwU wdwjw¯Í b x RbM‡Yi mvwe© K gy w ³i Rb¨ wewfbœ †`‡k
Ae¯’vbiZ cªvq 58 jÿ gvby‡li RvZxq cÖwZôvb GB ms¯’v|
1973 Lªxt Avie ivóª¸wj BmivB‡ji weiæ‡× GK †hŠ_ AvµgY
Pvwj‡q wQj, wKš‘ †KvbI mdjZv †`Lv ‡`qwb| 1986 Lª xt ZrKvjxb
hyeivR dvnv` ga¨cÖv‡P¨ kvwšÍi Rb¨ Avie BmivB‡ji weev` wggvskvi
Rb¨ 8 `dv cwiKíbv w`‡qwQj| 1993 Lªxt P.L.O I BmivBj `yB cÖPÐ
ˆeix kw³‡Z GK kvwšÍ Pzw³ ¯^vÿi K‡i| 2001 Lªxt BmivB‡ji ch©Ub
gš¿x GK †nv‡U‡j wbnZ n‡j Zvi `vqx Kiv nq AvivdvZ‡K| GLbI ch©šÍ
Zv‡`i Dci AvµgY Pj‡ZB Av‡Q| Zvi †Kvb mgvavb nqwb|
mvgvwRK Ae¯’v t-
 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨ 43 44 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨

gyiwMi Ni Av‡Q A_P Avgvi Zv bvB- DØv¯‘ wkwe‡i emevmKvix ‡n‡ivWvUvm Zvi ågb e„Ëv‡šÍ H GjvKvq emevmKvix‡`i wjweqvb e‡j
GK e„ ‡×i D”PviY| Zv‡`i Ni †g‡jwb| wbR evmf‚‡ g cievmx n‡qB D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb|
i‡q‡Q Zv‡`i gvwU †_‡K hviv DrLvZ Kij Zviv ˆea Ges wdwjw¯Íbxiv wjexqvi RbMY Avie eskf~ Z | Bmjvg †mLvbKvi RbM‡Yi
A‰ea| GiKg Ab¨v‡qi D`vniY AvaywbK gvbe BwZnv‡m Avi wgj‡ebv| Rxe‡b Mfxi I KvjRqx cÖfve we¯Ívi jvf K‡i‡Q Ges RbM‡Yi GKvZ¥
hv‡`i wbR¯^ f‚LÐ wQj Zviv nvwi‡q‡Q f‚LÐ| wdwjw¯Íbx RbMY Zv‡`i Zvi eÜb I msnwZ kw³kvjx K‡i‡Q|
¯^vaxbZv nvwi‡q‡Q| Bmivwqj hLb KzU‰bwZK Av‡jvPbv‡K GKgvÎ Dcvq A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’v t-
wnmv‡e †e‡Q wb‡q‡Q ZLb Zv‡`i nZvkv Qvov Avi wKQz †g‡jwb| Zv‡`i bv wjweqvi cÖavb km¨ †LRyi, Awjf, Kgjv, AvOzi I Mg| LwbR t
Av‡Q †Kvb ivR¨ Avi bv Av‡Q †Kvb ivRavbx| wRcmvg, †Zj, M¨vm| †Zj Avwe®‹vi I ißvwbi c~‡e© wjweqv wQj Mwie
†`k, KviY Gi 95 kZvsk f‚wg giæf‚wg|
Question :- Write a short note on Social, Political and 1955 mvj †_‡K †Z‡ji AbymÜvb P‡j| 1970 mv‡ji g‡a¨
Economic condition of Libya. wjweqv‡Z †Zj D‡Ëvjb †ek †e‡o hvq| †Z‡ji Avwke©v‡` wjweqv GLb
wjweqv giæf‚ w g cÖ a vb †`k, hv 1951 Lª x t weª ‡ Ub I d« v ‡Ýi Avwd«Kvi me‡P‡q abx †`k| wek¦ e¨v‡¼i wnmve Abymv‡i 1982 mv‡j
AwaKvi wQbœ K‡i ¯^vaxbZv jvf K‡i| wjweqvi gv_v wcQz RvZxq Avq wQj- 8520 gvwK©b Wjvi|
ivR‰bwZK Ae¯’v t -
¯^ v axbZvi ci 1969 mv‡j gy qv¤§vi MvÏvwd Gi †bZ… ‡ Z¡ GK
wecøex cwil` MwVZ nq hv wjweqv‡K cÖRvZš¿ †Nvlbv K‡i| wjweqvi ivóª
cÖavb MvÏvwd Zv‡K ejv nq wecøex †bZv| wZwb m‡e©v”P ÿgZvi AwaKvix|
1977 Lªx t MvÏvwdi ciKíbv Aby h vqx wjweqvi bvg nq mgvRZvwš¿K
RbM‡Yi wjweqvi Avie cÖR vZš¿ | 1980 mv‡j wjweqv wmwiqvi m‡½,
1981 mv‡j Puv‡`i m‡½ mshyw³i cÖ¯Íve ‡`q| wKš‘ Kvh©Ki nqwb| 1984
mv‡j MvÏvwdi evm¯’v‡bi Dci GK nvgjv nq| H eQi wjweqv gi‡°vi
m‡½ Avie Avwd«Kv †dWv‡ik‡bi GK Pzw³ ¯^vÿwiZ K‡i| 1986 mv‡j
MvÏvwd ivR‰bwZK I A_© ‰bwZK D`vi bxwZ MÖ nY K‡i ciivóª bxwZ‡K
ev¯ÍegyLx K‡ib|
mvgvwRK Ae¯’v t-
wjweqv cÖv PxbKv‡j G bv‡g cwiwPZ wQj bv| K‡qKwU A‡j
wef³ wQj| cÖvPxbKv‡j wgk‡ii cwðg mxgv‡šÍ †jey bv‡g GKwU †MvÎ evm
KiZ| Zvi bvgvbymv‡i wjweqv bv‡gi DrcwË| GUvI Abygvb Kiv nq †h,
wKQz dvivI Lª x t cy e © Aóg kZvãx‡Z wjexq wnmv‡e wPwýZ KiZ|
 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨ 45 46 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨

Question :- Explain the term "    " and Discuss the
main sources of Information regarding Pre-Islamic
period of Arabiah?
Ans :-
    k‡ãi we‡kølY I A_©t-
     kãwU   avZz †_‡K MwVZ|   Gi A_© Ávb
weewR©Z nIqv, †Kvb wKQz m¤ú‡K© fyj wek¦vm ivLv, †h KvR †h fv‡e Kiv
DwPZ †m fv‡e bv Kiv|
UNIT- II  (Ávb)- Gi wecixZ nj  , c~e© cyiæl‡`i wb‡q eovB
HISTORY OF ARABIC LITERATURE Kiv, A_ev AnsKvi Kiv I kw³i M‡e© MwVZ nIqv‡K   ejv nq|
bex (mvt) Gi beyqZ cÖvwßi c~‡e© K‡qK kZvãx a‡i Avi‡ei
( UP TO 1258 AD)
mvgvwRK, ivR‰bwZK Rxe‡b c~‡e© D‡jøwLZ   ev AÁZvi hveZxq A_©
MARKS 30
I ‰ewkó cvIqv wM‡qwQj| GB Rb¨ Avi‡ei BwZnv‡m GB AÜKvigq
Broad Answere Type (300-400 words)
hyM‡K     ev
    A_ev The age of Ignorance bv‡g
wPwýZ Kiv nq| cweÎ KziAv‡b I GB mgq Kvj‡K    bv‡g wPwýZ
3 out of 5 3x10= 30
Kiv n‡q‡Q| gnvb Avjøvn e‡jb-

                

Rv‡nwj hyM t-
   Gi mgqKvj:- AvB A¨vg G Rv‡nwjqvZ mgvqKvj wb‡q
HwZnvwmK‡`i g‡a¨ gZ‡f` i‡q‡Q| †Kvb †Kvb HwZnvwm‡Ki g‡Z nhiZ
Av`g (Avt) Gi m„wóKvj †_‡K ïiæ K‡i nhiZ gynv¤§v` (mvt) Gi beyqZ
cÖvwß ch©šÍ GB `xN© mgq‡K AÜKvi hyM ev     hyM ejv nq| Wt
wbKjm‡bi g‡Z Bmjvg Avwef©v ‡ei c~‡ e©i GKkZ eQi mgq‡K Avj
    (AÜKvi hyM) ev Rv‡njx hyM ejv nq| HwZnvwmK P.K wnwÆ GB
gZev`‡K mg_©b K‡ib| GB AwfgZwU m¤úyY© iƒ‡c MÖnY †hvM¨|
 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨ 47
G hy‡M Avie †`‡k e¨vcK fv‡e me© cÖKvi `~wb©wZ I Kyms¯‹v‡ii
cÖPjb wQj Ges G hy‡MB Zv‡`i mvgvwRK, ivR‰bwZK, ‰bwZKagx©q I
mvs¯‹…wZK Rxeb Aa¨cZ‡bi †kl ch©v‡q †b‡g G‡mwQj e‡j G‡K AvÜKvi
ev AÁZvi hyM ejv nq|
   - hy‡Mi Z‡_¨i Drm t-
m¤ú~Y © Rv‡njx hy M ‡K †cÖv ‡MŠwZK ejv bv †M‡jI G mgqKvi
HwZnvwmK Z_¨ D×v‡ii gva¨g¸wj Lye GKUv ¯úó bq| Gi cÖavb KviY
nj G mgqKvi wjwLZ BwZnvm cvIqv hvq bv| G mg‡qi Z_¨ ¸wji gyj
Drm m¤ú~Y© fv‡e c‡ivÿ A_©vr G mg‡qi HwZnvwmK Dcv`vb ¸wji Drm
¸wj Av` I HwZnvwmK bq| †h mg¯Í welq I Drm †_‡K Rv‡njx hy‡Mi
Z_¨ Rvbv hvq| †m¸wj ms‡ÿ‡c bx‡P Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj-
1. cÖvPxb Aviex KweZv t-
cÖvPxb Avi‡e wkÿv e¨e¯’v Lye DbœZgv‡bi bv _vK‡jI mwnZ¨ PP©v
we‡kl K‡i Kve¨ PP©v cÖPjb wQj e¨vcK fv‡e| Avi‡ei wek¦vm wQj †h
Kweiv we‡kl Áv‡bi AvwaKvix Zviv wQj AZ¨všÍ Kve¨ iwkK| Kve¨ PP©v
cÖPxb Avi‡e AZ¨všÍ RbwcÖq wQj| Zviv †jvK ci¯úi KweZv ¸wj‡K ¯§„wZ
c‡U a‡i ivLZ| Rxe‡bi †QvU †QvU welq, AvZ¥ m¤§vb †eva, eÜzZ¡, †cÖg,
cÖwZÁv, cÖwZ‡kva, `ytL, `~`©kv I hy‡Mi gq`v‡b cÖ`wk©Z †mŠh©exh© cÖf…wZ
Zv‡`i KweZvq dz‡U DVZ| g`cvb, Drm„•LjZv, Pzwi, ivnvRvwb Gi gZ
Kzms¯‹vi Zv‡`i KweZvq ¯’vb †c‡q‡Q| GgbwK Zv‡`i mvgvwRK ixwZbxwZ
hy× I mwÜi wewfbœ NUbvi eY©bv‡K Kwe Kve¨gq K‡i Zz‡jwQj| mvZwUi
g‡a¨ PviwU gyqvjøvKv‡Z †Kvb bv †Kvb hy‡×i NUbv ewY©Z n‡q‡Q| ZvB
ZrKvjxb Avie m¤ú‡K© Rvbvi cÖavb DcKiY †h KweZv, Zv wbwשavq ejv
P‡j| GB Rb¨ weL¨vZ mvnvex nhiZ Avãy j ø v n& Be‡b AveŸvm cweÎ
KziAv‡bi A_© †evSvi Rb¨ cÖvPxb Aviex KweZvi mvnvh¨ wb‡Z civgk©
w`‡q wQ‡jb|
Zvi g‡Z         ( Poetry is the public register of
48 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨
the Arab).
2. wKse`wšÍ t-
cÖv Pxb Avie Z‡_¨i wØZxq Drm wKse`wšÍ ev Proverb hv‡K
Aviex‡Z ejv nq| cÖwZwU mgv‡R cÖev` evK¨ Zv‡`i wbR¯^ mvgvwRK
AwfÁZv mg„× n‡q _v‡K †QvU K_vi gva¨‡g †Kvb NUbv‡K a‡i ivLv nq|
Aviex‡Z GKwU cÖev` Av‡Q         A_©vr cÖev` evK¨
RbM‡Yi AvIqvR| Gme cÖvPxb cÖev` †_‡K ZrKvjxb Avi‡ei eû Z_¨
Rvbv hvq| Avey †njvj AvmKvixi wjwLZ MÖš’      Ges Avj
gvq`vwbi wjwLZ MÖš’       G wel‡q D‡jøL‡hvM¨|
3. DcK_v t-
Aviex‡Z G‡K   e‡j| G¸wj KL‡bv M`¨ AvKv‡i Avevi
KL‡bv Muv_v AvKv‡i cÖPwjZ| Gme DcK_vi welq e¯‘y wQj ZrKvjxb
Avie mgv‡Ri ‡MŠiegqx HwZn¨ Ges UzK‡iv UzK‡iv mvgvwRK wPÎ| hv
†_‡K cieZ©xKv‡j HwZnvwmK MY eû Z_¨ msMÖY K‡i‡Qb| AveŸvmx hy‡Mi
weL¨vZ †jLK Aveyj dvivR Avj Bmdvnvbx, (        )
wKZveyj AvMvbx (  ) bvgK MÖ‡š’ G ai‡bi DcK_v msKjb
K‡i‡Qb|
4. evMwgZv t-
cÖ vK Bmjvgx hy‡ M hy‡ × DrmvwnZ Kivi Rb¨ KL‡bv ivRv‡`i
`iev‡i Avevi KL‡bv agx©q I ‰bwZKZvi Dc‡`k †`Iqvi Rb¨ e³vMb
e³e¨ ivL‡Zb| Zv‡`i e³‡e¨ ZrKvjxb mgv‡Ri PjwPÎ D‡V AvmZ|
†h¸wj cieZ©xKv‡j Z_¨ wnmv‡e HwZnvwmK‡`i Kv‡R †j‡MwQj| G mg‡q
evMwg‡`i g‡a¨ Kzmweb mv‡q`v, Avgvi Be‡b gvwØKvive D‡jøL‡hvM¨|
5. AwšÍg Dc‡`k t-
cÖvPxb Avi‡e g„Zy¨i c~‡e© ev Ab¨ †Kvb mg‡q wcÖqRb‡`i D‡Ïk¨
 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨ 49
Dc‡`k wKsev `iKvix †Kvb K_v ejvi ixwZ wQj| G¸wj AwšÍg Dc‡`k
bv‡g cwiwPZ| Gme Iwkq‡Z Avie‡`i eyw×gËv ag©xq †PZbv mn Rxe‡b
wewfbœ †ÿ‡Î cwiPq cvIqv hvq|
6. wkjvjxwc t-
cÖvPxb Avi‡ei Ab¨Zg wbf©i‡hvM¨ Z‡_¨i Drm nj wkjvjxwc|
cÖvPxb Avi‡e A‡bK mgq cvnv‡oi Mv‡q, wkjv L‡Û GgbwK eo eo hy‡×i
¯’v‡b cªev`, ‡jvK ci¯úivMZ wKQz Z_¨ wj‡L ivLv nZ| †h¸wj ZrKvjxb
Avie mgvR m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z mvnv‡h¨ K‡i|
7. †KviAvb I nvw`m t-
cÖvK Bmjvgx hy‡Mi me‡P‡q wbf©i‡hvM¨ m~ÎwU Aek¨B †KviAvb I
nvw`m| cÖm½ µ‡g Gme MÖ‡š’ AZx‡Z †ek wKQy HwZnvwmK e¨vw³‡Z¡i
NUbv D‡jøwLZ n‡q‡Q| G¸wj m¤ú‡K© †hme Z_¨ ewY©Z n‡q‡Q †mMywj
wbtm‡›`‡n HwZnvwmK‡`i Kv‡Q Ag~ j¨ m¤ú`| Avj Kz iAv‡b 25 Rb
bex‡`i cwiPq, Kvev M„‡ni wbg©vb, RgRg K‚c, mšÍvb‡K RxweZ Kei
†`Iqvi g‡Zv fqsKvi Kzms¯‹vi, †divDb Av` mg~n cÖf…wZ m¤ú‡K© cÖPzi
Z_¨ KziAvb I nvw`‡mi g‡a¨ ewY©Z n‡q‡Q|
Dcmsnvi t-
cÖv K Bmjvgx Avie ‡cÖ v‡MŠwZnvwmK bv n‡jI ZLbKvi mgvR
m¤ú‡K© Rvbvi m~‡Îi h‡_ô Afve Av‡Q| Zv m‡Z¡I Dc‡i Av‡jvwPZ 7wU
m~Î ZrKvjxb Avi‡e we¯ÍvwiZ wPÎ Zz‡j ai‡Z nq‡Zv mÿg bq, ZeyI
†gvUvgywU HwZnvwmK w`Kwb‡`©kbv Gme m~Î †_‡K cvIqv m¤¢e|
Question :- What do you mean by  poet?
Give a brief account of any  poet?
Give a biographical account of    and
comment upon his poetry.
Ans :-
-t    t-
50 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨
fzwgKv t-
Aviex mvwn‡Z¨i cwifvlvq  ejv nq †m Kwe‡K whwb
Rv‡njx Ges Bmjvgx Dfq hy‡M Kve¨ PP©v K‡i‡Qb|
 -Kwe‡`i g‡a¨ †h mg¯Í KweMb Kve¨ PP©vi gva¨‡g L¨vwZ
I ‡mŠfv‡M¨i Dbœ Z wkL‡i Av‡ivnb K‡iwQ‡jb Ges we‡kl ¯’ vb jvf
K‡iwQ‡jb Zv‡`i g‡a¨ Kwe    D‡jøL ‡hvM¨|
-t Kwe    Gi mswÿß Rxebx t-
Rb¥ I esk cwiPq t-
Kwe  (jvex`) AvbygvwbK 514 Lªxóv‡ã Avi‡ei cÖwm× Avgxi
†Mv‡Î Rb¥ jvf K‡ib| Zvi wcZvi bvg wQj ivexqvn|
evj¨ I ‰kke Kvj t-
Kwe jvex` evj¨Kv‡j weL¨vZ Avwgi cwiev‡i GK Aby K z j
cwi‡e‡k jvwjZ nb| ZvB ¯^vfvweK fv‡eB evj¨ Kvj n‡Z cvwievwiK
e`b¨Zv I exi‡Z¡i Av`k© Kwei Rxe‡b Mfxifv‡e †iLvcvZ K‡iwQj Ges
Zvi g‡bvRM‡Z ¯’vqx cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡iwQj| Ávb eyw× nIqvi ci †_‡KB
jvex` (ivt) wbR †Mv‡Îi ey hy M© x I †kÖ ó‡Z¡i e¨vcv‡i m‡PZb wQ‡jb|
†hŠe‡b wZwb wbR ‡Mv‡Îi mv‡_ hy‡× Ask MÖnY Ki‡Zb Ges nxivi Avgxi
Dgiv‡`i `iev‡i hvZvqvZ Ki‡Zb|
Bmjvg MÖnY t-
 g°v weR‡qi c~‡e© g`xbvq Dcw¯’Z n‡q †gvnv¤§v` (mvt) Gi
wbKU Bmjvg MÖnY K‡ib I Zvi †Mv‡Îi ‡jv‡KivI Zvi AbymiY K‡i|
-t    Gi Kvwe¨K Ae`vb t-
Rv‡njx hy‡Mi cÖvPxb Kve¨ ÔgyÕAvjøvKvÕ Kwe‡`i g‡a¨ Kwe jvex`
web ivexAvn& wQ‡jb Ab¨Zg| wZwb `yB hyM cÖvcK A_©vr cÖvK Bmjvgx hyMI
Bmjvgx hyM cÖvß gyLv`ivg Kwe‡`i kxl© ¯’vbxq Kwe wQ‡jb|
-t Rv‡njx hy‡Mi iwPZ KweZv welq e¯‘ I ‰ewkó¨ t-
 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨
jvwe‡`i Rv‡njx hy ‡ Mi iwPZ KweZv ¸wji g‡a¨B Zvi wbR
†Mv‡Îi cÖwZ Zvi Amvavib Av¯’vi cwiPq cvIqv hvq| G hy‡Mi iwPZ
KweZvq cÖkvsmv I Kzrmv K‡i Me© AnsKv‡ii Awfe¨w³B AwaK jÿ Kiv
hvq| G mg‡qi KweZvq jvex` (ivt) wbR cwiev‡ii †jvK‡`i myKxwZ©,
exiZ¡ I `vb kxjZv we‡kl fv‡e D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| mvaviY KweZvi g‡a¨ G
ai‡bi Me© cÖKvkK KweZvi msL¨vq AwaK| gyqvjøvKvI Ab¨vb¨ KweZvq
eÜz‡`i cÖksmv, giæ cÖvšÍ‡i D‡Vi wc‡V mdi bxj Mvfxi mv‡_ †mB D‡Vi
Zzjbv Ges wkKvix‡`i Zvov Kivi weeiY BZ¨vw` wel‡qi D‡jøL K‡i‡Q|
GB hy‡Mi iwPZ KweZvq jvex` `~e©j Ges AcÖPvwjZ kã eû cwigv‡b
e¨envi K‡i‡Qb|
-t Bmjvwg hy‡M iwPZ KweZvi welq e¯‘ I ‰ewkó¨ t-
jvex‡`i (ivt) Bmjvwg hy ‡Mi iwPZ KweZvq Kz iAv‡bi cÖf ve
my¯úó| G mg‡qi KweZvq kã e¨envi †kvfb Ges myweb¨¯Í| Beby mvjvg
wj‡L‡Qbt jvex` (ivt) KweZvi kã m¤¢ vi wgwó Ges nvjKv ai‡bi|
wb‡Ri fvB Aviev‡`i gwm©qv cÖm‡½ wZwb †h KweZv iPbv K‡i‡Qb Zvi
g‡a¨ G ˆewkó we`¨gvb| G KweZvi kã AjsKvi gwÛZ Ges fveavev
Bmjvgx| jvex‡`i (ivt) DhvBwbqv KweZvq Bmjvgx wPšÍvi Qvc my¯úó|
-t  Gi KweZvi bgybv t-
wb‡¤œ D`vniY ¯^iæc Zvi iwPZ KweZvi `ywU jvBb Zz‡j aiv nj| -
                  
                
g„Zz¨ t-
Ae‡k‡l gnv Kwe  L¨vwZi wk‡l© Av‡ivnY K‡i 661 Lªxt g„Z‚¨
eiY K‡ib|
Dcmsnvi t-
Kwe  Gi MYbv  Kwe‡`i g‡a¨ n‡jI wZwb †Kej gvÎ
51 52 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨
K‡qKwU PiY Bmjvg MÖn‡Yi ci iPbv K‡i‡Qb wZwb L¨vwZ AR©Y K‡i‡Qb
Rv‡njx hy‡M Zvi iwPZ KweZv  Gi gva¨‡g|
Question :- Give an account of    and
comment upon his poetry.
Ans:-
fzwgKv t-
cÖvK Bmjvgx hy‡M Avie RvwZi m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z †h mg¯Í KweZv
msKjb mvnv‡h¨ K‡i Zvi g‡a¨ AvjgyAvjøvKv KweZv me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© I
wbf©i‡hvM¨| Avi Kwe AvšÍviv gyqvjøvKv Kwe‡`i g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg|
mswÿß Rxewb t-
Rb¥ I esk cwiPq t-
Kwe Avb&Zviv Gi wcZv kvÏv` wQ‡jb Avi‡ei   †Mv‡Îi
weL¨vZ †hv×v| Avi Zuvi gvZv wQ‡jb Avwewmwbqvi/ nvemvi GK ivRvi
Kb¨v wKš‘ wZwb Avi‡ei GK Avµg‡bi wkKvi nb Ges kvÏv‡`i `vmx
wnmv‡e Rxeb AwZevwnZ K‡ib| †m hy‡Mi wbq‡g `vmxi cyÎ `vm e‡j MY¨
nZ| ZvB Kwe Avb&Zviv ló kZvãx‡Z Avi‡ei weL¨vZ Ave&m ( 
  )
†Mv‡Î `vmxi cyÎ wn‡m‡e Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zuvi Mv‡qi is wQj K…òeY© ZvB
Avi‡ei †jv‡Kiv Zv‡K   A_©vr Avi‡ei KvK e‡j AwewnZ
KiZ| wKš‘ Zvi weiZ¡Zvi Rb¨ wZwb    I     Gi
Dcvax AR©b K‡iwQ‡jb|
evj¨Kvj t-
GK `vmxi M‡f© Rb¥ †bIqvi Rb¨ m¤£všÍ ÔAvemÕ ‡Mv‡Î Rb¥jvf
Kiv m‡Ë¡I evj¨Kv‡j Kwe‡K `vm‡Z¡i gg© cxovq `» n‡Z n‡qwQj| ˆKki
Kvj ch©šÍ wZwb `vm iƒ‡cB Rxeb-hvcb K‡ib| d‡j Zv‡K w`evKvjxb wb¤œ
 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨ 53
Kvg KvR Ki‡Z nZ| Dóªx I †Nvov cÖwZcvjb Ki‡Z Ges mÜv‡ejv Dóªxi
`ya `nY K‡i Zvi gvwjK wcZvi Avnv‡ii e¨e¯’v Ki‡Zb|
†hŠeb Kvj t-
Zvi gvwjK wcZv kvÏv‡`i g‡Zv Kwe Avi‡ei Ab¨Zg mvnmx exi
†hv×v wn‡m‡e e‡ov n‡jb| Zu v i GB mvnmxKZv I hy × wcÖ q Zv Zv‡K
`vm‡Z¡ i Mø vbx †_‡K gyw ³ jvf Ki‡Z mvvnh¨ K‡iwQj Ges wZwb wcZ…
cwiP‡qi ¯^xK…wZ I gh©v`v jvf Ki‡Z mÿg nb Avi hvi d‡j Zvi PvPv‡Zv
†evb Avejv (), hv‡K wZwb fv‡jvevm‡Zb wKš‘ c~‡e© `vmxi cyÎ e‡j
Zvi we‡qi cÖ¯Íve cÖZ¨vL¨vb nq Gi Ges cwiewZ©‡Z wcZ… cwiPq cÖvß
nIqvq Avejv‡ii m‡½ weevn Kivi Rxe‡bi me‡P‡q e‡ov ¯^cœ cyiY nq|
GKevi GK`j jyôbKvix Avem †Mv‡Îi wKQz EU wQwb‡q wb‡q hvq
Avemxiv evav w`‡Z †Póv K‡iI Zviv e¨v_© n‡qwQj| Avb& Zviv `vwo‡q
`vwo‡q †`LwQ‡jb, Zvi wcZv Zv‡K Avµgb Ki‡Z ej‡j wZwb DËi †`b-
            
A_©vr GKUv `vm hy× wK Rv‡b, †m †Zv Rv‡b ïay `ya †`vnb Ki‡Z Avi
E‡Ui cvjvb Ki‡Z| wcZv Zvi K_v ï‡b ej‡jb-    bv, bv
ZzB Avµgb Ki AvR †_‡K ZzB gy³| wcZvi G Dw³‡Z AvšÍviv wmsn
weµ‡g Svwc‡q c‡ob kÎæi Dc‡i| EU †i‡L kÎæiv cvwj‡q evuP‡jv|
Gfv‡e Avb&Zviv Av`vq K‡i wb‡jb Zvui AwaKvi|
g„Zz¨t-
Kwe Avb& Z vivi g„ Z y ¨ m¤ú‡K© HwZnvwmK‡`i g‡a¨ g‡Zv‡f`
i‡q‡Q| wKš‘ weL¨vZ g‡Z wZwb myL¨vwZ Avi m¤§v‡bi wkL‡i AvinY K‡i
615 Lªxt hy‡×i gq`v‡b kÎæ n‡¯Í wbnZ nb|
-t AvšÍvivi Kvwe¨K Ae`vb t-
Avb&Zviv wQ‡jb Avem †Mv‡Îi ˆmwbK, exi †hv×v Kwe| `vm‡Z¡i
54 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨
e܇b Ave× _vKv Kvjxb †Zgb †Kvb KweZv iPbv K‡ibwb| c‡i Zvi
wcZv `vmZ¡ eÜb gy³ K‡i w`‡j, Kwe gb gy» Ki KweZv iPbv Ki‡Z
_v‡Kb| Kwe Zvi iwPZ KweZv¸wji g‡a¨ gy qvjøv Kv KweZvi Rb¨ wek¦
weL¨vZ n‡q‡Qb| hvi g‡a¨ wZwb    bvgK hy× †hwU Avem
†Mv‡Îi †NvUK `vwnm I hyweqvb †Mv‡Îi †NvUwK Mveiv () Gi †`Šo
cÖwZ‡hvwMZv‡K †K›`ª K‡i Pwjøk eQi a‡i hy× n‡qwQj, Gi eY©bv K‡i‡Qb
Avi †mB hy‡× wZwb wbR¯^ I Zvi †MvÎ Avem Gi weiZ¡Zvi PP©v K‡i‡Qb|
KweZvi welq¯‘ t-
AvbZviv Gi iwPZ KweZv¸wj we‡kølY Ki‡j wb¤œ wjwLZ welq
e¯‘ ¯úó nq|
K. evj¨ Rxe‡b hš¿bvi wbLyZ eY©bv|
L. Avejvi cÖwZ fv‡jvevmvi eY©bv|
M. hy‡×i cÖv½‡b mivmwi Ask MÖnY|
N. exi‡Z¡i m‡½ hy× Kiv exiZ¡ Muvav|
O. Zvi wb‡Ri gvb m¤§vb I †MŠie Muv_v|
KweZvi ˆewkó¨ t-
cÖvK…wZK `„‡k¨i eY©bvq wZwb cÖvÄj, †cÖ‡gi eY©bvq wZwb gbnvix,
wKš‘ hy ‡ ×i eY© b vq wZwb AcÖ w ZØ›`x| Kwe Avb& Z vivi exi ¯^f ve Zvi
KweZvq cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i‡Q| Zvi evbx fw½i DÏxcbvgqx, welq e¯‘‡Z
AvZ¥ mjv wgkÖb Avi AvZ¥ wek¦v‡mi Øxwß we`¨gvb| mnR k‡ãi mij
c×wZ‡Z gbfve cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb wZwb| Zvi gyqvjøvKv hy‡×i bvbv D‡ËRbv
c~Y© eY©bvq c~Y©| gv‡S gv‡S cÖvK…wZK `„‡k¨i eY©bv AwZPgrKvi n‡q‡Q|
†e`yBb Rxe‡bi gvbwmKZv, mvgvwRK ms¯’xwZ I Zv‡`i `ytL `~`©kv KweZvi
g~j ‰ewkó¨|
G cÖ m‡½ W. Z¡n v ‡nv‡mb Avb& Z viv Ges Kwe jvwe‡`i gv‡S
mv`„k¨ Uvb‡Z wM‡q e‡j‡Qb- Òjvwe‡`i gyqvjøvKv mgv‡R Ziƒb‡`i wbKU
ZLbB MÖnY‡hvM¨ n‡e, hLb Zvi Abyev` I e¨vL¨v ¯úó K‡i †`Iqv n‡e|
 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨ 55
wKšÍ Avb&Zvivi KweZv Zv‡`i wbK‡U wb‡g‡lB †evaMg¨ n‡q hvq, †Kbbv
Avb&Zvivi KweZv ¯úó I cÖvÄj,AcwiwPZ wKQz kã _vK‡jI, Zv ü`q
MÖvnx|
Zvi KweZv myi cÖavb| ZvB Zvi A‡bK KweZv MvqK-MvwqKvi
K‡Ú MxZ n‡q‡Q|
D`niY ¯^iæc AvbZvivi KweZvi wZbwU jvBb D×…Z Kiv nj-
            
           
         
         
        
         
Dcmsnvi t-
Kwe AvbZviv wQ‡jb exi †hv×v, PwiÎevb, `qvjyI webqx| wZwb
†jvfx I wnsmv civqb wQ‡jb bv| Avb&Zviv hyM‡PZb, msMÖvgx Kwe I ‡hv×v
wkwí| wZwb ev¯Íe AwfÁZvq g‡g© g‡g© Abyfve K‡iwQjb AZ¨vPvixZ gvbe
†Mvóxi Kiæb AvZ© b v`, Avi Zvi †mB Aby f ‚ w Z‡K wZwb iƒc w`‡q‡Qb
KweZvi fvlvq| mgvb AwaKv‡ii wfwË cÖwZwôZ myógvbe mgvR MV‡bi
cÖwZ Zvi `„wó wbe× wQj| Zvi KweZv mvgwMÖK fv‡e cwigvwR©Z|
Question :- Give an account of     and
comment upon his poetry?
f‚wgKv t-
Rv‡njx hy‡Mi †h mg¯Í KweMY Aviex Kv‡e¨i DrKl© mvab K‡i
we‡k¦i `iev‡i Aviex Kve¨‡K DbœxZ K‡i‡Qb Ges Aviex Kv‡e¨i AvKv‡k
56 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨
D¾j bÿ‡Îi g‡Zv R¡j R¡j K‡i `xß n‡q Av‡Qb Zv‡`i g‡a¨  
  Ab¨Zg| wZwb weL¨vZ   Gi Ab¨Zg †kÖó Kwe|
Kwei mswÿß Rxebxt-
Kwei wcZv Avey myjgv wQ‡jb Avi‡ei bvR` cÖ‡`‡ki cÖwm× I
m¤§vbxZ †gvhvBbv () †Mv‡Îi mšÍvb| wZwb MvZdvb () †Mv‡Îi
GK gwnjvi mv‡_ weevn K‡i MvZdvb †Mv‡Îi m‡½ emevm K‡ib| GLv‡b
Kwe hynvwqi 509 Lªxt Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Kwe hynvwqi cÖ_‡g †gviiv †Mv‡Îi
GK gwnjvi m‡½ weevn K‡ib| hvi bvg D‡¤§ AvIdv| mšÍvb bv nIqvi
Kvi‡Y Zv‡K ZvjvK w`‡q MvZdvb †Mv‡Îi Kvevkv web‡Z Avgi‡K wØZxq
Niwb wnmv‡e MÖnY K‡ib-Zvi M‡f© Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib Kwei wZb cyÎ   
     |
hynvwqi wQ‡jb axi, kvwšÍev`x, AvZ¥ m¤§vwbZ I AvZ¥ m‡PZb
wkíx| wZwb wQ‡jb GKRb cÖ wZfvkvjx cwic~Y © gvbe| wbtmšÍv b gvgv
ev`kvngvi c`v¼ Aby¯^ib K‡i wZwb m¤ú` m¤úwË I mvgvwRK gh©v`v jvf
K‡iwQ‡jb|
gvb‡ei e¨vw³MZ I mgwóMZ Rxe‡bi mvnmxKZv, gvbeZvI
ag©eZv dzwU‡q ‡Zvjvq wQj Zvi Kg© I Kwei Rxe‡bi mvabv| wZwb cÖvq
kZvwaK ermi RxweZ †_‡K Bmjv‡gi Avwef©v‡ei GK A_ev `yB eQi c~‡e©
g„Zz¨ eiY K‡ib|
hynvwq‡ii Kvwe¨K Ae`vb t-
hy n vwqi Rv‡njx hy ‡ Mi cÖ _ g †kÖ b xi wZbRb Kwe‡`i g‡a¨
Ab¨Zg| Avi Kv‡iv g‡Z cÖvPxb Kwe‡`i g‡a¨ ‡kÖô| Zvi KweZv mvwnZ¨
RM‡Z D”P cÖmskv jvf K‡i‡Q| nRiZ Igi (ivt) Zv‡K Kwe‡`i Kwe
e‡j AvL¨vwqZ K‡i‡Qb|
Kwe hynvwqi A‡bK¸wj KweZv iPbv K‡i‡Qb| Avi Zvi cÖ‡Z¨KwU
KweZv Ab¨Zg| Kvib wZwb Ab¨vb¨ Kwe‡`i gv‡S Rxeb hvcb
K‡iwQ‡jb| †hgb Zvi wcZv Avey myjgv, gvgv evkvgv, `yB †evb myjgv I
 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨ 57
Lvbkv wQ‡jb Rv‡njx hy‡ Mi L¨vZbvgv Kwe| Kwei `yB cyÎ KvAve I
eyRvBiv wQ‡jb Bmjvgx hy‡Mi weL¨vZ Kwe|
wØZxq KviY wZwb Pvi gv‡m GKwU KweZv iPbv Ki‡Zb, Avi Pvi
gvm Zvi Dc‡i wPšÍvfvebv K‡i ms‡kvab Ki‡Zb, Avi Pvi gvm e¨vq
Ki‡Zb Zvi cwiwPZ Kwe gn‡j Av‡jvPbv I mgv‡jvPbvi Rb¨, Gfv‡e c~Y©
GK eQi AwZevwnZ nIqvi ci Zvi KweZv Rbmvavi‡Yi wbKU cÖKvk
Ki‡Zb|
Zvi cÖ ‡ Z¨KwU KweZv me© ‡ kô n‡jI wZwb Zvi †gvqvjø v Kvi
() Øviv me‡P‡q †ewk L¨vwZ jvf K‡i‡Qb| hvi g‡a¨ RyeBqvb
†Mv‡Îi `yB †bZv nvwim Be‡b AvId (   ) I nvwig Be‡b
†mbvb (   ) Gi cÖksmv K‡i‡Qb| KviY `vwnm bvgK hy× †hwU
MvZdvb †Mv‡Î `yB kvLv Avem I RyeBqv‡bi g‡a¨ †Nvov †`Šo‡K †K›`ª
K‡i msNwUZ n‡qwQj- G `yB †bZvi we‡kl cÖ‡Póv I ev`vb¨Zvi d‡j
G‡`i g‡a¨ Avcm gxgvsmv m¤¢e n‡qwQj| Zviv i³ g~j¨ wnmv‡e 3000
DU cÖ`v‡bi `vwqZ¡ enb K‡iwQ‡jb| Kwe e‡jb-
                   
                   
KweZvi welqe¯‘ I ˆewkó¨ t-
Zvi KweZv‡K cÖavbZ wZbwU †kÖbx‡Z wef³ Kiv hvq| h_v-
1) cÖksmv g~jK KweZv
2) eY©bv g~jK KweZv
3) ‡cÖg g~jK KweZv|
Kwe hy n vwii Zvi Kv‡e¨i fve ms‡ÿ‡c cÖ K vk Ki‡Zb|
cÖ‡qvRbvwZwi³ Z…ß K_v ej‡Zb bv| KwVb I `~‡e©v× kã wZwb cwinvi
Ki‡Zb| Akøxj K_v Zvi Kv‡e¨ †bB ej‡jB P‡j| Kv‡iv cÖksmv Ki‡j
wg_¨vi AvkÖq wb‡q evov-evwo K‡ibwb, hv mZ¨ ZvB e‡j‡Qb| wZwb wnRv
(wb›`v m~PK) KweZv †Zgb iPbv K‡ibwb Zvi KweZv‡Z wKQz wKQz ZZ¡
Áv‡bi K_v cÖ wZfvZ| Zvi wKQz msL¨K KweZv cÖe v` ev‡K¨I cwiYZ
58 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨
n‡q‡Q| wZwb Zv KweZvq my › `i my › `i Dcgv Dr‡cÖ ÿ v I ms‡hvRb
K‡i‡Qb| GKwU Kvwm`v iPbv Ki‡Z Zvi cÖvq GK eQi mgq jvMZ| evi
evi KweZv ¸‡jvi gvb Dbœq‡bi †Póv Ki‡Zb wZwb| d‡j KweZvi fvlv
LyeB gvwR©Z I mvewjj|
‡hvnvwq‡ii KweZvi bgybv t-
D`vniY ¯^iƒc Zvi iwPZ KweZvi `ywU Pib ‡`Iqv nj-
                     
                     
Dcmsnvi t-
Kwe hy n vwqi wQ‡jb `~i `k©x I cÖ Ávkxj Kwe Aviex mvwn‡Z¨i
BwZnv‡m Zuvi ¯’vb my-D”P| fwel¨r mgv‡Ri msMVb K‡í Gi Ae`vb
AZyjbxq| hynvwqi Zvi KweZvi gva¨‡g me©hy‡Mi, me©†`‡ki, me© mgv‡Ri
Kjn civqb †Mv‡Îi Rb¨ kvwšÍi evbx cÖPvi K‡i‡Qb| b¨vq bxwZ †Nvlbv
K‡i‡Qb BnKv‡ji kvwšÍ i K_v ïwb‡q‡Qb I ciKv‡ji kvw¯Í i fq
†`wL‡q‡Qb|
Question :- What is ? write a brief note on the
life and work of any  poet.
f‚wgKv t-
 kãwU  k‡ãi eûePb| GwU  avZz n‡Z
Drcbœ hvi A_© SzjšÍ| Aviex mvwn‡Z¨  ejv nq ‡m mg¯Í `xN©
KweZv¸wj‡K †h¸wj Rv‡njx hy‡M wewfbœ Abyôvb Ges c‡e© cvV Kiv nZ
Ges †m¸wj‡K me© ‡ kÖ ô g‡b K‡i ¯^ Y © v ÿ‡i wjwce× K‡i Kvev M„‡ ni
†`Iqv‡j Szwj‡q ivLv n‡qwQj|
cÖvK Bmjvgx hy‡M †h mg¯Í KweMb Zv‡`i  KweZvi Rb¨
L¨vwZ AR©b K‡iwQ‡jb Zv‡`i g‡a¨         
   Ab¨Zg|
wet `ªt t-             Gi wRebx
 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨ 59
Ges Zvi Kvwe¨K Ae`vb wjL‡Z n‡e|
Question :- Explain the term  and discuss how it
was collected and compiled?
Ans :-
-t KziAvb k‡ãi e¨vL¨v t-
 kãwU   ‡_‡K G‡m‡Q| hvi A_© cvV Kiv| 
†h‡nZz c„w_ex‡Z we‡kl K‡i gymwjg‡`i g‡a¨ †ewk gvÎvq cvV Kiv nq,
GB Rb¨ GB bvgwU h_v_©| Avevi A‡b‡Ki g‡Z GwU   kã †_‡K
G‡m‡Q| hvi A_© wgwjZ nIqv ev †gjv‡bv| cweÎ KziAv‡bi cÖwZwU eY©,
kã, evK¨, AvqvZ, myiv AZ¨šÍ myMwVZ Ges mvgÄm¨ c~Y©fv‡e wgwjZ Ges
GKwÎZ Av‡Q| GB Rb¨  bvgwU h_v_© ev hyw³c~Y©|
KziAv‡bi msKjb t-
cweÎ Kz i Avb Avm‡j ¯^ q s m„ w óKZ© v i KvQ †_‡K AvMZ Zvi
Av‡`k I wb‡la m¤^wjZ evbx msKjb hv bvex (mt)Gi Kv‡Q m~`xN© 23
eQi a‡i Aí Aí K‡i AeZxY© n‡qwQj|
gymwjg‡`i ag©xq Rxeb †Zv e‡U Ggb wK mgMÖ c„w_exi ag©xq, mvgvwRK,
ivR‰bwZK, AvšÍR©vwZK cÖf…wZ wel‡q bxwZ wba©vi‡Yi †ÿ‡Î  GKwU
msweavb ¯^iƒc| GBRb¨ Gi msiÿY AZ¨šÍ cÖ‡qvRbxq GKwU welq| GB
cÖm‡½ ¯^qs m„wóKZ©v Avjøvn& myiv ûRi Gi GKwU Avqv‡Z e‡j‡Qb-
             
A_©vr cweÎ  †K Avwg AeZxY© K‡iwQ, Avi Avwg Gi msiÿY Kie|
ZvB Avjø vn& Z_v m„ wóKZ©v i B”Qvq Ges gvby ‡ li ev¯Í e cÖ‡ Póvq cweÎ
 Gi AvqvZ I myiv msiwÿZ Ges msKwjZ n‡q‡Q|
 msiwÿZ I msKj‡bi KvRwU wZbwU hyM ev wZbwU ch©v‡q
60 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨
mgvß n‡qwQj|
1. bvex (mt) Gi hyM, 2. cÖ_g Lwjdv nRiZ AveyeKi (ivt), 3. Z…Zxq
Lwjdv nRiZ Dmgvb (ivt) Gi hyM|
KziAvb msiÿY ivm~j (mt) Gi hy‡M
G hy‡M msiÿY `yBfv‡e n‡qwQj| h_v-
1. gvb‡ei AšÍ‡i I
2. wjwci dj‡K|
1. gvb‡ei AšÍ‡i t-
KziAvb kix‡di AvqvZ ev m~iv AeZxY© nIqvi m‡½ m‡½ ivm~j
(mt) Zv gyL¯’ K‡i wb‡Zb| Zvici wZwb Zv mvnvev‡`i mvg‡b cvV K‡i
ïbv‡Zb| †m mgq mvnvweivI A‡b‡K gyL¯’ K‡i wb‡Zb| Gfv‡e gvby‡li
AšÍ‡i KziAvb msiwÿZ _vKZ|
2. wjwci dj‡K t-
bvex (mt) Gi wKQz mvnvex Kv‡Z‡e Iwn wQ‡jb Ges (  
) hv‡q` web mvweZ wQ‡jb Zv‡`i g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg| ZLb KvM‡Ri
cÖPjb nq wb, ZvB wZwb AeZxY© AvqvZ¸wj Mv‡Qi Qv‡j, Pvgovq, nv‡o I
D‡Ui wSwjø‡Z wj‡L ivL‡Zb| wKš‘ AvqvZ¸wj MÖš’Kv‡i wjwce× nqwb|
KziAvb msKjb I msiÿb AveyeKi Gi hyM t-
bvex (mt) Gi g„Zz¨i ci nRiZ Avey eKi (ivt) Lwjdv wbe©vwPZ
nb| Zuvi †Ljvd‡Zi AíKvj c‡iB msNwUZ nq- Bqvgvvgi hy‡× ( 
 ) cÖvq 70 Rb nvwd‡R KziAvb knx` nb| Gi c~‡e© imyjyjøvn& (mt)
Gi hy‡M ex‡i gvqybvi (      ) hy‡× Hiƒc msL¨vq nv‡dR knx`
n‡qwQ‡jb| nv‡dR KziAvb Gi knx` n‡q hvIqvi Rb¨ nRiZ Dgi (ivt)
 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨ 61 62 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨

A‡bK wPwšÍZ n‡jb| cÖ_g Lwjdv Avey eKi (ivt) †K ej‡jb †h Avcwb cvwV‡q w`‡jb| Ab¨vb¨ mnxdv (AveyeKi msKwjZ KziAvb e¨ZxZ) wKsev
KziAvb msKj‡bi wb‡`©k w`b| wKš‘ wZwb Zv Ki‡Z cÖ_g w`‡K B”QzK gymnvd cywo‡q †`Iqvi wb‡`©k w`‡jb|
wQ‡jb bv| KviY bex (mt) GKvR K‡i Rvbwb| ZLb nRiZ Dgi (ivt)
GKwU Avqv‡Zi cÖwZ `„wó AvKl©Y K‡ib| Dcmsnvi t-

         

wbðq gnvb Avjøvn& Zvjv KziAvb ivm~j (mt) Gi AšÍ‡i Rgv K‡i
†`Iqv I gvby‡li gv‡S Zv eY©bv K‡i †`Iqvi `vwqZ¡ MÖnY K‡i‡Qb|
A_© v r Avgvi `vwqZ¡ nj Kz iAvb msiÿY Kiv Ges cov‡bv| Zvici
Bmjvg Z_v gy mjgv‡bi †Kvb kÎæ Kz iAvb Gi m¤§y L ev †cQb †_‡K
Lwjdvi Av‡`k Abyhvqx hv‡q` web mvexZ (ivt) gmwR‡`i †`Iqv‡j G
Avm‡Z cv‡i bv| AmsL¨ nvwdR KziAvb‡K Zv‡`i wmbvi / AšÍ‡i msiÿb
wel‡q GKwU weÁvcb Sz w j‡q †`b| wZwb G Øviv Kz i Avb Gi AvqvZ
K‡i †i‡LwQj| me©Kv‡j, me©¯’v‡b AmsL¨ nvwdRyj KziAvb cvIqv hv‡e|
m¤ú‡K© AewnZ e¨w³‡`i‡K Zvi m‡½ †hvMv‡hvM Ki‡Z Aby‡iva Rvbvb|
ZvB KziAv‡b †Kvb iKg cwieZ©b Avm‡Z cvi‡e bv|
GQvov Av‡iv K‡qKw`‡bi g‡a¨ wZwb eûm~Î †_‡K †hgb- KziAvb Gi
nv‡dR, e„ÿ, Pvgov, nvo BZ¨vw` †_‡K wewfbœ AvqvZ msMÖn K‡ib Ges
Question :- Give an account of influence of the Quran
†m¸wj‡K GK RvqMvq Mªš’ AvKv‡i wjcxe× K‡ib| Gfv‡e nRiZ Avey
on the various branches of Arabic literature.
evKi (ivt) Gi hy‡M KziAvb msKjb nq I msiwÿZ _v‡K|
or
Give an account of influence of the Quran on the
KziAvb msKjb I msiÿb Dmgvb (ivt) Gi hy‡M-
Arabic literature.
nRiZ Avey eKi Gi hy‡ M †_‡K nRiZ Dmgv‡bi †Ljvd‡Zi
Ans :-
cÖ_g eQi ch©šÍ KziAvb wewfbœ fv‡e cov nZ Ges cÖ‡Z¨‡K wb‡Ri c×wZ
fz w gKv t- Kz i Avb GKwU ag© M Ö š ’ , gvbeRvwZi mwVK Rxeb
mwVK g‡b KiZ| Ggb Ae¯’vq Av‡g©wbqv I AvRvi evBRvb R‡qi mgq
cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ msweavb ¯^iƒc| gvby‡li e¨w³MZ, mvgvwRK, ivR‰bwZK
wmwiqv evmxiv BivK evmx‡`i mv‡_ wg‡j wg‡k hy× Pvjvq| ZLb Zv‡`i
GgbwK AvšÍR©vwZK Rxe‡bi c_ cÖ`k©K nj KziAvb Kvwig| GwU gvbe
g‡a¨ KziAv‡bi †KivZ covi fw½ / c×wZ wb‡q gZ‡f` nq| †mbvcwZ
RvwZi Rxeb e¨e¯’v wKš‘ †h‡nZz GwU ¯ªóvi fvlv ZvB DbœZ AjsKvi mg„ ×
†nvRvqdvi wbKU †_‡K msev` Gj †h wewfbœ †`‡ki gy m jgv‡biv
GKwU mvwnZ¨ MÖš’| Avi GB MÖš’ Aviex fvlvq wjwLZ| myZivs KziAvb
KziAvb‡K wewµZfv‡e cvV K‡i _v‡K D³ Awf‡hvM †kvbvi ci Lwjdv
Kvwig Aviex fvlv I mvwn‡Z¨i Dc‡i cieZ©xKv‡j e¨vcKfv‡e cÖf ve
Dmgvb Zvi msm‡`i civgk©µ‡g GKwU KwgwU MVb K‡ib| hv‡q` web
we¯Ívi K‡i|
mvexZ‡K mwVK wiZx‡Z Kzi Avb‡K wjwce× Kivi `vwqZ¡ †`b| myZ ivs
nRiZ Dmgvb Mwb imyjyjøvn&i ¯¿x nRiZ nvdmv (ivt) Gi wbKU n‡Z
-t Aviex fvlvi Dci KziAv‡bi cÖfve t-
Lwjdv AveyeKi (ivt) msKwjZ KziAvbwUi g‡a¨ KzivBkx wiZx‡Z KziAvb
cweÎ KziAvb Aviex fvlvi Dci †h me ¯’vqx cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i‡Q
MV‡bi fvlv wba©vwiZ Ki‡jb| Avi K‡qKwU Kwc ˆZix K‡i wZwb PZzw`©‡K
 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨ 63
†m¸wj wb‡¤œ D‡jøL Kiv nj|
1. eZ© gv‡b cÖ v q QvweŸkwU †`‡ki miKvwi fvlv nj Aviex| ZvQvov
c„w_exi cÖvq cÖwZwU †`‡k Bmjv‡gi ms¯‹…wZi Ask wn‡m‡e gymwjgiv Aviex
fvlv‡Z DbœZ PP©v K‡i _v‡K|
2. cweÎ KziAvb bZzb kã ˆZix Ges cyivZb k‡ã bZzb A_© cÖ`v‡bi
gva¨‡g Aviex fvlv‡K mg„× K‡i‡Q| D`vniY ¯^iƒc-
     
BZ¨vw` kã we‡klfv‡e D‡jøL‡hvM¨|
3. KziAvb gvRx` Aviex fvlv‡K Ab¨vb¨ †m‡gwUK fvlvi g‡Zv aŸsm n‡Z
‡`qwb eis wKqvgvZ ch© šÍ Aviex fvlvi Aw¯ÍZ¡ wUwK‡q ivL‡Z mvnvh¨
K‡i‡Q| ZvB Kz i Av‡bi hZw`b Aw¯Í Z ¡ _vK‡e Aviex fvlv ZZw`b
¯^gwngvq weivR Ki‡e|
Aviex mvwn‡Z¨i wewfbœ kvLvi Dci KziAv‡bi cÖfve t-
cweÎ KziAv‡bi cÖfv‡e Aviex mvwn‡Z¨ wewfbœ kvLv cÖkvLv Z_v
Ávb weÁv‡bi DrcwË nq| hvi gva¨‡g Aviex fvlv I mvwnZ¨ we‡k¦i
`iev‡i DbœZgv‡bi AvšÍR©vwZK fvlv I mvwnZ¨ wn‡m‡e L¨vwZ jvf K‡i|
G¸wj wb‡¤œ eY©bv Kiv nj|
1. Aviex e¨vKiY wewkó mvnvex nRiZ Avjx (ivt) Gi mg‡q GK R‰bK
e¨w³ KziAv‡bi GKwU Avqv‡Z   Gi RvqMvq   c‡owQj|
hv ï‡b wZwb AZ¨šÍ `ytwLZ nb| wZwb    †K Aviex
e¨vKi‡Y †ek wKQz cvV †`b Ges Zv‡K G welq m¤ú‡K© wjL‡Z wb‡`©k
†`b| hvi d‡j Aviex e¨Ki‡Yi DrcwË N‡U|
2. AjsKvi kv¯¿ t-
Avj KziAvb gnvb Avjøvn&i evbx nIqvq GwU DbœZ AjsKvi mg„×
mvwnZ¨| Gi h_v_© gg© dzwU‡q †Zvjvi Rb¨ Ges Gi gvayh©‡K Dc‡fvM
64 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨
Kivi Rb¨ AjsKvi Rvbvi cÖ ‡qvRb| ZvB cwÐZMY AjsKvi kv‡¯¿ i
Avwe®‹vi K‡i †mB Afvec~Y© K‡ib|
3. Awfavb kv¯¿ t-
KziAv‡b e¨eüZ wewfbœ A_© Rvbvi Rb¨ kã fvÐvi ev Awfavb
msKj‡bi cÖ‡qvRb †`Lv ‡`q| d‡j wewfbœ Aviexq cwÐZM‡Yi cÖ‡Póvq
Awfavb kv‡¯¿i Avwe®‹vi nq|
Kve¨ I M`¨ mvwn‡Z¨i Dc‡i KziAv‡bi cÖfve t-
Kwe I mvwnwZ¨K‡`i Dc‡i KziAv‡bi cÖfve c‡o‡Q| Zv‡`i kã
Pqb, evK¨ MVb I welq e¯‘ i g‡a¨ A‡bK cwieZ© b cwijwÿZ nq|
KziAvb AeZi‡bi c~‡e© Aviex mvwn‡Z¨ †h mg¯Í Akøxjfve cÖKvkK kã
cÖPwjZ wQj KziAvb †m¸wj‡K AcÖPwjZ K‡i Zvi ¯’v‡b kvwjbfve cÖKvkK
k‡ãi cÖPjb ïiæ K‡i| Zviv Zv‡`i iPbvq KziAv‡bi kã, evK¨vsk I
evK¨ hy ³ K‡i‡Qb Ges Kzi Av‡bi fve wb‡R‡`i iPbvq cÖK vk Ki‡Z
AvMÖwn n‡q‡Qb| Zviv Bmjvg we‡ivax welq e¯‘‡K Z¨vM K‡i c~Y©v½fv‡e
Bmjvgx welqe¯‘‡K mvg‡b †i‡L Kve¨ I M`¨ PP©v K‡i‡Qb| KziAv‡bi
Rb¨ AvR ch©šÍ cÖvK BmjvgxK hy‡Mi Kve¨ I M`¨ mvwn‡Z¨i eû Ask
msiwÿZ Av‡Q KviY G¸wj KziAvb‡K eyS‡Z h‡_ó mvnvh¨ K‡i| Be‡b
AveŸvm (ivt) e‡jb-
                            
        
A_©vr cweÎ KziAv‡bi †Kv‡bv k‡ãi A_© eyS‡Z bv cvi‡j †Zvgiv
Zvi A_© Avie‡`i KweZvi g‡a¨ Lyu‡R bvI| †Kbbv KweZvq Avie‡`i
Rxeb jÿ Kiv hvq|
c„ w _exi Ab¨vb¨ Avay w bK fvlvi g‡Zv Aviex fvlvi g‡a¨I
AvaywbKZvi m~ÎcvZ N‡U| GB AvaywbK ms‡hvRb¸wji g‡a¨ n‡jv bvUK
 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨ 65 66 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨

( ) †Qv‡Uv Mí (      ) Dcb¨vm ( ) ig¨ iPbv  Gi agx©q cwifvlv t-
( ) cÖf…wZi g‡Zv mvwnZ¨| GKUz jÿ Ki‡j †`Lv hv‡e †h Gme
        
     
AvaywbK mvwn‡Z¨i exR cweÎ KziAv‡b Av‡Q| nRiZ BDmyd (Avt) I A_©vr- bvex (mt) Gi K_v Ges KvR-Kg© Ges †Kv‡bv welq m¤^‡Ü wbðzc
Ry‡jLvi NUbv †_‡K †Qv‡Uv M‡íi avibv cvIqv hvq| gymv I wLwRi (Avt) mg_©b‡K nvw`m ejv nq|
Gi K‡_vcK‡_v‡bi g‡a¨ bvUKxqZv Lyu‡R cvIqv hvq| ZvB ejv hvq ïay
Avie bq eis cvðvZ¨ mvwnZ¨ GB wel‡q cweÎ KziAv‡bi Kv‡Q Fwb|
 Gi ¸iæZ¡ t-
D‡jøwLZ Aviex fvlv I mvwn‡Z¨i Dc‡i KziAv‡bi cÖfv‡ei mv‡_ Bmjvgx kixq‡Zi wØZxq ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Drm nj | kixqZ‡K
mv‡_ KziAvb gvwR`‡K fv‡jvfv‡e ey‡S IVvi Rb¨ BmjvgxK kv¯¿ †hgb fv‡jvfv‡e gvb¨ Kivi Rb¨ Gi m¤ú‡K© Ávb _vKv Avek¨K| GB
nvw`m I Dm~‡j nvw`m, Zvdmxi I Dm~‡j Zvdmxi, †dKvn I Dmy‡j †dKv Rb¨ ¯^qs bex (mt) wb‡`©k w`‡qwQ‡jb-             A
BZ¨vw`i Rb¥ nq| GQvovI AvaywbK kv‡¯¿i Ici KziAv‡bi A‡bK Ae`vb
_©vr †Zvgiv nvw`m¸wj msiÿY Ki Avi cieZ©x cÖR‡b¥i Kv‡Q †mB¸wj‡K
i‡q‡Q KviY KziAvb †_‡K BwZnvm, f‚‡Mvj I MwYZ cÖgyL kv‡¯¿i m~ÎcvZ
†cuŠ‡Q `vI| Gi d‡j bex (mt) Gi mvnvex Abymvix e¨w³MY hy‡M hy‡M
N‡U|
Zvi evYx Z_v nvw`m msKjb I msiÿ‡Yi Rb¨ h‡_ó †Póv K‡i‡Qb|
Dcmsnvi t- nvw`m msiÿ‡Yi cš’v I c×wZ cÖavbZ PviwU h_v-
KziAv‡bi Aviex fvlv I mvwn‡Z¨i Dci D‡jøw LZ cÖf ve¸wji 1. wkÿv KiY| 2. wjLb| 3. wkÿv`vb| 4. Avgj|
m¤ú‡K© Mfxiev‡e wPšÍv fvebv Ki‡j G K_v ¯úó n‡q I‡V †h KziAvb
†Kej gvÎ Aviex fvlvq bq, c„w_exi mg¯Í fvlvq wjwLZ MÖš’¸wji g‡a¨ -t nvw`m msKjb I msiÿ‡bi mswÿß BwZnvm t-
†kÖô Ges Gi cÖfve I Ae`vb cÖwZwU †ÿ‡Î weivRgvb| bex (mt) Gi hyM †_‡K nvw`‡mi msKjb I msiÿ‡bi m~ÎcvZ|
hv eZ©gvb hyM ch©šÍ cÖmvwiZ| cwÐZMY GB `xN© mgq‡K cÖavbZ wZbwU
Question :- What do you Understand by ? How fv‡M fvM K‡i‡Qb|
1. ‡KZvev‡Zi hyM (   )|
it was collected and preserved?
Ans :-
2. Zv`exb hyM (  )|
Gi A_©
3. Zvmbxd hyM (    )|
 Gi kvwãK A_© t-  Gi kvwãK A_© nj bZzb bZzb
K_v, be hyeK BZ¨vw`|
 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨
1| †KZvev‡Zi hyM t-
GB hyMwU beyqv‡Zi m~Pbv †_‡K nRiZ Igi Be‡b Avãyj Avhxh
Gi †LjvdZ ch©šÍ we¯Í …Z| GwU nvw`m msKj‡bi cÖv_wgK hy M wn‡m‡e
wPwýZ| GB hy ‡ M †kl ch© š Í mvnvexMY RxweZ wQ‡jb| GB mg‡q
nvw`m¸wji mvgMÖxKfv‡e GKwÎZ Kiv nq| whwb †h welq¸wj `iKvix e‡j
g‡b Ki‡Zb †m¸wj †KejgvÎ wj‡L ivL‡Zb| bex (mt) Zuvi RxweZ _vKv
mgq wb‡`©k w`‡q‡Qb|
            
A_©vr KziAvb e¨ZxZ Ab¨ wKQz‡K wjL‡Z wZwb wb‡la K‡ib| Zv m‡Z¡I
wZwb ¯^qs wKQz wKQz †ÿ‡Î nvw`m wj‡L ivLvi AbygwZ w`‡qwQ‡jb| †hgb
wZwb Avey kvn bv‡g GK mvnvexi R‡b¨ wKQz nvw`m wj‡L w`‡Z e‡jwQ‡jb|
nRiZ Avey ûivBiv, nRiZ Avjx cÖgyL mvnvexMY wKQz wKQz cÖ‡qvRbxq
nvw`m wj‡L ivL‡Zb|
2| Zv‡eqx‡bi hyM t-
GB hyMwU wnRwii wØZxq kZK Z_v Zv‡eqxb I Zv‡eZv‡eqxb‡`i
hyM| GB mg‡q nvw`m wkÿv I wjLb eû¸b e„w× cÖvß n‡qwQj| Gi wcQ‡b
†h KviY¸wj wQj †m¸wj wb‡¤œ eY©bv Kiv nj|
K) cÖ_g w`‡K g°v, gw`bv, Kzdv cÖf…wZ †`‡k K‡qKwU gvÎ ¯’v‡b nvw`m
wkÿvi †K›`ª wQj wKš‘ GB mgq bZzb bZzb †`k weRxZ nq| hvi d‡j
nvw`m wkÿY Ges msKj‡bi cÖ‡qvRb †`Lv hvq|
L) KziAv‡bi e¨vL¨vi wewfbœ g‡Zv we‡iva I weåvwšÍ `~i Ki‡Z mg¯Í nvw`m
GK‡Î msKj‡bi cÖ‡qvRb c‡o|
M) nvw`m wekvi` cwÐZ I nvw`‡mi nvwdR‡`i g„Zy¨ GB wel‡q mKj‡K
fvwe‡q †Zv‡j|
N) myweavev`x, we`AvwZiv wewfbœ ag©xq I ivR‰bwZK myweavi Rb¨ nvw`m
Rvj Ki‡Z ïiæ K‡i| Gi d‡j weï× nvw`m msKjb Avek¨K n‡q c‡o|
67 68 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨
wØZxq Igi bv‡g cwiwPZ DgvBqv hy‡M cÂg Lwjdv Igi Be‡b Avãyj
Avwhh GB welqwU‡K h‡_ó ¸iƒZ¡ w`‡q‡Qb| wZwb †`‡k wewfbœ cÖv‡šÍ we‡kl
K‡i AveyeKi Be‡b nvRb cÖgyL e¨w³i Kv‡Q wPwV wj‡L Rvbv‡jb †h bex
(mt) Gi hveZxq nvw`m jxwce× Kiv †nvK| KviY Gfv‡e cwÐZ‡`i g„Zz¨
nvw`m¸wj‡K aŸsm K‡i †`‡e| wZwb e‡jb-
               
A_©vr- G wel‡q me©cÖ_g GwM‡q Av‡mb Be‡b wknve Avh hynix| Bgvg
gvwjK e‡jb- †h Bwb wQ‡jb nvw`‡mi cÖ_g Zv`exbKvix Bwb Qvov Kzdv
kn‡ii Bgvg kvDix, nvmvb evmix, wmwiqvi gvKûj, gw`bvi kvqx` Be‡b
gykvBe--- cÖgyL gyn v‡ÏmxbMY D‡jøL ‡hvM¨ f‚wgKv iv‡Lb| GB hy‡M †h
MÖ š ’ ¸ wj msKwjZ nq †m¸wji g‡a¨ gvKû‡ji †KZvey m ïbvb Bgvg
gvwj‡Ki Avj †gvqvËv Ges Bgvg kv‡dqxi Avj gymbv` D‡jøL‡hvM¨|
3| Zvmbx‡di hyM t-
GB hyMwU wnRixi Z…Zxq kZK †_‡K cÂg kZ‡Ki †kl ch©šÍ
we¯Í…Z| GwU nvw`m msKj‡bi BwZnv‡m ¯^Y©hyM wn‡m‡e wPwýZ| hveZxq
mnxn& nvw`m GB hy‡M MÖš’vKv‡i msKwjZ nq| GB hy‡Mi ci AwjwLZ †Kvb
nv`xm Aewkó wQj e‡j †KD g‡b K‡i bv| nvw`m kv‡¯¿ wewfbœ kvLvi Rb¥
nq| GB mg‡q wjwLZ eû ¸iæZ¡c~Y© nvw`m MÖš’ nj wmqvn& wmËv|
‡hgb- 1. Bgvg eyLvix Øviv msKwjZ     
2. Bgvg gymwjg Øviv msKwjZ     
3. Bgvg wZiwghx Øviv msKwjZ  
4. Bgvg Avey `vD` Øviv msKwjZ  
5. Bgvg Avb bvmvqx Øviv msKwjZ  
 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨ 69
6. Bgvg Be‡b gvRv Øviv msKwjZ  
GQvov Bgvg eyLvixi wkÿK BmnvK Be‡b ivnIqvB Ges Bgvg
Avngv` Be‡b nv¤^vj Gi Øviv msKwjZ `ywU  D‡jøL‡hvM¨|
cÖv q cu vPkZ eQi a‡i nvw`m msKj‡bi wekvj Kg©KvÐ Pj‡Z
_v‡K| eZ©gvb mg‡q †h MÖš’¸wj †jLv n‡q‡Q Zvmbx‡di hy‡Mi MÖš’¸wji
Dci wfwË K‡i|
Question :- Give a brief account of     and
assess his Services to Arabic literature.
Ans :-
Avãyjøvn& Be‡b Avj& gyKvd&dv
f‚wgKv t-
AveŸvmx hy‡M Aviex mvwnZ¨ cÎ cy®ú cjø‡e my‡fvwkZ n‡qwQj|
DgvBqv hy‡M Aviex M`¨ mvwn‡Z¨i †h m~Pbv n‡qwQj, AveŸvmx hy‡M Zv ¯^Y©
wkL‡i Av‡ivnY K‡iwQj| AveŸvmx hy‡M me© cÖ_g whwb M`¨ mvwnZ¨ iPbv
K‡ib, wZwb n‡jb- Avãyjøvn& Be‡b Avj gyKvd&dv| ZvQvov wZwb cÖvPxb
DcvL¨vb, †jvKMv_v, A‡jŠwKK Kvwnbx Aviex‡Z Aby e v` Kivi Kv‡R
wb‡R‡K DRvo K‡i †`b|
Rb¥ I esk cwiPq t-
Avãyjøvn& Be‡b gyKvd&dv 724 Lªxt cvim¨ cÖ‡`‡ki ÔRIiÕ bvgK
MÖv‡g Rb¥ MÖnY K‡ib Ges 759 Lªxt ci‡jvK Mgb K‡ib| evj¨Kv‡j Zvi
bvg wQj- iæRevn| Zvi wcZvi bvg wQj- Ô`vRIqv‡qnÕ, wZwb AwMœ
DcvmK wQ‡jb| nv¾vR web BDmy‡di Aax‡b wZwb LvRbv Av`v‡qi KvR
Ki‡Zb| GKevi LvRbvi UvKv ZQiæ‡ci `v‡q nv¾vR Zv‡K Ggb cÖnvi
K‡i †h, Zvi nvZ †eu‡K hvq| Gici †_‡KB Zvi bvg nq ÔgyKvd&dvÕ, GB
m~‡Î Zvi cy‡Îi bvg nq- Be‡b gyKvd&dv|
70 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨
evj¨Kvj, †hŠebKvj I wkÿv AR©b t-
cvim¨ †`‡k Rb¥MÖnY Kiv m‡Z¡I, wZwb Zvi wcZvi m‡½ evj¨Kvj
I †hŠebKvj AwZevwnZ K‡ib evmivq| evj¨Kv‡j wZwb Zvi wcZvi wbKU
cÖ v _wgK wkÿv MÖn Y K‡ib| G mgq wZwb dvimx fvlvq `ÿZv AR©b
K‡ib| ˆKk‡i c`vc©b K‡i wZwb emivq wM‡q Aviex fvlvex`‡`i wbKU
Aa¨qb K‡i Aviex fvlvq cvwÐZ¨ AR©b K‡ib| gvÎ Kzwo eQi eq‡m wZwb
Ávb I ¸‡Y wef‚wlZ n‡q miKvwi mwP‡ei c‡` DbœxZ nb| G mg‡q Aviex
fvlv Z_v Kz i Av‡bi mvwbœ‡ a¨ G‡m Gi iPbv ˆkjx‡Z gy » n‡q, wZwb
Bmjvg ag© MÖnY K‡ib|
wewfbœ Ljxdv‡`i c„ô‡cvlKZv t-
wZwb ¯^ x q cÖ wZfve‡j ZrKvjxb Ljxdv‡`i c„ ô ‡cvlKZv jvf
K‡ib| cÖv_wgK Rxe‡b wZwb DgvBqv Avgxi‡`i wbK‡U ¯’vb jvf K‡ib|
Lwjdv Avjgvbmy i Gi `y B PvPv Bmv I myjvBgv‡bi c„ô ‡cvlKZv jvf
K‡ib| Gic‡i DgvBqv hy‡Mi Aemv‡b hLb AveŸvmxqMY ivR-ÿgZvq
Avmxb nb, ZLb Be‡b gyKvd&dv cÖ_g AveŸvmx Ljxdv Aveyj AveŸvm Avm&
mvd& d vn& I wmwiqvi MfY© i Avãy j ø vn& Be‡b Avjxi wbKU PvKix MÖn Y
K‡ib| GBfv‡e wZwb GKRb Ô‡gvLvØigÕ †jLK wnmv‡e AvZ¥-cÖ K vk
K‡ib| wZwb DgvBqv I AveŸvmx hy‡Mi K‡qKRb Ljxdvi m½ jvf K‡ib|
Avãyjøvn& Be‡b gyKvd&dvi ci‡jvK Mgb t-
Avãyjøvn& Be‡b gyKvd&dv wewfbœ Kvi‡Y AveŸvmx‡`i `„wó AvKl©Y
Ki‡Z mÿg nbwb, eis Zv‡`i kÎæ‡Z cwiYZ nb| Ljxdv gvbmy‡ ii
PvPv‡`i Rb¨ †jLv wjwL Ki‡Zb, GUv Ljxdv mn¨ Ki‡Z cv‡ib wb, ZvB
†µvae‡k GKw`b Zv‡K nZ¨vi Av‡`k cÖ `vb K‡ib| my wdqv‡bi wbKU
Avãyjøvn& Be‡b gyKvd&dv Avm‡j, wZwb Av¸b R¡vwj‡q Zvi †`n‡K weLÐ
K‡i †mB Av¸‡b †d‡j †`b| GBfv‡e gvÎ 36 eQi mq‡m 759 Lªxt wZwb
AKv‡j g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib|
 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨ 71
mvwnZ¨ cªwZfv t-
Avãyjø vn& Be‡b gyKvd&dv Aí eq‡mi g‡a¨ cÖv K-Bmjvgx hy‡Mi
ˆmwbK Kwe Z¡vivdvi g‡Zv Amvgvb¨ cªwZfvi ¯^vÿi †i‡L †M‡Qb| GB Aí
mg‡qi g‡a¨ wZwb AmsL¨ cy¯ÍK iPbv K‡ib| Zb¥‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨-
         
       
Zvi AwaKvsk cy ¯Í K msiÿ‡Yi Afv‡e Kv‡ji Kivj MÖ v‡m aŸsm n‡q
†M‡Q|
   (Kvwjjv I w`gbv) t-
GB MÖš’wU fviZxq `vk©wbK, †jLK evq`vev KZ©„K ms¯‹…Z fvlvq
wjwLZ| fviZxq ivRv `vikvjx‡gi †mŠR‡b¨ iwPZ| cÂZ‡š¿i dvimx
Abyev` n‡Z GwU Aviex K…Z| GwU evqv`vev cïcÿx‡`i Kvwnbx Aej¤^‡b
iPbv K‡iwQ‡jb| g~j cy ¯Í‡ K ev‡ivwU Mí Av‡Q, Aviex Abyev‡` Av‡Q
21wU| 5wU wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ Be‡b gyKvd&dv Amr kvmK, Amvay Avgx‡ii
KvRK‡g©i Rb¨ mwVK cš’v Ges †¯^”QvPvix AvgjvZ‡š¿i Kjyw lZ PwiÎ
ms‡kvabv‡_© Dc‡`‡ki fw½‡Z ZË¡ cwi‡ekb K‡i‡Qb| GB †jLv¸wj
Aviex Aj¼v‡i mg„×|
  t-
Avãyjøvn& Be‡b gyKvddvi GB cy¯ÍKwUI Abyev` g~jK MÖš’| Gi
g‡a¨ 99wU Aby‡”Q` Av‡Q, GB cy¯Í‡K †jLK gvb‡ei PwiÎ ms‡kvab, eÜzi
m‡½ m™¢ve, cÖkvmK‡`i ivR‰bwZK RxebhvÎvi DbœwZ weav‡bi Rb¨ wewfbœ
ZË¡g~jK wkÿv I Dc‡`‡ki mgv‡ek NwU‡q‡Qb|
  t-
GB cy¯ÍKwU g~j dvimx fvlvq iwPZ| dvimx †_‡K GwU Aviex‡Z
Abyev` Kiv n‡q‡Q| Gi g‡a¨ cÖavb Aa¨v‡qi wk‡ivbvg-   I
 | G‡Z Av‡Q ˆmb¨ mvgšÍ, myjZvb I myü` e‡M©i KiYxq mr
bxwZ welqK ZË¡g~jK wkÿv I Dc‡`k| GQvov wZwb MÖxK `k©b welqK,
72 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨
G¨wióUj cÖgyL e¨w³i K‡qKwU MÖxK fvlv n‡Z Abyev` K‡iwQ‡jb|
Dcmsnvi t-
Avãyjøvn& Be‡b gyKvddv Kwe wQ‡jb bv, wKš‘ Zvi M`¨ iPbvi
fvlv wQj Kvwe¨K I Aj¼vi gwÛZ| Zvi iPbvi DrKh©Zvi Rb¨ Zv‡K
  ejv nq| Zvi Abyev` mvwn‡Z¨i gva¨‡g Aviex mvwn‡Z¨
AbycÖ‡ek N‡U‡Q dvimx fvlvi| wZwbB Aviex M`¨ mvwn‡Z¨i RbK| Zvi
iPbvi Øviv Aviex mvwnZ¨ mg„× jvf K‡i‡Q| wZwb wQ‡jb Z`vbxšÍb hy‡Mi
†kÖô mvwnwZ¨K|
mvwnZ¨ iPbvi ˆewkó t-
Be‡b †gvKvddvi iwPZ eû MÖš’ Av‡Q, Zb¥‡a¨ dvimx n‡Z Aviex
fvlvq Ab~w`Z ÔKvwjjv Iqv w`gbvÕ we‡kl cÖwm×, GQvov Zvi iPbvi g‡a¨
Av‡Q AmsL¨ MÖš’ fvÛvi| Zuvi iPbvi ˆewkó nj- e³‡e¨i ˆewPÎ evK¨‡K
KvUQuvU Kiv, k‡ãi †hvRbv I fve cÖKv‡ki mvejxjZv| Zvi Ab¨Zg
ˆewkó¨ n‡”Q Q‡›`i cÖwZ ¸iæZ¡ bv w`‡q A‡_©i cÖwZ ¸iæZ¡ †`Iqv|
Question :- Give a biographical account of  and
discuss his contribution to Arabic literature.
Ans :-
 (Avj RvwnR)
f‚wgKv t-
AveŸvmx hy‡M †h mg¯Í gbxlxMb Aviex mvwnZ¨K we‡k¦i `iev‡i
DbœwZ K‡iwQ‡jb| AK¬všÍ cwikÖgI cÖ‡Póvi gva¨‡g Ges iPbv ˆkjx‡Z GK
bZzb fw½gv G‡b wQ‡jb wZwbB Avj-RvwnR|
bvg KiY t-
Avey Dmgvb Avgi Be‡b Avj evnvi Avj RvwnR|
 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨ 73
cÖK…Z bvg t Avgi|
Dcbvg t Avey Dmgvb|
Dcvwa t Avj RvwnR|
Zvi WvMi †PvL wQj e‡j Zvi Dcvwa bv‡g †ewkcwiwPZ wQj|
Rb¥ t-
Avj RvwnR AveŸvmxq kvmb Kv‡j evmiv‡Z 776 Lªxt 160 wnt
m‡bi ‡k‡li w`‡K GK m¤£všÍ cwiev‡i R¤œ MnY K‡ib wZwb †Lvivmv‡bi
es‡kv™¢‚Z wQ‡jb|
wkÿv Rxeb t-
mvwnZ¨ m¤ªvU emiv bM‡i cÖwZ cvwjZ n‡qwQ‡jb| Z`vwbšÍb mgq
evmiv Áv‡bi cÖvY †K›`ª wQj| wZwb wewfbœ gmwR‡` wM‡q Avmgvqx Avey
Rv‡`R, AvLkvg Avey DevB`v cÖgyL cwÛZ‡`i wbKU n‡Z wewfbœ gy wL
we`¨vi Ávb AR©b K‡iwQ‡jb| we‡kl K‡i Avey ûRvBj, mvgvgv Be‡b
AvKivg cÖ gy L †gvZvwhjxq †bZv‡`i †_‡K| eo eo †dKvn ex` I
gy n vwÏmxb‡`i KvQ †_‡K wkÿv MÖ n Y K‡iwQ‡jb| GBfv‡e Áv‡bi
cÖ‡Z¨KwU kvLvq wZwb we‡kl cvi`wk©Zv jvf K‡ib| Ges Aviex fvlv,
Bmjvgx ms¯‹…wZ I Avi‡ei BwZnv‡m AwfÁ cvwÛZ I Avi‡ei BwZnv‡m
cwÛZ wnmv‡e AvZœcÖKvk K‡ib|
Kg©Rxeb t-
GK`v Lwjdv gyZvËqvw°j GRb e¨w³‡K AbymÜvb KiwQ‡jb|
whwb Zvi cy·K wkÿv`vb Kiv‡e| BwZg‡a¨ Lwjdv Rvwn‡Ri Ávb m¤ú‡K©
AewnZ nb| NUbv µ‡g Zv‡K Zvi cy‡Îi M„n wkÿK wn‡m‡e wbhy³ K‡ib|
Lwjdv Zvi `k nvRvi †`invg evrmwiK †eZb avh©¨ K‡i Ab¨vb¨ mKj
LiP enb Ki‡Z ¯^x K… Z nb| Gfv‡eB Rxeb Kv‡U| cy ¯ Í K iPbv Zvi
RxweKvi cÖavb Drm|
74 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨
mvwnZ¨ cÖwZfv t-
RvwnR iPbv ‰kjx‡Z bZzb fw½gv I welq e¯‘‡Z DËiY K‡i
wQ‡jb| cÖeÜKvi Ges †jLK‡`i Rb¨ iPbvi c×wZ cÖeZ©b K‡iwQ‡jb|
Zvi K_v¸wj my›`i Bw½Zevnx wQj| hv‡Z wZwb Lye KgB AjsKvi e¨envi
K‡iwQ‡jb| wZwb Rv‡nRxqv agx©q †Mvwói cÖ e Z© K| Z‡e wZwb GKRb
gy³eyw× m¤úbœ `k©wbK wQ‡jb| RvwnR wQ‡jb AveŸvmx hy‡Mi GKRb †kªô
†jLK| wZwb wQ‡jb cÖLi eyw×gËv I wZÿè eyw×i AwaKvix, cy¯ÍK wcÖq
e¨vw³ wQ‡jb|
Zuvi wjwLZ MÖš’ mg~n t-
Zvi iPbv‡K g~j `yfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| (K) Rvwnhxqv mvwnZ¨|
(L) gyj mvwnZ¨ mg~n|
Zvi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ MÖš’¸wj nj-
        

Zuvi †jLvi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ ˆewkó¨ nj iPbv ˆkjx, mij, Q›`ag©x KwVb welq
eY©bvi g‡a¨I Zvi imaviv eZ©gvb Zvi KxwZ©mg~n Aviex fvlv I mvwn‡Z¨i
†ÿ‡Î AvKi e‡j AwfwnZ, RvwnR Zvi mg‡qi mvwnZ¨K‚‡ji wkÿK|
iPbvi ‰ewkó t-
Rvwn‡Ri Ab¨Zg cÖ a vb KxwZ© nj M`¨ mvwnZ¨| Zvi nv‡ZB
Aviex fvlv I mvwnZ¨ im gwÛZ n‡q D‡V‡Q| wZwb Aviex M`¨‡K mvejxj
MwZkxj Ges e¨Äbv `vb K‡i‡Qb| ZviB mvabvq Aviex M`¨ mg„× n‡q
D‡V‡Q| wZwb Aviex M‡`¨i AšÍwb©wnZ Q‡›`i Avwe®‹vi I Aviex cÖev‡`i
mv_©K cÖ‡qvM Kvix|
HwZnvwmK gvmDw` e‡jb, RvwnR iwPZ MÖš’ mg~n gw¯Í‡®‹i RoZv
we`ywiZ K‡i, hyw³ msMZ fv‡e hyw³ Dcw¯’Z K‡i wZwb cvVK‡`i †K wei³
K‡i bv| †KŠZzK Ges imvZ¥K eY©bv Dc¯’vcb K‡i wZwb cvVK‡K gy»
 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨ 75 76 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨

K‡i‡Qb| Aviex mvwn‡Z¨i `„wó‡Z Avj gvKvgv t-

g„Zy¨ t-
†kl Rxe‡b wZwb cÿNv‡Z AvµvšÍ nb| Zvi Wvb cvk APj n‡q
hvq| †jv‡K `k©b Kivi Rb¨ jvB‡b `uvovZ Ges Zvi e³e¨ kÖeY KiZ|
emivi Ggb †Kv‡bv †jvK wQj bv †h, RvwnR‡K †`L‡j I Zvi m‡½ K_v
ej‡Z AvMÖn †`Lv‡Zb bv| wZwb gvSiv‡Z 255 wnt 869 Lªxt BšÍKvj
K‡ib| wZwb 94 eQi RxweZ wQ‡jb|
Question :- What do you understand by 
literature? Explain the contribution of  to this
type of literature.
Ans :-
f‚wgKv t-
Aviex mvwnZ¨ ¯Í‡i axi c`‡ÿ‡c mvaviY M`¨ ixwZ ‡_‡K Q›`hy³
c‡`¨ cÖ‡ek Ki‡Q| Zvici †hLvb †_‡K agK m~PK KweZvq DcbxZ n‡q
eZ©gvb Ae¯’vq DbœxZ n‡q‡Q|
eZ©gv‡b Aviex mvwnZ¨ RM‡Z me©‡kÖô- Avmb Aj¼…Z K‡i‡Q|
weï×Zvi fvlv I Aj¼vwiZ¡ I im‡ev‡a Zvi RywU bvB| g‡bi Mfxi fve
cÖKv‡ki †ÿ‡Î M`¨ Q‡›` GwU Ab¨vb¨| GB ai‡bi M`¨ Q‡›`i GKwU iƒc
nj gvKvgv|
Avj-gvKvgv t-
gvKvgvi cwifvlv t-
Avj gvKvgvi kvwãK A_© t-
Avj gvKvgv kãwU Aviex kã    g~j Aÿi Øviv MwVZ
Ges GwU  | hvi A_©-`vovevi ¯’vb ev mgq| Gi eûePb nj
|
weL¨vZ Aviex mvwnZ¨K    e‡jb-
              
A_©vr ig¨iPbvi auv‡P iwPZ †QvU Mí‡K   e‡j, hv‡Z †Kvb Dc‡`k
Av_ev imvZ¡ †evaK eY©bv _v‡K|
  - Gi bvg KiY t-
†h †`k,kni, MÖv g A_ev gnjø v q IB AvkiwU e‡m Zvi bvg,
Abymv‡i mvaviYZ  Gi bvgKiY Kiv †hgb-    Kzdv
kn‡ii bvg Abymv‡i|
  -Gi Rb¥ t-
AveŸvwm hy‡Mi ga¨eZx© mg‡q Aviex M`¨ mvwn‡Z¨ GB avibvwUi
cÖPjb N‡U| me© cÖ_g c~©bv½   iPbv K‡ib-   
Avj nvg`vbxi Gi c~‡e© Av‡iv `yRb mvwnwZ¨‡Ki bvg G‡ÿ‡Î D‡jøL‡hvM¨
GKRb   Ges wØZxq Rb Avj nvg`vbxi wkÿK   wKš‘
Zviv c~b©v½fv‡e   iPbv K‡ibwb|
- Gi   mvwn‡Z¨ Ae`vbt-
-i mswÿß Rxewb t-
-Gi cy‡iv bvg nj-      
   (Avey gynv¤§v` Avj Kvwmg web gynv¤§v` web
Dmgvb Avj nvwiix Avj evmvix) wZwb evmivq 446 wnRix‡Z Rb¥MÖnY
K‡ib| wZwb Avi‡ei  ‡Mv‡Îi mšÍvb| Rb¥¯’vb ÔÕ (gvkvb)
‡bB Zvi ˆkke AwZevwnZ nq| Avj evmiv‡Z wZwb wkÿv AR©b K‡ib|
 k‡ãi A_© †ikg ev †ik‡gi e¯¿| cÖ_g Rxe‡b wZwb
 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨ 77
†ik‡gi e¨emv Ki‡Zb G Rb¨ wZwb  bv‡g cwiwPZ nb| cieZ©x
Kv‡j GB bv‡g L¨vwZ AR©b K‡ib|
 ‡`L‡Z AZ¨šÍ KzrwmZ wQ‡jb| Avgxi Dgiv‡`i mv‡_
Zvi Nwbó m¤úK© wQj| wZwb K‡qKwU miKvix c‡` `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib|
Zvi Avw_©K Ae¯’v †ek fv‡jv wQj|
‡ckvMZ `vwqZ¡ cvjb I wekvj m¤úwË †`Lv‡kvbvi mv‡_ mv‡_
wZwb mvs¯‹…wZK | Abyôv‡b Ask MÖnY Ki‡Zb| KL‡bv KL‡bv wZwb Kve¨
PP©vI Ki‡Zb| GB weL¨vZ gbxlx 515 wnRix‡Z Avj evmivq g„Zy¨ eiY
K‡ib|
 -Gi iPbvewj t-
 A‡bK¸wj MÖš’ iPbv K‡i‡Qb| Zvi g‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ nj-
1. (mvgv‡jvPbv g~jK MÖš’)  
2. (e¨KiY c`¨MÖš’)  
3. (cÎejx msKjb) 
4. (Zvi KweZvi msKjb) 
-t  mvwn‡Z¨  Gi Ae`vb t-
 cÖvq 60wU -  iPbv K‡i‡Qb| ‡hgb-
1.   (Avj gvKvgv Avm mvbAvwbqv)|
2.   (Avj gvKvgv Avj Kzwdqvn&)|
3.   (Avj gvKvgv Avm wmbRvwiqvn) BZ¨vw`
 -Gi  Gi bvqK (  ) Gi bvg wQj- 
  (Avey Rv‡q` Avm mviæRx) Ges eY©bvKvix (   ) i bvg
    (Avj nvwim web nv¤§vg Avj evmvix)| 
iPbvq Zvi c~e © m~i x Avj nvg`vbx‡K- Aby ¯ §iY Ki‡j fvlv I fv‡ei
78 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨
KviæKv‡h© wZwb Zv‡K AwZµg K‡i eû`~i GwM‡q wM‡qwQ‡jb wZwb 
mvwnZ¨‡K GKwU DrK…ó Kjvq DbœxZ K‡i‡Qb|
 Gi  -i ˆewkó t-
 Gi gvKvgvq AmsL¨ ˆewkó cwijwÿZ nq| †m¸wji g‡a¨ cÖavb
ˆewkó nj-
1. kã fvÛvi I cÖPwjZ cÖev` cÖePb|
2. Dcgv Ges bvbv iKg AjsKvi|
3. evYx I e³‡e¨i cÖ‡qvM|
4. nvm¨im I Dc‡`k BZ¨vw`|
weL¨vZ mvwnwZ¨K  e‡jb t-
ÒAvwg K¡vev M„‡ni Kmg †L‡q ejwQ †h, wbtm‡›`n Avj-nvwiexi wjwLZ
gvKvgv-i cÖwZwU Aÿi †mvbvjx Kvjx w`‡q wj‡L ivLvi ‡hvM¨Ó|
Dcmsnvi t-
AveŸvmx hy‡M Aviex mvwn‡Z¨i A‡bK Ae`vb i‡q‡Q| Ges Zvi
Zzjbv †Kvb hy‡Mi m‡½ Kiv hvq bv Ges Zvi GKwU Mbbv‡hvM¨ Ae`vb
nj-  mvwnZ¨|  Avj nvg`vbxi Øviv ïiæ n‡jI Avj nvixix
A‡bK †ÿ‡Î Zv‡K eû`~i GwM‡q wb‡q wM‡q‡Qb| wZwb Zvi  Øviv
Aviex fvlv‡K A‡bK bZzb bZzb kã w`‡q‡Qb|
Question :- Give an account of    and
comment upon his poetry.
Ans :-
f‚wgKv t-
AveŸvmx hyM Aviex fvlv I mvwn‡Z¨i ¯^Y©hyM wnmv‡e wPi¯§iYxq|
GB hy‡M †h mg¯Í gbxlxMb Aviex mvwnZ¨‡K DbœxZ K‡i‡Qb Ges Aviex
mvwn‡Z¨i RM‡Z D¾¡j bÿ‡Îi gZ R¡jR¡j K‡i `xß n‡q Av‡Qb Zv‡`i
g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg n‡jb Aveyj Avjv Avj gvqviix|
 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨ 79
Rb¥ I esk cwiPq t-
Kwe Aveyj Avjv Avj gvqvivix wmwiqvi      bvgK kn‡i
973 Lªxt Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Rb¥¯’v‡bi bvg Abymv‡i wZwb Avj gvqviix
bv‡g cwiwPZ| Zvi Avmj bvg Avngv` (), wcZvi bvg Avãyjøvn|
Zu vi wcZv Avãyj øv n wQ‡jb my -cwÛZ Ges Zvi `v`y Ômy jvBgvbÕ wQ‡jb
gvqviiv kn‡ii cÖavb wePviK|
evj¨Kvj I wkÿv AR©b t-
gvÎ 4 eQi eq‡m emšÍ †iv‡M AvµvšÍ n‡q Avj gvqviix m¤ú~Y©
`„wó kw³ nvwi‡q †d‡jb| evj¨ Kv‡j wcZvi ZË¡v‡eva‡b wkÿv Avi¤¢ nq|
c‡i gvqviivi Ab¨vb¨ cwÛ‡Zi Kv‡Q wkÿv †bb| cÖLi ¯§„wZkw³ I P‚ovšÍ
†gav m¤úbœi d‡j gvÎ 20 eQi eq‡m wZwb fvlv I mvwn‡Z¨ cvi`wk©Zv
AR©b K‡ib| 993 Lªxt wZwb wkÿK wnmv‡e wbhy³ nb| Áv‡bi cwiwa
Av‡iv evwo‡q †Zvjvi Rb¨ wZwb gvqviiv Z¨vM K‡i cÖ_‡g wmwiqv Zvici
wUªcvwj‡Z P‡j Av‡mb| †mLv‡b wKQzw`b Ávb AR©‡bi c‡i wZwb ZrKvjxb
Áv‡bi †K›`ª Ges c„w_exi cwÛZ‡`i wgjb †ÿ‡Î evM`v‡Z P‡j Av‡mb|
‡mLv‡b wZwb mKj a‡g©i cwÛ‡`i Kv‡Q Ávb AR©b Ki‡Z _v‡Kb| wZwb
gy³wPšÍvi `vk©wbK‡`i Øviv cÖfvweZ nb Ges MÖxK `k©‡bi cÖwZ Abyi³ n‡q
c‡ob|
‡kl eqm t-
evM`v‡` _vKv Kvjxb Zvi gy³ wPšÍvi weKvk N‡U GB mgq nVvr
Zvi gv‡qi g„Zz¨ msev` Zv‡K Zvi Rb¥f‚wg gvqviiv‡Z wdwi‡q Av‡b| ZLb
wZwb wb‡R‡K m¤ú~Y© cwieZ©b K‡i †d‡jb| c„w_exi hveZxq welq †_‡K
wb‡R‡K mwi‡q GKwU N‡ii g‡a¨ ew›` n‡q _vK‡Zb| wb‡Ri AbyMvwg Ges
QvÎ Qvov Kv‡iv m‡½ mvÿvr Ki‡Zb bv GB Rb¨ Zv‡K      
ejv nq|
80 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨
g„Zz¨ t-
Ae‡k‡l 84 eQi eq‡m 1057 Lªxt wZwb g„Zz¨ eiY K‡ib|
Kwe Avj gvqviixi Kvwe¨K Ae`vbt-
Kwe Avey j Avjv gvqviixi Kve¨‡K `y B fv‡M fvM Kiv ‡h‡Z
cv‡i|
1. †hŠeb Kv‡j iwPZ KweZv|
2. †kl eq‡m iwPZ KweZv|
1. †hŠeb Kv‡j iwPZ KweZv t-
†hŠe‡b iwPZ Kve¨¸wj we‡kl K‡i evM`v‡` Mg‡bi c~‡e© iPbv
K‡iwQj| GB me KweZvq Kwe gyZvbveŸxi AbyKi‡Yi Qvc ¯úó¨| GB
mg‡q iwPZ KweZv ¸wj‡Z cÖPwjZ fveavivi Aby¯§iY Kiv n‡q‡Q| GB
KweZv¸wj‡Z mgmvgwqK Kwe‡`i m‡½ cÖwZØw›ØZv g~jK nIqvi Kvi‡Y
Aj¼vi mg„× Ges †Kvb †Kvb †ÿ‡Î A-cÖP vwjZ kã cwijwÿZ nq|
Kv‡e¨i wewfbœ kvLvq wePiY Ki‡jI g‡`i cÖksmv I †cÖ‡gi KweZv wZwb
†j‡Lbwb ej‡jB P‡j| GB mg‡qi iwPZ KweZv¸wj    bvgK
MÖ‡š’ msKvwjZ n‡q‡Q|
2. †kl eq‡m iwPZ KweZv t-
Kwe gvqviixi †kl eq‡m wjwLZ/iwPZ KweZvq Kwei wb‡R¯^
mwµqZv, ‡gŠwjKZv I mvnmx wPšÍv fvebvi Qvc c‡o‡Q| wZwb GB me
KweZvq wb‡Ri we‡kl `k© b e¨³ K‡i‡Qb| Z‡e †m¸wj AwZ mvaviY
cvV‡Ki Kv‡Q †Mvcb ivLvi Rb¨ k‡ãi KviæKvh© Gi AvkÖq wb‡q‡Qb| G
mg‡q iwPZ KweZv¸wj-      bvgK MÖ‡š’ msKwjZ n‡q‡Q|
Zvi KweZvi D`vniY t-
        
 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨
       
           
        
Kwe Aveyj Avjv Avjgvqviix Kwe wnmv‡e weL¨vZ n‡jI wZwbGK
DbœZgv‡bi M`¨ †jLKI wQ‡jb Zvi wjwLZ-    Ges
    cÖf…wZ MÖš’ G wel‡q D‡jøL‡hvM¨|
Dcmsnvi t-
Avey Avjv Avj gvqviix ïaygvÎ AveŸvmx hy‡Mi GK DbœZgv‡bi
weL¨vZ Kwe Ges M`¨ †jLK bb eis wZwb †mB hy‡Mi GK cÖwm× `vk©wbK
I wQ‡jb| mvgwMÖK fv‡e Aviex mvwnZ¨ bZzb w`kv †c‡q‡Q Aveyj Avjv
Avj gvqviixi KvQ †_‡K|
Question :- Write an essay on the life and work of 

or
Give a brief biographical account of   and
comment upon his poetry.
Ans :-
f‚wgKv t-
AveŸvmx hy‡M Aviex fvlv I mvwn‡Z¨i ¯^©YhyM wnmv‡e wPi¯§Yxq|
GB hy‡M †h mg¯Í gbxlxMY Aviex mvwn‡Z¨i DrKl© mvab K‡i we‡k¦i
`iev‡i Aviex mvwnZ¨‡K DbœxZ K‡i‡Qb Ges Aviex mvwn‡Z¨i RM‡Z D”P
bÿ‡Îi gZ R¡jR¡j K‡i Øxß n‡q Av‡Qb Zv‡`i g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg n‡jb
Aveyj AvZvwnqv|
Aveyj AvZ¡vwnqv Gi mswÿß Rxewb t-
81 82 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨
Rb¥ I esk cwiPq t-
Kwe Aveyj AvZvwnqv 130 wnRix‡Z Biv‡Ki   (AvBbyZ
Zvgvi) bvgK MÖ v ‡g Rb¥ MÖ n Y K‡ib| Zvi Avmj bvg BmgvBj
()| Zvi KzwbqvZ Avey BmnvK (  ) Ges Zvi wcZvi
bvg Avj-Kvwkg (  )| †hŠeb K‡j Zvi wb©j¾Zvi Rb¨ Lwjdv
†g‡n`x Zv‡K Aveyj AvZvwnqv Gi c`ex cÖ`vb K‡ib| Ges GB bv‡gB
wZwb cÖwm×Zv jvf K‡ib|
‰kke I evj¨Kvj t-
Kwei wcZv cÖ_‡g Rxe‡b bvwc‡Zi KvR Ki‡Zb| cieZ©x Kv‡j
ÔKzdvÕ kn‡i gvwUi cvÎ ˆZwii e¨emv ïiæ K‡ib| Aveyj AvZvwnqv †`L‡Z
AZ¨šÍ my›`i I AvKl©Yxq wQ‡jb| Ges †g‡q‡`i gZ †cvkvK I MnYv c‡i
_vK‡Zb| fvB hv‡q` Zv‡K gvwUi cvÎ ˆZwi Ges weµq Kivi ‡ckvq
†U‡b Av‡bb|
‡hŠeb Kvj I Kv‡e¨i m~Pbv t-
†hŠe‡b Kwe GKwU LuvPvq gvwUi cvÎ mvwR‡q Kzdvi iv¯Ívq-iv¯Ívq
†dwi K‡i †eov‡Zb| cv‡Îi ¸bMvb eY©bv Ki‡Z wM‡q wZwb Qovi AvkÖq
wb‡Zb| ax‡i ax‡i Kv‡e¨i cÖwZ Zvi AvKl©b e„w× †c‡Z _v‡K| KviLvbvq
G‡m GjvKvevmxiv Kwei Kv‡Q Zvi KweZv wjwL‡q †`Iqvi Aby ‡iva
Rvbv‡Zv| GK mgq Zvi L¨vwZ Avgxi I Dgiv‡`i `iev‡i †cuŠ‡Q hvq|
wZwb mgmvgqxK Kwe‡`i m‡½ cwiwPZ nb| Zv‡`i m‡½ wewfbœ mvwnZ¨
gRwj‡m †hvM`vb Ki‡Z _v‡Kb|
Kwe Lwjdvi †g‡n`xi `iev‡i t-
776 Lª x t †g‡n`x †Ljvd‡Zi c‡` Avmxb n‡j Beª v wng Avj
‡gŠ‡mwj Gi gva¨‡g Aveyj AvZvwnqv Zvi (‡g‡n`xi) `iev‡i ¯’vb jvf
K‡ib| wKš‘ Lwjdvi `iev‡ii cwiPvwjKv Drev () Gi †cÖg c‡ob
Ges Zvi m¤ú‡K© eû KweZv iPbv K‡ib| Lwjdv AZ¨šÍ ivMvwš^Z n‡q
 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨ 83 84 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨

Zv‡K KvivMv‡i ew›` K‡i †`b| gyw³ jv‡fi c‡i cybivq wZwb Drevi wnmv‡e cwiwPZ n‡qwQj| wZwb cÖvq 80 eQi RxweZ wQ‡jb Avi GB `xN©
†cÖ‡g KweZv iPbv Ki‡Z _v‡Kb| GBRb¨ Lwjdv †g‡n`x Zv‡K Aveyj eq‡m A‡bK KweZv iPbv K‡iwQ‡jb| wZwb wb‡Ri KweZv iPbv m¤ú‡K©
AvZ¡vwnqv A_©vr ÔgwZåg MÖ¯’Õ e¨w³ e‡j AwfwnZ K‡ib| e‡jb-
               
nviæY iwk‡`i `iev‡i t-
786 Lªxt nviæY iwk` wmsnvm‡b AvinY Ki‡j KweZvi `iev‡i
KweZvi welqe¯‘ t-
m¤§vwbZ nb| wZwb Lwjdvi me©ÿ‡bi m½x wnmv‡e _vK‡Zb| Lwjdv Zv‡K
Aveyj AvZ¡vwnqv Gi iwPZ KweZv¸wj we‡kølY Ki‡j wb‡¤œ wjwLZ
cyi毋vi I Dc‡XŠKb Qvov I evrmwiK w`invg e„wË cÖ`vb Ki‡Zb|
welqe¯‘ ¯úófv‡e cwijwÿZ nq|
gvbwmKZvi cwieZ©b t- K.  ‡cÖgg~jK KweZv|
Kwe ax‡i ax‡i cvw_©e Rxe‡bi nB ûj‡jvi Z¨vM K‡i msmvi
L.  eY©bvg~jK KweZv|
Z¨vMx myLx Rxeb hvc‡bi cÖwZ AvK…ó nb| Kve¨ PP©v cÖvq †Q‡o †`b|
Lwjdv nviæb iwk` Zv‡K c~‡e©i Rxe‡b wdwi‡q Avb‡Z h_vm¤¢e †Póv K‡ib M.  mbœvmxg~jK KweZv|
wKš‘ e¨_© nb| e¨_© n‡q Lwjdv Zv‡K †eÎvNvZ K‡i KvivMv‡i cvwV‡q
†`b| cieZ©xKv‡j Lwjdvi cÖksmvq KweZv iPbv K‡i gyw³ cvb| †Rj N.  †kvKMuv_vg~jK KweZv|
†_‡K gyw³i ci Kwe cybivq Kve¨ PP©vq gbwb‡ek Ki‡j I Zvi KweZvi O.  cÖksmvg~jK KweZv|
welqe¯‘ m¤ú~Y© cwiewZ©Z wQj| cvw_©e iƒc-im †Q‡o ag©xq wel‡q †hgb
cvcc~ Y¨ mZZv I Bmjvgx g~j ¨‡eva cÖf …w Z welq‡K †K›`ª K‡i KweZv P.  cÖÁvg~jK KweZv|
wjL‡Z _v‡Kb|
Zvi KweZvi ˆewkó¨ t-
g„Zz¨ t-
Kwe Aveyj AvZ¡vwnqv Gi KweZvq cvw_©e Rxeb I ciKvj m¤ú‡K©
Ae‡k‡l 828 Lª xt Lwjdv gvgy ‡bi kvmb Kv‡j Kwe ÔevM`v`Õ
`vk©w bK wPšÍ v fvebv e¨³ n‡q‡Q| Avjøv n&i `iev‡i AvZ¥-mgc©b Kvix
kn‡i g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib|
gymwjg‡`i ü`q wbsov‡bv AvKzZ im Zu vi KweZvq S‡i c‡o‡Q| Kwe
Aveyj AvZ¡vwnqv BmjvgxK fveaviv‡K me©cÖ_g Kv‡e¨ ¯’vb w`‡q‡Qb| Kwei
¦Aveyj AvZ¡vwnqv Gi mvwnZ¨Kg© t-
KweZv Ab¨Zg ¸b nj- mnR, mij fvlv Ges RwUjZv gy³ evK¨, hv
Kwe Aveyj AvZ¡vwnqv wQ‡jb AveŸvmx hy‡Mi    (gyqv‡jø`xb)
mvaviY gvby‡li ü`q‡K ¯úk© K‡i|
Kwe‡`i g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg| wZwb KweZv iPbv ïiæ K‡ib AwZ Aí eq‡m hLb
Kwe Aveyj AvZ¡vwnqv‡qi KweZv¸wj GKwU w`Iqv‡b-G msKwjZ
wZwb gvwUi cvÎ weµq Kivi Rb¨ Qovi gva¨‡g †µZv‡`i `„wó AvKl©Y
n‡q‡Q| GQvov Aviex mvwn‡Z¨i Dci iwPZ A‡bK MÖš’ †hgb- 
Ki‡Zb| ax‡i ax‡i ÔKzdvÕ kn‡i I ivRv-ev`kv‡`i `iev‡i Zvi bvg Kwe
 (wKZveyj AvMvbx) I     (Avk †kqi Iqvk ïAviv)
 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨ 85 86 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨

cÖgyL MÖš’¸wji g‡a¨ Zvi KweZv¸wj msKwjZ n‡q‡Q| Kwe Avey byI qv‡mi c~ b© v½ bvg n‡jv nvmvb Be‡b nvbx Be‡b
AvwKj AvIqvj nvKvgx| Zvi WvK bvg wQj Avey Avjx| cieZ©xKv‡j wZwb
Zuvi KweZvi bgybv t- Avey by I qvm bv‡gB cwiwPwZ jvf K‡ib| wZwb Ly w R¯Í v ‡bi ivRavbx
wb‡¤œ D`vniY ¯^iæc Aveyj AvZ¡vwnqvi KweZvi `ywU jvBb Zz‡j AvnIqvR Gi GK A‡j 759 Lªxt gZvšÍ‡i 762 Lªxt Rb¥ MÖnY K‡ib|
aiv nj- Zvi wcZv evwb DgvBqvi †mbv`‡j PvKix Ki‡Zb|
                
wkÿvRxeb t-
                 Avey byIqvm Zvi cÖv_wgK wkÿv evmiv I Kzdv‡ZB mgvß K‡ib|
AvZci cÖvÄj Aviex fvlv wkÿvi Rb¨ wZwb wKQz Kvj giæf‚wg‡Z KvUvb|
Dcmsnvi t- GB mgq wZwb weL¨vZ e¨vKiY ex` Lwjdv Avj Avg‡ii wbKU Aa¨vqb
mvaviY RbM‡Yi Kv‡Q Aveyj AvZ¡vwnqvi KweZv h‡_ó mgv`„Z K‡i eyrcwË AR©b K‡ib|
wQj| wKš‘ mgv‡jvPK‡`i `„wó‡Z Zuvi KweZvq †ek wKQz ÎæwU cwijwÿZ
nq| GB wel‡q Avngv` nvmvb AvR RvBqvZ I W. Z¡nv ûmvBb cÖgyL‡`i Avey byIqvm
bvg D‡jø L ‡hvM¨| A‡bK mgv‡jvPK Zvi Gme ÎæwU cÖ m‡½ ARy n vZ D”P wkÿvi Rb¨ wZwb evM`vZ Mgb K‡i †mLvbKvi Kwe Ávbx
w`‡q‡Qb †h- wZwb wPšÍv fvebv bv K‡i KweZv iPbv Ki‡Zb Ges KweZv‡K ¸bxi mvnP‡h© G‡m Aí w`‡bi g‡a¨B bvbv we`¨vq cvi`k©x n‡q I‡Vb|
gvRvNlvI Ki‡Zb bv| hvB †nvK Zvi KweZvq wKQz ÎæwU _vK‡j I fvlv I Zvi myL¨vwZi Rb¨ ¯^qs Lwjdv Zv‡K Zvi cÖïw¯Í iPbv Ki‡Z e‡jb| wKQz
fv‡ei Kviæ Kv‡h©i w`K w`‡q Aviex fvlv I mvwnZ¨‡K DbœwZ Kivi †ÿ‡Î w`‡bi g‡a¨B wZwb Lwjdv nviæY iwk‡`i AšÍi½ mw½ n‡q ‡M‡jb|
Zvi Ae`vb wPi¯§ibxq I Ab¯^xKh©|
Kve¨ cÖwZfvi D‡b¥l t-
Question :- Write a biographical account of   Kwe byIqvm Zvi wcZvi g„Zz¨ ci RxweKvi Rb¨ GK AvZ‡ii
and Comment upon his poetry. †`vKv‡b KvR Ki‡Z Aviv¤¢ K‡ib| wKš‘ AvZi ˆZwii cÖwZ Zvi jÿ wQj
Ans :- Kg| ZvB Kv‡Ri Aemi †c‡jB Kwe‡`i Rjmvq Ávbx‡`i mfvq Dcw¯’Z
Avey byIqvm n‡Zb| Iqvwjev bvgK GK Kwei KweZv ï‡b Zvici †_‡K ‡QvU †QvU wKQz
f‚wgKv t- KweZv D³ mfvq ïbv‡Z _v‡Kb| µ‡g µ‡g AvZi weµ‡qi cwie‡Z© Kve¨
AveŸvmx hy‡Mi †h cuvPRb Av`k© Kwei Avwef©ve n‡qwQj, hv‡`i iPbvi cÖwZ Zvi AvMÖn e„w× cvq|
AK¬všÍ cwikÖ‡gi dj AvRI mvwn‡Z¨i cvZvq Sjgj K‡i i‡q‡Q| Zv‡`i
g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg n‡jb Kwe Avey byIqvm| ci‡jvK Mgb t-
Ae‡k‡l Kwe `xN© w`b Kviv Mv‡i Ae¯’vb Kivi ci Rxeb mvqv‡ý
Rb¥ I esk cwiPq t- DcwbZ n‡q c~ ‡ e© i mg¯Í Akø x j AbvPvi m¤ú~ Y © iæ‡c Z¨vM K‡i my dx
 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨ 87 88 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨

`i‡e‡ki b¨vq Rxeb hvcb K‡ib| GgZe¯’ v q bxR AvZœ x q ¯^ R b AÁZvi cwibvg m¤ú‡K© e‡j‡Qb|
cwi‡ewóZ evM`v‡` 810 Lªxt BnKvj Z¨vM K‡ib|
                       
Dcmsnvi t-
Kvwe¨K Ae`vb t-
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, Avey byIqvm Zvi mvejxj evPb fw½ I
Kwe Avey byIqvm eûgyLx Kve¨ cÖwZfvi AwaKvix wQ‡jb| wZwb
AvjsKv‡ii g‡a¨ cÖ ïw¯Í Mu v _v iPbvq Øviv Aviex mvwn‡Z¨i BwZnm‡K
Kve¨ iPbvi Aby‡cÖiYv wnmv‡e kvive‡KB †e‡Q wb‡qwQ‡jb| Kw_Z Av‡Q
mvRxeZv `vb K‡i †`b hv mK‡ji ü`qMg¨|
ûmvBbØq e‡j L¨vZ Ggb `yB Rb e¨w³ wQ‡jb, hviv Aveybyqv‡m kviv‡ei
eY©bvq iwPZ KweZv kÖeY Ki‡j msmvi a‡g©i †gvn ch©šÍ fz‡j †h‡Zb|
Question :- Write a biographical account of  and
Kwe Avey byIqvm wQ‡jb wejvm Rxeb hvc‡bi K‡Vvi mg_©K| wZwb Zvi
Comment upon his poetry.
KweZvi g‡a¨ D‡jø L K‡i e‡j‡Qb †h hZ B”Qv c~ i Y Ki Ab¨vq-
AbvPv‡ii †evSv, PvB‡j Avjøvn K…cv Ki‡eb †Zvgvi mvRv|
f‚wgKv t-
DgvBqv hy‡Mi †h mg¯Í gwblx wbR¯^ cÖwZfv e‡j Aviex mvwn‡Z¨i
iPbvi ‰ewkó t-
AvKv‡k Pxifv¯§i n‡q i‡q‡Qb| hv‡`i fvlvi †mŠ›`‡h© Aviex mvwn‡Z¨i
Avey by I qv‡mi Kve¨ mgMÖ cy • Lvby y cy • L fv‡e mvwe© K w`K¸wj
cvZv D¾¡j, Zv‡`i g‡a¨ GKRb Ab¨Zg Kwe n‡jb ÔRvwiiÕ|
ch© v‡jvPbv Ki‡j KZ¸wj we‡kl ‰ewkó cwijwÿZ nq| †hgb, wZwb
eûgyLx KweZv iPbvq cvi`wkZ©v AR©b K‡ib| †hgb, cÖkw¯Í gyjK ag©
Kwei mswÿß wRebx t-
welqK, kviv‡ei eY©bv g~jK BZ¨vw`| wZwb wQ‡jb GKRb we`» fvlvex`
Zvi c~Y© bvg n‡jv Rvwii web AvwZq¨v AvZ-Zvwggx (  
I RbcÖxq Kve¨Kvi| eY©bv welqK iPbv‡Z we‡kl `ÿZv AR©i K‡ib|
 )| wZwb Lwjdv Imgvb A_ev gyqvweqvi ivRZ¡Kv‡j 640
Zvi Kv‡e¨i we‡kl ˆewkó n‡jv-wZwb cv_©xe RMr‡K †fvM wejvm Ges
Lªxt Bqvgvgvi Zvwgg †Mv‡Îi Kzjvqe kvLvq Rb¥ MÖnY K‡ib GK `wi`ª
Avb›` Dc‡fv‡Mi GKgvÎ jÿ wnmv‡e g‡b Ki‡Zb| Awfbe kãPqb wQj
cwiev‡i| wZwb Zvi wcZvi mv‡_ †gl Pwi‡q, giæ A‡j ˆkke KvUv‡bvi
Zvi Kv‡e¨i Ab¨Zg ˆewkó| cwieZ©b cwigvR©‡b wZwb wQ‡jb weL¨vZ|
d‡j Zvi fvlv wgkÖb †`v‡l `yó nqwb|
wZwb mviv w`b Kve¨ iPbv Ki‡Zb Ges mviv ivZ wekªvg Ki‡Zb| c‡ii
w`b cÖfv‡Z D‡V Zv mskab Ki‡Zb| RvwnR Zvi m¤ú‡K© e‡j‡Qb, Avwg
g„Zz¨ t-
Zvi gZ we`» fvlvex`, ZZ¡ex` I weï× fvlvex` wnmv‡e Z`vwbšÍj Kv‡j
DgvBqv hy‡Mi weL¨vZ Kwe Rvixi L¨vwZi wk‡l© Av‡ivnb K‡i,
Zvi mgKÿ Avi KvD‡K ‡`wLwb|
AMwbZ f³‡K †kvK mvM‡i fvwm‡q w`‡q Ges eû Agyj¨ iZœ KweZv m¤¢vi
cðv‡Z †i‡L Pxiw`‡bi Rb¨ B‡nv‡jvK Z¨vM K‡i ciK‡jvK Mgb K‡ib|
KweZvi bgybvt- Zvi eY©bv g~jK KweZvi GKwU Pib wb‡¤œ cÖ`Ë nj,
           
            Kve¨ cÖwZfv t-
 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨ 89
Rvixi KweZvi Avm‡i AvMgb Kivi ci Aíw`‡bi g‡a¨ myax
gÛjxi `„wó AvKl©b Ki‡Z mÿg nb| evmivq hLb dvivh`v‡Ki L¨vwZ
ï‡bb ZLb evmivq P‡j hvb, hv‡Z K‡i †mLvbKvi Kvwe¨KM‡Yi m‡½
cwiwPZ n‡q wb‡Ri cÖwZfv weKv‡ki my‡hvM cvb|
DgvBqv hy‡Mi †miv wZbRb Kwei g‡a¨ Rvixi wQ‡jb Ab¨Zg|
wZwb cÖksmv I e¨v½ avivi KweZv iPbvq wQ‡jb wm× n¯Í| dvivh`v‡Ki
m‡½ Zvi cÖvq KweZvi jovB n‡Zv| wZwb evmivi Mfb©i nv¾vR web
BDmy‡di cÖksmvq KweZv iPbv Kivq nv¾vR Zv‡K m¤§vb cÖ`vb K‡ib|
nv¾v‡Ri cÖksmvq iwPZ KweZv †jv‡K‡`i cÖksmv jv‡f mg_© nq| Avãyj
gvwj‡Ki Kv‡b G Lei †M‡j wZwb Zv‡K †mLvb †_‡K mwo‡q Zvi cy‡Îi
m‡½ `v‡g‡¯‹ cvwV‡q †`b| hw`I Lwjdv Zv‡K m¤§vb cÖ ` vb Ki‡jI
cieZ©x‡Z Rvixi Zvi Kwm`v Ave„wË K‡i Lwjdvi Am‡šÍv‡li cv‡Î cwiYZ
nb|
Rvixi, AvLZvj I dvivh`v‡Ki gZ cÖ_g †kÖbxi Kwe‡`i m‡½
j‡o‡Qb| ïay ZvB bq, cÖvq Avwk Rb Kwe wQj Zvi wec‡ÿ| GKgvÎ
dvivh`vK I AvLZvj Qvov mKj‡K wZwb ch©y`¯Í K‡ib| dvivh`v‡Ki m‡½
cÖvq Aa© kZvãxKvj a‡i Zvi G cÖwZ‡hvwMZv P‡j, wZwb hw` Kv‡iv e¨½
Ki‡Zb Zvn‡j kZkZ eQi c‡iI gvbyl Zv f‚j‡Z cviZbv|
PwiÎ t-
Rvix‡ii g‡a¨ giæ A‡ji †jv‡Ki mfve we`¨gvb wQj| wZwb
wQ‡jb ¯^fve K…cb| Zvi wcZvi K…cbZv m¤ú‡K© wb‡RB ¯^xKvi K‡i‡Qb|
GKevi GKRb Zv‡K wR‡Ám K‡i †kÖô Kwe †K? wZwb †jvKwU‡K Zvi
evwo‡Z Wv‡Kb| ZLb Zvi wcZvi `vwo‡Z K‡qK †dvUv `ya †j‡MwQj|
ZLb wZwb e‡jb GB Avgvi wcZv, whwb GB gvÎ QvM‡ji `y» cvb K‡i‡Qb
¯Í‡b gyL jvwM‡q, `ya †`vnb Ki‡j kã n‡e Ges kã ï‡b †KD nq‡Zv
PvB‡e GB f‡q Avgvi wcZv G fv‡e `ya Lvb| Ggb e¨vw³i mšÍvb Avwg
n‡q KweZvq we‡kl L¨vwZ AR©b K‡iwQ Ges Avwk Rb Kwe‡K civwRZ
K‡iwQ, myZivs Avwg †kªó Kwe|
90 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨
KweZvi aiY t-
Rvixi e¨½ KweZv iPbvq wQ‡jb wm× n¯Í| Bnv Qvov I wZwb
cÖksmv gyjK I eY©bv g~jK KweZvI iPbv K‡i‡Qb| LvgwiqZ iPbvI
K‡i‡Qb|
KweZvi ˆewkó t-
Kwe Rvixi AvLZv‡ji b¨vq `yðwiÎ I g‡`i †bkvq †_‡K wegy³
wQ‡jb| Zvi KweZvi g‡a¨ myÿ Abyf‚wZ, ¯^”QZv, cweÎZv, m”Pwi‡Îi I
a‡g©i mwVK Áv‡bi mÜvb †g‡j| my›`i iPbv‰kwj, mywgó Awfmvi wZ³
wb›`vev` Ges we‡gvwnZ †kvK Muv_v Zvi KweZvi ˆewkó|
KweZvi bgybvt-
                     
                   
               
Question :- Give a brief biographical account of 
  and comment upon his poetry
Ans :-
-t evkkvi web eyi` (  )t-
f‚wgKv t-
AveŸvmx hy‡Mi †h mg¯Í Kwe I mvwnZ¨K Avcb cÖwZfv e‡j I
iPbv ˆkwji gva¨‡g mvwn‡Z¨i cvZvq Avcb ¯’vb AwaKvi Ki‡Z mÿg
n‡q‡Qb Zv‡`i g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg GKRb n‡jb evkkvi web ey`©; whwb AÜ
nIqv m‡Z¨I mvwn‡Z¨i cvZvq D¾¡j bÿ‡Îi g‡Zv D™¢vwmZ n‡q Av‡Qb|
 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨ 91
Rb¥ I esk cwiPq t-
Kwei c~‡iv bvg n‡jv evkkvi web ey`© Bebyj BqvigyL| wZwb 714
Lª x t GK ïfj‡Mœ Rb¥ MÖ n Y K‡ib| Zvi Dcvwa wQj cvi‡m¨i Avw`
evmx›`v|
evj¨Kvj I Rxeb hvcb t-
Kwe evkkvi evmivq Rb¥MÖnY K‡i †mLvbKvi evby AvwKj †Mv‡Î
jvwjZ cvwjZ nb| evmivq Kwe †h mg¯Í cjøx‡Z Mgbv Mgb Ki‡Zb †m
mg¯Í cjøx‡Z Aviexqiv evm Ki‡Zb Ges Zv‡`i m‡½ AvšÍwiK m¤úK© M‡o
Zz‡jb, Gfv‡e ˆ`b›`xb hvZvqv‡Zi gva¨‡g Kwe ˆKki Kvj †_‡KB Aviex
fvlv I mvwn‡Z¨ h‡_ô eyrcwË AR©b K‡ib, ˆkke I ˆKki Gfv‡eB †gj
e܇bi gva¨‡g KvUvb|
g„Zz¨ t-
Ae‡k‡l GB gnv Kwe evkkvi L¨vwZi kx‡l© Av‡ivnb K‡i 784
Lªxt AMwbZ Kve¨ m¤¢vi I eû f³‡K †kvK mvM‡i fvwm‡q w`‡q GB bk¦i
c„w_ex Z¨vM K‡i Agi av‡g cÖ¯’vb K‡ib|
Kvwe¨K Ae`vb t-
Kwe gvÎ 20 eQi eq‡m Kve¨ RM‡Z cÖ‡ek K‡ib| †hŠeb Kv‡j
c`vc©b Kivi mv‡_ mv‡_ Lye Aí mg‡qi g‡a¨ myL¨vwZ AR©b K‡i Kve¨
RM‡Z cÖwZôv jvf K‡ib| wZwb wQ‡jb gnv Kwe Rvix‡ii mgqKvi Kwe|
ZvB wZwb Zvi we`ªæcvZ¥K KweZv Rvix‡ii weiæ‡× iPbv K‡ib, hv‡Z Kwe
Rvwii Zvi DËi cÖ`vb K‡ib| wKš‘ Rvixi Zv‡K wkï Kwe g‡b K‡i †Kvb
DËi cÖ`vb K‡ibwb| ZvB Kwe evkkvi GKevi `ytL K‡i e‡jwQ‡jb, hw`
Kwe Rvixi Avgvi KweZvi DËi cÖ`vb Ki‡Zb, Zvn‡j Avgvi L¨vwZ AviI
e„w×jvf Ki‡Zv Ges Avwg GKRb eo Kwe n‡q Kve¨ RM‡Z cÖwZôv jvf
KiZvg| wZwb wQ‡jb Rb¥vÜ Kwe Zvi g‡bv gy»Kvix KweZv evmiv Awaevmx
hyeZx igbx I hyeK‡`i AvK…ó K‡i †Zv‡j Ges we‡kl K‡i igbxKzj †ekx
92 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨
AvK…ó nq Ges Zviv `j †eu‡a Kwei wbKU MgbvMgb KiZ Ges Kwe
weiwPZ KweZv ewj Ave„wË Ki‡Zv| Ggwbfv‡e GK`v Avãvn bv¤œx GK
Kzgvix igbx Kwei †cÖ‡g euvav c‡o hvq| KweI GKvwaKevi bvg D‡jøL
K‡i‡Qb Ges Zuv‡K weL¨vZ K‡i †Zv‡jb| Zv‡K wN‡i eû Mhj KweZv
iPbv K‡i Rbm¤§y‡L cÖKvk K‡ib|
Kvwe¨K ˆewkó t-
Kwe evkkvi webey ` © wQ‡jb my - Zxÿè , Dcw¯’ Z ey w × m¤úbœ |
AmvaviY Akvjxb evK¨ cÖ‡qvM I cÖwZKi DËi cÖ`v‡b wZwb wQ‡jb wm×
n¯Í| Zvi KweZv mg~n AwaKvskB we`ªæcvZ¥K I †cÖg g~jK|
KweZvi bg~bv t-
Kwe evkkvi Gi AwaKvsk KweZvB e¨v½ag©x Z‡e wKQz eY©bv g~jK
KweZvI iPbv K‡i‡Qb| Zvi iwPZ KweZvi K‡qKwU Pib wb‡¤œ ‡`Iqv
n‡jv| †hgb- ‡cÖg g~jK KweZvq e‡j‡Qb-
         
            
Ab¨ RvqMvq e‡j‡Qb-
                     
eY©bvg~jK KweZvq e‡jb-
                         
Dcmsnvi t-
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, Kwe evkkvi web ey` wQ‡jb Zvi mg‡qi
GK weL¨vZ Kwe|
Question :- Give a biographical account of Akhtal
() and comment upon his poetry
 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨ 93
Ans :-
f‚wgKv t-
DgvBqv hy ‡ Mi †h mg¯Í gwblx Avcb cÖ ‡ Póvi D¾¡ j Zvq
mvwnZ¨vKv‡k wPi fv¯§i n‡q i‡q‡Qb Zv‡`i g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg n‡jb Avj
AvLZvj|
Kwei mswÿß Rxewb t-
DgvBqv hy‡Mi †kÖô Kwe AvLZvj| Zvi c~Y© bvg nj Avey gvwjK
wMqvm web MvIm| wZwb weL¨vZ evby ZvMwje †Mv‡Î 680 Lªxt Rb¥ MÖnY
K‡ib| Zvi †Mv‡Îi Ab¨vb¨‡`i gZ wZwbI wLªóvb wQ‡jb| wZwb †dvivZ
D`Øx‡c jvwjZ cvwjZ nb| ˆkkeKv‡jB Zvi gvZv B‡šÍKvj Ki‡j, wZwb
Zvi mrgv‡qi Kv‡Q jvwjZ cvwjZ n‡Z _v‡Kb| Zv‡K AvLZvj ejvi
KviY nj †h, AvLZvj k‡ãi A_© †evKv| wZwb Zvi wcZvi mgvj‡Pvbv
K‡iI KweZv iPbv K‡ib ZvB Zv‡K ejv nq AvLZvj ev †evKv|
AvLZvj evj¨ Kvj †_‡KB g`¨ cv‡b Af¨¯Í n‡q c‡ob| GgbwK
ivRvi `iev‡i hvIqvi mgqI wZwb GZ g`¨ cvb Ki‡Zb †h Zvi `vwo
†_‡K †dvUv †dvUv g` †j‡M _vKZ|
g„Z‚¨ t-
Ae‡k‡l DgvBqv hy ‡Mi D¾j gwblx Z_v †kÖó Kwe AvLZvj
L¨vwZi kx‡l© Av‡ivnb K‡i 714 Lªxt g„Z¨ eiY K‡ib| cðv‡Z¨ †i‡L hvb
eû msLK KweZv m¤¢vi I AMwbZ f³|
Kvwe¨K Ae`vb t-
Kwe AvLZvj DgvBqv hy‡Mi †kÖó Kwe| DgvBqv hy‡Mi wZbRb
†kÖó Kwei cÖksmv mK‡jB K‡i‡Qb, wKš‘ †kÖó †K Zv wbY©q Kiv mnR mva¨
wQj bv| KviY GKRb GK GK wel‡q cvi`kx© wQ‡jb|
wZwb †QvU †ejv †_‡KB KweZv iPbv Ki‡Z Av‡iv¤¢ K‡i †`b|
e¨½ KweZv w`‡qB Zvi Kwe‡Z¡i myPbv nq| cÖksmv eY©bvq kviv‡ei weeiY
cÖ`v‡b kvjxbZv iÿv K‡i e¨½ Kivq AvLZv‡ji cÖvavb¨ wQj Zvi `xN©
94 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨
KweZv¸wj cÖvq †`vl µwU gy³, wZwb KweZv iPbvq Lye mZK©Zv Aej¤^b
Ki‡Zb beŸB jvB‡bi GKvwU KweZvq KvQ QvU K‡i gvÎ wÎk jvBb cÖKvk
Ki‡Zb| wZwb wQ‡jb cÖK…wZMZ fv‡e †KŠZzK wcÖq GB Kvi‡b Bqvhx‡`i
g„Z‚¨‡Z Pvi jvBb Gi GKwU †kvKMuv_v Qvov Ab¨ †Kvb †kvKMuv_v iPbv
Ki‡Z cv‡ibwb|
KweZvi welq e¯‘ t-
wZwb wewfbœ wel‡q e¯‘ KweZv iPbv K‡i‡Qb| Zvi e¨½ KweZvi
iPbv Kivq wZwb wQ‡jb wm× n¯Í| Aí wKQz KweZv wZwb iPbv K‡i‡Qb|
ÔivBqvÕ eY©bv gyjK KweZv iPbv wZwb †ek fv‡jvB Ki‡Z cvi‡Zb| †hgb
Avãyj gvwj‡Ki cÖksmvq ejy Kvwm`v iPbv K‡i‡Qb| Lye Kg †kvK Mvav
iPbv K‡i‡Qb| A_©vr wZwb    wewea welq¯‘i Dci
KweZv iPbv K‡i‡Qb|
KweZvi ˆewkó t-
DgvBqv hy‡Mi Kwe‡`i g‡a¨ wZwb wQ‡jb †miv Kwe| Avãyj gvwjK
Zuv‡K DgvBqv‡`i KweI Avwgiæj ‡gvgbx‡bi Kwe Avie‡`i Kwe Dcvwa‡Z
f‚wlZ K‡i‡Qb| wZwb Avkv‡K Qvov KvI‡K Zvi mgKÿ g‡b Ki‡Zb bv|
Zvi KweZvi Avkvi cÖfve jÿ Kiv hvq| Avey DevB`vi g‡Z, Bmjvwg
Kwe‡`i g‡a¨ wZwb wQ‡jb †kÖô| GK weL¨vZ fvlvwe` e‡j‡Qbt Òhv‡njx
hy‡M AvLZvj hw` GKw`bI †eu‡P _vK‡Zb Zvn‡j wZwb me©hy‡Mi †miv Kwe
n‡Z cvi‡ZbÓ| Kwe iPbvq wZwb ˆewPÎ cÖ`k©b K‡i‡Qb|
KweZvi bgybv t-
wewea ai‡bi KweZv wZwb iPbv K‡i‡Qb †hgb Avãyj gvwj‡Ki
cÖksmvq e‡j‡Qb|
                     
                   
 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨
Avbmvi‡`i Kzrmvq wZwb e‡j‡Qb|
                  
Dcmsni t-
D‡jøwLZ Av‡jvPbvi cwi‡cÿx‡Z Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi †h, Zrmgq
Kwe AvLZvj Zvi mgmvgwqK Kwe‡`i g‡a¨ wQ‡jb †`Øxc¨gvb I cÖwZfv
m¤úbœ GK Abb¨ e¨w³Z¡| hvi Kve¨ ˆkjx‡Z Aviex mvwnZ¨ AvR mg„×
Ges Zvi iwPZ Kve¨¸wj eZ©gvb mg‡qI mK‡ji Kv‡Q AvKi Kve¨iƒ‡c
we‡ewPZ|
Question :- Write a biographical account of
and Comment upon her poetry.
Ans :-
-t Avj Lvbmv t-
f‚wgKv t-
†h mg¯Í gwnjv Kwe mvwn‡Z¨i cvZvq Avcb cÖwZfvi ¸‡bi mvÿi
†i‡L †h‡Z mvÿg n‡q‡Qb, hv‡`i K…wZZ¡ AvRI ¯^b©vÿ‡i D¾¡j n‡q Av‡Q
Zv‡`i g‡a¨ GKRb Ab¨Zg gnjv Kwe n‡jb Lvbmv|
Rb¥ I esk cwiPq t-
Zvi cÖK…Z bvg n‡jv ‡Zvgvw`i web‡Z Avgi (  
)| †P‡nivi †mŠ›`h© I AwaK evPjZvi Rb¨ wZwb Lvbmv bv‡g
cwiwPZ| wZwb bvR‡`i weL¨vZ myjvqg †Mv‡Î Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zvi wcZv
I Zvi `yB fvB mvLi I gyqvweqv myjvqg †Mv‡Îi ‡bZ…¯’vbxq e¨w³ wQ‡jb|
Lvbmv wb‡R my›`i †Pniv I DËg Pwi‡Îi AwaKvwi wQ‡jb|
gwnjv Kwe Lvbmv Zvi †Mv‡Îi †jv‡K‡`i m‡½ gw`bvq AvMgb
K‡ib Ges ivmyjyjøvn mvjøvjøvn Avjvqwn Iqv mvjøv‡gi wbKU Bmjvg ag©
MÖnY K‡i ab¨ ‡nvb|
95 96 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨
g„Zy¨ t-
Ae‡k‡l KweZvi RM‡Zi kxl©¯’v‡b Av‡ivnb K‡i Zvi Rxe‡bi
AwšÍg eq‡m †cŠ‡Q hvb Ges 645 L„óv‡ã Zvi GKvšÍ AbyMZ f³‡K †kvK
mvM‡i fvwm‡q w`‡q g„‡Z¨i †Kv‡j X‡j c‡ib| cðv‡Z †i‡L hvb Zvi
KweZvi m¤¢vi|
Kvwe¨K Ae`vb t-
gwnjv Kwe ‡Mvwôi g‡a¨ Zvi gZ L¨vwZ †KD AR© b Ki‡Z
cv‡ibwb| DKv‡Ri ‡gjvq Lvbmv, weL¨vZ Kwe bv‡eMv e‡j D‡Vbt Òhw`
GB AÜ Kwe (Avkv) †Zvgiv c~ ‡ e© KweZv Ave„ w Ë bv Ki‡Zb Zvn‡j
 †Zvgv‡K Avwg GK eQ‡ii †miv Kwe e‡j AvLvwqZ KiZvgÓ| Kwe nvmmvb
web mvweZI †mB mfvq KweZv Ave„wË K‡iwQ‡jb; wKšÍ Lvbmvi mgÿ e‡j
we‡ewPZ n‡Z cv‡ibwb|
Zvi AwaKvsk KweZvB †kvKMuv_v, cÖvq mg¯Í KweZvB wZwb Zvi
fvB mvL‡ii Dcw¯’wZ‡Z iPbv K‡i‡Qb| gw`bvq AvMgb K‡i wZwb Zvi
KweZv ivmyjyjøvn (mt) ‡K Ave„wZ K‡i ïbvb| ivmyjyjøvn Zvi KweZv ï‡b
gy» n‡q e‡jb AviI KweZv ïbv‡Z| Zvi Pvi cyÎ Kv‡`kxqvi hy‡× knx`
nb| GB g„‡Z¨i Lei hLb Lvbmv ï‡bb ZLb wZwb e‡j wQ‡jb-
           
A_©vr mg¯Í cÖksmv Avjøvni Rb¨ whwb Zv‡`i wbnZ nIqvi gva¨‡g Avgv‡K
m¤§vwbZ K‡i‡Qb| Zvi KweZvq cy i æ‡lvwPZ mvnm Ges bvix my j f
†KvgjZvi wgkÖb cwijwÿZ nq|
KweZvi welq e¯‘ t-
Zvi KweZvi welq e¯‘i g‡a¨ køNv Ges †kv‡Ki cÖavb¨B AwaK,
we‡kl K‡i fvZ„we‡qvM Dcj‡ÿ iwPZ Zvi †kvK Muv_v ¸‡jvi fvev‡eM
h_v_©B gg©¯úk©x| cÖvK Bmjvgx Kve¨ aviv‡ZB Lvbmvi cÖwZfv weKwkZ
n‡q‡Q| Bmjv‡gi Rb¨ Zvi Z¨vM ¯^xKvi AZzjbxq n‡jI Zvi KweZvq †m
 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨ 97 98 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨

fveavivi †Kvb Qvc c‡owb|
KweZvi bgybv t-
Lvbmvi AwaKsk KweZvB Zvi fvB Gi †kv‡K iwPZ| †hgb wZwb
Zvi fvB Gi ¯^i‡Y e‡j‡QbÑ
        
    
   
‡hgb wZwb AviI e‡j‡Qb-
     
       
w`‡e| Z‡e kZ© n‡jv `yR‡bB GKB Q‡›` I AšÍ wg‡j KweZv ej‡e|
DgvBqv hy‡M †h mg¯Í KweMY Zv‡`i  KweZvi Rb¨ L¨vwZ
AR©b K‡iwQj Zv‡`i g‡a¨   Ab¨Zg|
wet `ªt- AvLZvj A_ev Rvixi `yR‡bi g‡a¨ †Kvb GKR‡bi Rxewb Ges
Zvi Kvwe¨K Ae`vb wjL‡Z n‡e|
          
        
        
        

Dcmsni t-
Ae‡k‡l Dc‡i Av‡jvPbv †_‡K †evSv hvq †h, gwnjv KweKz‡ji
g‡a¨ wZwb wQ‡jb †kÖô|
g„Zy¨ t-
Zvi g„‡Z¨ m¤ú‡K© HwZnvwmK‡`i g‡a¨ gZ‡f` cwijwÿZ nq|
†KD e‡jb Zvi g„Zz¨ mb 665 Avevi †KD e‡j 663 Lªxt|
Question :- What do you know about  Poetry?
Give a biographical account of any poet related to it
and comment upon his poetry.
Ans :-
f‚wgKv t-
 kãwU  avZz †_‡K MwVZ| hv A_© n‡jv wecixZ,
D‡ëv, e¨v½| GwU n‡jv DgvBqv hy ‡ Mi GK ai‡bi KweZv| G¸‡jvi
D‡Ïk¨ wQj Avb›` cÖ`vb| mv_© wmw× Gi D‡Ïk¨ bq| GB KweZv¸wji
g‡a¨ GK Kwe Avi GK Kwei wb›`v K‡i KweZv ej‡j Avi GK Kwe DËi
 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨ 99 100 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨

     : 

    t-
K‡qKwU eY© wg‡j †h kã MVb nq, Zv‡K Kv‡jgv () e‡j|

Kv‡jgvi cÖKvi Aÿi cªK…wZMZi w`K w`‡q t-

Aÿ‡ii cÖK…wZMZ w`K w`‡q  (kã mg~n) ‡K Pvi fv‡M fvM Kiv
hvq| h_v-
1.  (mnxn&)

2.  (gvngyR)
Unit : III 3.  (gyÕZvj)
Grammar 4.  (gyhvAvd)
Marks - 15
Short answer Type Question - 3 out of 6
 (mnxn)
 (mnxn) t- ‡h k‡ãi g‡a¨    , nvghvn& () ev
GK RvZxq `ywU Aÿi _v‡K bv Zv‡K  e‡j| †hgb-  

 (gvngyR)
 (gvngyR) t- ‡h k‡ãi g‡a¨ nvghvn ( ) _v‡K Zv‡K  e‡j|
‡hgb-      

 wZb cÖKvi t-

1.   (gvngyRyj dv)
 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨ 101 102 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨

2.   (gvngyRyj AvBb)

   (bvwK¡m)
3)

3.   (gvngyRyj jvg)

1)  t- †h g~j k‡ãi g‡a¨ cÖ_g Aÿ‡i    _v‡K
1.   t- ‡h me k‡ãi cÖ_g Aÿ‡i nvghvn ( ) _v‡K Zv‡K Zv‡K  e‡j| †hgb-   |
  e‡j| †hgb-   
2.   t- ‡h me k‡ãi wØZxq Aÿ‡i nvghvn ( ) _v‡K Zv‡K
2)   t- †h g~j k‡ãi wØZxq Aÿ‡i    _v‡K
  e‡j| †hgb-  Zv‡K  e‡j| †hgb-   |
1.   t- ‡h me k‡ãi Z…Zxq Aÿ‡i nvghvn ( ) _v‡K Zv‡K
  e‡j| †hgb-      t- †h g~j k‡ãi wØZxq Aÿ‡i
3)     _v‡K
Zv‡K  e‡j| †hgb-    |
 (gyÕZvj)
 (gyÕZvj) t- ‡h g~j k‡ãi g‡a¨    _v‡K Zv‡K 2.   t †h g~j k‡ãi g‡a¨ `ywU    _v‡K
e‡j| Zv‡K   A_ev  (jvwdd) e‡j|
†hgb-  
 `yB cÖKvi t-
1.       (Avj jvwdd Avj gvdiæK)
 `yB cÖKvi|
1.    (gyÕZvj wenviwdb Iqvwnw`b) 2.       (Avj jvwdd Avj gvKiæb)
2.   (gyÕZvj we nvidvBwb)

1.       t †h k‡ãi cÖ_g Aÿ‡i Ges Z„Zxq Aÿ‡i 
1.    t- †h g~j k‡ãi g‡a¨ GKwU   
_v‡K Zv‡K    e‡j| †hgb-   |   _v‡K Zv‡K       e‡j| †hgb- 

   wZb cÖKvi t-

2.      t †h k‡ãi wØZxq Ges Z„Zxq Aÿ‡i  
1)  (wgmvj)
2)   (AvRIqvd)  _v‡K Zv‡K       e‡j| †hgb-  
 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨ 103 104 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨

  Gi iƒcvšÍi (Conjugation)

 (gyhvAvd)
  Gi iƒcvšÍi 14wU-
  t- ‡h  ev k‡ãi g‡a¨ GK RvZxq `ywU Aÿi _v‡K Zv‡K
  
 e‡j| †hgb-   I  
         
 `yB cÖKvi t-              
1.     (Avj gyhvAvd Avm myjvmx)
             
2.       (Avj gyhvAvd Avi iæevqx)
     
 
    t- †h g~j k‡ãi wØZxq Ges Z…Zxq Aÿi GKB RvZxq mnRfv‡e wjL‡Z †M‡j wjL‡Z n‡e|
_v‡K Zv‡K    e‡j| †hgb-               
     t- †h g~j k‡ãi cÖ_g I Z…Zxq Aÿi Ges wØZxq I              
PZz_© Aÿi GKB RvZxq _v‡K Zv‡K       e‡j|    
†hgb-  

      

        ‡d‡j gyhv‡i Ges Zvi iƒcvšÍi (Conjugation) t

‡d‡j gvhx Ges Zvi iƒcvšÍi (Conjugation) t   (‡d‡j gyhv‡i) eZ©gvb ev fwel¨Z Kvj t- †h  Øviv
  (‡d‡j gvhx) AZxZ Kvj t- †h  Øviv AZxZ Kv‡j †Kvb eZ©gvb ev fwel¨Z Kv‡j †Kvb KvR msNwUZ nIqv †evSvq Zv‡K 
KvR msNwUZ nIqv †evSvq Zv‡K   ev AZxZ Kvj e‡j| h_v-
  (‡m mvnvh¨ K‡iwQj)|  e‡j| h_v-   (‡m hv‡”Q ev hv‡e)|
 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨ 105 106 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨

  (gyhv‡ii wPý) e‡j| h_v-   (Zzwg hvI)|

  PviwU t-    

   Gi iƒcvšÍi (Conjugation) t-
  (‡d‡j gyhv‡i) Gi iƒcvšÍi (Conjugation) t-
  Gi iƒcvšÍi 14wU-    Gi iƒcvšÍi (Conjugation) †gvU 6wU t-

            

                        
* mnRfv‡e wjL‡Z †M‡j wjL‡Z n‡e|
              
             
               
     
   Gi MVb cÖYvjx t-
     
   MVb Kivi Rb¨ wb¤œwjwLZ wbqg¸wj cvjb Ki‡Z n‡e-
* mnRfv‡e wjL‡Z †M‡j wjL‡Z n‡e|
1.   Gi  Gi  (iƒcvšÍi) †_‡K MVb n‡e|
            
2. ïiæ †_‡K      () D‡V hv‡e| Zvic‡ii AÿiwU hw`
              
mvwKb (  ) _v‡K Zvn‡j ïiæ‡Z Avwjd () wb‡q Avm‡Z n‡e| Avwj‡di
    Dc‡i  (hvevi, †hi, †ck) wØZxq Aÿ‡ii Abyhvqx Avm‡e| hw`
wØZxq Aÿ‡ii Dc‡i †ck ( ) _v‡K Zvn‡j Avwj‡di Dc‡i ‡ck Avm‡e|

         †hgb-   n‡Z   wKš‘ hw` wØZxq Aÿ‡ii Dc‡i hvevi wKsev †hi
_v‡K Zvn‡j Avwj‡di Dc‡i †hi Avm‡e| †hgb-  n‡Z  ,
  (‡d‡j Avgi) Ges Zvi iƒcvšÍi (Conjugation) t-
 n‡Z | Avi hw`     Gi c‡ii AÿiwU
  (‡d‡j Avgi) t- †h  ev wµqv Øviv †Kvb KvR Kivi
mvwKb bv nq eis Zvi Dc‡i †hi/hvevi/‡ck _v‡K Zvn‡j ïiæ‡Z Avwjd
Av‡`k, AbygwZ ev cÖv_©bv eySvq Zv‡K   ev Av‡`k m~PK wµqvc`
wb‡q Avm‡Z n‡e bv|
 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨ 107 108 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨

3.    Gi  (iƒcvšÍi) Gi †kl Aÿi hw`    
 () _v‡K Zvn‡j †mUv D‡V hv‡e| †hgb-    n‡Z  |
          
Avi hw`   bv _v‡K Zvn‡j †mUv mvwKb n‡q hv‡e| †hgb-
                   
 n‡Z |
                    
4.  (   ) Ges    Gi byb () †kl        
†_‡K D‡V hv‡e| †hgb-   n‡Z |   n‡Z  |  
* mnRfv‡e wjL‡j wjL‡Z n‡e-
5.    Gi byb ÒÓ †kl †_‡K D‡V hv‡e Ges Zvi
                  
RvqMvq GKwU Avwjd () Avm‡e| †hgb-    n‡Z   |
                  
6.    Gi byb ÒÓ †kl †_‡K KL‡bv DV‡e bv| ‡hgb-      
 n‡Z  |

  MVb cÖYvjx t-

   
‡d‡j bvnx Ges Zvi iƒcvšÍi (Conjugation) t-
  (‡d‡j bvnx) t- †h  Øviv †Kvb KvR wb‡la Kiv eySvq,
Zv‡K   (wb‡lavÁv evPK wµqv) e‡j| †hgb-   
(‡LIbv)|
  Gi iƒcvšÍi (Conjugation)
  Gi iƒcvšÍi (Conjugation) 14 wU|
  MVb Kivi Rb¨ wb¤œwjwLZ wbqg¸wj cvjb Ki‡Z n‡e-
1.   Gi iƒcvšÍi †_‡K MVb nq|
2.   Gi iƒcvšÍi Gi ïiæ‡Z Ò Ó hy³ Ki‡Z n‡e|
3.          
 I   cuvPwU iƒcvšÍi Gi †kl Aÿi hw` 
  _v‡K Zvn‡j   wU ïay D‡V hv‡e| †hgb-   
n‡Z   | wKš‘ hw`   bv _v‡K Zvn‡j †kl AÿiwU mvwKb
 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨ 109 110 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨

n‡e| †hgb-   n‡Z   |      
4.    I  Gi iƒcvšÍi Gi †k‡li byb () wU D‡V
       
hv‡e| †hgb-   n‡Z    I     n‡Z    |
         
5.    I    Gi †k‡li byb () wU D‡V
hv‡e Ges Zvi ¯’v‡b GKwU Avwjd () hy³ Ki‡Z n‡e| †hgb-   
   (Kv‡jgv Ges Zvi cÖKvi‡f`)
n‡Z     I    n‡Z    |
 (kã) t- K‡qKwU eY© cvkvcvwk e‡m hw` A_© cÖ`vb Ki‡Z mÿg
6.    I    Gi †k‡li byb () KL‡bv
nq Zv‡K ev kã e‡j| †hgb-  evjK|
DV‡e bv| †hgb-     n‡Z    I   n‡Z   |
 wZb cÖKvi| h_v-
1.  (Bmg)
       (wZb Aÿi wewkó wµqv) 2.  (dj)
       (wZb Aÿi wewkó wµqv) t- ‡h wµqvi g‡a¨ 3.  (nvid)
ïay gvÎ wZb Aÿi _v‡K Zv‡K    e‡j| h_v-  
  | 1.  (we‡kl¨) t- †h kã Øviv †Kvb wKQzi bvg †evSvq Zv‡K  ev
          (wZb Aÿi wewkó wµqvi IRb) we‡kl¨ e‡j| ‡hgb-   GKRb †jv‡Ki bvg|
GB wµqvc‡`i AvUwU  (eve) / (IRb) Av‡Q| h_v-
2.  (wµqv) t- †h kã Øviv †Kvb wKQz Kiv ev nIqv eySvq Zv‡K 
       
ev wµqvc` e‡j| ‡hgb-  †m wjL‡j|
      
      3.  (Ae¨q) t- †h kã Ab¨ †Kvb k‡ãi mvnvh¨ Qvov m¤ú~Y© A_©
      cÖKvk Ki‡Z cv‡i bv Zv‡K  ev Ae¨q e‡j| †hgb-  †_‡K, 
      g‡a¨|
 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨ 111 112 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨

3.  (eûePb) t- †h  Øviv `yB Gi AwaK msL¨v †evSvq Zv‡K

      
 e‡j| D`vniY-  A‡bK¸wj gvbyl|
 (ePb) t- †h  ev  (me©bvg) Øviv †Kvb e¨w³ ev e¯‘ ev
cÖvYxi msL¨v †evSvq Zv‡K  (ePb) e‡j|
D`vniY-  GKwU gvbyl|  `yRb gvbyl|  A‡bK¸wj      
gvbyl|  (wj½) t- †h  ev  (me©bvg) Øviv cyiæl ev ¯¿x RvwZ‡K
eP‡bi cÖKvi t- Aviex‡Z ePb wZb cÖKvi| h_v- †evSvq Zv‡K  (wj½) e‡j|

1.      (GKePb)|  `yB cÖKvi t-

2.       (wØePb)| 1.  (cyiæl wj½)|
2.  (¯¿x wj½)|
3.  (eûePb)|

1.  (cyiæl wj½) t- †h  Øviv ev¯Í‡e cyiæl †evSvq A_ev hvi
1.      (GKePb) t- †h  Øviv GKwU gvÎ msL¨v †evSvq
gv‡S Gi †Kvb wPý cvIqv hvq bv, Zv‡K  e‡j|
Zv‡K    e‡j| ‡hgb-  GKwU gvbyl|
†hgb-  GKRb †jvK|  †Kvb GKRb †jv‡Ki bvg|
wet `ªt- mvaviYZ  (Noun) wU  (Avwjd jvg e¨ZxZ
we‡kl¨) n‡j GKwU A_© cÖKvk K‡i|
2.  (¯¿x wj½) t- †h  Øviv ev¯Í‡e ¯¿x †evSvq A_ev hvi g‡a¨
 Gi †Kvb wPý cvIqv hvq Zv‡K  e‡j|
2.    (wØePb) t- ‡h  Øviv `ywU msL¨v †evSvq Zv‡K  ev
‡hgb-  GKRb ¯¿x †jv‡Ki bvg|   MvQ|
 e‡j| D`vniY-  `ywU gvbyl (e¨w³)|
wet `ªt- mvaviYZ  Gi ‡k‡l () hy³ K‡i  ev  MVb Kiv
 Gi cÖKvi t-
nq Ges () Gi c~‡e© hvevi Av‡m|
 wZb cÖKvi t-
 Gi byb () Gi wb‡R GKwU †hi n‡e me©`v| h_v- 
1.       | 2.    | 3.      |
 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨ 113 114 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨

1.   t- †h  ev¯Í‡e  †evSvq Ges †hme ¯¿x wj½ 2.  (Indefinite Noun) (Awbw`©ó we‡kl¨)
k‡ãi wecix‡Z cyiæl wj½ kã Av‡Q Zv‡K   e‡j|
‡hgb-   Gi wecixZ cyiæl wj½  1.  (wbw`©ó we‡kl¨) t- †h kã Øviv †Kvb wbw`©ó e¨w³, e¯‘ ev Ab¨
 Gi wecixZ cyiæl wj½  †Kvb wKQz‡K †evSv‡bv nq Zv‡K  e‡j|
D`vniY-   GKRb wbw`©ó †jv‡Ki bvg|   KjgwU|
2.   t- hvi wecix‡Z bv †Kvb cyiæl wj½ Av‡Q, bv ‡m ev¯Í‡e
¯¿x wj½ Av‡Q eis Zv‡K ¯¿x wj½ wnmv‡e e¨envi Kiv n‡”Q, Avi GB  (wbw`©ó we‡kl¨) Gi cÖKvi
ai‡bi  Gi ‡k‡l ¯¿x wj‡½i GKwU wPý _v‡K Zv‡K    mvZ cÖKvi t-
e‡j| †hgb-  | 1.  (wbw`©ó bvg evPK we‡kl¨)| †hgb-   |
 Gi wPý wZbwU| h_v- 2.    (me©bvg)| †hgb-      |
K)     3.       (B½Z evPK we‡kl¨)| †hgb-   |
L)        4.     (m¤^ÜevPK we‡kl¨)| †hgb- |
5. ÒÓ hy³ we‡kl¨| †hgb-  |
M)             
6.     hy³ we‡kl¨| †hgb-   |
7.    hy³ we‡kl¨| †hgb-  |
3.   t- †h  ‡K Avieevmxiv ¯¿x wj½ wnmv‡e we‡ewPZ
K‡i‡Qb †KejgvÎ Zv‡`i n‡Z ï‡b ï‡b Avgiv ¯¿x wj½ wbY©q K‡i _vwK|
2.  (Awbw`©ó evPK we‡kl¨) t- †h  Øviv Awbw`©ó e¨w³, e¯‘ ev
Zv‡K   e‡j| †hgb-   †PvL|  cv|
Ab¨ †Kvb wKQz‡K †evSv‡bv nq Zv‡K  e‡j|
D`vniY-  GKwU gvbyl|  GKwU Kjg|
    
wbw`©ó I Awbw`©‡ói w`K w`‡q  `yB cÖKvi t-
           
1.  (Definite Noun) (wbw`©ó we‡kl¨)
 
 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨ 115 116 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨

  t- †h we‡kl¨ c` Øviv wµqv m¤úv`bKvix ev KZ©v‡K †evSvq

Zv‡K   e‡j| ‡hgb-   †_‡K   (gvi‡b Iqvjv)|   Gi iƒcvšÍi (Conjugation)
MVb cÖYvjx t-   Gi iƒcvšÍi 6wU t-
wZb Aÿi wewkó wµqvc‡`i  ,  Gi IR‡b     
MwVZ nq| A_©vr cÖ_g Aÿ‡i hvevi, Zvic‡i Avwjd hy³ n‡e, cieZx©
          
Aÿ‡i †hi I Z…Zxq Aÿ‡i †ck hy³ Ki‡Z n‡e|
         
‡hgb-   †_‡K 
 |

      

  Gi iƒcvšÍi (Conjugation)
 (eûePb) t-
  Gi iƒcvšÍi 6wU t- †h  (we‡kl¨) Øviv †Kvb e¨w³ ev Ab¨ wKQzi `yÕGi
     AwaK msL¨v eySv‡bv nq Zv‡K  e‡j| h_v-   BZ¨vw`|
       
        Gi cÖKvi‡f`
   ‡K `yB fv‡M fvM Kiv nq t-
  t-   (KZ©v) Gi wµqv hvi Dci m¤úvw`Z nq Zv‡K  1.     (wbqwgZ eûePb)|
 e‡j| †hgb-  ‡_‡K   2.    (AwbqwgZ eûePb)|
MVY cÖYvjx t-
     Gi
wZb Aÿi wewkó wµqv c‡`i     t-  Gi kãiƒc wVK †i‡L †k‡l wKQz Aÿi e„w× K‡i
IR‡b MwVZ nq A_©vr cÖ_g AÿiwU hvevi hy³ gxg () c‡ii AÿiwU †h  MVb Kiv nq Zv‡K   ev wbqwgZ eûePb e‡j|
hhg, Zvi c‡ii AÿiwU †ck Zvic‡ii IqvI () wU hhg n‡e Ges h_v-    |
†k‡li AÿiwUi Dc‡i †ck n‡e| †hgb-  ‡_‡K 
   |
 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨ 117 118 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨

   Gi cÖKvi   Gi e¨envwiK wbqgvejx

K.  Av‡M e‡m Ges  c‡i e‡m|
  †K `yB fv‡M fvM Kiv nq t-
L.  I  Gi g‡a¨ 10wU wel‡qi g‡a¨ GK‡Î 4wU wel‡q wgj
1.    (wbqwgZ cyiæl evPK eûePb)
_v‡K|
2.    (wbqwgZ ¯¿xevPK eûePb)|
GK‡Î 4wU wgj nj t-
1.  (wj½)   |
1.    t-  Gi †k‡l Ò Ó e„w× K‡i †h 
2. wbw`©ó I Awbw`©‡ói w`K w`‡q-   |
MVb Kiv nq Zv‡K    ev wbqwgZ cyiælevPK eûePb
3.   (ePb)-   |
e‡j| †hgb-   ‡_‡K    |
4.    (¯^iwPý)-    |
2.    t-  Gi †k‡l ÒÓ e„w× K‡i †h 
MVb Kiv nq Zv‡K    ev wbqwgZ ¯¿xevPK eûePb      
e‡j| †hgb-   ‡_‡K 
   |  (BhvdvZ) t- GK k‡ãi m‡½ Ab¨ k‡ãi m¤úK© ¯’vcb Kiv‡K
 (m¤^Ü c`) e‡j|
 t- †h k‡ãi m¤úK© ¯’vcb Kiv nq Zv‡K  e‡j|
     t- ‡h  Gi g‡a¨  Gi wfwË cwiewZ©Z nq Zv‡K
  t- †h k‡ãi m‡½ m¤úK© ¯’vcb Kiv nq Zv‡K  
  ev AwbqwgZ eûePb e‡j|
e‡j| †hgb-    hv‡q‡`i eB GLv‡b-      
  n‡Z |  n‡Z |
†hgb-  |

    -t  Gi MVb cÖYvjx t-

  t- †h we‡k‡l¨i †`vl, ¸b BZ¨vw` eY©bv Kiv nq Zv‡K K.  Gi ïiæ‡Z ÒÓ hy³ nq bv, Ges Dnvi †kl Aÿ‡i 
 e‡j| Avi IB †`vl, ¸b BZ¨vw`‡K  e‡j| (`yB hvevi, `yB †hi, `yB †ck) hy³ nq bv|
†hgb-     Mixe e¨w³| L.  hw`  (wØePb) Ges ÒÓ hy³  (eûePb) nq ZLb
 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨ 119 120 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨

ÔÕ wU D‡V hv‡e| 3.  I  Gi gv‡S ePb I wj‡½i w`K w`‡q wgj _vK‡Z n‡e| Z‡e

†hgb- 1.     †_‡K     |
2.      ‡_‡K      |
-t   Gi MVb cÖYvjx t-
  me mgq †Ri-Gi Ae¯’vq (   ) n‡e| †hgb- 
 |
 wU hw` gvbyl RvZx Qvov eûePb nq Zvn‡j  wU me©`v 
 n‡e|
4.  I  wU  Gi w`K w`‡q idv-i Ae¯’vq (  )
n‡e|
†hgb- 1.  | 2.   | 3.    |
4.   | 5.   | 6.        | 7. 

 |
    
 (D‡Ïk¨) t- hvi m¤^‡Ü wKQz ejv ev msev` †`Iqv nq Zv‡K    
(D‡Ïk¨) e‡j|  (evK¨) t- KZ¸wj k‡ãi mgwó hw` g‡bi fve cÖKvk K‡i Zv‡K
 (we‡aq) t-  Gi m¤ú‡K© ‡h msev` †`Iqv nq Zv‡K   ev evK¨ e‡j| †hgb-   hv‡q` GKRb Ávbx|
(we‡aq) e‡j|
 hv‡q` GKRb Ávbx|       
‡hgb- 
-t  Gi cÖKvi t-
wet `ªt-    Gi evK¨‡K   ejv nq|
Aviex fvlvq  ev evK¨‡K `yB fv‡M fvM Kiv nq|
1.   (we‡kl¨ m~PK evK¨)|
-t    Gi evK¨ MVb Kivi wbqg t- 2.   (wµqv m~PK evK¨)|
1.  wU  n‡e Ges  wU  n‡e| 1.   t- †h ev‡K¨i ïiæ‡Z  (we‡kl¨) _v‡K Zv‡K
2.  wU cÖ_‡g I  wU c‡i em‡e|   e‡j| †hgb-   Lvwj` GKRb QvÎ|
e¨wZµg- hw`  wU  _v‡K Zvn‡j  wU Av‡M I  wU c‡i 2.   t- †h ev‡K¨i ïiæ‡Z  (wµqv) _v‡K Zv‡K 
Avm‡e| †hgb-     (There is a man in the house).  e‡j| †hgb-    hv‡q` `uvov‡jv|
 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨ 121 122 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨

Suggestion
  MV‡bi wbqg 1. What is  ? Write its Conjugation?

K.  memgq GKePb e¨envi n‡e| hw`   cÖKvk¨  _v‡K| wKš‘ DËi t- cÖ. m.- 103-104

wj½‡Z (  ) wgj n‡e A_©vr hw`   cÖKvk¨  cyiæl wj½ 2. What are   and  ? Write their conjugation?
_v‡K Zvn‡j Verb cyiæl wj½ e¨envi n‡e| Ges hw`   (cÖKvk¨ DËi t- cÖ. m.- 105-109

) ¯¿x wj½ _v‡K Zvn‡j Verb (wµqv) wU ¯¿x wj½ wnmv‡e e¨envi n‡e| 3.What do you know about  ? Write them with
example.
‡hgb- 1.           
DËi t- cÖ. m.- 119-120
2.       
4. Write about  and  with examples?
L. hw`   (cÖKvk¨ ) gvbyl RvZx Qvov eûePb nq Zvn‡j Verb
DËi t- cÖ. m.- 118
(wµqv) me©`v   e¨envi n‡e|
5. How many kinds of ? Write them with examples?
‡hgb-     KzKziwU †Lj|
DËi t- cÖ. m.- 110
M.   (Subject) me©`v  (Verb) Gi c‡i e‡m|
6. What do you know about  and ? Write them
with example.
DËi t- cÖ. m.- 113-114
7. What do you know about ? Discus it in detail.
DËi t- cÖ. m.- 101-102
8. What do you know about ? Discus it in detail.
DËi t- cÖ. m.- 101
9. Define   and give its conjugation.
DËi t- cÖ. m.- 114-115
10. Define   and give its conjugation.
 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨ 123 124 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨

DËi t- cÖ. m.- 115-116

11. Define    and give conjugation of 
.
DËi t- cÖ. m.- 109, 104
12. What is  ? Give its Conjugation.
DËi t- cÖ. m.- 104-105
13. Define   and meatin the rules related to  
 and Give its Conjugation.
DËi t- cÖ. m.- 105, 106, 107
Unit - IV
14. What are    ? Discuss them in detail.
Translation
DËi t- cÖ. m.- 118-119
Marks & Question Pattern
15. What are   ? Discuss them in detail.
Marks = 5
DËi t- cÖ. m.- 112-113
Translation of very easy and simple Arabic
16. Write about     .
Sentence into English / Bengali 1x5=5
DËi t- cÖ. m.- 116-117
 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨ 125 126 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨

Word-Meaning for Translation  mvc Snake 

Plural Bengali English Arabic gvbyl Man 
 KzKzi Dog  gvQ Fish   
KvK Crow   bvK Nose 
DU Camel     ‡PvL Eye  
   cï Animal    Mvj Cheek  
 ‡fov Sheep (Goat)   Kvb Ear 
‡NvUKx Mare (Horse)      gv_v Head 
Mvav Donkey    nvZ Hand 
 Mvfx Cow   Kuva Shoulder  
evbi Monkey      Ask Part 
ej` Ox    wRnŸv Tongue 
evN Tiger   nv‡Zi bL Finger nail 
nvwZ Elephant    gvbyl Man 
DU Camel    cv Leg 
wZwg Whale    cv‡qi cvZv Foot 
   cvwL Bird      AvZ¥v Soul  
evRcvwL Falcon    gyL Face 
gvQ Fish    KiZj Palm  
 wmsn Lion    ü`q Heart 
 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨ 127 128 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨

nvo Bone  Lvevi Food  

 kixi Body  dj Fruit 
  gyL Mouth    cvwb Water 
åæ Brow  iæwU Bread  
cy”Q/‡jR Tail    `ya Milk  
gy‡Li jvjv Salive     gvsm Meat 
ïuo Trunk    Avbvi Pomegranate  
  eÜz Friend  wKkwgk Raisins  
  ‡Q‡j Son   ‡KK Cakes   
 ‡g‡q Girl  Mg Wheat 
   gv Mother   KvRyev`vg Almonds  
  wcZv Father  gwiP Pepper  
   ¯^vgx Husband   Kjv Banana  
  ¯¿x Wife   mwilv Mustard   
  ‡Q‡j Son/Boy    dj Fruit  
  fvB Brother  ‡cuqvR Onions 
  ‡evb Sister  gay Honey 
Nwbó/wbKU Close/Near  gmyi Wvj Pulse 
 cwievi Family   Wzgyi Figs  
   fvB Brother    GWvg cwbi Edam  
 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨ 129 130 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨

iægvj Handkerchief   e‡ov Big  

‡NvgUv Veil  j¤^v Long 
Pv`i Robe   my›`i Handsome/Beautiful  
   c‡KU Pocket   bZzb New 
‡cvkvK Wear  cyivZb Old  
‡PvwU Sandal   Lyjv Open  
  ‡cvkvK Dress   eÜ Closed 
Ry‡Zv Shoe  evm Bus 
 kvU© Shirt     Avmvb/mnR Easy  
   cvMwo Turban   gykwKj Difficult  
   Pvwe Key  Kvi/Mvwo Car  
   Ni House   Aviex fvlv Arabic Language   
 gvV, gq`vb Field  fviZ India 
eqvg Jar   ‡`k Country  
  N›Uv, Nwo Hour, Watch   ivR¨ State 
   Kvc Cup     `iRv Door 
 eB Book     cÖvPxi Wall 
  ‡bvUeyK/LvZv Note Book    Zvjv Lock 
 ‡Uwej Table    Qv` Roof 
‡Qv‡Uv Small      ‡Pqvi Chair   
 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨ 131 132 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨

Mw` Mattress    we`¨vjq School  

   wek¦we`¨vjq University    ‡Ljvi gvV Play ground  
   K‡jR College    dzUej Football   
  wkÿK Teacher    MÖvg Village  
  QvÎ Student  KvivMvi prison 
  QvÎ Student     AvBb Law  
   QvÎ Student       mvwnwZ¨K Litterateur  
    Kwe Poet     e¨vemvqx Businessman 
 cÖeÜ Essay     ‡L‡jvqvo Player  
   wkÿK Teacher       Kwe Poet  
 ‡jLK Writer   DcZ¨Kv Valley  
    e¨vsK Bank  
 Av¸b Fire 
  evRvi Market     AvKvk Sky 
   Mvox Car    VvÛv Cold  
  hvÎx Passenger  P›`ª Moon 
‡Uªb Train  MÖx®§ Summer   
    gš¿x Minister   MvQ Tree 
  Awdm Office    cvwb Water 
 wVKvbv Address     ce©Z Mountain  
  MÖš’vMvi Library     iv¯Ív Road 
 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨ 133 134 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨

 ‡`k Country     Ni House  

 w`b Day     Pvwe Key 
 evqy Wind  ‡NvgUv Veil 
evqy Air    evwo Home 
   dzj Flower   cvÎ Pot 
   Rwg Land   
 ‡jc Quilt 
 ‡gN Clouds  g~j¨ Price 
  e„wó Rain     ‡mbv Army  
m~h© Sun  
    cvV Lesson  
 mgy`ª Sea   fvlv Language 
kxZ Winter    evRvi Market  
kir Autumn      AvBb Law  
  ivZ Night      AwZw_ Guest  
Kv‡jv Black     kni City 
mv`v White    AvMvgxKvj Tomorrow 
jvj Red   MZKvj Yesterday  
  iO Colour   Kvwj Ink  
  Ni Room    RvnvR Ship   
  weQvbv Bed    KweZv Poem  
  Kvc Cup   wnmve Account 
 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨ 135 136 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨

Abyev` Translation   MZKvj Yesterday  

 Kwc Copy  wLªóvã Ad   
  mvwnZ¨ Literature   AvMvgxKvj Tomorrow 
   cÖwZôvb Institute    AvR Today   
  wkÿK Teacher      gvm Month  
  Aa¨vcK Professor     eQi Year 
    KvMR Paper       eQi Year 
   KvMR Paper     mßvn Week  
  KweZv Poetry   mܨv Evening 
M`¨ Prose  mKvj Morning  
  ‡kÖYxKÿ Classroom  ïµevi Friday     
  eM© Class   kwbevi Saturday     
   ‡bvUeB Notebook  iweevi Sunday    
 cÖkœ Question   ‡mvgevi Monday     
   DËi Answer   g½jevi Tuesday    
 dj Result    eyaevi Wednesday       
   we`¨vj‡q wjwci Rb¨ Z³v Blackboard    e„n¯úwZevi Thursday    
  evm Bus   Rvbyqvix January  
 wPwV Letter  ‡deªæqvix February   
  cvwU© Party   gvP© March 
 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨ 137 138 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨

GwcÖj April    kZ Hundred 

‡g May    nvRvi Thousand 
Ryb June     `wÿY South  
RyjvB July     DËi North 
AvMó Auguest   cwðg West 
‡m‡Þ¤^i September       c~e© East 
A‡±vei October     Aax‡b/bx‡P Under 
b‡f¤^i November      Dc‡i Above  
wW‡m¤^i December    MZ Past 
GK One     g~L© Ignorant  
GK One    Kv‡di Unbeliever  
`yB Two    Abycw¯’Z Absent 
wZb Three    Amy¯’ Ill   
Pvi Four      ewLj Miser  
cuvP Five  kxZj Cool 
Qq Six    `uvwo‡q Standing  
mvZ Seven      `wi`ª Poor   
AvU Eight       fvicÖvß In charge of   
bq Nine     `qvjy Merciful  
`k Ten   mvnmx Brave 
 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨ 139 140 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨

   b¨vqm½Z Equitable   LvIqv Eat  
j¤^v Long  wewµ Kiv Sell   
KvR Kiv Work   
           Kvbœv Kiv Weep, Cry   
AbymiY Kiv Follow    N„Yv Kiv Hate     
Ryjyg Kiv Injustice      Nyg cvov Sleep  
cÖwZÁv Kiv Promise     ‡bIqv Take  
‡Lvjv  
     
Open
KgvÐ Kiv Command
‡Ljv Kiv    
 
Play
cvIqv Get
wRÁvmv Kiv Ask  
_vKv Stay  
Rvbv Know     
‡b‡g Avmv Come down   
Pzwi Kiv Steal   
hvIqv Go    
Aby‡iva Kiv Request  
Avmv Come    
KiæYv Kiv Mercy    
mvIqvix Kiv   

Ride
_vgv Stop  
AR©b Kiv Earn   ‡kLvb, covb Teach     
msMÖn Kiv Collect   ‡Q‡o †`Iqv Leave    
D‡jøL Kiv Mention     ‡`Lv Look    
g‡b Kiv Remember     cvb Kiv Drink   
Bev`Z Kiv Worship      cvIqv Find  
emv Sit    cov‡kvbv Kiv Study     
 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨ 141 142 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨

‡avqv Wash  

K_v ejv Say   
wd‡i Avmv Return   
gviv Beat   
cÖ‡ek Kiv Enter   
cÖKvk Kiv Reveal  
UNIT-V
‡cuŠQv Arrive  
Prose
fvOv Break    
‡ei nIqv Come     Marks Distrubution & Question Pattern

msiÿY Kiv Save    Marks-40

gyL¯’ Kiv Memorise    1. Translation of Text, 1 out of 3 1x10=10

ÿgv Kiv Forgive      2. Explanation of Text, 1 out of 3 1x10=10

giv Die    3. Broad Answer type (250-300 words) 1 out of 3

‡jLv Write   1x10=10

wnsmv Kiv Envy   4. Short Note in Arabic = 2 out of 5 2x5=10
nvwRi nIqv Present    
cov Read    
ivbœv Kiv Cook    
‡Lvjv Open  
eÜ Kiv Close   
‡Lvwi` Kiv Purchase  
 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨ 143 144 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨

           
        
       
           
        
       
         
         
        
          
           
          
         
        
          
         
         
         
         
          
        
       
        
          
          
         
         
    
    
         
   
     
      
 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨ 145
       
          
         
        
           
          
          
 
        
         
       
       
        
         
           
       
146 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨
         
        
        

         
      
      
       
   
        
         
       
       
          
           
         

         
 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨ 147
           
         
          
        
          
            
           
          
        
       
  
          
         
         
           
         
           
            
148 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨
   
        
           
         
         
          
         
          
          
           

          
        
         
        

 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨ 149
        
        
         
        
       
          
            
          
      
       
        
      
         
         
         
       
150 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨
  
       
          
         
         
        
         
       
        

          
         
           
         
          
      
 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨ 151 152 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨

      

          
   
           
 
          
         


          
   
     
            
 
        
     
     
        
   
          
        
         
         
    
       
       
     
       
   
       
         
    
     
         
        
            
       
            
   
      
        
  
 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨ 153 154 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨

         

          
   
         
   
         
      
         
          

          
 
         
           
        
          
  
       
       
       
        
       
             

  
           
   
       
          
   
       
     
          
 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨ 155
        
    

          
  
         
      
          
     
      
           
           
         
     
        
            
156 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨
         
           
           
         
        
          
          
          
          
        
        
           
         
           
            
         
 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨ 157
        
           
           
           
         
          
         
          
         
            
           
         
            
         
            
           
158 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨
        
       
           
          
          
         
          
         
        
        
            
   
        
 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨ 159
          
         
        
         

        
        
         
           
          
        
         
         
         
         
160 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨
         
       
         
 
        
         
         
         
        

 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨ 161 162 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨

      

       
    
         
  
         
        
        
         
        
       
 

       
          
        
          
        
         
          
          
  
        
      
        
    
          
         
         
 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨ 163
Prose Translation
M`¨ Abyev`
 
(m~~iv gybvwdKzb)
       
         
(gv`vwiKzZ Zvbwhj I nvK¡vwqK¡yZ ZvÕwej n‡Z M„nxZ)
Aveyj evivKvZ Avãyjøvn& web Avngv` web gvngy` Avb bvmvdx
(myiv gybv‡dKzb gw`bvq AeZxb©, GMv‡ivwU AvqvZ I `ywU iæKz i‡q‡Q)
         
        
           
        
           
         
        
164 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨
          
Abyev` t- hLb KcU e¨w³Mb Avcbvi wbK‡U Av‡m , ZLb Zviv e‡j,
Avgiv mvÿ w`w”Q †h, wbðB Avcwb Avjøvni †cÖixZ cyiæl| Zviv mvÿ¨
w`evi B”Qv K‡i Ges H wel‡q Zv‡`i AšÍtKiY mgyn Zv‡`i imbv mgy‡ni
AbyMZ¨ K‡i; Avjøvn Rv‡bb ‡h, Avcwb wbðB Zvi †cÖixZ cyiæl; Gi A_©
Avjøvn Rv‡bb ÒwbðB Avcwb Avjøvni imyjÓ Zv‡`i GB Dw³wU h_v_© Ges
Avjøvn mvÿ¨ w`‡”Qb †h, KcU e¨w³iv Aek¨B wg_¨vev`x Zv‡`i AbyM‡Z¨i
`vwe‡Z, A_ev Zviv GB e¨vcv‡i wg_¨vev`x GB Kvi‡b, hLb Zviv AvbyMZ¨
n‡Z m‡i hvq, ZLb cÖK…Z c‡ÿ †mUv mvÿ¨ nq bv| Kv‡RB cÖK…Z c‡ÿ
Zv‡K mvÿ¨ bvg †`Iqv‡ZB Zviv wg_¨vev`x, A_ev Zviv wb‡R‡`i Kv‡RB
wg_¨vev`x (e‡j cÖwZcbœ) Kvib Zviv fvj fv‡e wek¦vm KiZ †h; wbðq
Avcwb Avjøvni ivmyjÔÔZv‡`i GB Dw³wU wg_¨v, †h‡nZz GB e¨vcv‡i Avmj
msev`; Zviv †h Ae¯’vi Dci Av‡Q Zvi wecixZ|
        
          
         
        
      
Abyev` t- Zviv Zv‡`i kc_ mgyn‡K Xvj ¯^iæc e¨envi K‡i, e›`x nIqvi
I g„Zy¨ n‡Z iÿv cvIqvi Rb¨; Gi g‡a¨ cÖgvb cvIqv hvq †h, mvÿ¨
cÖ`vb kc‡_i bvgvšÍi Zviv gvbe‡K Avjøvni c_ n‡Z wbe„Ë K‡i, A_v©r
weåvwšÍ I m‡›`n m„wó K‡i; Bmjvg ag© n‡Z Zv‡`i‡K `y‡i mwi‡q iv‡L|
Zviv hv Ki‡Q Zv‡`i KcUZv Øviv Ges gvbe‡K Avjøvni c_ n‡Z `y‡i
 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨ 165
mwi‡q ivLvi Øviv Zv KZ g›`| GLv‡b (   ) g‡›`i A_© n‡”Q
Avðh©¨‡evaK, hv kÖZv‡`i wbKU Zv‡`i ag©‡K eo K‡i †`Lvq|
          
        
           
       
         
         
          
         
         
         
          

Abyev` t- Dnv, ÒZviv hv Ki‡Q Zv KZ g›`Ó Avjøvni GB evYxi cÖwZ
B½xZevnx, A_©vr H evYx Zv‡`i weiæ‡× mvÿ¨ cÖ`vb K‡i, †h Zviv K‡g©i
w`K w`‡q gvby‡li g‡a¨ me †_‡K wbK…óZg, GB Rb¨ A_©vr Zv‡`i GB
Kvi‡Yi Rb¨ †h, Zviv Bgvb Avbvi ci Kz d ix K‡i‡Q A_ev Zv‡`i
KcUZv wg_¨vPvi Ges kc_‡K Xvj ¯^iƒc e¨envi Kivi cÖwZ B½xZevnx|
Gi A_© H¸wji cÖ‡Z¨KwU N‡U‡Q GB Kvi‡Y †h, Zviv Bgvb G‡b‡Q A_©vr
166 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨
Bgv‡bi mvÿ evK¨ D”PviY K‡i‡Q Ges hviv Bmjvg ag© MÖnY K‡i‡Q,
Zv‡`i K‡g©i gZ Kg© K‡i‡Q, Zvici Zv‡`i Kzdwi cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q Zv‡`i
GB K_vi Øviv Ògynv¤§` hv e‡j‡Qb Zv hw` mZ¨ nq, Zvn‡j Avgiv Mvav
ev H ai‡Yi cï| A_ev Zviv wek¦v wm‡`i wbK‡U Bgv‡bi K_v e‡j,
Zvici Zv‡`i ‡bZv‡`i wbKU wM‡q Bmjvg‡K wb‡q VvÆv K‡i, †hgb
Avjøvni evYx‡Z Av‡Qt hLb Zviv wek¦vmx‡`i m‡½ mvÿvZ K‡i ZLb e‡j:
Avgiv Bgvb G‡bwQ-GB AvqvZ| d‡j Zv‡`i ü`‡qi Dci †gvni K‡i
†`Iqv n‡q‡Q, A_©vr Zvi Dci wmj‡gvni K‡i †`Iqv n‡q‡Q, hvi d‡j
Zv‡`i KcUZvi Kvi‡Y AšÍ ‡ ii g‡a¨ Bgvb cÖ ‡ ek Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
cwibv‡g Zviv †eva kw³ nvwi‡q †d‡j‡Q A_©vr Zviv wPšÍv Ki‡Z cv‡ib
bv| A_ev Dcjäx Ki‡Z cv‡i bv Bgv‡bi h_v_©Zv|
      
           
         
    
    
   
     
       
          
         
        
           
 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨ 167 168 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨

                   
                  
          
Aby e v` t- ÒhLb Avcwb Zv‡`i w`‡K ZvKvb, Zv‡`i †`‡ni AvK… w Z
Avcbv‡K cÖxwZKi g‡b nqÓ- GB ev‡K¨i g‡a¨ m¤^abwU n‡”Q ivmyjyjøvn&-
         
ÒZvi Dci `iæ` I kvwšÍ el©b KiæbÓ-Gi Rb¨, A_ev hv‡`i †K m‡¤^vab            
Kiv hvq Zv‡`i cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki Rb¨ (mKj gymjgv‡bi Rb¨)| hLb Zviv K_v
e‡j, Avcwb mvMÖ‡n Zv‡`i K_v kÖeY K‡ib| Be‡b DevB wQ‡jb GKRb        
¯^v¯’¨evb, my›`i, e¨M¥x e¨w³ Ges GKRb gybvwdKI wQj Zvi gZ AvK…wZiÕ
         
Zviv mK‡j bex (mt) Gi mfvq Dcw¯’Z n‡q wnjvb w`‡q e‡m _vKZ,
Zviv cÖKvk¨ cÖvÄj fvlvq ZK© Ki‡Zv, d‡j bex I Dcw¯’Z e¨vw³eM©         
Zv‡`i AvK…wZ †`‡L Avðh©¨vw¤^Z n‡Zb Ges Zv‡`i K_v kÖeY Ki‡Zb|
hw`I Zuviv Kv‡Vi ¸‡ov m`„kÕÕ GB evK¨wU (†ck) Ae¯’vq (cvwVZ nq)         
A_©vr GUv wQj, Zviv Kv‡Vi ¸uwoi gZ A_ev GUv byZzb evK¨ (Giv‡ei

†ÿ‡Î) Gi †Kvb †hvM †bB, hv †`Iqv‡j †VKvb _v‡K| Zv‡`i †njvb w`‡q
Abyev` t- Aey Avgvi Gi g‡Z  hv  Ge eû ePb †hgb 
emvi Rb¨ Ges Zv‡`i Cgvb I Kj¨v‡Y ewnf©~Z `ye¨©nv‡ii Rb¨ Zv‡`i‡K
Gi eûePb , Be‡b AveŸvm I Avwji g‡Z  †hgb  Gi
Zzjbv Kiv n‡q‡Q †`Iqv‡j ˆVKv‡bv k~¯‹ Kv‡Vi m‡½| KviY †h KvV Øviv
eûePb nq | Zviv †h †Kvb wPrKvi aŸwb‡K Zv‡`i weiæ‡× g‡b K‡i|
†KvbI DcKvi cvIqv hvq, Zv _v‡K Qv‡`, †`Iqv‡j A_ev Ab¨ †Kvb
  kã `ywU cÖ_g Kg©c` (  ) Ges , wØZxq Kg©c`
DcKvi cvIqvi gZ myiwÿZ ¯’v‡b| Ges hv †KvbI DcKvi wenxb Ae¯’vq
(  ) GB fv‡e evK¨ m¤ú~Y© n‡jv, GB g‡g© n‡e, Zviv cÖ‡Z¨K
cweZ¨v³ nq Zv‡K †Vm w`‡q ivLv nq †`Iqv‡j| Kv‡RB Zv‡`i‡K
wPrKvi aŸwb‡K Zv‡`i fxiæZv I fxwZi Rb¨ g‡b K‡i Zv‡`i weiæ‡×
DcKvi nxbZvi e¨cv‡i Zzjbv †`Iqv n‡q‡Q| A_ev GB Kvi‡Y †h Zviv
Zv‡`i ÿwZ Kivi Rb¨ Ny i ‡Q, †hgb hLb ‰mb¨ `‡ji g‡a¨ †Kvb
AvZœvnxb A_ev AšÍtmvi ïb¨ †`n|
AvnŸvbKvix KvD‡K Wv‡K A_ev †KvbI cï cvjvqb Ki‡j ev nvwo‡q
        †M‡j †Rv‡o WvKv nq, Zviv †mUv‡K Zv‡`i Rb¨ NU‡Q g‡b K‡i| Zvici
Avjø v n e‡j‡Qb, ZvivB n‡”Q kµZvq cwic~ Y © , KviY kµ‡`i g‡a¨
          me©v‡cÿv eo kµ n‡”Q eµ kµ †h Avcbvi m‡½ †gjv‡gkv K‡i Ges
 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨ 169 170 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨

          

Zvi eM‡ji bx‡P _v‡K gvivZ¥K e¨vwa| AZGe Zv‡`i m¤ú‡K© mZK©
_vKz b | A_© v r Zv‡`i evwn¨K AvPiY Øviv cÖ Z vwiZ n‡eb bv; Avjø v n
Zv‡`i‡K aŸsk KiæK| GUv Zv‡`i weiæ‡× Awfkvc A_ev wek¦vmx‡`i Rb¨           
wkÿv ¯^iƒc, hv‡Z Zviv Zv‡`i weiæ‡× GB fv‡e Awfkve †`q| Zviv weåšÍ
n‡q †Kv_vq P‡j‡Q, A_©vr wK fv‡e Zviv Zv‡`i gyL©Zv I c_ åóZvi           
Kvi‡Y mZ¨c_ n‡Z m‡i hv‡”Q Avð‡h©i e¨vcvi|
     
     
         
         
      
         
       
         
 
          
Abyev` t- hLb Zv‡`i‡K ejv nq †Zvgiv (Gw`‡K) G‡mv Avjøvni ivmyj
†Zvgv‡`i Rb¨ ÿgv cÖv_©bv Ki‡eb| ZLb Zviv Zv‡`i gv_v Nywi‡q †bq|          
(Gi A_©) Zviv gv_v †ewK‡q †bq Ges H K_vi we‡ivwaZv K‡i, Me© f‡i
Zv‡`i gv_v †nwj‡q _v‡K| bv‡dA K¡vix (  ) kãwU‡K nvjKv A_©vr             
(  ) c‡o‡Qb| Avcwb Zv‡`i‡K †`L‡Z cv‡eb Zviv wd‡i hvq A_©vr `¤¢
           
f‡i `y‡i m‡i hvq, gvd PvIqv I ÿgv cÖv_©bv Kiv †_‡K|

    

                

            
       

                 

                  

                    
 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨ 171
          
       
      
           
        
 
         
           
           
    
Abyev` t-
nv`x‡m ewY©Z Av‡Q †h, ivmyjyjøvn hLb gymZvwjK †Mv‡Îi m‡½
Zv‡`i Rvjmvq Avj-gyivBwm Gi wbKU hy‡× wjß n‡q, Zv‡`i weiæ‡×
Avµgb cwiPvjbv K‡iwQ‡jb Ges Zv‡`i A‡bK‡K nZ¨v K‡i wQ‡jb, †mB
mgq ÔIgvi (ivt) Gi `vm Rvn&Rvn& Be‡b mvqx` I DevB Gi wgÎ †Mv‡Îi
wmbvb Avj-Rynvwbœ H Rvjmv‡qi Zx‡i DcbxZ n‡q ci¯úi gjø hy‡× wjß
n‡q wQ‡jb, ZLb Rvn&Rn& (mvn‡h¨i Rb¨) PxrKvi K‡i e‡j wQ‡jb †n
gynvwRi Mb, Avi wmbvb e‡j wQ‡jb †n Avbmvi Mb, Zvic gynvwRi e¨w³
e‡M© i g‡a¨ †RAvj Rvn&R n&‡ K mvnvh¨ K‡i Ges wmbvb‡K Pv‡cUvNvZ
K‡i| d‡j Avãyjøvn †RÔAvj‡K e‡j, Zzwg ILv‡b Av‡Qv, AviI e‡j,
Avgiv †Kej Po LvIqvi Rb¨ gynv¤§` (¯^vt) †K m½`vb K‡iwQ, Avjøvni
kc_ Avgv‡`i I Zv‡`i g‡a¨ Zzjbv n‡”Q †hgb e‡j _v‡K Ò‡Zvgiv KzKzi
‡gvUv Ki †m †Zvgv‡`i‡K Lv‡eÓ Avi Avjjøvni kc_, Avgiv hLb g`xbvq
cÖZ ¨veZ©b Kie ZLb †mLvbKvi AwaKZi kw³kvjx e¨w³eM© `ye ©j Zi
172 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨
e¨w³eM©‡K †mLvb n‡Z Aem¨B †ei K‡i †`‡e| †m wb‡R‡K kw³kvjx
Ges ivmyjyjøvn (mt) †K `ye©j †evSv‡Z †P‡qwQj| Zvici †m Zvi †Mv‡Îi
†jvK‡`i‡K e‡j wQj, Avjø v ni kc_, hw` †Zvgiv †h Avj I Zvi
m½x‡`i‡K Lv`¨ cÖ ` v‡bi Aby M Ön Kiv n‡Z weiZ _vK‡Z, Zv n‡j †m
Avgv‡`i Nv‡o Po‡Z cvi‡Zv bv| Kv‡RB Zviv hZw`b ch©šÍ gynv¤§v` (mt)
Gi cv‡k †_‡K m‡i bv Av‡m, ZZw`b †Zvgiv Zv‡`i Rb¨ A_© e¨q Kibv|
Aí eq¯‹ hv‡q` Be‡b AviKvg †mB K_v ï‡bwQj, Avi e‡jwQj Avjøvni
kc_, ZzwgB †Zvgvi †Mv‡Îi g‡a¨ `ye©j, †nq I N„wbZ e¨vw³ Avi gynv¤§v`
(mt) Zu v i gv_vq Av‡Q cig Kiæbvg‡qi †giv‡Ri m¤§vwbZ gy K z U I
gymjgvb‡`i me©kw³| GB K_v †kvbvi c‡i Avãyjøvn e‡jwQj, Pzc Ki,
KviY Avwg (K_vUv) †Ljvi Q‡j e‡jwQ| hv‡q` ivm~jyjøvn&‡K GB msev`wU
w`‡j Dgi (Avjøvn Zvi Dci mš‘ó) e‡jwQ‡jb, †n Avjøvni ivmyj Avgv‡K
AbygwZ w`b Avwg GB KcU e¨w³i M`©b †g‡i w`B| ZLb ivmyjyjøvn (mt)
e‡jwQ‡jb, Zvn‡j g`xbvi A‡bK †jvK bvK KvUvi f‡q fxZ n‡q co‡e|
wZwb e‡jwQ‡jb, Zv‡K GKRb gy n vwRi nZ¨v KiæK GUv hw` Avcwb
AcQ›` K‡ib, Zvn‡j GKRb Avbmvi‡K GB Kv‡Ri Rb¨ Av‡`k w`b,
ZLb wZwb (ivm~jyjøvn (mt) e‡jwQ‡jb, ZvB ev wK K‡i nq, Zvn‡j ‡Zv
†jv‡Kiv ejvewj Ki‡e †h, gy nv¤§v` Zu v i m½x‡`i‡K nZ¨v K‡i‡Qb|
Zvici wZwb - Zuvi Ici `iæ` I kvwšÍ, Avãyjøvn‡K e‡jwQ‡jb: Zzwg GB
K_vi gvwjK, hv Avgvi wbKU †cŠu‡P‡Q? †m e‡jwQj, †mB Avjøvni kc_
whwb Avcbvi Ici Hkx MÖš’ AeZxY© K‡i‡Qb, Avwg H ai‡Yi wKQz ewjwb
hv‡q` wbðqB wg_¨v K_v e‡j‡Q, †hgb Avjø v ni evYx‡Z Av‡Qt Zviv
Zv‡`i kc_‡K Xvj ¯^iƒc MÖnY K‡i, Zvici Dcw¯’Z mK‡j e‡j‡Qb †n
Avjøvni ivmyj (Avcwb) Avgv‡`i †bZv I Avgv‡`i gnvb e¨w³ Avcwb Zvi
weiæ‡× GKRb Aí eq¯‹ e¨w³i K_v‡K mZ¨ e‡j g‡b Ki‡eb bv, n‡Z
cv‡i †m f‚‡j †M‡Q| Zvci hLb GB AvqvZ AeZx©b nj, ZLb ivmyjyjøvn
(¯^vt) qv‡h`‡K e‡jwQ‡jb, †n hyeK, wbðqB Avjøvn ‡Zvgv‡K mZ¨evw`
 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨ 173
cÖwZcbœ K‡i‡Qb| d‡j hLb Avãyjvi wg_¨v K_v cÖKvwkZ n‡q coj, ZLb
Zv‡K ejv n‡qwQj, †Zvgv‡`i e¨vcv‡i K‡Vvi AvqvZ AeZxY© n‡q‡Q| Zzwg
ivmyjyjøvni wbKU hvI-wZwb ‡Zvgv‡`i Rb¨ ÿgv cÖv_©bv Ki‡eb, †mB mgq
†m Zvi gv_v †b‡o e‡jwQj- †Zvgiv Avgv‡K Cgvb Avb‡Z e‡jwQ‡j, Avwg
Bgvb G‡bwQ ‡Zvgiv Avgv‡K Avgvi m¤ú` n‡Z hvKvZ w`‡Z e‡jwQj,
Avwg hvKvZ w`‡qwQ; Avgvi Rb¨ †gvnv¤§` (mt) †K ‡mR`v Kiv Qvov Avi
wKQy evKx bvB; ZLbB AeZxY© n‡qwQj ÒhLb Zv‡`i‡K ejv nq G‡mv
Avjøvni ivmyj †Zvgv‡`i Rb¨ ÿgv cÖv_©bv Ki‡ebÓ| Zvici †m †ewk w`b
RxweZ wQj bv| Ae‡k‡l Amy¯’ n‡q c‡o Ges g„Z‚¨i gy‡L cwZZ nq|
          
         
          
          
           

Abyev` t- Avcwb Zv`‡i Rb¨ ÿgv cÖv_©bv Kiæb ev ÿgv cÖv_©bv bv Kiæb
DfqB Zv‡`i Rb¨ mgvb, Avjøvn KLbB Zv‡`i‡K ÿgv Ki‡eb bv| A_©vr
hZw`b Zviv KcU AvPviY Ki‡e| Gi fev_©, Zv‡`i Rb¨ ÿgv cÖv_©bv Kiv
Avi bv Kiv DfqB mgvb| KviY Zviv Zvi cÖwZ g‡bv‡hvM †`q bv; Ges
Zvi Øviv Zv‡`i Kz d wi n‡Z `~‡ i m‡i _v‡Kbv, A_ev †h‡nZz Avjøv n
Zv‡`i‡K ÿgv Ki‡eb bv|  cov n‡q‡Q cÖkœ‡evaK|  †K †jvc
K‡i, KviY cwic~ i K  kã Zvi w`‡K wb‡`© k K‡i| Avjø vn cvcvPvi
m¤úª`vq‡K mrc‡_ cwiPvwjZ K‡ib bv|
174 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨
           
        
         
        
        

Avbyev` t- Zviv e‡j Avjøvn imy‡ji m‡½ hviv _v‡K Zv‡`i Rb¨ (A_©)
e¨vq Kibv, hZLb bv Zviv Zv‡`i wbKU n‡Z `y‡i m‡i hvq| A_©vr c„_K
n‡q hvq| bfgÛj I f‚gÛ‡ji abfvÛvi †Zv AvjøvniB, A_©vr Zvi nv‡Z
b¨¯Í Av‡Q mg¯Í Lv`¨ cÖ ` v‡bi I e›U‡bi e¨e¯’ v , Kv‡RB gw`bvi
Awaevmxiv Zv‡`i Rb¨ e¨q Ki‡Z Aw¯^Kvi Ki‡jI wZwb Zvi fvÛvi n‡Z
Zv‡`i Lv`¨ cÖ`vb Ki‡eb| wKšÍ gybvwdKiv Zv ey‡S bv, A_©vr Avãyjøvn I
Zvi m½xiv, A_©vr Zviv †ev‡S bv, eis kqZ¡vb †hgb Zv‡`i Rb¨ mvwR‡q
†`q, Zviv †Zgb AevšÍi K_v e‡j|
        
        
        
        
       
          
 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨ 175
            
          
      
Aby e v` t- Zviv e‡j Avgiv evby Avjgy ¯ Í w j‡Ki hy × †k‡l gw`bvq
cÖZ¨veZ©b Ki‡j †mLvb †_‡K kw³kvjx e¨w³eM© `ye©j e¨w³eM©‡K ‡ei
Ki‡eB; wKš‘ kw³ A_©vr weRq I ÿgZv †Zv AvjøvniB, Zvi imy‡ji I
wek¦vmx‡`i, A_©vr gywgb‡`i g‡a¨ hv‡K Avjøvn kw³kvjx K‡i‡Qb Ges Zvi
imyj hv‡K mvnvh¨ K‡i‡Qb Zvi Rb¨, Ges wek¦vmxMY H e¨vcv‡i Lvm
e¨w³, †hgb Am¤§vb I †nqZv kqZv‡bi Rb¨ Ges Kv‡di I gybvwdK‡`i
g‡a¨ Zvi m½x‡`i Rb¨ wba©vwiZ| KZ¸wj mZ¸bvewj Ggb Av‡Q, hv
wbnxZ _v‡K ˆ`b¨`kvi g‡a¨; Bmjvg Gi Dci ¯’vqx _vKv Ggb GKUv
mggvb hvi m‡½ Am¤§vb hy³ bq| Avj nvmvb web Avwj n‡Z ewY©Z Av‡Q,
GK e¨w³ Zv‡K e‡jwQ‡jbt †jv‡K aviYv K‡i Avcbvi g‡a¨ AnsKv‡ii
fve Av‡Q, wZwb e‡jwQ‡jb IUv AnsKvi bq eis IUv kw³ Ges (GB K_v
e‡j) wZwb cvV K‡iwQ‡jb,ÒwKš‘ gybvwdKiv Rv‡bbvÓ|
       
        
      
         
         
         
176 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨
       
  
Abyev` t- †n wek¦vmxMY †Zvgv‡`i †K †hb Avjøvni ¯^iY n‡Z, A_©vr
cuvPevi bvgvR I KziAvb cvV n‡Z D`vmxb bv K‡i, A_©vr †Zvgv‡`i‡K
†hb fzwj‡q bv iv‡L, †Zvgv‡`i ab m¤ú` Zv‡Z gË _vKv, Zvi Ae¯’vi
DbœwZ‡Z m‡Pó _vKv Ges Zvi eyw× I cwibvg A‡š^l‡b iZ _vKv, Avi
†Zvgv‡`i AvIjv` Zv‡`i Dci †Zvgv‡`i ‡¯œ n , ggZv I Zv‡`i
cÖwZcvj‡bi e¨e¯’v| hviv Zv Ki‡e (D`vmxb n‡e) wZwb Gi Øviv †evSv‡Z
Pvb ag©Kg© n‡Z wegyL n‡q cvw_©e K‡g© †g‡Z _vKv| ejv n‡q _v‡K, †h
wb‡Ri Ae¯’vi DbœwZi Rb¨ †Póv bv K‡i ‡g‡Z _v‡K m¤ú‡`i dj jv‡fi
Ges Zvi †kl cÖZ¨veZ©b ¯’‡ji, g½j wPšÍv bv K‡i Zvi mšÍvb mšÍwZi
mš‘wó weav‡b, ZvivB †Zv ÿwZ MÖn¯’ Zv‡`i e¨emvq| KviY Zviv Awebk¦ i
e¯‘‡K µq K‡i bk¦i e¯‘i wewbg‡q|
      
          
          
         
        
         
       
        
 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨ 177 178 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨


Abyev` t- Avwg †Zvgvw`M‡K †h Rxeb DcKiY w`‡qwQ, ‡Zvgiv Zvn‡Z
e¨q Ki, wKQz cwigvb, Gi D‡Ïk¨ Avewk¨K LiP; †Zvgv‡`i g„Z‚¨ Avmvi
c~‡e©B A_©vr g„Z‚¨i jÿY †`Lv †`Iqvi cy‡e© Ges wej‡¤^i Kvi‡Y, Zvi m‡½
nZvkv Pvÿzm Kivi I Zvi Rb¨ LiP Ki‡Z AÿgZv Avmvi c~‡e©| Ab¨_vq
(g„‡Z¨ Avm‡j) †m ej‡e †n Avgvi cÖwZ cvjK| hw` Avcwb Avgv‡K AviI
wKQzKvj AeKvk w`‡Zb; A_©vr hw` Avcwb Avgvi g„Z‚¨‡K wcwQ‡q w`‡Zb,
AíKv‡ji Rb¨, A_©vr wKQz mg‡qi Rb¨, Zvn‡j Avwg ¯^v`Kv KiZvg|
A_©vr `vb KiZvg; GUv  Gi RIqve Ges mrKg©kxj ‡`i A_©vr
wek¦vmx‡`i AšÍfz©³ nZvg| GB AvqvZwU AeZxY© n‡q‡Q gywgb‡`i e¨vcv‡i
Ab¨ g‡Z gybvwdK‡`i e¨vcv‡i|  kãwU‡K c~‡e©i k‡ãi m‡½ 
K‡i hei w`‡q cov n‡q‡Q ()| Avey Avgi GB    kãwU 
Gi ¯’v‡b †i‡L  c‡o‡Qb, Gi D‡Ïk¨ †hb ejv n‡q‡Q, hw` Avcwb
Avgv‡K mgq †`b Zvn‡j Avwg `vb Ki‡ev I mr n‡ev|
wba© v wiZ Kvj Dcw¯’Z n‡e, †hgb wjwLZ Av‡Q myi wÿZ dj‡K| Avi
†Zvgiv hv Ki †m m¤^‡Ü we‡klfv‡e Avjøvn& AewnZ| nv¤§v` I BqvnBqv
 c‡o‡Qb| Gi A_© †Zvgiv hLb wbwðZev‡e Rvb †h, wba©vwiZ
mgq n‡Z g„Zy¨ wcwQ‡q hvIqvi †KvbI c_ †bB, Zv Aek¨B AvµgY Ki‡e
Ges wedj n‡e bv Ges Avjøvn& †Zvgv‡`i KvRKg© m¤^‡Ü m¤ú~Y© AeMZ,
Kv‡RB hviv Zv‡`i Avewk¨K I Ab¨vb¨ KiYxq KvRKg© Ki‡e bv, wZwb
Zvi cÖwZweavb Ki‡eb, ZLb Aek¨ KiYxq KvR m¤úv`‡bi w`‡K Z¡wiZ
MwZ‡Z ewnM©Z nIqv Ges gnvb Avjøvn&i mvÿv‡Zi Rb¨ cÖ¯‘Z nIqv Qvov
†KvbI MZ¨šÍi evKx _vK‡ebv| AvjøvB mwVK e¨vcv‡i mgwaK cwiÁvZ|

         

        
         
            
         
         
   
Abyev` t- Avjøvn& †Kvb e¨w³‡K AeKvk †`‡eb bv, g„Zz¨i e¨vcv‡i, hLb
 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨ 179 180 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨

Avjøv n wek¦P ivPi m„ w ó K‡i‡Qb; hLb wZwb Zv m¤ú~ Y© Ki‡jb ZLbB


   
 
Avm& mnxn&
gynv¤§v` web BmgvBj Avj eyLvix
AvPvi e¨envi ce©
         
          
          
             

Aby e v` t- Avey ‡nvivqiv n‡Z ewY© Z , wZwb e‡j‡Qb †h, GK e¨w³
ivm~jyjøvni wbKU G‡m ej‡jbt †n Avjøvni ivmyj! gvby‡li g‡a¨ Avgvi
mبenvi cvIqvi †hvM¨Zg e¨w³‡K? wZwb ej‡jb, †Zvgvi gvZv, †m ejø
Zvici †K? wZwb ej‡jb †Zvgvi gvZv, †m ejj Zvi ci †K? wZwb
ej‡jb †Zvgvi gvZv, †m ejj Zvi ci †K? wZwb ej‡jb †Zvgvi wcZv|
     
     
          
         
       
Abyev` t- Avey †nvivqiv n‡Z ewY©Z, wZwb e‡jb, ivm~jyjøvn e‡j‡Qb wbðB
AvZ¥xqZvi eÜb ¯’vwcZ n‡jv, Avi ejj †h AvZ¥xqZvi eÜb wQbœ Kiv
n‡Z gyw³ †c‡Z Pvq GUv Zvi ¯’vb| wZwb ej‡jb nuv; Zzwg wK G‡Z mš‘ó
bq †h, Avwg Zvi m‡½ m¤úK© ¯’vcb Kwi †h ‡Zvgvi m‡½ m¤úK© iv‡L|
Avi Zvi m‡½ m¤úK© wQbœ Kwi †h †Zvgvi m‡½ m¤úK© wQbœ K‡i| †m ejj
nuv| wZwb ej‡jb †Zvgvi e¨cv‡i ZvB n‡e|
       
   
         
            
            
Abyev` t-
Avey †nvivqiv n‡Z eY©xZ, Avjøvni ivmyj e‡j‡Qb †h GKUv e¨w³
fxlb Z…òvZ© Ae¯’vq iv¯Ív w`‡q hvw”Qj, †m GKUv Kzu‡qv †`L‡Z †c‡qwQj,
†m †mLv‡b AeZiY K‡iwQj, †m cvwb cvb K‡i †ewi‡q wM‡qwQj| †mLv‡b
GKUv KzKzi Z…òvq nuvcvw”Qj; wccvkvq Kuv`vgvwU Lvw”Qj| ZLb †jvKwU
e‡jwQj GB KzKziUv‡K Avgi gZ Z…òv †c‡q‡Q| †m Kz‡qvq AeZiY Kij,
Zvi Pzjøy f‡i wbj Ges Zvi gy‡Li mvg‡b aij, d‡j KzKziUv cwiZ…wß
n‡jv, Zvi Rb¨ Avjøvni K…ZÁZv cÖKvk Ki‡jv, d‡j Zv‡K ÿgv K‡i
†`Iqv n‡jv|
        
  
     
 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨ 181
     
     
          
          

Abyev` t-
Be‡b Igi n‡Z eY©xZ, wZwb e‡jb †h Avjøvni ivmyj e‡j‡Qb †h,
wRweªj (Avt) Avgv‡K cÖwZ‡ekxi m¤ú‡K© GZ‡ekx Dc‡`k w`‡Z jvM‡jb
‡h, Avwg g‡b Kijvg kxNªB wZwb Zv‡K DËivwaKvix K‡i w`‡eb|
Avey †nvivqiv n‡Z eY© x , wZwb bex †_‡K eY© b v K‡i‡Qb, †h
Avjøv ni ivmy j e‡j‡Qb, †h Avjøv n Ges ciKv‡j wek¦ vm K‡i †m †hb
cÖwZ‡ekx‡K Kó bv †`q| Ges †h Avjøvn Ges wKqvg‡Zi Dci wek¦vm K‡i
‡m †hb AwZ_xi mggvb K‡i| †h Avjø vn GeswKqvg‡Zi w`‡bi Dci
wek¦vm iv‡L †m †hb fv‡jv K_v e‡j A_ev Pzc _v‡K|
   
     
Abyev` t-
Avey †nvivqiv bexi my‡Î e‡j‡Qb †h, fv‡jv K_v ejv ¯^v`K¡v
A_©vr cy‡Y¨i KvR|
   
         
        
   
        
         
    
182 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨
       
     
       
Abyev` t-
DiIqv web RyevBi n‡Z eY©xZ, bexi ¯¿x gv Av‡qkv e‡j‡Qb †h,
Bû`xi GKUv `j bexi `iev‡i G‡m e‡j ÒAvmmv‡gv AvjvqKzgÓ A_©vr
Avcbvi Dci g„Zz¨ AeZxY© †nvK! gv Av‡qkv ej‡jb Avwg †mUv eyS‡Z
cvijvg Ges ejjvg Iqv ÒAvjvqKzgym mvg IqvjøvqvbZÓ| ZLb Avjøvni
ivmyj ej‡jb Avqkv †Q‡o `vI KviY Avjøvn cÖwZwU wel‡q KgjZv cQ›`
K‡ib| Avwg ejjvg †n Avjøvni ivmyj Avcwb ïb‡Z †c‡jb bv Zviv Kx
ejj| Avjøvni ivmyj ej‡jb wbðq Avwg e‡jwQ; Ò‡Zvgv‡`i DciI|
    
     
        
       
Abyev` t-
Avey †nvivqiv n‡Z ewY©Z, bexi m~‡Î wZwb e‡jb- †Zvgiv aviYv
†_‡K euv‡Pv| KviY aviYv K_vi g‡a¨ me‡P‡q wg_¨v| †Zvgiv Dcjwä
Kibv, wnsmv Kibv, KvD‡K †QvU Ki bv, kÎæZv Ki bv, Avjøvn&i ev›`v
(`vm) wnmv‡e fvB fvB nI|
   
      
       
          
         
 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨ 183
         
      
Abyev` t- Be‡b AveŸvm (ivt) †_‡K ewY©Z| wZwb e‡jb, GKevi bex (mt)
gw`bvi †Kvb evMv‡bi evB‡i †M‡jb| ZLb wZwb Ggb `yBRb †jv‡Ki
AvIqvR ïb‡jb, hv‡`i Ke‡i Avhve †`Iqv nw”Qj| wZwb ej‡jb- GB
`yRb‡K Avhve †`Iqv n‡”Q| Z‡e †ekx ¸bv‡ni `iæb Avhve †`Iqv n‡”Q
bv| Avi Zv nj Kvweiv ¸bvn| G‡`i GKRb †ckv‡ei mgq mZi XvK‡Zv
bv| Avi Aci Rb †PvMj‡Lvix K‡i †eovZ| Zvici wZwb GKUv KuvPv Wvj
Avwb‡q Zv †f‡½ `y-UzK‡iv K‡i, G Ke‡i GK UzK‡iv Avi H Ke‡i GK
UzK‡iv †M‡o w`‡jb Ges ej‡jb- G `ywU hZÿY ch©šÍ bv ïKv‡e ZZÿY
ch©šÍ Zv‡`i Avhve nvjKv K‡i †`Iqv n‡e|
          
 hLb Zviv ˆn-û‡jøvo K‡i Avgv‡`i Dci AvµgY Pvjvq| ZLb imyjyjøvn&
         
        
  
       
       
       
  
    
       
184 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨
  
Abyev` t- mvjgv Be‡b AvKIqv (ivt) †_‡K ewY©Z| wZwb e‡jb, GKevi
Avgiv ivm~ j yj øv n& (mt) Gi m‡½ Lvqevi Awfhv‡b †ei njvg| Avgiv
iv‡Zi †ejvq PjwQjvg| `‡ji ga¨ †_‡K GKRb Av‡gi web AvKIqv
(ivt) †K ejj ‡h, Avcwb wK Avcbvi ‡QvU KweZv¸‡jv †_‡K wKQz c‡o
ïbv‡eb bv? Av‡gi (ivt) wQ‡jb GKRb Kwe| my Z ivs wZwb `‡ji
†jvK‡`i‡K KweZv †M‡q †kvbv‡Z jvM‡jb|
‡n Avjøv n& ! Zz w g bv n‡j, Avgiv †n`vqvZ †cZvg bv| Avgiv
mv`Kv w`Zvg bv, bvgvR Av`vq KiZvg bv| Avgv‡`i Av‡MKvi ¸bvn ÿgv
Kiæb, hv Avgiv K‡iwQ| Avgiv Avcbvi Rb¨ DrmwM© Z | hw` Avgiv
kÎæ‡`i m¤§yLxb nB, ZLb Avgv‡`i c`¯’ m~`„p ivLyb| Avgv‡`i Dci
kvwšÍ el©b Kiæb| kÎæi Wv‡Ki mgq Avgiv †hb ex‡ii gZ avweZ nB,
(mt) wRÁvmv Ki‡jb G DU PvjK †jvKwU †K? †jv‡Kiv ej‡jb wZwb
Av‡gi web AvKIqv| wZwb ej‡jb Avjøvn& Zvi Dci ing ewl©Z Kiæb|
 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨ 185
 
   
   
(wmj‡gvni A_ev AvswUi NUbv)
dZûj eyj`vb n‡Z M„nxZ
Avngv` web BqvnBqv Avj evjvRyix
         
          
 
           
          
       
Aby ev` t- Avddvb web gymwjg Avgv‡`i wbKU eY©b v K‡i‡Qb, ïAev
Avgv‡`i wbKU e‡j‡Qb, KvZv`v Avg‡`i‡K e‡j‡Qb; Avwg Avbvm web
gvwjK‡K ej‡Z ï‡bwQ hLb Avjø v ni im~ j †ivg mg&ª vU Gi wbKU cÎ
‡jLvi B”Qv †cvlb K‡iwQ‡jb ZLb Zv‡K ejv n‡qwQj Zviv wmj‡gvni
K…Z e¨ZxZ †Kvb cÎ c‡ob bv| wZwb e‡j‡Qb (eY©bvKvix) myZivs, wZwb
GKUv iƒ‡cvi AvswU evwb‡q wQ‡jb; Avwg (GLb) †hb Zvi nv‡Zi †mB
AvswUi ïåZv †`L‡Z cvw”Q| Zv‡Z wZwb †Lv`vB K‡iwQ‡jb
   
186 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨
        
             

           
          
       
     
          
        
    

Abyev` t-
Aveyi ivwe myjvqgvb web `vI` Avhhynivwb Avg‡`i wbKU eY©bv
K‡i‡Qb| nvggv` web hv‡q` Avgv‡`i‡K e‡j‡Qb, AvBDe, Be‡b Igvi
n‡Z eY©bv K‡i Avgv‡`i‡K e‡j‡Qb †h, ivmyjyjøvn GKUv iƒ‡cvi AvswU
MÖ n Y K‡iwQ‡jb, wZwb Zvi PvKwZUv nv‡Zi wfZ‡ii w`‡K ivL‡Zb|
†gvnv¤§` web nvBqvb Avj nvBqvwb Avgvi wbKU eY©bv K‡i‡Qb, hynvqi,
nvwg` n‡Z Avbvm web gv‡j‡Ki myÎ a‡i Avgv‡`i‡K e‡j‡Qb; ivmyjyjøvi
GKwU AvswU wQj cy‡ivUvB iƒ‡cvi, Zvi PvKwUZvI wQj iƒ‡cvi| Avgvi
Avb-bv‡K` Avgv‡`i wbKU eY©bv K‡i‡Qb, Bqvwh` Be‡b nviæY ûgvq`
n‡Z Avj nvmvb Gi my‡Î Avgv‡`i‡K e‡j‡Qb, ivmyjyjøvni GKwU AvswU
wQj (iæ‡cvi) cv‡Zi Ges Zvi PvKwZ wQj nvekx cv_‡ii|
          
  
         
 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨ 187
      
Abyev` t-
û`ev web Lvwj` Avgv‡`i wbKU eY© b v K‡i‡Qb nv¤§v` Be‡b
BqvnBqv, Avãyj Avwhh Be‡b mynv‡qe n‡Z, Avbvm web gv‡j‡Ki my‡Î
Avgv‡`i‡K e‡j‡Qb †h, ivmyj yj øv n e‡j‡Qb, Avwg GKUv AvswU cÖ¯ ‘Z
K‡iwQ, †KD †hb KLbI Zvi bKkvi gZ (Rvj) bKkv bv K‡i|
         
       
    
           
           
          
       
Abyev` t-
evKvi Be‡b nvqmvg Avg‡`i wbKU eY©bv K‡i‡Qb, Avãyi iv¾vK
gvgv‡ii my‡Î e‡j‡Qb, AvhRynix I KvZv`v e‡j‡Qb, ivmyjyjøvn GKUv
iƒ‡cvi AvswU ˆZwi K‡iwQ‡jb- Zvi Dci wZwb †Lv`vB K‡iwQ‡j- 
  | Zvici AveyevKvi †mB AvswU Øviv wmj‡gvni Ki‡Zb|
Zvici Igi I Imgvb| GUv Zvi nv‡Z wQj, †mB Ae¯’vq Zvi nvZ n‡Z
Kz q vq c‡o hvq, ‡mB Kz q vi cvwb ïwK‡q †djv nq wKš‘ †mUv cvIqv
hvqwb| GB NUbv Zvi †Ljvd‡Zi ga¨eZx© mg‡q| ZLb wZwb GKUv Ab¨
AvswU ˆZwi K‡iwQ‡jb Ges Zv‡Z wZb Q‡Î †Lv`vB K‡iwQ‡jb
   
188 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨
        
            
         
           
           
         
        
          
          
          
          
        
Abyev` t- nv¤§v` Avgv‡`i wbKU eY©bv K‡i‡Qb, AvmIqv` web kvqevb
Avg‡`i‡K e‡j‡Qb, Lv‡j` web myg‡qi Avg‡`i †K e‡j‡Qb: gvqvb web
hv‡q` bvgK GK e¨w³ ‡Ljvd‡Zi wmj‡gvni (AvswUi) bKkvi gZ bKkv
K‡i wb‡qwQj| ‡m Zv Øviv Dgv‡ii mgq Kzdvi ivR‡Z¡i A_© Av`vq K‡i
wb‡qwQj| hLb Dgvi Gi wbKU †mB msev` †cŠ‡QwQj, ZLb wZwb gywMiv
web ïÕev‡K wj‡LwQ‡jb: Avgvi wbKU msev` †cŠ‡Q‡Q †h, gvqvb web hvq`
bvgK GK e¨w³ †Ljvd‡Zi AvswUi bKkv Rvj K‡i‡Q, †m Zv Øviv Kydvi
ivR‡¯^i A_© Av`vq K‡i‡Q; hLb Avgvi GB cÎ ‡Zvgvi wbKU †cŠQv‡e
 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨ 189
ZLb Zvi m¤ú‡K© (cÖ`Ë) Avgvi Av‡`k Kvh©Ki Ki‡e Ges Avgvi `~‡Zi
K_v gvb‡e| Zvici (†mB cÎ jvf K‡i) gywMiv hLb Av¯^‡ii bvgvR
mgvß K‡iwQ‡jb Ges †jv‡Kiv Zv‡`i emvi ¯’v ‡bB e‡mwQ‡jb, wZwb
Igv‡ii `~ Z ‡K wb‡q ‡ewi‡q c‡owQ‡jb| Avi †jv‡Kiv Zv‡`i w`‡K
ZvKvw”Qj, wZwb wM‡q gvqv‡bi mvg‡b `vwo‡qwQ‡jb, Zvici wZwb `~‡Zi
e‡jwQ‡jb, wek¦vmx‡`i †bZv Avgv‡K Av‡`k K‡i‡Q, Gi e¨cv‡i Avcbvi
Av‡`k cvjb Ki‡Z; Kv‡RB Avcbvi B”QvgZ Avcwb Avgv‡K Av‡`k
Kiæb| ZLb `~Z e‡jwQj, Avg‡K GKUv iwk G‡b w`b, Avwg †mUv Zvi
Mjvq evua‡ev| Zvi wbKU GKUv iwk Avbv n‡qwQj, Ges †mUv Zvi Mjvq
jvwM‡q Lye K‡l †eu‡a wQ‡jb| Zvici gyMxiv‡K e‡jwQ‡jb: hZÿb ch©šÍ
wek¦vmx‡`i ‡bZvi (  ) wbKU †_‡K G e¨cv‡i (cieZ©x) wb‡`©k
bv Av‡m, G‡K (KvivMv‡p) ew›` K‡i ivLyb, wZwb ZvB K‡iwQ‡jb|
        
           
         
           
            
         
        
           
           
190 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨
           
         
          
         
          
         
            
           
         
            
         
            
           
        
Abyev` t-
†mB mgq KvivMvi wQj Kv‡Vi (jvwVi) Zvici gvqvb (KvivMvi
n‡Z) †ei nIqvi Dcvq D`fveb K‡iwQj Ges Zvi cwievi e‡M©i wbKU
msev` cvwV‡qwQ‡jt Avgvi wbKU †Zvgiv cvVvI Avgvi Dóªx, `vmx I myZ x
 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨ 191
wcinvb; Zviv Zv K‡iwQj| Zvici †m iv‡Î (KvivMvi n‡Z) †ewi‡q
c‡owQj, Zvi `vmx‡K wcQ‡b ewm‡q Pj‡Z ïiæ K‡iwQj hZÿb bv, †m fq
K‡iwQj †h, cÖfvZ Zv‡K cÖKvwkZ K‡iÕ †`‡e ZLb †m Zvi Dóªx‡K ewm‡q
Zv‡K †e‡a †i‡LwQj, Zvici †m wb‡R‡K jywK‡‡q †i‡LwQj, hZÿb bv
Zvi m¤^‡Ü AbymÜvb †kl n‡qwQj| Zvici hLb mܨv AvMvZ n‡qwQj †m
Zvi Dóªxi wbKU wd‡i GmwQj wcinvbUv wb‡q, Zvi Dci †mUv‡K †e‡a
w`‡qwQj Ges Zvi `vmx‡K wcQ‡b ewm‡q cy b ivq hvÎv ïiæ K‡iwQj|
Ae‡k‡m †m Dg‡ii wbKU Dcw¯’Z n‡qwQj, (†mB mgq) hLb wZwb Zvi
Qwo (jvwV) m‡½ wb‡q Zvn¾y‡`i bvgvR Av`vqKvix‡`i dR‡ii bvg‡Ri
Rb¨ RvMvw”Q‡jb
‡m Zvi Dóªx I `vmx‡K GKw`‡K †i‡L wM‡qwQj, Zvici Dg‡ii
wbKU wM‡q e‡jwQj: †n Avwgiæj gy‡gwbb Avcbvi Dci Avjøvni kvwšÍ,
Kiæbv I Kj¨vY ewl©Z †nvK| wZwb e‡jwQ‡jb †Zvgvi DciI; Zzwg ‡K?
†m e‡jwQj gvqvb web hvq` Avwg; Avwg Avcbvi wbKU G‡mwQ AbyZß
n‡q| wZwb e‡jwQ‡jb: ask nI Avjøvn †Zvgv‡K bv ivLyK| Zvici hLb
wZwb dR‡ii bvgvR †kl K‡i wQ‡jb ZLb †jvK‡`i‡K e‡jwQ‡jb †Zvgiv
†Zvgv‡`i RvqMvq (e‡m) _vK| Zvici hLb myh©¨ Dw`Z n‡qwQj, ZLb
wZwb e‡jwQ‡jb GB n‡”Q gvqvb web hv‡q`, †m †Ljvd‡Zi AvswUi bKkv
Rvj K‡i‡Q, Ges Zvi gva¨‡g Kzdvi ivR¯^ Av`vq K‡i‡Q †Zvgiv Zvi
m¤^‡Ü wK ej? ZLb GK Rb e‡jwQj Zvi nvZ †K‡U w`b , Ab¨ GKRb
e‡jwQ‡jb Zv‡K ï‡j Povb: Avwj (iv) Pz c K‡iwQ‡jb; Igvi Zv‡K
e‡jwQ‡jb †n Aveyj nvmvb Zzwg Kx ejQ? wZwb e‡jwQ‡jb †n wek¦vmx‡`i
†bZv, †h e¨vw³ wg_¨v K_v e‡j Zvi kvw¯Í n‡”Q Zvi kwi‡i (†eÎvNvZ
Kiv)| Kv‡RB Igvi Zv‡K cÖn vi K‡iwQ‡jb, fxlb fv‡e A_ev KwVb
fv‡e, Ges Zv‡K e›`x K‡iwQ‡jb; Avjøvn hZw`b B”Qv K‡ib ZZw`b †m
KvivMv‡i wQj| Zvici †m Zvi Kzivqkx eÜzi wbKU msev` cvwV‡qwQj:
Avwgiæj †gv‡gbx‡bi m‡½ Avgvi gyw³i c_ mg‡Ü K_v ej| d‡j †mB
192 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨
Kzivqkx e¨vw³ e‡jwQ‡jb (Zv‡K) †n Avwgiæj †gv‡gbxb: gvqvb web hvq`
Zvi (`yK‡g©i) Dchy³ kvw¯Í †c‡q‡Q, GLb Avcwb hw` fv‡jv g‡b K‡ib
Zvic_ gy ³ K‡i w`‡Z cv‡ib| ZLb Igvi e‡jwQ‡jb Zz w g Avgv‡K
(cv‡ci) kvw¯Í i K_v ¯^ iY Kwi‡q w`‡qQ Avwg ‡Zv fy‡ jB wM‡qwQjvg,
gvqvb‡K Avgvi wbKU Avb| Zvici Zv‡K (cybivq) cÖnvi K‡i KvivMv‡i
ivL‡Z Av‡`k w`‡qwQ‡jb| Zvici gvqvb Zvi cÖ‡Z¨K eÜyi wbKU msev`
cvwV‡qwQ‡jb| ‡Zvgiv Avgvi K_v Avwgiæj †gvwg‡bi wbKU D‡jø L
K‡ivbv| Avjøvn hZw`b PvB‡jb ZZw`b e›`x wQj| Zvici Zvi K_v Igvi
Gi ¯^iY n‡j wZwb e‡jwQ‡jb gvqvb‡K Avgvi wbKU Avb, Zv‡K Zvi
wbKU Avbv n‡qwQj, wZwb Zv‡K kc_ Kwi‡qwQ‡jb (H iƒc Aciva bv
Kivi Rb¨)| Zvici Zv‡K gy³ K‡i w`‡qwQ‡jb|
       
           
          
          
         
          
         
        
Abyev` t- Avjgydv``vj Avj BqvmKzix I Aveyj nvmvb Avjgv‡`qbx Be‡b
Rvevb n‡Z Bebyj gyKvdvdvi my‡Î Avgvi wbKU eY©bv K‡i e‡jwQ‡jb,
cvim¨ m¤ªvU hLb †Kvb wb‡`©k w`‡Zb ZLb wb‡`©k bvgv iÿvi AwaKvwi
 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨ 193
m¤ªv ‡Ui mvg‡b †mB wb‡`© k wj‡L ivL‡Zb, †mB AwaKvix‡Ki GKRb
mnvqK _vK‡Zb whwb Zvi wbK‡U iwÿZ GKUv LvZvq Zv wjwce× K‡i
ivL‡Zb, hv‡Z cÖ‡Z¨K gv‡mi wb‡`©kvewj GKwÎZ Kiv nZ| Zvici ivRv
Zvi Dci wb‡Ri wmj w`‡q †gvni K‡i w`‡Zb Ges †mUv‡K (LvZv iÿvi)
N‡i ivLv n‡Zv| Zvici †mB LvZvUv LvZviÿ‡Ki wbKU cvVv‡bv n‡Zv,
Zvici Zvi wbKU wmj‡gvni w`‡q wZwb †mUv wmj‡gvni Ki‡Zb, Zvici
wZwb †mUv‡K Kg© KZ©vi wbKU cvVv‡Zb, wZwb Zv‡Z wjL‡Zb ivRvi wbKU
†_‡K Avmv cÎ| Zvicj g~j wb‡`©kbvgvi GKUv cÖwZwjwc ˆZwi Kiv n‡Zv,
Zvici †mUv LvZv iÿK‡`i wbKU (†diZ) cvVvb n‡Zv, whwb †mUv ivRvi
wbKU †ck Ki‡Zb, GK LvZvq hv †jLv Av‡Q Zvi m‡½ wgwj‡q †`L‡Zb|
Zvici †mB wb‡`©k bvgvwU ivRvi Dcw¯’w Z‡Z A_ev Zvi †Kvb wek¦ ¯ Í¡
e¨vw³i Dcw¯’wZ‡Z wmj‡gvni Kiv nZ|
        
            
   
Abyev` t- Avj gv`v‡qbx, gvmjvgv web gynvwi‡ei my‡Î Avgvi wbKU eY©bv
K‡i‡Qb †h, whqv` web Avey mywdqvb wQ‡jb cÖ_g e¨vw³ whwb Avie‡`i
g‡a¨ cÖ_‡g cvim¨ evmx‡`i AbyKi‡Y wPwV c‡Îi LvZv iÿv Kiv Ges
wmj‡gvni Kivi e¨e¯’v MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb|
        
          
         
        
194 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨
         

Abyev` t-
gydvØØj Avj BqvkKzix Avgvi wbKU eY©bv K‡i‡Qb Be‡b Rvevb,
Bebyj gyKvddvi my‡Î e‡j‡Qb: cvi‡m¨i ivRv‡`i g‡a¨ GK ivRvi wQj
GKUv †Mvcbxq wmj‡gvni, GKUv †cÖixZ wel‡qi wmj‡gvni, GKUv ¯’vqx
wel‡qi wmj‡gvni| G¸wji `vqx‡Z¡ _vK‡Zb LvZv c‡Îi AwaKvixK,
KLbI KLbI ivRvi †Kvb wewkó e¨w³i `vqx‡Z¡ _vK‡Zv †Mvcbxq I
†cÖixZ wel‡qi wmj‡gvni|
        
        
         
           
          
        
         
         
         
         
 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨ 195 196 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨

                  
                 
                   
           
Abyev` t-
Aveyj nvmvb Avj gv`v‡qbx, Be‡b Rvevb n‡Z, Bebyj gyKvddvi
        
my‡Î Avgv‡K e‡j‡Qb, A_©msµvšÍ †h mg¯Í KvMR cÎvw` ivRvi mvg‡b 
cvV Kiv nZ| †m¸wj ZLb mv`v KvM‡P †jLv nZ| ivR¯^ Av`vqKvix Abyev` t-
cÖ‡Z¨K eQi ivRvi wbK‡U ivR¯^ mswkøó KvMR cÎ wb‡q Avm‡Zb hv‡Z Aveyj nvmvb e‡j‡Qb t K‡qKRb weÁ wjwcKvi Avgv‡K e‡j‡Qb
_vKZ †gvU ivR¯^i wnmve, hv wZwb msMÖn Ki‡Zb wewfbœ LvZ n‡Z, hv †h, wmwiqvi LvZv cÎ wQj KvM‡R wjwLZ; evby DgvBqvi ivRv‡`i
wZwb LiP Ki‡Zb Ges hv evqZz j gv‡j (miKvix ab fvÛv‡i) Rgv A_©msµvšÍ I Ab¨vb¨ bw_cÎI Abyiƒcfv‡e KvM‡R wjwLZ| hLb Avwgiæj
_vKZ| Zvi ci ivRv Zv‡Z wmj‡gvni Ki‡Zb Ges Zv Aby ‡ gv`b †gv‡gbxb Avj-gvbmy i kvlb ÿgZvq G‡mwQ‡jb, wZwb Zvi gš¿ x Avey
Ki‡Zb| hLb †Kmiv web ûigy R cvi‡fR ÿgZvq G‡jb, H KvMR AvBDe Avj-gyiBqvbx‡K Av‡`k w`‡qwQ‡j, A_©msµvšÍ I Ab¨vb¨ wel‡qi
¸‡jvi M‡Ü wZwb Kó Abyfe K‡iwQ‡jb d‡j wZwb ivR¯^ welqK LvZv weeiYx †hb KvM‡R wjLv nq Ges Zv‡K njy` i‡½ iwÄZ Kiv nq| H
c‡Îi AwaKvixK †K Av‡`k w`‡qwQ‡jb, Rvdivb iwÄZ I †Mvjvc cvwb Av‡`k Abyhvqx KvR Pj‡Z _vK‡jv|
wQUv‡bv e¨ZxZ †Kvb KvMR cÎ †hb Zvi wbKU cvV Kiv bv nq, Ges A_©
msµvšÍ ev Ab¨vb¨ we‡qi †Kvb KvMR cÎ hv Zvi wbKU Dc¯’vwcZ Kiv
n‡e Zv †hb njy` i‡Oi KvMR e¨ZxZ Ab¨ KvM‡R bv †jLv nq, Zvici
†_‡K wZwb ZvB Ki‡Zb| Zvici hLb ¯^v‡jn web Avãyi ingvb Biv‡Ki
ivR¯^ Av`v‡qi `vqxZ¡ cÖvß n‡qwQ‡jb, Bebyj gyKvddv Zvi wbKU n‡Z
`vRjv GjvKvi (LvRbv Av`v‡qi) `wqxZ¡ MÖ n b K‡i wQ‡jb, hv‡K
†enKzevRI ejv nZ| wZwb A_© Av`vq K‡i, njy` i‡Oi GKUv Pvgivq Zvi
weeiY wj‡L cvwV‡qwQ‡jb| ¯^v‡jn Zv †`‡L †n‡mwQ‡jb Ges e‡jwQ‡jb,
Avwg GB fv‡e Qvov (Ab¨fv‡e) Avgvi wbKU Zv Avbv AcQ›` Kwi|
cvim¨ evmxi ixwZbxwZ m¤ú‡K© Ávb _vKvi Rb¨ GB K_v e‡jwQ‡jb|
 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨ 197

Acivax
    
(`vgAvZzb Iqv BewZmvgvZzb ÒAkÖæ I nvwmÓ †_‡K M„nxZ)
  
Ryeivb Lvwjj Ryeivb
        
         
       

Abyev` t-
iv¯Ívi cv‡k¦© GKUv hyeK wfÿv †P‡q e‡mwQj| †m wQj GK Kg©V
hyeK Zv‡K ÿz`v `ye©j K‡i w`‡qwQj| myZivs †m iv¯Ívi GK †gv‡o e‡m
`vb`vZv c_Pvix‡`i w`‡K mvnv‡h¨i Rb¨ nvZ cÖ mvwiZ K‡iwQj| †m
`ye©jZvi K_v evi evi D”PviY KiwQj| ÿzavi K‡ói Awf‡hvM Rvwb‡q|
            
         
        
198 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨
          
        
        
          
         
         
     
Abyev` t-
ivwÎ AÜKvi n‡q wM‡qwQj, Zvi †VvU I gy L gÛj my ¯ ‹
n‡qwM‡qwQj, †c‡Ui gZB nvZUv k~b¨ iBj| ZLb †m D‡V `vovj Ges
kn‡ii evB‡i P‡j wM‡q e„ÿmgy‡ni wb‡P emj Ges wflb fv‡e †Ku‡`
DVj| AZtci Zvi Pÿz `ywU AvKv‡ki w`‡K Dˇjvb Kij, AkÖæ Zvi †PvL
`ywUi m‡½ cÖZviY Kij| †m ejj GgZve¯’vq †h, ÿzav Zv‡K wcovwco
K‡iwQj, †n Avjøvn Avwg abx‡`i wbKU wM‡q KvR Ki‡Z †P‡qwQ, wKš‘
Avgvi Rxb© e‡¯¿i Rb¨ Avgv‡K Zvwo‡q w`‡q‡Q| Avwg we`¨vj‡qi `R©vi
Kovbvov w`‡qwQ, wKš‘ k~b¨ nv‡Zi Rb¨ Avgv‡K evav w`‡q‡Q, Avwg KvR
Ki‡Z †P‡qwQ hw`I Zv w`‡bi h‡_óvq (†cUy fvZ) wKš‘ Avgvi
fvM¨nxbZvi Kvi‡Y Avg‡K `y‡i mwi‡q †`Iqv n‡q‡Q, Ae‡k‡l Avwg wfÿv
PvB‡Z †Póv K‡iwQ| †n Avjøvn †Zvgvi ev›`viv Avgv‡K †`‡L ejj, GUvZ
GK Kg©V hyeK Ges Kg©V I Ajm‡K AbyMÖn Kiv ‰ea bq| A_P Avgvi gv
†Zvgvi B”Qv‡ZB Avgv‡K Rb¥ w`‡q‡Q, Avwg GLb †Zvgvi Aw¯Í‡Z¡i Dci
fimv Kwi| gvbyl †Kb Avg‡K iæwU w`‡Z wb‡la Ki‡Q, A_P Avwg †Zvgvi
bv‡gi kc_ w`‡qB †P‡qwQjvg|
 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨ 199 200 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨

        
        
         
        
        
 
Abyev` t-
†mB mgq nZvkvq †jvKwUi †Pniv cwieZ©b n‡q wM‡qwQj, †m
†mvRv n‡q `vovj, ZLb Zvi †PvL `yUv bÿ‡Îi gZ D¾j n‡q D‡VwQj|
Zvici †m GKUv ïK‡bv †gvUv Mv‡Qi Wvj fv½j Ges kn‡ii w`‡K Bkvi
K‡i wPrKvi K‡i ejj t Avwg Kcv‡ji Nv‡gi wewbg‡q Rxeb (euvPv‡Z)
†P‡qwQjvg, Avwg Zv cvBwb, GLb Avwg †mUv‡K Avgvi cÖ‡Póvi kw³ w`‡q
AR©i Kie| Avwg fv‡jvevmi bv‡g (kc_) w`‡q iæwU †P‡qwQjvg, †KvbI
gvbyl Avgvi K_v ‡kv‡bwb| (Lvivc) `yó fv‡e †mUv‡K AR©b Kie Ges Zv
‡_‡K ab-m¤ú‡`i cwigvb e„w× Kie|
      
    
Abyev` t-
mgq AwZ evwnZ nIqvi mv‡_ mv‡_ †mB hyeK m¤ú` mÂv‡qi
j‡ÿ¨ nZ¨vKvÛ, WvKvwZ I ivnRvbxi c_ Aby¯^iY Ki‡Z Aviv¤¢ K‡i|
hw` †KD Zvi D”Pvkv c~Y© Kivi c‡_ evav †`Iqvi †Póv Ki‡Zv, Z‡e †m
Zv‡KI nZ¨v K‡i w`Z| Gfv‡e †m hyeK A‡bK abm¤ú` AR©‡b mÿg nq
Ges Zvi kw³ I AZ¨vPv‡ii PP©v PZzw`©‡K Qwo‡q c‡o| Gfv‡e †m wb‡Ri
mnKgx© I †Pvi m¤úª`v‡qi wbKU RbwcÖq n‡q I‡V Ges RbM‡Yi wbKU
RbwcÖq n‡q I‡V Ges RbM‡bi wbKU f‡qi cvÎ n‡q D‡V| myZivs Zvi
GB ab m¤ú` I wg_¨v Ae¯’v‡bi Rb¨ kvmK (Avwgi) Zv‡K ‡mB kn‡ii
Zvi cÖwZwbwa wb‡qvM K‡ib| Avi GUvB n‡”Q eyw×nxb kvmK‡`i (Avwgi)
cÖwZwbwa wbe©vP‡bi cÖwµqv|
GB fv‡e ¯^v_©ciZv GK `wi`ª‡K nZ¨vKvix‡Z cwiYZ K‡i †`q|
Ges K‡VviZv GKRb kvwšÍKvgx e¨w³‡K Lybx (nZ¨vKvix) †Z cwiYZ K‡i
†`q|

        

        
         
          

 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨ 201
Bs‡iRx Abyev`
Criminal
By Jurban Khalil Jurban
A young man of strong body, weakened by
hunger, sat on the walker's portion of the street stretching
his hand toward all who passed, begging and repeating
his hand toward all who passed, begging and repeating
the sad song of his defeat in life, while suffering from
hunger and from humiliation.
When night came, his lips and tongue were
parched, while his hand was still as empty as him
stomach.
He gathered himself and went out from the city,
where he sat under a tree and wept bitterly, Then he lifted
his puzzled eyes to heaven while hunger was eating his
inside, and he said, "oh Lord, I went to the rich man and
asked for employment, but he turned me away beacause
of my Shabbiness; I knocked at the School door, But was
forbiden solace beacuse I was empty-handed; I sought
any occupation that would give me bread, but all to no
avail. In despretion I asked alms. but The workshippers
saw me and said "He is strong and lazy, and he should
not beg."
"oh Lord, it is Thy will that my mother gave birth
202 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨
unto me, and now the earth offers me back to you before
the Ending."
His expression then changed. He arose and his
eyes now glittered in determination. He fashioned a thick
and heavy stick from the branch of the tree, and pointed it
toward the city, shouting, "I asked for bread will all the
strength of my voice, and was refused. Now I shall obtain
it by the strength of my muscles! I asked for bread in the
name of mercy and love, but humanity did not heed. I
shall take it now in the name of evil"
The passing years rendered the youth a robber,
killer and destroyer of souls; he crushed all who opposed
him; he amassed fabulous wealth with which he won
himshlf over to those in power. He was admired by
colleagues, envied by other thieves, and feared by the
multitudes.
His riches and false position prevailed upon the
Emir to oppoint him deputy in that city the said process
pursued by unwise governors.
Thus does the first touch of humanity's selfishness
make criminals of the humble, and make killers of the
sons of peace; thus does the early greed of humanity grow
and strike back at humanity a thousand fold!
 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨ 203
Translation of Text, 1 out of 3 1x10=10
Suggestion
Question t- Translation of the Following into Bengali /
English.
         
        
           
        
           
         
        
   
Abyev` t- hLb KcU e¨w³Mb Avcbvi wbK‡U Av‡m , ZLb Zviv e‡j,
Avgiv mvÿ w`w”Q †h, wbðB Avcwb Avjøvni †cÖixZ cyiæl| Zviv mvÿ¨
w`evi B”Qv K‡i Ges H wel‡q Zv‡`i AšÍtKiY mgyn Zv‡`i imbv mgy‡ni
AbyMZ¨ K‡i; Avjøvn Rv‡bb ‡h, Avcwb wbðB Zvi †cÖixZ cyiæl; Gi A_©
Avjøvn Rv‡bb ÒwbðB Avcwb Avjøvni imyjÓ Zv‡`i GB Dw³wU h_v_© Ges
Avjøvn mvÿ¨ w`‡”Qb †h, KcU e¨w³iv Aek¨B wg_¨vev`x Zv‡`i AbyM‡Z¨i
`vwe‡Z, A_ev Zviv GB e¨vcv‡i wg_¨vev`x GB Kvi‡b, hLb Zviv AvbyMZ¨
n‡Z m‡i hvq, ZLb cÖK…Z c‡ÿ †mUv mvÿ¨ nq bv| Kv‡RB cÖK…Z c‡ÿ
Zv‡K mvÿ¨ bvg †`Iqv‡ZB Zviv wg_¨vev`x, A_ev Zviv wb‡R‡`i Kv‡RB
204 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨
wg_¨vev`x (e‡j cÖwZcbœ) Kvib Zviv fvj fv‡e wek¦vm KiZ †h; wbðq
Avcwb Avjøvni ivmyjÔÔZv‡`i GB Dw³wU wg_¨v|
Question t- Translation of the Following into Bengali /
English.
         
      
       
       
   
        
         
       
       

Abyev` t- hLb Zv‡`i‡K ejv nq †Zvgiv (Gw`‡K) G‡mv Avjøvni ivmyj
†Zvgv‡`i Rb¨ ÿgv cÖv_©bv Ki‡eb| ZLb Zviv Zv‡`i gv_v Nywi‡q †bq|
(Gi A_©) Zviv gv_v †ewK‡q †bq Ges H K_vi we‡ivwaZv K‡i, Me© f‡i
Zv‡`i gv_v †nwj‡q _v‡K| bv‡dA K¡vix (  ) kãwU‡K nvjKv A_©vr
(  ) c‡o‡Qb| Avcwb Zv‡`i‡K †`L‡Z cv‡eb Zviv wd‡i hvq A_©vr `¤¢
f‡i `y‡i m‡i hvq, gvd PvIqv I ÿgv cÖv_©bv Kiv †_‡K| nv`x‡m ewY©Z
Av‡Q †h, ivmy j y j ø v n hLb gy m ZvwjK †Mv‡Îi m‡½ Zv‡`i Rvjmvq
Avj-gvwim&A Gi wbKU hy‡× wjß n‡q, Zv‡`i weiæ‡× Avµgb cwiPvjbv
 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨ 205
K‡iwQ‡jb Ges Zv‡`i A‡bK‡K nZ¨v K‡i wQ‡jb, †mB mgq ÔIgvi (ivt)
Gi `vm Rvn&Rvn& Be‡b mvqx` I DevB Gi wgÎ †Mv‡Îi wmbvb Avj-Rynvwbœ
H Rvjmv‡qi Zx‡i DcbxZ n‡q ci¯úi gjø hy‡× wjß n‡q wQ‡jb, ZLb
Rvn&Rn& (mvn‡h¨i Rb¨) PxrKvi K‡i e‡j wQ‡jb †n gynvwRi Mb, Avi
wmbvb e‡j wQ‡jb †n Avbmvi Mb, Zvic gynvwRi e¨w³ e‡M©i g‡a¨ †RAvj
Rvn&Rn&‡K mvnvh¨ K‡i Ges wmbvb‡K Pv‡cUvNvZ K‡i|
Question t- Translation of the Following into Bengali /
English.
          
          
             
         
         
         
Abyev` t- nv¤§v` Avgv‡`i wbKU eY©bv K‡i‡Qb, AvmIqv` web kvqevb
Avg‡`i‡K e‡j‡Qb, Lv‡j` web myg‡qi Avg‡`i †K e‡j‡Qb: gvqvb web
hv‡q` bvgK GK e¨w³ ‡Ljvd‡Zi wmj‡gvni (AvswUi) bKkvi gZ bKkv
K‡i wb‡qwQj| ‡m Zv Øviv Dgv‡ii mgq Kzdvi ivR‡Z¡i A_© Av`vq K‡i
wb‡qwQj| hLb Dgvi Gi wbKU †mB msev` †cŠ‡QwQj, ZLb wZwb gywMiv
web ïÕev‡K wj‡LwQ‡jb: Avgvi wbKU msev` †cŠ‡Q‡Q †h, gvqvb web hvq`
bvgK GK e¨w³ †Ljvd‡Zi AvswUi bKkv Rvj K‡i‡Q, †m Zv Øviv Kydvi
ivR‡¯^i A_© Av`vq K‡i‡Q; hLb Avgvi GB cÎ ‡Zvgvi wbKU †cŠQv‡e
ZLb Zvi m¤ú‡K© (cÖ`Ë) Avgvi Av‡`k Kvh©Ki Ki‡e Ges Avgvi `~‡Zi
206 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨
K_v gvb‡e| Zvici (†mB cÎ jvf K‡i) gywMiv hLb Av¯^‡ii bvgvR
mgvß K‡iwQ‡jb Ges †jv‡Kiv Zv‡`i emvi ¯’v ‡bB e‡mwQ‡jb, wZwb
Igv‡ii `~Z‡K wb‡q ‡ewi‡q c‡owQ‡jb|
Question t- Translation of the Following into Bengali /
English.
       
   
         
         
            
           
          
          
          
           
           
Abyev` t-
Avey †nvivqiv n‡Z eY©xZ, Avjøvni ivmyj e‡j‡Qb †h GKUv e¨w³
fxlb Z…òvZ© Ae¯’vq iv¯Ív w`‡q hvw”Qj, †m GKUv Kzu‡qv †`L‡Z †c‡qwQj,
†m †mLv‡b AeZiY K‡iwQj, †m cvwb cvb K‡i †ewi‡q wM‡qwQj| †mLv‡b
GKUv KzKzi Z…òvq nuvcvw”Qj; wccvkvq Kuv`vgvwU Lvw”Qj| ZLb †jvKwU
 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨ 207
e‡jwQj GB KzKziUv‡K Avgi gZ Z…òv †c‡q‡Q| †m Kz‡qvq AeZiY Kij,
Zvi Pzjøy f‡i wbj Ges Zvi gy‡Li mvg‡b aij, d‡j KzKziUv cwiZ…wß
n‡jv, Zvi Rb¨ Avjøvni K…ZÁZv cÖKvk Ki‡jv, d‡j Zv‡K ÿgv K‡i
†`Iqv n‡jv|
Question t- Translation of the Following into Bengali /
English.
   
      
       
          
         
         
      
Abyev` t- Be‡b AveŸvm (ivt) †_‡K ewY©Z| wZwb e‡jb, GKevi bex (mt)
gw`bvi †Kvb evMv‡bi evB‡i †M‡jb| ZLb wZwb Ggb `yBRb †jv‡Ki
AvIqvR ïb‡jb, hv‡`i Ke‡i Avhve †`Iqv nw”Qj| wZwb ej‡jb- GB
`yRb‡K Avhve †`Iqv n‡”Q| Z‡e †ekx ¸bv‡ni `iæb Avhve †`Iqv n‡”Q
bv| Avi Zv nj Kvweiv ¸bvn| G‡`i GKRb †ckv‡ei mgq mZi XvK‡Zv
bv| Avi Aci Rb †PvMj‡Lvix K‡i †eovZ| Zvici wZwb GKUv KuvPv Wvj
Avwb‡q Zv †f‡½ `y-UzK‡iv K‡i, G Ke‡i GK UzK‡iv Avi H Ke‡i GK
UzK‡iv †M‡o w`‡jb Ges ej‡jb- G `ywU hZÿY ch©šÍ bv ïKv‡e ZZÿY
ch©šÍ Zv‡`i Avhve nvjKv K‡i †`Iqv n‡e|
208 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨
Question t- Translation of the Following into Bengali /
English.
         

         
             

Aby e v` t- Avey ‡nvivqiv n‡Z ewY© Z , wZwb e‡j‡Qb †h, GK e¨w³
ivm~jyjøvni wbKU G‡m ej‡jbt †n Avjøvni ivmyj! gvby‡li g‡a¨ Avgvi
mبenvi cvIqvi †hvM¨Zg e¨w³‡K? wZwb ej‡jb, †Zvgvi gvZv, †m ejø
Zvici †K? wZwb ej‡jb †Zvgvi gvZv, †m ejj Zvi ci †K? wZwb
ej‡jb †Zvgvi gvZv, †m ejj Zvi ci †K? wZwb ej‡jb †Zvgvi wcZv|
Question t- Translation of the Following into Bengali /
English.
            
         
        
          
        
        
 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨ 209
          
         
         
     
Abyev` t-
ivwÎ AÜKvi n‡q wM‡qwQj, Zvi †VvU I gy L gÛj my ¯ ‹
n‡qwM‡qwQj, †c‡Ui gZB nvZUv k~b¨ iBj| ZLb †m D‡V `vovj Ges
kn‡ii evB‡i P‡j wM‡q e„ÿmgy‡ni wb‡P emj Ges wflb fv‡e †Ku‡`
DVj| AZtci Zvi Pÿz `ywU AvKv‡ki w`‡K Dˇjvb Kij, AkÖæ Zvi †PvL
`ywUi m‡½ cÖZviY Kij| †m ejj GgZve¯’vq †h, ÿzav Zv‡K wcovwco
K‡iwQj, †n Avjøvn Avwg abx‡`i wbKU wM‡q KvR Ki‡Z †P‡qwQ, wKš‘
Avgvi Rxb© e‡¯¿i Rb¨ Avgv‡K Zvwo‡q w`‡q‡Q| Avwg we`¨vj‡qi `R©vi
Kovbvov w`‡qwQ, wKš‘ k~b¨ nv‡Zi Rb¨ Avgv‡K evav w`‡q‡Q, Avwg KvR
Ki‡Z †P‡qwQ hw`I Zv w`‡bi h‡_óvq (†cUy fvZ) wKš‘ Avgvi
fvM¨nxbZvi Kvi‡Y Avg‡K `y‡i mwi‡q †`Iqv n‡q‡Q, Ae‡k‡l Avwg wfÿv
PvB‡Z †Póv K‡iwQ| †n Avjøvn †Zvgvi ev›`viv Avgv‡K †`‡L ejj, GUvZ
GK Kg©V hyeK Ges Kg©V I Ajm‡K AbyMÖn Kiv ‰ea bq| A_P Avgvi gv
†Zvgvi B”Qv‡ZB Avgv‡K Rb¥ w`‡q‡Q, Avwg GLb †Zvgvi Aw¯Í‡Z¡i Dci
fimv Kwi| gvbyl †Kb Avg‡K iæwU w`‡Z wb‡la Ki‡Q, A_P Avwg †Zvgvi
bv‡gi kc_ w`‡qB †P‡qwQjvg|
210 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨
Explanation of Text, 1 out of 3 1x10=10
Suggestion
Question :- Explain the Text with reference.
                  
DËi t-
Drmt-
DׄZ AskwU weL¨vZ mwnwZ¨K    (Avngv`
web BqvnBqv Avj evjvRyix)-i iwPZ   MÖ‡š’i AšÍM©Z 
 bvgK kxl©K n‡Z M„nxZ n‡q‡Q|
Abyev` t-
†h e¨w³ wg_¨v K_v e‡j, Zvi kvw¯Í n‡”Q Zvi Mv‡q †eÎvNvZ
Kiv| Zvi GB gZvgZ MÖnb K‡i nRiZ Igi (ivt) gvÕAvb web Rv‡q`‡K
cÖPzi †eÎvNvZ K‡ib|
cÖm½ t-
nRiZ Igi (ivt)gvÕAvb web Rv‡q`vi kvw¯Í wKiƒc nIqv DwPr,
†mB wel‡q nRiZ Avjx (ivt) Gi gZvgZ Rvb‡Z PvB‡j, nRiZ Avjx
(ivt) D³ K_v¸wj e‡jwQ‡jb|
e¨vL¨v t-
gvÕAvb web Rvq`v bvgK GK e¨w³ †Ljvd‡Zi AvswU bKj K‡i
Kzdvi ivR¯^ Av`vq K‡iwQj, nRiZ Igvi (ivt) Gi Kv‡Q Zvi Lei
†cŠuQv‡j, wZwb Kzdvi kvmbKZuvi wbKU cÎ mn GKRb `~Z cvwV‡q Zv‡K
†MÖ dZvi Kivi e¨e¯’ v K‡i wQ‡jb Ges Zv‡K e›`x Ki‡Z e‡jwQ‡jb|
Kzdvi kvmbKZ©v Zv‡K e›`x Ki‡j, †m nRiZ Ig‡ii D‡Ï‡k¨ iv‡Î †Rj
n‡Z †ewi‡q c‡owQj| nRiZ Igi (ivt) hLb dR‡ii bvgv‡Ri Rb¨
mKj‡K RvMvw”Q‡jb, ZLb †m nRiZ Ig‡ii Kv‡Q wM‡q AvZ¥mgc©Y
K‡i, bvgvh †k‡l nRiZ Igi (ivt) gymvjø x ‡`i m¤§y ‡ L gvÔAvb web
 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨ 211
Rv‡q`v‡K Dcw¯’Z K‡i, Zvi kvw¯Í m¤ú‡K© gZvgZ Rvb‡Z PvB‡jb| †m
mgq GK KvRx e‡jwQ‡jb Zvi nvZ †K‡U †`Iqv †nvK, GKRb e‡jwQ‡jb
Zv‡K k~‡j †`Iqv †nvK, me© †k‡l nRiZ Igi (ivt) nRiZ Avjx (ivt)
Gi gZvgZ Rvb‡Z PvB‡j, wZwb e‡jwQ‡jb- †h e¨w³ wg_¨v K_v e‡j, Zvi
kvw¯Í n‡”Q Zvi Mv‡q †eÎvNvZ Kiv| Zvi GB gZvgZ MÖnY K‡i nRiZ
Igi (ivt) gvÔAvb web Rv‡q`v‡K cÖPzi †eÎvNvZ K‡iwQ‡jb| Ae‡k‡l
gvÔAvb web Rv‡q`v‡K cÖwZÁv Kwi‡q wb‡q †Q‡o w`†qwQ‡jb|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, nRiZ Avjx (ivt) gvÔ Avb web Rv‡q`vi
e¨vcv‡i †h wm×všÍ w`‡qwQ‡jb, Zv AvR ch©šÍ gymwjg iv‡óª we‡kl K‡i
BmjAgx iv‡óª weavb iƒ‡c M„nxZ n‡q‡Q|
Question :- Explain the Text with reference.
               
DËi t-
Drm t-
D×…Z AskwU   Gi †jLv weL¨vZ Zvdmxi MÖš’
    Gi       †_‡K M„nxZ|
e¨vL¨vt-
gnvb Avjøv n gvbyl ‡K Zvi wLjvdr Gi `vwqZ¡ w`‡q c„ w_ex‡Z
cvwV‡q‡Qb| †mB †Ljvdr cÖ wZôvi †ÿ‡Î hveZxq eu vav I mgm¨vwb‡q
cÖZ¨ÿ I c‡ivÿ fv‡e `„p Kivi I e¨e¯’v K‡i‡Qb| D×Z As‡k Bmjvg
cÖPv‡i euvav cÖ`vbKvix gybvwdK Z_v KcU AvPiY Kvix‡`i gy‡Lvk Ly‡j
w`‡q †mBiKg GK evuav `yi K‡i‡Qb| gybvwdKiv †h wg_¨v kc_ †bq Ges
†mUv‡K Xvj wnmv‡e e¨envi K‡i †mB welqUv GLv‡b Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q|
bex (mt) Gi hy‡M GK`j Bmjv‡gi kÎæ Avãyjøvn web DevB Gi †bZ…‡Z¡
†Mvc‡b Bmjvg we‡ivaxZv Ki‡Zv Ges Bmjvg cÖPvi I cÖmv‡i evav m„wó
212 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨
Ki‡Zv| Zv‡`i GB wµqvKjvc AZ¨šÍ wb›`bxq Ges Mwn©Z Aciva| GUv
Zviv wb‡RivB LyÎ fv‡jv K‡iB Rvb‡Zv Ges cwibvg m¤ú‡K© Zviv m‡PZb
wQj| GB Aciv‡ai kvw¯Í nZ¨v A_ev †`kvšÍi| GB Rb¨ Zviv wb‡Ri
Aciva‡K †Mvcb ivLv I Zv‡`i wek¦vm †hvM¨Zv‡K cÖvgvb¨ K‡i †Zvjvi
Rb¨ Zviv K_vq K_vq kc_ Gi e¨envi Ki‡Zv| Zv‡`i GB KvR AZ¨všÍ
RNb¨ GK_v ¯^qs-Avjøvn Zvqvjv e‡j‡Qb           |
Zv‡`i GB cÖeÂbv I †avKv‡K -   G D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb|
Avjøvni bex (mt) I gymwjg RbMY‡K m‡PZb K‡i w`‡q‡Qb| Zviv Kmg
I kc_‡K AvZ¥iÿvi Rb¨ Xvj wn‡m‡e e¨envi K‡i Ges ‡Mvc‡b Bmjvg
we‡ivwaZv Ki‡Z _v‡K, GK_v mvnvex‡`i Kv‡Q ¯úó n‡q hvq| GB fv‡e
gnvb m„wóKZ©v gybvwdK Z_v KcU AvPibKvix‡`i ¯^v_©ciZv GB Avqv‡Zi
gva¨‡g D‡b¥vPb K‡i w`‡q‡Qb|
Question :- Explain the Text with reference.
         
DËi t-
Drm t-
DׄZ AvqvZwU Zvdmxi kv¯¿we` Avjøvgv Avãyjøvn web Avngv`
web gvngy` Avb bvmvdx iwPZ weL¨vZ Zvdmxi gv`v‡iKzZ ZvbRxj I
nvKv‡qKzZ Zvexj (     ) MÖ‡š’i AšÍM©Z 
 †_‡K M„n©xZ|
Abyev` t-
‡Kvb M‡Ûv‡Mvj, †Pu Pv‡gwP ïb‡j Zviv g‡b K‡i ‡mUv Zv‡`i
weiæ‡× hv‡”Q|
cÖm½ t-
gybvwdK‡`i evwn¨K iƒc Ges ev¯Íe cwiw¯’wZ m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv
 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨
Ki‡Z wM‡q Avjøvn e‡j‡Qb           |
e¨vL¨v t-
D³ Avqv‡Z †gvbv‡dK‡`i m¤ú‡K© ejv n‡q‡Q| gyb vwdK‡`i
‡bZv Avãyjøvn Be‡b DevB Gi kvixwiK iƒc, AvKvi I my›`‡h©i AwaKvix
GZUvB wQj †h, mn‡RB gvbyl Zvi cÖwZ AvK…ó n‡Zv| Zvi evK¨vjvc GZB
wai I kvšÍ wQj †h, †jv‡K g‡bv‡hvM w`‡q Zvi K_v ïbZ| †m hLb
gymjgvb‡`i Kv‡Q _vKZ †m Bmjv‡gi K_v ejZ Ges Kv‡di ‡`i Kv‡Q
wM‡q Bmjv‡gi weiæ‡× K_v ejZ| GB †gvbwdKZvi Kvi‡Y †m g‡bi w`K
w`‡q †Kvb w`b kvwšÍ‡Z _vK‡Z cv‡iwb| KviY-hviv Ab¨vq K‡i Zviv fv‡e
Avgv‡`i weiæ‡× wbðqB Ab¨v‡qi cÖwZev` n‡e|
†Kvb RvqMvq nƇMvj ev †PuPv‡gwP Zv‡`i weiæ‡× n‡”Q| GB
ev‡K¨i cwic~Y© A_© n‡jv cÖwZwU wPrKvi Zv‡`i weiæ‡× msNwUZ I Zv‡`i
fxiæZv I Avk¼vi Rb¨ Zv ÿwZKi e‡j g‡b nq| A_© v r hLb
†mbvevwnbxi ‡Kvb AvnŸvbKvix AvnŸvb K‡i A_ev †Kvb cï cjvqb K‡i
ev c_åó n‡q c‡o, ZLb Zviv †mUv‡K Zv‡`i Dci cwZZ e‡j MY¨
K‡i| GLv‡b Avjø vn e‡jb, ZvivB kÎæZvi e¨vcv‡i cwic~ Y ©, †Kbbv
me©v‡cÿv e„nr kÎæ n‡jv †Mvcb kÎæ †h †Zvgvi m‡½ `uvZ †ei K‡i nv‡m
Ges Zvi cvu R ‡ii wb‡P _v‡K gvivZ¥K GKUv e¨vwa| Zv‡`i m¤ú‡K©
mZK©Zv Aej¤^b Kivi ev Zv‡`i evwn¨KZvi Øviv †auvKvq bv covi wel‡q
mZK© _vK‡Z n‡e| Gfv‡e Avjøvgv bvmvdx GLv‡b †gvbv‡dK‡`i ev¯Íe
¯^fve I Zv‡`i Amvi K_v I cwiYvg m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvKcvZ K‡i‡Qb| Ges
†gvbv‡dKiv KZ fqs¼i I gvivZ¥K KvR KiZ, Zv m¤ú‡K© mZK© Zv
Aej¤^b Ki‡Z e‡j‡Qb|
Question :- Explain the Text with reference.
            
Drm t-
213 214 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨
Dׄ„Z AvqvZwU weL¨vZ Zvdmxi kv¯¿we` Avjøvgv Aveyj evivKvZ
Avbbvmvdxi () iwPZ Zvdmxi (   
) kxl©K MÖ‡š’i AšÍM©Z   †_‡K M„nxZ|
e¨vL¨v t-
Av‡jvP¨ As‡k gnvb Avjøvn gybvwdK Z_v KcU AvPviY Kvix‡`i
wg_¨v I Bmjvg we‡ivwaZvi KviY e¨vL¨v K‡i e‡jb †h, Zv‡`i Gme
Kz K xwË© i wcQ‡b †h KviYwU Av‡Q †mUv, †h Zviv cÖ _ wgKfv‡e Bgvb
Avb‡jI cieZ©x Kv‡j Kzdix‡Z wbgw¾Z nq|
be Bmjvg‡K iÿv Kivi Rb¨ bex (mt) g`xbvq wnRiZ Ki‡Z
eva¨ n‡qwQ‡jb| g`xbvq Avmvi ci †Kviv‡qk‡`i we‡ivwaZv †_‡K gy³
n‡jI gymwjgMY bZzb GK mgm¨vi m¤§yLxb nb| †mUv nj wbdvK Z_v
KcU AvPiY| g`xbvi wKQz bvgavix gy mwjg hviv †gŠwLKfv‡e Bgvb
G‡bwQj wKš‘ †Mvc‡b Zviv bex (mt) I Bmjvg m¤ú‡K© wewfbœ weiæc
gšÍe¨, Kzrmv I we‡ivwaZv Ki‡Z _v‡K| G‡`i ‡bZv wQj weL¨vZ LvRivR
†bZv Avãyjøvn web DevB| Zviv wewfbœ kvw¯Íi nvZ †_‡K iÿv cvIqvi Rb¨
†gŠwLKfv‡e Bmjvg MÖnY K‡i ÔBgvb`viÕ Gi Awfbq Ki‡Z _v‡K| LuvwU
Ges `ye©j Bgvb gymwjg‡`i †K wewfbœ m‡›`n m„w÷i gva¨‡g weåvwšÍi g‡a¨
†d‡j w`Z, hv‡Z Zviv Bmjv‡gi mwVK iv¯Ív †_‡K `y‡i m‡i hvq| KL‡bv
e¨v‡½i gva¨‡g, Avevi KL‡bv N„bv m„w÷ K‡i Zv‡`i GB KzgZje nvwmj
Kivi †P÷v Ki‡Zv| GB KzKxwË© m¤ú‡K© bex (mt) I mvnvexMY AeMZ
wQ‡jb bv| myiv gybv‡dKzb G K‡qKwU AvqvZ AeZxY© K‡i Zv‡`i ¯^iƒc
D`NvUb Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges Av‡jvP¨ Avqv‡Zi gva¨‡g Zv‡`i GB AcK‡g©i
KviYwUI ¯ú÷ K‡i †`Iqv n‡q‡Q †h, Zviv †gŠwLK fv‡e Bgvb G‡bwQj,
Kv‡jgv‡q kvnv`vZ cvV K‡iwQj| Bgvb`vi e¨w³‡`i gZ Zviv evwn¨Kfv‡e
Bmjv‡gi ixwZbxwZ †g‡bI Pj‡Zv| wKš‘ Zv‡`i GB †MvcbxqZv Ges
Awfbq †ewkw`b †Mvcb _v‡Kwb| Zv‡`i wewfbœ gšÍ‡e¨i gva¨‡g Zv‡`i
¯^iæc cÖKvk cvq| D`vniY ¯^iæc, Zviv ej‡Zv- Ògynv¤§v` hv wKQz e‡jb,
 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨ 215 216 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨

Zv hw` mwZ¨B nq, Zvn‡j Avgiv mevB wK MvavÓ! iƒc, AvKvi, †mv›`h©, Avfv-cÖfv, ivm~jyjøv‡ni wbKU g‡bvig g‡b n‡Zv
Gfv‡eB Avjøvgv bvmvdx (it) GLv‡b gybvwdK‡`i ev¯Íe ¯^fve, Ges Zviv hLb evK¨vjvc KiZ, Zv‡`i K_v LyeB AvKl©Yxq, myweb¨¯Í I
Zv‡`i Amvi K_v I Zv‡`i cwibvg m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvKcvZ K‡i‡Qb| Aj¼vi c~Y© n‡Zv, hv kÖeY Ki‡Z bex (mt) Gi fv‡jv jvM‡Zv| A_P
Hme †jv‡Ki Af¨šÍixY Ae¯’v LyeB mvi k~Y¨ Cgvb I Aj¼vi k~b¨ wbi_©K
Question :- Explain the Text with reference. Kv‡Vi b¨vq| †Kvb GKwU Kvó LÛ‡K hw` †`Iqv‡ji Mv‡q ‡KejgvÎ †Vm

                    w`‡q ev †VwK‡q ivLv nq, Zvn‡j Zvi Øviv †Kvi cÖKvi DcKvi mvwaZ nq
bv, Zv †eKvi| wVK †gvbv‡dK e¨w³ I AbycKvi I AšÍmvi k~b¨ †`n gvÎ,
  hvi g‡a¨ Bgvb I AvKx`v wek¦v‡mi Av‡jv †bB|
DËi t- Gfv‡eB Avjøvgv bvmvdx (it) GLv‡b gybvwdK‡`i ev¯Íe ¯^fve,
Drm t- Zv‡`i Amvi K_v I Zv‡`i cwibvg m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvKcvZ K‡i‡Qb|

Dׄ„Z AvqvZwU weL¨vZ Zvdmxi kv¯¿we` Avjøvgv Aveyj evivKvZ

Question :- Explain the Text with reference.
Avbbvmvdxi (  ) iwPZ Zvdmxi (    
  ) MÖ‡š’i AšÍM©Z   †_‡K M„nxZ|                 
Drm t-
A_© t-
Ò‡n bex hLb Avcwb Zv‡`i‡K †`L‡eb ZLb Zv‡`i kixi-Kvqv Dׄ„Z AvqvZwU weL¨vZ Zvdmxi kv¯¿we` Avjøvgv Aveyj evivKvZ
Avcbvi g‡bvig g‡b n‡e| Ges Zviv hw` K_v e‡j, Zv‡`i evK¨vjvc Avbbvmvdxi (  ) iwPZ Zvdmxi (   
Avcbvi wbKU kÖeY‡hvM¨ nq, e¯‘Zt c‡ÿ Zviv †hb cÖvwP‡i †Vm jvMv‡bv    ) MÖ‡š’i AšÍM©Z   †_‡K M„nxZ|
wKQz Kvô LÛÓ| A_© t- Ò‡n ‡gvnv¤§v` (mt) gybvwdK‡`i Rb¨ Avcbvi ÿgv cÖv_©bv Kiv
cÖm½ t- Avi Zv bv Kiv Dfq Kvh©B mgvbÓ|
gybvwdK‡`i evwn¨K iæc Ges ev¯Íe cwiw¯’wZ m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv e¨vL¨v t-
Ki‡Z wM‡q Avjøvn Zvjv e‡j‡Qbt Avjøvni D³ evYxwUi e¨vL¨v n‡”Q GB- Avãyjøvn web DevB imyj
                    (mt) Gi m¤ú‡K© Acgvb m~PK K_v e‡jwQj AZtci Zv cÖKvk n‡q ‡M‡j
wg_¨v kc_ K‡i A¯^xKvi K‡iwQj| wKš‘ Avjøvn Zvqvjv cweÎ †Kviv‡bi
  AvqvZ bvwhj K‡i Zvi wg_¨vPvix nIqv mve¨v¯Í Ki‡jb| hLb Zvi
e¨vL¨v t- ïfvbya¨vqx e¨vw³iv ejj †q, †n Avãyjøvn Zzwg Avjøvni im~‡ji wbKU wM‡q
Avãyjøvn& web DevB ev †mB cÖKv‡ii gybvwdK †jv‡K‡`i kvixwiK AbyZvc cÖKvk Ki, Zvn‡j wZwb †Zvgvi Rb¨ Avjøvni wbKU †Zvgvi cvc
 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨
gvR©bvi cÖv_©bv Ki‡eb| ZLb †m D×Z n‡q ejj, †h Avwg A‡bK wKQz
‡g‡b wb‡qwQ wKš‘ GB K_vwU Avwg gvb‡Z cvie bv| AZtci Aí w`‡bi
g‡a¨B †m gviv †Mj| GB cÖm‡½ Avjøvn Zvqvjv bex (mt) †K e‡j‡Qb|
Avm‡j Avãyjøvn web DevB GKwU gybvwdK e¨vw³, Zvi wfZiwU Kzdix‡Z
cwic~Y©| †m hw`I †Zvgvi wbK‡U G‡m Ab¨vq wkKvi K‡i AbyZvc cÖKvk
KiZ, Z_vwcI †Zvgvi gvR©bv cÖv_©bv Kvh©Kvix nZ bv| ‡Kbbv †m GKRb
gy b vwdK e¨vw³ Avi GB cÖK v‡ii e¨vw³i Rb¨ †Zvgvi ‡Kvb my c vwik
Kvh©Kvix n‡e bv| AZGe Zvi ¯^v‡_© †Zvgvi ÿgv Kvgbv Kiv Avi bv Kiv
DfqB mgvb|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq ‡h, †gvdvm‡mi Avjø v gv bvmvdx D‡jø w LZ
AvqvZwUi e¨L¨vq Bmjvgx AvKx`v I ag© wek¦v‡mi ewntcÖKvk NwU‡q‡Qb|
Question :- Explain the Text with reference.
                        
Drm t-
D×… Z AskwU weL¨vZ mvwnwZ¨K Avngv` web BqvnBqv Avj
evjvRywi KZ©„K iwPZ (  ) ÒdzZzûj eyj`vbÓ MÖ‡š’i AšÍM©Z 
 ÔAvgiæj LvwZgÕ bvgK kxl©K n‡Z M„wnZ|
A_© t- Avwg †hb Zvi nv‡Zi myåZv‡K GLbI †`L‡Z cvw”Q| hv‡Z †jLv
wQj ‡gvnv¤§v` imyjyjøvn |
cÖm½ t-
nRiZ Avddvb web gymwjg (ivt) Avjøvni imy‡ji AvswUi eY©bv
w`‡Z wM‡q e‡jwQ‡jb-
                     
e¨vL¨v t-
Avddvb web gymwjg Avbvm web gv‡j‡Ki KvQ †_‡K ï‡b‡Qb
217 218 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨
nRiZ ‡gvnv¤§v` (mt) hLb †ivg m¤ª v ‡Ui wbKU Bmjv‡gi `vIqvZ
†`Iqvi D‡Ï‡k¨ cÎ wjL‡Z gbw¯’i Ki‡jb, ZLb Zv‡K ejv n‡qwQj,
Ò†iv‡gi m¤ªvU wmj †gvni wewnb cÎ c‡ob bvÓ| ‡mB mgq bex (mt) GwU
†iŠc¨ wbwg© Z wmj‡gvni ˆZwi K‡iwQ‡jb| †mB wmj‡gvni cÖ ‡ qvRb
Abymv‡i e¨envi Kiv nZ| wmj †gvniwU wQj GKwU AvswUi gZ †hwU wZwb
nv‡Z e¨envi Ki‡Zb| Zvi PvKwZwU nv‡Zi Zvjyi wfZ‡ii w`‡K _vKZ|
nRiZ †gvnv¤§v` (mt) e‡jwQ‡jb †h, Avgvi AvswUi g‡Zv K‡i ‡Zvgiv
†KD ˆZwi Ki‡e bv| †mB AvswUi Dc‡i ‡jLv wQj ‡gvnv¤§v` imyyjyjøvn|
GB AvswU cÖm‡½ Avddvb web gymwjg e‡jb-
                       
Avwg †hb Zvi nv‡Zi ïåZv‡K GLb I †`L‡Z cvw”Q| hv‡Z †jLv
wQj (  )| imyjyjøvni ci nRiZ AveyeKi (ivt) I Igi (ivt)
Zvi mvn‡h¨ mxj‡gvni jvMv‡Zb| Imgvb (ivt) wLjvd‡Zi ga¨eZx© mg‡q
Zuvi nvZ †_‡K AvswUwU Kzu‡qvi g‡a¨ c‡o hvq| †mB Kzu‡qvi mg¯Í cvwb
Zz‡j †d‡jI AvswUwU cvIqv hvq wb| d‡j Imgvb (ivt) Av‡iv GKwU
AvswU ˆZwi Ki‡jb| hvi Dc‡i wZb jvB‡b ‡jLv wQj ‡gvnv¤§v` imyyjvjøvn
|
Question :- Explain the Text with reference.
               
DËi t-
Drmt-
    Gi
Av‡jvP¨ AskwU weL¨vZ mvwnwZ¨K
iwPZ   MÖ‡š’i AšÍM©Z   bvgK kxl©K n‡Z M„nxZ|
e¨vL¨vt-
nRiZ bex Kixg (mt) hLb †ivg m¤ªv‡Ui (wniv wK¬qvm) wbKU
 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨
cÎ wjL‡Z gb¯’ K‡iwQ‡jb, ZLb Zv‡K ejv n‡qwQj †h-
        hvi A_© n‡”Q - wbðqB Zviv mxj‡gvni nxb
cÎ cvV K‡i bv| Zvici imyjyjøvn (mt) †iŠc¨ wbwg©Z GKwU mxj‡gvni
(AvswU) ˆZwi Ki‡jb| Ges Zvi Dci †Lv`vB Kiv n‡qwQj
 | H AvswUi PvKwZUv nv‡Zi Zvjyi w`‡K _vKZ| ivmyjyjøvn (mt)
e‡j‡Qb, †Zvgiv Avgvi AvswUi bKkvi g‡Zv †KD AvswU ˆZwi Ki‡e bv|
Zvici H AvswUi Øviv Avey eKi (ivt) mxj jvMv‡Zb| AZt ci
nhiZ Dgi (ivt), Zvici Dmgvb (ivt) mxj jvMv‡Zb| GKw`b nhiZ
Dmgv‡bi (ivt) Gi nvZ †_‡K AvswUwU Kzu‡qvi g‡a¨ c‡o hvq| Zvici
Kz u ‡qvi mg¯Í Rj wb®‹vlY Kiv nj, Z_vwcI Zv cvIqv †Mj bv| GB
NUbvwU nhiZ Dmgvb (ivt) Gi †Ljvd‡Zi ga¨eZ©x mg‡q N‡UwQj|
AZtci nRiZ Dmgvb (ivt) Av‡iv GKwU AvswU cÖ¯‘Z Ki‡jb Ges Zvi
Dc‡i wZb Q‡Î Aw¼Z Ki‡jb        (gynv¤§v` imyjyjøvn)|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, Avjøvni bexi Av‡`k †h, ÒAvgvi AvswUi
Abyiƒc †KD ˆZwi Ki‡e bvÓ| Z…Zxq Ljxdv nRiZ Dmgvb (ivt) j•Nb
K‡ib wb| KviY GB AvswUwU im~‡ji ˆZix Kiv AvswUwU nvwi‡q hvIqvi
ci Zvi cwie‡Z© ˆZix Kiv n‡qwQj|
Question :- Explain the Text with reference.
            
DËi t-
Drmt-
Av‡jvP¨ Dw³wU weL¨vZ mvwnwZ¨K     Gi
iwPZ   MÖ‡š’i AšÍM©Z   bvgK kxl©K n‡Z M„nxZ|
A_© t- Zuvi nvZ †_‡K Kzu‡qvq c‡o hvq| mg¯Í cvwb Zz‡j †d‡jI AvswU
219 220 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨
       cvIqv hvqwb|
e¨vL¨vt-
bex Kixg (mt) hLb †iv‡gi m¤ªv‡Ui wbK‡U cÎ wjL‡Z gb¯’
   
Ki‡jb, ZLb Zvu‡K ejv nj, Zviv Ae¨kn mxj‡gvninxb cÎ cvV K‡ib
bv wZwb e‡jb, AZtci (bex mt) †iŠc¨ wbwg©Z GKwU mxj‡gvni ˆZwi
Ki‡jb Zvi Dc‡i Aw¼Z wQj Ò        Ó, Ges imyjyjøvn (mt)
e‡jwQ‡jb Avwg GKwU AvswU cÖ¯‘Z K‡iwQ, myZivs H †Lvw`Z †iLvi gZ
†KD Mo‡Z cvi‡e bv| AZtci ‡mB AvswU w`‡q bex Kixg (mt) c‡Îi
Dci mxj‡gvni jvMv‡Zb| Zvici Avey eKi (ivt) Zvi mvnv‡h¨ mxj
jvMv‡Zb| AZtci Dgi (ivt)| Zvici Dmgvb (ivt) mxj jvM‡Zb|
Zvici GKw`b Dmgvb (ivt) nvZ †_‡K Kzu‡qvi g‡a¨ c‡o †Mj| †mB
Kzu‡qvi cvwb Zz‡j †djv n‡jv, wKš‘ AvswU Ly‡R cvIqv †Mj bv| GB AvswU
nvwi‡qwQj Zvui †Ljvd‡Zi ga¨eZx© mg‡q, AZtci wZwb Av‡iv GKwU
AvswU cÖ¯‘Z Ki‡jb Ges Zvi Dc‡i wZb Q‡Î Aw¼Z Ki‡jb  
     (‡gvnv¤§v` imyjyjøvn)|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, ûRyi (mt) Gi c‡i †h AvswU ˆZwi Ki‡Z
wb‡la K‡iwQ‡jb (GKB iKg †Lv`vB Kiv) Zv Aÿ‡i Aÿ‡i cvjb Kiv
n‡q‡Q Ggb AvswU nvwi‡q hvIqvi c‡iI †mB iKg fv‡e †Lv`vB Kiv
nqwb eZ©gv‡b H iK‡gi †Kvb AvswU nqwb| BmjvwgK AvBb e‡j GUv
m¤¢e|
Question :- Explain the Text with reference.
               
              
DËi t-
Drmt-
 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨ 221
D×…Z KweZvskwU weL¨vZ nv`xm kv¯¿ we` Avjøvgv gynv¤§v` web
BmgvBj Avj eyLvixi (   ) iwPZ
 MÖ‡š’i AšÍM©Z AvPvi e¨envi ce© (    ) kxl©K n‡Z
M„nxZ|
e¨vL¨v t-
GKevi mvjgv Be‡b AvKIqv (ivt) e‡jb t Avgiv Avjøvni im~j
(mt) Gi m‡½ LvBevi Awfhv‡b †ei njvg| Avgiv iv‡Zi ‡ejvq
PjwQjvg| `‡ji g‡a¨ †_‡K GKRb, Kwe Av‡gi web AvKIqvb (  
) †K ej‡jb †h, Avcwb wK Avcbvi iwPZ KweZv †kvbv‡eb bv?
myZivs wZwb `‡ji †jvK‡`i‡K ûw` †M‡q †kvbv‡Z jvM‡jb-
                
                
             
A_©vr t- †n Avjøvn Zzwg bv n‡j Avgiv †n`vqZ †cZvg bv| Avgiv mv`Kv
w`Zvg bv, bvgvR Av`vq KiZvg bv, Avgv‡`i Av‡MKvi ¸bvn ÿgv Kiæb,
hv Avgiv K‡iwQ| Avgiv Avcbvi Rb¨ DrmwM©Z| hw` Avgiv kÎæ‡`i
m¤§yLxb nB, ZLb Avgv‡`i c`Øq my`„p ivLyb| Avg‡`i Dci kvwšÍ el©b
Kiæb| kÎæi Wv‡Ki mg‡q Avgiv †hb ex‡ii gZ avweZ nB, hLb Zviv
ˆn-û‡jøvo K‡i, Avgv‡`i Dci Avµgb Pvjvq|
ZLb Avjøvni im~j (mt) wRÁvmv Ki‡jb, G DU PvjK †jvKwU
‡K? †jv‡Kiv ej‡jb wZwb Av‡gi web AvKIqv (   ) wZwb
ej‡jb Avjøvn Zvi Dci ingZ ewl©Z KiæK|
Question :- Explain the Text with reference.
222 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨
        

        
     
DËi t-
Drm t-
DׄZ M`¨vskwU AvaywbK hy‡Mi weL¨vZ Aviex mvwnwZ¨K Ryeivb
Lvwjj Ryeivb (   ) Gi iwPZ        (AkÖæ I
nvwm) MÖ‡š’i kxl©K  (Acivax) n‡Z M„nxZ|
e¨L¨v t-
iv¯Ívi c‡_ GKUv hyeK wfÿv †P‡q e‡mwQj| †m wQj GK Kg©V
hyeK hv‡K ÿz`v `ye©j K‡i w`‡qwQj| myZivs †m iv¯Ívi GK †gv‡o e‡m
wfÿv PvB‡Z jvMj|
ivwÎ AÜKvi n‡q wM‡qwQj Zvi †VvU I gy L gÛj my ¯ ‹ n‡q
wM‡qwQj, Avi †c‡Ui g‡ZvB nvZUv k~Y¨B iBj| ZLb †m D‡V `vuovj Ges
kn‡ii evB‡i P‡j wM‡q e„ÿ mgy‡ni wb‡P emj Ges fxlY fv‡e †Ku‡`
DVj| AZtci Zvi Pÿz `ywU AvKv‡ki w`‡K Dˇjvb K‡i †Pv‡L AvkÖæ
wb‡q ejj †n Avjøvn Avwg awb‡`i wbKU wM‡q KvR Ki‡Z †P‡qwQ wKš‘
Avgvi Rxb© e‡¯¿i Rb¨ Avgv‡K Zvwo‡q w`‡q‡Q| Avwg we`¨vj‡q wM‡qwQ
wKš‘ k~b¨ nv‡Zi Rb¨ Avgv‡K euvav w`‡q‡Q| Avwg †cU fvZz wn‡m‡e KvR
Ki‡Z †P‡qwQ wKš‘ Avgvi fM¨ nxbZvi Kvi‡b Avgv‡K `~‡i mwi‡q †`Iqv
n‡q‡Q| Ae‡k‡l Avwg wfÿv PvB‡Z †Póv Ki‡jI †Zvgvi ev›`viv Avgv‡K
Kg©V hyeK †f‡e wfÿv †`qwb| Avgvi gv †Zvgvi B”Qv‡Z Avgv‡K Rb¥
w`‡q‡Q| Avwg GLb †Zvgvi Dci fimv Kwi| gvbyl †Kb Avgv‡K iæwU
w`‡Z gvbv Ki‡Q A_P Avwg †Zvgvi bv‡gi mc_ w`‡q †P‡qwQjvg|
Gici †m nZvkv ‡jvKwU †mvRv n‡q `uvovj Avi GKPv ïÿè †gvUv
 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨ 223
Mv‡Qi Wvj fvOj Ges kn‡ii w`‡K Bkviv K‡i wPrKvi K‡i ejj; Avwg
Kcv‡ji Nv‡gi wewbg‡q Rxeb euvPv‡Z †P‡qwQjvg, Avwg Zv cvBwb| GLb
Avwg †mUv‡K Avgvi cÖ‡Póvi kw³ w`‡q AR©b Ki‡ev| Avwg fvj evmvi
bvg w`‡q iæwU †P‡qwQjvg †Kv‡bv e¨w³ Avgvi K_v †kv‡bwb| GLb Avwg
`yó fv‡e †mUv‡K AR©b Ki‡ev Ges Zv †_‡K ab m¤ú‡`i cwibvg e„w×
Ki‡ev| Gi ci †m hyeK WvKvwZ, nZ¨v KvÛ I ivnRvwbi iv¯Ív Øviv A‡bK
ab m¤ú` AR©b Ki‡Z mÿg nj Ges †Pvi m¤úª`v‡qi wbKU Rb wcÖqZv
AR©b Kij| Zvi GB ab m¤ú` I wg_¨v Ae¯’v‡bi Rb¨ kvmK Zv‡K †mB
kn‡i Zvi cÖwZ wbwa wb‡qvM K‡ib| GB NUbvwU eY©bv Kivi ci Ryeivb
Lvwjj Ryiivb ej‡jb-      
     
A_©vr t- Gfv‡e gvbeZv ¯^v_©ciZv GK `wi`ª‡K nZ¨v Kvwi‡Z cwibZ K‡i
†`q| Ges K‡VviZv GKRb kvwšÍ Kvwg e¨w³‡K (Lywb‡Z) nZ¨v Kvwi‡Z
cwiYZ K‡i †`q|
Question :- Explain the Text with reference.
        
  
DËi t-
Drmt- D×…Z M`¨vskwU AvaywbK hy‡Mi weL¨vZ Aviwe mvwnwZ¨K
Ryeivb Lvwjj Ryeivb (   ) Gi iwPZ        
(AkÖæ I nvwm) MÖ‡š’i  (Acivax) kxl©K n‡Z M„nxZ|
e¨vL¨v t-
D³ Ask‡Z Ryeivb Lwjj Ryeivb e‡j‡Qb †h GK `wi`ª e¨w³
¯^v_©ciZvi Rb¨ kvwšÍKvgx e¨w³ †_‡K nZ¨vKvix‡Z cwibZ n‡q hvq| wZwb
wb‡Ri GB Z_¨‡K ¯úó Kivi Rb¨ GK wfÿzK Kg©V hye‡Ki NUbv Zz‡j
224 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨
a‡i‡Qb| NUbv GB †h, iv¯Ívi c‡_ GKUv hyeK wfÿv †P‡q e‡mwQj| †m
wQj GK Kg©V hyeK hv‡K ÿz`v `ye©j K‡i w`‡qwQj| myZivs †m iv¯Ívi GK
†gv‡o e‡m wfÿv PvB‡Z jvMj|
ivwÎ AÜKvi n‡q wM‡qwQj Zvi †VvU I gy L gÛj my ¯ ‹ n‡q
wM‡qwQj, Avi †c‡Ui g‡ZvB nvZUv k~Y¨B iBj| ZLb †m D‡V `vuovj Ges
kn‡ii evB‡i P‡j wM‡q e„ÿ mgy‡ni wb‡P emj Ges fxlY fv‡e †Ku‡`
DVj| AZtci Zvi Pÿz `ywU AvKv‡ki w`‡K Dˇjvb K‡i †Pv‡L AvkÖæ
wb‡q ejj †n Avjøvn Avwg awb‡`i wbKU wM‡q KvR Ki‡Z †P‡qwQ wKš‘
Avgvi Rxb© e‡¯¿i Rb¨ Avgv‡K Zvwo‡q w`‡q‡Q| Avwg we`¨vj‡q wM‡qwQ
wKš‘ k~b¨ nv‡Zi Rb¨ Avgv‡K euvav w`‡q‡Q| Avwg †cU fvZz wn‡m‡e KvR
Ki‡Z †P‡qwQ wKš‘ Avgvi fM¨ nxbZvi Kvi‡b Avgv‡K `~‡i mwi‡q †`Iqv
n‡q‡Q| Ae‡k‡l Avwg wfÿv PvB‡Z †Póv Ki‡jI †Zvgvi ev›`viv Avgv‡K
Kg©V hyeK †f‡e wfÿv †`qwb| Avgvi gv †Zvgvi B”Qv‡Z Avgv‡K Rb¥
w`‡q‡Q| Avwg GLb †Zvgvi Dci fimv Kwi| gvbyl †Kb Avgv‡K iæwU
w`‡Z gvbv Ki‡Q A_P Avwg †Zvgvi bv‡gi mc_ w`‡q †P‡qwQjvg|
Gici †m nZvkv ‡jvKwU †mvRv n‡q `uvovj Avi GKPv ïÿè †gvUv
Mv‡Qi Wvj fvOj Ges kn‡ii w`‡K Bkviv K‡i wPrKvi K‡i ejj; Avwg
Kcv‡ji Nv‡gi wewbg‡q Rxeb euvPv‡Z †P‡qwQjvg, Avwg Zv cvBwb| GLb
Avwg †mUv‡K Avgvi cÖ‡Póvi kw³ w`‡q AR©b Ki‡ev| Avwg fvj evmvi
bvg w`‡q iæwU †P‡qwQjvg †Kv‡bv e¨w³ Avgvi K_v †kv‡bwb| GLb Avwg
`yó fv‡e †mUv‡K AR©b Ki‡ev Ges Zv †_‡K ab m¤ú‡`i cwibvg e„w×
Ki‡ev| Gi ci †m hyeK WvKvwZ, nZ¨v KvÛ I ivnRvwbi iv¯Ív Øviv A‡bK
ab m¤ú` AR©b Ki‡Z mÿg nj Ges †Pvi m¤úª`v‡qi wbKU Rb wcÖqZv
AR©b Kij| Zvi GB ab m¤ú` I wg_¨v Ae¯’v‡bi Rb¨ kvmK Zv‡K †mB
kn‡i Zvi cÖwZ wbwa wb‡qvM K‡ib| GB NUbvwU eY©bv Kivi ci Ryeivb
Lvwjj Ryiivb ej‡jb-      
     
 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨ 225 226 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨

A_©vr t- Broad Answer: 1 out of 3. 1x10=10

Gfv‡e gvbeZv ¯^v_©ciZv GK `wi`ª‡K nZ¨v Kvwi‡Z cwibZ K‡i
Suggestion
†`q| Ges K‡VviZv GKRb kvwšÍ Kvwg e¨w³‡K (Lywb‡Z) nZ¨v Kvwi‡Z
Q: Give a brief account of Abul barakat An-Nasafi and
cwiYZ K‡i †`q|
assess his contribution to Islamic literature.
Answer :
bvmvdx
bvmvdxi Rb¥ I esk cwiPq t-
bvmvdx Gi Avmj bvg Avãyjøvn&, KzwbqvZ Aveyj evivKvZ, j°e
nvwdRywÏb Ges Zvi wcZvi bvg Avngv` web gvngy`| Zvi Rb¥ mvj ev
ZvwiL m¤ú‡K© HwZnvwmKMY †Kv‡bv mywbw`©ó Z_¨ w`‡Z cv‡ib wb| Z‡e
wZwb mvM`vwbqv GjvKvi ÔbvmvdÕ bvgK ¯’v‡bi evwm›`v wQ‡jb| †h Kvi‡Y
wZwb Avb-bvmvdx bv‡g cwiwPZ| bvmvd kniwU GKmgq weL¨vZ _vK‡jI
cieZ©xKv‡j Zv Rbk~b¨ n‡q c‡o|

wkÿvi m‡½ hy³ bvmvdx t-

Zvi wkÿv jvf m¤ú‡K© Lye‡ewk Z_¨ Rvbv bv †M‡jI Zvi Rxebx
†jLKMY GZUzKz D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb †h, kvgmyj AvB¤§v Kvi`vix, bvRgyj
Djvgv, Avjx web gynv¤§v`, e`iæÏxb Lvnvi hv`vn cÖgyL cwÐr‡`i KvQ
†_‡K wZwb Ávb AR©b K‡iwQ‡jb| cieZ©xKv‡j wKg©vb Gi Avj KzZweq¨v
Avm-myjZvwbqv wkÿv cÖwZôv‡b wZwb Aa¨vcbvi m‡½ hy³ wQ‡jb| Zvi eû
Qv‡Îi g‡a¨ †jLK gyRvddi web mvMvbx Ges wdKvn& kv‡¯¿i weL¨vZ MÖš’
Avjwn`q¨v Gi e¨vL¨vKvi ûmvgywÏb Avm mvbœvKx Gi bvg D‡jøL‡hvM¨|

bvmvdxi Áv‡bi MfxiZv t-

mg mvgwqK Kv‡ji Ab¨Zg †kÖô cwÐr wn‡m‡e bvmvdxi bvg Qwo‡q
c‡o‡Q| Zvi m¤ú‡K© ejv nq- ÒwZwb wQ‡jb wdK¡vn kv¯¿ex` Ges Dmyj
 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨
Gi ¯^bvgab¨ BgvgÓ| ïay ZvB bq, wZwb mywd Ges gyRZvwn` wn‡m‡eI
cwiwPZ wQ‡jb| wZwb eûMÖ š’ iPbv K‡ib Ges myÿ `wk© cwÐZ wn‡m‡e
mgv‡jvPK‡`i Kv‡Q wZwb mgv`„Z | Zvi cÖ ksmv Ki‡Z wM‡q Avjøv gv
Avj-BZKvbx e‡jb- Áv‡bi MfxiZvq wZwb wQ‡jb Bgvg ch©v‡qi e¨w³Z¡,
AZ¨šÍ my²`kx© †jLK|Ó
g„Zz¨ t-
Rxe‡bi †kl w`‡K wZwb evM`v‡` MgY K‡ib| †mLvb †_‡K LyuwR¯’vb
G †divi mgq 1310 Lª x óv‡ãi AvM÷ gv‡m wZwb g„ Z z ¨ eiY K‡ib|
LyuwR¯’v‡bB Zvui mgvwa nq|
Bmjvgx mvwn‡Z¨ bvmvdxi Ae`vb t-
Aveyj evivKvZ Avb-bvmvdx n‡jb nvbvdx wdKvn& kv‡¯¿i weL¨vZ
cwÐr Ges ag© ZZ¡ex`| wZwb wdKvn, Dmy‡j Zvdmxi cÖf…wZ wel‡q †ek
K‡qKwU g~j¨evb MÖš’ iPbv K‡iwQ‡jb| Bmjvgx AvB‡bi †gŠwjK bxwZ
m¤^wjZ ÔwKZveyj gvbvi wd Dmywjj wdKvnÕ MÖš’ †j‡Lb| cieZ©xKv‡j GB
MÖ‡š’i `ywU e¨L¨vI †j‡Lb| Kvkdzj Avmivi Ges wKZveyj Iqvdx|
nvbvdx wdKvn& kv‡¯¿ AwZmswÿß Ges ¸iæZ¡c~Y© MÖš’ KvbhyÏvKv‡qK
MÖš’wU Zvi †jLv| GwU AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wdKvn& MÖš’| d‡j eû weL¨vZ cwÐZ
weL¨vZ wUKv †jLvi Kv‡R AvZ¥wb‡qvM K‡ib GB MÖ‡š’i Dci|
wZwb cweÎ KziAv‡bi         (gv`v‡iKzZ
Zvbwhj Iqv nvK¡vwqKzZ ZvÕwej) bvgK GKwU Zvdmxi MÖš’ iPbv K‡ib|
†hwU `yB L‡Û mgvß K‡ib| GQvovI wZwb †ek K‡qKwU e¨vL¨vg~jK MÖš’
wj‡LwQ‡jb †hgb Avj gy mvddv| Bjgy j Kvjvg wel‡q wZwb †j‡Lb
B‡Zgv`yj BwZKv`| wØwbqvZ welqK Zvi wjwLZ GKwU MÖš’ dvhvBj- Dj-
Avgj|
227 228 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨
Dcmsnvi t-
Avb bvmvdx AZ¨šÍ D”Pgv‡bi dvK¡xn wQ‡jb| Be‡b Kvgvj cvkv
Zv‡K dK¡xn‡`i ló †Mv‡Î ¯’vb w`‡q‡Q| Avevi A‡b‡K Zv‡K gvRZvwn`
ch©v‡qi cwÐr e‡j gšÍe¨ K‡i‡Qb| cwÐrMY hvB ejyb bv †Kb wZwb wQ‡jb
GKRb AZ¨šÍ cÖ w Zfvevb †jLK| KviY Zvi †jLv Avj gvbvi,
Kvbhy Ï vKv‡qK, gv`vwiKzZ Zvbwhj cÖ f … w Z MÖš ’ eZ© gv‡b wewfbœ wkÿv
cÖwZôv‡bi cvV¨ ZvwjKvq ¯’vb K‡i wb‡q‡Q|
Question :- Who was ? Give an account of his life
and evaluate his servises to Arabic historiography.
(Avj-evjvRyix †K wQ‡jb? Zvi Rxebx eY© bv Ki Ges Aviex BwZnvm
wjLb mvwn‡Z¨ Zuvi Ae`vb wjL|)
DËi t-
evjvRyix
bvg Ges esk cwiPq t-
 Gi Avmj bvg Avngv`| Zvi wcZvi bvg wQj BqvnBqv
Ges wcZvg‡ni bvg Rvwei| wZwb AveŸvmx hy‡Mi GKRb †kÖô HwZnvwmK
wQ‡jb| wZwb evM`v‡`i GK cviwmK cwiev‡i Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zuvi Rb¥
mvj ev ZvwiL m¤ú‡K© HwZnvwmKiv †Kv‡bv mywbw`©ó Z_¨ w`‡Z cv‡ib wb|
Z‡e evM`v‡` Zuvi ˆkke-‰Kki-‡hŠeb AwZevwnZ nq|
Avj-evjvRyix Gi bvgKiY t-
weL¨vZ Avngv` BqvnBqv †kl Rxe‡b ¯§„ w Zkw³ wKQz U v nvwi‡q
†d‡jwQ‡jb| ¯§„wZkw³ evov‡bvi Rb¨ evjvRyi bv‡g GKiKg fviZxq
gv`K`ªe¨ †meb Ki‡Z ïiæ K‡ib| wKš‘ GB gv`K`ªe¨ Zuvi ¯§„wZkw³ e„w×i
cwie‡Z© gw¯Í‡ ®‹ wecixZ cÖ wZwµqv NUvq| d‡j wZwb gv‡S gv‡S Ávb
nvwi‡q †dj‡Zb, cvMj n‡q †h‡Zb| GgbwK KL‡bv KL‡bv cvMjv Mvi‡`
 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨ 229
ew›` K‡i ivLv nZ| GBRb¨ wZwb Avj evjvRyix bv‡g cwiwPZ nb|
wkÿv I Kg©Rxeb t-
ZrKvjxb evM`v‡` DbœZ mvs¯‹…wZK cwi‡e‡k Avngv` web BqvnBqv
‡e‡o D‡VwQ‡jb| GBRb¨ wkÿv AR©‡b Zv‡K we‡kl †eM †c‡Z nqwb|
Aviex e¨vKiYmn mvwn‡Z¨i wewfbœ kvLvq wZwb h‡_ó `ÿZv AR©b K‡i
cwÐZ wn‡m‡e evM`v‡`i my a x mgv‡R cwiwPZ nb| Zu v i mgmvgwqK
Avj-gyZvAw°j, Avj-gy¯Ívwqb, Avj-gyÕZvh cÖgyL LwjdvMY Zv‡K AZ¨šÍ
kÖ×vi †Pv‡L †`L‡Zb| GgbwK Lwjdv Avj-gyÕZvR wbRcyÎ Avãyjøvn&‡K
M„nwkÿK wn‡m‡e Avj-evjvRyix Gi Kv‡Q wbhy³ K‡ib|
g„Zz¨ t-
we`» cwÐZ I HwZnvwmK Avj-evjvRy i x Gi †kl RxebUv wQj
AZ¨šÍ KiæY| cvMjv Mvi‡` AvUK Ae¯’vq 892 µxóv‡ã wZwb g„Zz¨eiY
K‡ib| Bbœv wjjøvwn ABbœv BjvBwn ivwRDb|
BwZnvm wjLb kv‡¯¿ Avj-evjvRyixi Ae`vb t-
AveŸvmx hy‡Mi Ab¨Zg †kÖó HwZnvwmK Avj evjvRyixi †jLv cy¯ÍK
Lye †ewk Avgv‡`i n¯ÍMZ nqwb| wZwb †ek K‡qKLvbv MÖš’ iPbv Ki‡jI
†KejgvÎ   Ges   GB `ywU MÖ‡š’i mÜvb
cvIqv hvq|
  t-
GB MÖ š’wU gymwjg‡`i cÖv _wgK weR‡qi wbLyu Z eY© bvg~jK BwZnvm
MÖš’| bvex (mt) Gi Rxebxmn †jL‡Ki mgqKvj ch©šÍ mg‡qi avivevwnK
BwnZvm ewY©Z n‡q‡Q| GB MÖ‡š’ wZwb †hme Z_¨ wb‡q‡Qb †m¸wj cÖavbZ
wbf© i‡hvM¨ †gŠwLKm~ ‡Î cvIqv Z_¨| wZwb me© c Ö_ g wewfbœ kni, †`k
230 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨
cÖf…wZ weR‡qi NUbv¸wj‡K m¤^wš^Zev‡e D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| wewfbœ †`k eªgY
K‡i wewfbœ e¨w³i KvQ †_‡K AZ¨šÍ cwikÖg Gi gva¨‡g wZwb mvgvwRK,
ivR‰bwZK I cÖ kvmwbK welq¸wj‡K Zvi MÖ ‡ š’ ¯’ v cb K‡i‡Qb| hvi
Ab¨vb¨ mgmvgwqKKv‡j wjwLZ BwZnvm MÖ š’ Aby c w¯’ Z | ZvB weL¨vZ
HwZnvwmK Huart h_v_©B gšÍe¨ K‡i‡Qb- Ò.......a most valuable
Historical Document."
  t-
Avj evjvRyi xi †jLv GB wØZxq MÖ š ’w U †ek K‡qKwU L‡Û mgvß
n‡jI Gi gvÎ `ywU LÐ msiwÿZ Av‡Q| GB MÖ‡š’i †jLK we‡kl K‡i
DgvBqv hy‡Mi m¤£všÍ e¨w³‡`i esk cwiPq I Rxebx eY©bv K‡i‡Qb|
Avj evjvRyi x †ek K‡qKwU dvimx cy ¯ ÍK Abye v`I K‡iwQ‡jb|
G¸wji g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg cy ¯ Í K 'Ahd Ardashir' GwU GKwU Aviex
Kve¨bye v`| GB cy¯ ÍKwU ÒAvi`vwei evevKvbn&Ó Øviv kvmwb mv¤ªv‡R¨i
wfw˯’v cb m¤ú‡K© cÖPwjZ †jvKMv_v mgwó| wKš‘ `~ f© v‡M¨i welq GB
eBwUi mÜvb cvIqv hvq bv| †KejgvÎ gynv¤§v` web bvw`g Gi †jLv
ÒwKZveyj wdiwi¯ÍÓ MÖ‡š’ Gi mshy³ cwiPq cvIqv hvq|
Dcmsnvi t-
Avj evjvRyixi †jLv MÖš’ gvÎ `ywUi mÜvb cvIqv †M‡jI G¸wji
eY©b v Ges HwZnvwmK Z‡_¨i ¸iæZ¡ we‡ePbv K‡i mgv‡jvPKiv Zv‡K
AveŸvmx hy‡Mi Ab¨Zg cÖavb HwZnvwmK wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…wZ w`‡q‡Qb|
Question :- Give a biographical account of  
 and assess his contribution to Aarabic literature.
f‚wgKv t-
 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨ 231
fvlv I mvwnZ¨ †`k, Kvj, ag© cÖf…wZ wbw`©ó MwЇZ Ave× _v‡K bv|
Aviex mvwn‡Z¨ Avie‡`i hZ Ae`vb, A‡b‡Ki g‡Z Abvie‡`i Ae`vb
m¤¢eZ †ewk| Be‡b Lvj`yb ( ) Zvi gyKvÏvgvn& ()
MÖ ‡š’ G wel‡q GK cÖ e‡Ü we¯Ív wiZ Av‡jvPbvI K‡i‡Qb| wVK †Zgwb
Aviex mvwn‡Z¨ eû Agymwjg Kwe I †jLK Amvgvb¨ Ae`vb †i‡L‡Qb| ïay
ZvB bq, Avie f‚-L‡Ði evB‡i †_‡KI A‡b‡K Aviex mvwn‡Z¨i AmvaviY
†mev K‡i †M‡Qb| †hme Agy mwjg mvwnwZ¨K m¤ú~ Y© Abvie cwi‡e‡k
we‡`‡ki gvwU‡Z D¾¡j mvwnZ¨ bgybv †i‡L †M‡Qb, Zv‡`i GK we‡kl
bÿÎ nj   |
uRyeiv‡bi cÖ_g Rxeb t-
1883 Lª x óv‡ã 6 Rvby q vix DËi †jevb‡bi evkviix bvgK GK
cvnvox MÖv‡g L„óvb cwiev‡i Ryeivb Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zvi wcZv Lwjj ¯^v`
Ryeivb g`¨cvqx I †ewn‡mwe n‡jI gvZv Kvwgjv ingv wQ‡jb m¤£všÍ I
ag©xq g‡bvfvevcbœ| cuvP eQi eq‡m Zvi we`¨vj‡q hvÎv ïiæ| †mLv‡b
evB‡ejmn mywiqvwb I Aviex fvlv cvV MÖn‡Yi m‡½ gv‡qi ZZ¡veav‡b
mw½Z I wPÎv¼b †k‡Lb| Ki duv wKi Aciv‡a wcZv †R‡j e›`x n‡j
wRexKv wbe©v‡ni Rb¨ wZwb gv‡qi m‡½ 1875 Lªxóv‡ã Av‡gwiKv hy³iv‡ói
†e÷b kn‡i P‡j Av‡mb| GLv‡b `yB eQi BsivwR ¯‹z‡j cVb-cvV‡bi ci
cyY ivq gvZ„ fvlvq eyrcwË AR©‡ bi Rb¨ 1898 Lª xóv‡ã †jevb‡b wd‡i
  bv‡g †eBiæ‡Zi GK ¯‹z‡j fwZ© nb| Gfv‡e AZ¨šÍ
AwbðqZvi g‡a¨ Ryeiv‡bi ˆkke I ˆKki AwZevwnZ nq|
cieZx© Rxeb I g„Zz¨ t-
‡gavex Ryeivb †eBiæZ ¯‹z‡j Aviex mn †jLv‡jwL I wPÎv¼‡b h‡_ó
`ÿZv AR© b K‡ib| wKš‘ Av‡gwiKvq †ev‡bi Amy ¯ ’Z vi msev` Zv‡K
1902 Lªxt cy bivq †eó‡b wd‡i Avm‡Z eva¨ K‡i| K‡qKgv‡mi g‡a¨
232 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨
†evb, `v`v Ges gv Gi g„Z¨ Ryeivb‡K G‡Kev‡i Amnvq K‡i †Zv‡j|
†gwi nvmKvj bv‡g R‰bK Av‡gwiKvb igbxi m‡½ cwiPq Ryeivb‡K bZzb
c‡_i mÜvb †`q| Ryeiv‡bi cÖwZfvi cwiPq †c‡q D”Pwkÿvi Rb¨ wZwb
wbR LiPvq Zv‡K c¨vwi‡m cvVvb| 1910 mv‡j †e÷b wd‡i Av‡mb|
wKQzw`b ci wbDBqK© P‡j G‡m †mLv‡b ¯’vqxfv‡e emevm ïiæ K‡ib|
GLv‡b wPÎv¼b Ges †jLv-‡jwL‡Z AvZ¥wb‡qvM K‡ib| G‡Ki ci GK MÖš’
cÖKvwkZ n‡Z _v‡K| 1920 Lªxt wgLvBj byqvBgv, Bwjqv Avey gv`x cÖgy‡Li
m‡½ weL¨vZ mvwnZ¨ msMVb    cÖwZôv K‡ib| 1931 Lªxt 10
B GwcÖj wZwb Bn‡jvK Z¨vM K‡ib| K‡qK gvm ci Zvi ke‡`n †eBiæ‡Z
wb‡q Avmv nq Ges Zvi Rb¥¯’v‡b Zv‡K mgvwaZ Kiv nq|
Aviex mvwn‡Z¨ Ryeiv‡bi Ae`vb t-
Ryeivb wQ‡jb eûgyLx cÖwZfvi AwaKvix| gvÎ 48 eQ‡ii RxeÏkvq
wZwb mvwn‡Z¨i wewfbœ kvLvq, `k©b, mvsevw`KZv, wPÎv¼b cÖf…wZ ‡ÿ‡Î
Amvgvb¨ Ae`vb †i‡L †M‡Qb| gvnRvi mvwnwZ¨K‡`i g‡a¨ wZwb wQ‡jb
mevi kx‡l©| Aviex I Bs‡iRx Dfq fvlv‡ZB Zvi †jLwb wQj mPj|
Aviex MÖš’¸wji g‡a¨     me©cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ nq 1905 Lªxóv‡ã|
GwU wQj mw½Z I wewfbœ hy‡M Zvi weKvk I AMÖMwZ welqK Av‡jvPbv|
Gici †ek wKQz †Qv‡Uv Mí, Dcb¨vm, cÖeÜ m¤^wjZ MÖš’ cÖKvk K‡ib|
†Qv‡Uv Mí msKjb¸wji g‡a¨        , Dcb¨vm¸wji
g‡a¨      Ges cÖeÜ msKj‡bi g‡a¨      
       D‡jøL‡hvM¨| 1920 Lªxóv‡ã    cÖwZôvi ci
wZwb cÖavbZ Bs‡iRx fvlvq †jLv‡jwL K‡ib| ZvB cÖwZ eQi GKwU K‡i
MÖš’ cÖKvwkZ n‡Z _v‡K| Zvi Bs‡iRx MÖš’¸wji g‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨-
The Mad man ( ) cvMj|
 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨ 233
The wonders () w`‡knviv|
Jesus, the son of God (     )
The prophet ()|
Gme MÖš’ KL‡bv mgv‡R cÖPwjZ Kzms¯‹vi, AÁZvi weiæ‡× cÖwZev`
K‡i‡Q, KL‡bv cybR©b¥ev`mn ag©xq `vk©wbK Av‡jvPbv, Avevi KL‡bv †cÖg,
wein cÖf…wZ welq‡K †K›`ª K‡i wj‡L‡Qb| GBme BsivwR MÖš’ Aviex mn
wewfbœ fvlvq Abyw`Z n‡q‡Q|  Gi me‡P‡q RbwcÖq MÖš’ 1923
Lªxóv‡ã The prophet cÖKvwkZ nIqvi ci c„w_exi DbœZ cÖvq 50wU
fvlvq Abyev` Kiv n‡q‡Q| GgbwK evsjv fvlv‡ZI Gi Abyev` n‡q‡Q|
Dcmsnvi t-
 ‰kke †_‡KB eÃbv I AwbðqZvi wkKvi| wcZv †_‡KI
wZwb wQ‡jb wcZ… nxb| `y f© vM¨ mvivUv Rxeb Zv‡K ZvwoZ K‡i‡Q| Zv
m‡Ë¡I AmvaviY †gav cÖwZfv Gme cvnvo mg euvav Rq Ki‡Z mnvq‡Ki
f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i‡Q| gvÎ 48 eQ‡ii Rxe‡b †jLv‡jwL nq‡Zv Lye †ewk
bq, wKš‘ Zvi wb‡Ri Rxeb `k©‡bi AwfÁZv †_‡K Rb¥ †bIqv †jLv¸wj
†`k, Kvj, fvlvi MwÛ Qvwo‡q wPišÍb mvwnZ¨K‡g© cwiYZ n‡q‡Q| Zvi
Rxeb‡eva I `vk©wbK fvebv Zv‡K AvaywbK Aviex mvwn‡Z¨i Ab¨Zg †kÖô
†jL‡K cwiYZ K‡i‡Q|
Question :- Who was Abdullah bin Ubay (     )?
What role he played at the battle of Muraisi?
Ans:-
f‚wgKv t-
ivmyjyjøvn& (mt) 622 Lªxt g`xbvq wnRiZ K‡ib| GB mgq g`xbvi
234 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨
Rbweb¨vm wQj wewfbœ agx© q †Mvôx‡Z wef³| Z‡e me‡P‡q mg„ × I
mymsnZ agx©q RvZx †Mvôx wQj Bû`xiv| Z‡e Bû`xiv QvovI †cŠËwjK
Lª xóvb Ges mvgvb¨ msL¨K G‡Kk¦ i ev`xI wQ‡jb| wewfbœ RvZx †Mvôx
emevm Ki‡jI Zv‡`i g‡a¨ m¤úªxwZ Ae¨vnZ wQj| ivm~jyjøvn& (mt) g`xbv
AvMg‡Yi c~‡e© R‰bK     cieZx© g`xbvi kvmK g‡bvwbZ
n‡eb e‡j wba©v wiZ wQj| wKš‘ ivm~ jy jø v n& (mt) AvMg‡Yi c~ ‡e© wbw`© ó
e¨e¯’vi e¨vcK cwieZ©b mvab Kij|
Lye Aí mg‡qi g‡a¨ g`xbvi Acvgi Rb mvaviY `‡ji `j Bmjv‡g
w`wÿZ n‡Z ïiæ Kij| be w`ÿxZ gymwjgiv ivm~jyjøvn& (mt) †K w`avnxb
fv‡e †bZv g‡bvwbZ Kij| Avãyjøvn& web DevB whwb fvex †bZv iƒ‡c c~ ‡e©
wbw`©ó wQ‡jb, AZ¨šÍ ÿzä n‡jb| wKš‘ †m †ÿvf KLbI cÖKvk K‡iwb|
eis cwiw¯’wZi cÖevn‡K jÿ K‡i K…wÎgZvi mvnvh¨ wbj| †m Bmjvg MÖnY
Kij| †mB m‡½ Zvi AbyMvgxiv Bmjv‡g w`ÿxZ nj| Zv‡`i GB Bmjvg
MÖnY wQj GKwU KzU‰bwZK †KŠkj gvÎ| ivmyjyjøvn& (mt) Zv‡`i PµvšÍ
wel‡q AwewnZ wQ‡jb bv| ZvB wZwb Zv‡`i evwn¨K †mŠ›`h©, f`ªZv BZ¨vw`
†`‡L cªfvweZ n‡jb|
evbx gymZvwj‡Ki weiæ‡× Awfhvb Ges Avãyjøvn& web DevB Gi f‚wgKv t-
ivmyjyjøvn& (mt) cÂg I lô wnRixi g‡a¨ GKwU mvgwiK Awfhvb
cwiPvjbv K‡ib| g`xbvi cvk¦©e Zx© evwb gy ¯Ívwj‡Ki weiæ‡× H †Mv‡Îi
weiæ‡× †gvivBmx bvgK ¯’v‡b mk¯¿ msNl© msNwUZ nq| GB msN‡l© evbx
gymZvwjK †MvÎ m¤ú~Y© iƒ‡c civwRZ nq| hy× †k‡l iYK¬všÍ gymwjg †mbv
evwnbx wbR wbR wmwe‡i wekÖv‡g iZ wVK GB mgq nRiZ Dgv‡ii kÖwgK
hvnhvR web mvB` Ges Avãyjøvn& web DevB‡qi mv_x wmbvb Avj Rynvbxi
g‡a¨ cvbx msMÖn‡K †K›`ª K‡i msNl© ïiæ nq| GB mgq RvnRvn& wPrKvi
K‡i gy nvwRi‡`i mvnvh¨ PvBj Ges wmbvb Avbmvi‡`i mvnvh¨ PvBj|
AZtci RvnRvn‡K mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z Gj gynvwRi‡`i GK `wi`ª e¨w³, hvi
 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨ 235
bvg wRqvj Ges wZwb wmbvb‡K P‡cUvNvZ Ki‡jb| ZLb H mgq
gybvwdK‡`i ‡bZv Avãyjøvn& web DevB wRqvj‡K ejj Zzwg GLv‡b Ges
Av‡iv ejj- Avgiv GB Rb¨ gynv¤§v‡`i m½ w`Bwb †h Avgiv P‡cUvNvZ
Lve| Avjøvn&i Kmg Avgv‡`i I‡`i g‡a¨ m¤ú‡K©i `„óvšÍ †hgb Kw_Z
Av‡Q Ò‡Zvgiv KzKzi‡K †gvUv Ki †m †Zvgv‡K †L‡q †dj‡eÓ| AZtci
Avjøvn&i Kmg hw` Avgiv gw`bvq wd‡i †h‡Z mÿg nB Zvn‡j Aek¨B
m¤§vwbZiv wbK… ó‡`i †ei K‡i †`‡e| GK_v e‡j Avãyj øv n& web DevB
wb‡R‡K kw³kvjx Ges ivm~jyjøvn& (mt) †K `~e©j iƒ‡c wPwÎZ Kivi Ac‡Póv
K‡i‡Q| Zvici †m Zvi †Mvôx‡`i ejj- Avjø v n& i Kmg hw` †Zvgiv
wRqvj Ges Zvi mv_x‡`i Lv`¨ `vb eÜ ivL‡Z, Zvn‡j KLbI Zviv
†Zvgv‡`i Dci Av‡ivnb Ki‡Z mÿg nZ bv| AZGe †Zvgiv Zv‡`i Rb¨
Lv`¨`vb K‡iv bv hZÿY bv Zviv gynv¤§v‡`i wbKU n‡Z wew”Qbœ n‡q hvq|
GB RvZxq Acgvb RbK mwÜg~ j K e³e¨ n‡Z Avãy j ø v n& web
DevB‡qi gy‡Lvk Ly‡j hvq| Gi c~‡e© Zvi †Kvb AvPiY Øviv Zvi wØPvwiZv
cÖ K vk cvq wb| d‡j ivmy j y j ø v n& Ges mvnveviv Zv‡K h_vh_ mgv`i
Ki‡Zb| wKš‘ Zvi GB Acgvb RbK e³‡e¨i ci cwiw¯’ w Zi Ag~ j
cwieZ©b NUj| ivm~jyjøvn& (mt) eyS‡Z cvi‡jb ïay Avãyjøvn& web DevB bq
Zvi mnPi‡`i GKwU †Mvôx Bmjv‡gi weiæ‡× mwµq| wKš‘ †h‡nZz Zviv
†ekx n‡jI gymwjg e‡j cwiwPZ ZvB Zv‡`i weiæ‡× K‡Vvi e¨e¯’v †bIqv
KwVb n‡q c‡o| nRiZ Dgi †_‡K ïiæ K‡i eû weL¨vZ mvnvev Avãyjøvn&
web DevB‡qi weiæ‡× K‡Vvi e¨e¯’v †bIqvi mycvwik K‡ib| ivm~jyjøvn&
(mt) Zvi `~ i `„ w ói Øviv cwiw¯’ w Zi fqvenZv Dcjwä Ki‡jb| Ges
my ‡ KŠk‡j AšÍ t Kjn Gwo‡q †M‡jb| Z‡e GB NUbvi wKQzK vj c‡iB
Avãyjøvn& web DevB `yiv‡iv‡M AvµvšÍ nq Ges g„Zz¨ gy‡L cwZZ nq|
Dcmsnvi t-
cÖwZwU iv‡óª `y-ai‡bi kÎæi Aw¯ÍË¡ jÿ Kiv hvq| h_v- ewntkÎæ I
236 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨
Af¨šÍixb kÎæ| wKš‘ Af¨šÍixb kÎæ hv cÖvqkB QÙ‡ekx nq _v‡K Zv‡K
cÖwZnZ Kiv eoB KwVb| Bmjvgx iv‡óªi m~Pbv jMœ n‡Z wØZxq †kÖYxi
kÎæiv Bmjv‡gi fqvbK ÿwZ K‡i P‡j‡Q| Avãyj øv n& web DevB AvR
wRexZ †bB wKš‘ Zvi Av`‡k©i cZvKv evwniv c„w_exi me©ÎB weivRgvb|
Question :- Explain the characteristics of the  and
their leader    
or
Explain the term  and discuss their main features
as you have read in your text. 10
DËi t-
 kãwU  Gi eûePb| †hwU  kã †_‡K D×…Z|
hvi A_© MZ©, myi½| wKš‘ Bmjvg Gi cwifvlvq  Øviv bex (mt)
Gi mgqKvi GK †kÖwYi gw`bvevmx‡K †evSv‡bv nq hviv    
Gi ‡bZ… ‡ Z¡ evwn¨Kfv‡e Bmjvg I gy mwjg‡`i m‡½ eÜz Z ¡ Ki‡jI
†Mvcbfv‡e Bmjv‡gi we‡ivwaZv Ges bex (mt) I gy m wjg‡`i cÖ w Z
kÎæZvq wb‡qvwRZ wQj| Ges G‡`i m¤ú‡K© gnvb m„wóKZ©v cweÎ KziAv‡b
†NvlYv K‡i‡Qb-
             
A_©vr gybvwdKiv Rvnvbœv‡gi me©wb¤œ ¯Í‡i AvkÖq cv‡e|
gybvwdK‡`i ˆewkó¨ t-
bex (mt) Gi hy ‡ M GB we‡kl ai‡Yi KcU AvPiYKvix
gybvwdKMY †ek wKQz kvixwiK ˆewk‡ôi AwaKvix wQ‡jb| †h¸wj wb‡¤œ
Av‡jvwPZ nj-
1) kvixwiK ˆewkó¨ t-
gy bvwdKMY mgv‡Ri D”P‡kÖY x‡Z weivR Ki‡Zv| d‡j Zv‡`i
 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨ 237
A_© ‰ bwZK Ae¯’ v Ges Dbœ Z mvs¯‹… w Z‡eva Zv‡`i g‡a¨ wQj| Zv‡`i
kvixwiK MVb I ¯^ v¯’ ¨ mK‡ji `„ wó AvKl© Y Ki‡Zv| mvaviY e¨w³‡Zv
e‡UB, Ggb wK bvex (mt) Zv‡`i evwn¨K †mŠ›`h©¨ †`‡L gy» n‡Zb| GB
cÖm‡½ gnvb Avjøvn& e‡jb-       | Zv‡`i evPbfw½ Ges
gy‡Li fvlv mevi `„wó AvKl©Y Ki‡Zv| weï× fvlvi e¨envi bvex (mt)
†KI A‡bK mgq gy» Ki‡Zv| wZwb Zv‡`i K_v ˆah©¨ a‡i ïb‡Zb Ges
¸iæZ¡ w`‡Zb| G cÖm‡½ Avjøvn& e‡jb-
       
2) gybvwdK‡`i e¨envwiK ˆewkó¨ t-
GB †kÖYxi †jv‡K‡`i gvbwmKZv Ges e¨envi AZ¨šÍ wb¤œgv‡bi|
evwn¨Kfv‡e GB wb¤œ gvbwmKZv‡K †Mvcb Ki‡Z PvB‡jI wewfbœ
cwiw¯’wZ‡Z Zv‡`i †mB gvbwmK cwiPq dz‡U DV‡Zv| wnRixi PZz_© ev
cÂg e‡l© gyivBmx Gi hy‡×i c‡i N‡U hvIqv wewfbœ NUbvi cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z
G‡`i ˆewkó¸wj gy mwjg‡`i Kv‡Q cÖ K vk cvq| gnvb Avjø v n& Zvqvjv
†m¸wj‡K AviI ¯úó K‡i †`b| Zv‡`i gvbwmK ˆewkó¸wji K‡qKwU wb‡¤œ
ewY©Z nj t-
1) wg_¨vPvi t-
GB †kÖ Yxi †jv‡Kiv wg_¨v K_v Ges wg_¨v e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g
mv`vwm‡a gymwjg‡`i‡K †avKv w`‡Zb| GgbwK bex (mt) Zv‡`i wg_¨v Øviv
cÖZvwiZ n‡Zb| gnvb Avjøvn& Zv‡`i GB ¯^fve‡K ¯úó K‡i w`‡q‡Qb myiv
gybvwdKzb Gi evK¨Ø‡qi gva¨‡g-           A_©vr wbðq
gybvwdKMY wg_¨v e‡jb|
2) kc_‡K Xvj wnmv‡e e¨envi Kiv t-
bvex (mt) Gi hy‡M GBme gybvwdKiv K_vq K_vq Avjøvn&i bv‡g
238 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨
kc_ Ki‡Zv| Avm‡j Zviv Zv‡`i wg_¨vPvi I cÖ e Ãbv XvKvi Rb¨
Ôkc_Õ‡K Xvj wn‡m‡e e¨envi Ki‡Zv| Zviv Zv‡`i A‰ea K…ZK‡g©i kvw¯Í
†_‡K AvZ¥iÿvi Rb¨ Zviv GgbUv Ki‡Zv| GB cÖ m‡½ gnvb Avjø v n&
e‡jb-     
3) fxiæ t-
gy b vwdKiv kvwiixK w`‡q wekvj †Pnvivi AwaKvix n‡jI
gvbwlKfv‡e Giv wQj AZ¨šÍ fxiæ Ges Kvcyiæl| †h †Kvb ai‡Yi D”P
AvIqvR G‡`i‡K fxZ Ges mš¿ ¯ Í K‡i Zz j ‡Zv| A_ev ˆmb¨ `‡j
†hvM‡`Iqvi AvnŸv‡b †h †Kvb ai‡Yi AvIqvR †nvK bv †Kb †m¸wj‡K
Zviv wb‡R‡`i weiæ‡× e‡j g‡b Ki‡Zv Ges fq ‡cZ| Zv‡`i GB
ˆewkó¨wU Avj KziAv‡b ewY©Z n‡q‡Q Gfv‡e-           
A_©vr cÖwZwU PxrKvi †PuPv‡gwP‡K Zviv Zv‡`i weiæ‡× e‡j g‡b Ki‡Zv|
4) AnsKvix t-
GBme KcU AvPiYKvix e¨w³iv wQj AZ¨šÍ `vw¤¢ K Ges
AnsKvix| hv Zv‡`i `vw¤¢K K_v I Kv‡R cÖKvk †cZ| Zv‡`i Aciva
Rbmg‡ÿ cÖKvk n‡q hvIqvi ci Zv‡`i eÜziv bvex (mt) Gi Kv‡Q ÿgv
cÖv_©bvi civgk© w`‡j Zv‡`i AnsKvi cÖKU n‡q DV‡Zv| gv_v Nywi‡q GB
civgk©‡K A¯^xKvi Ki‡Zv| ZvB Avjøvn& h_v_©B e‡j‡Qb-
          
A_©vr Zviv Me© mnKv‡i Nvo Nywi‡q Ab¨w`‡K P‡j hvq|
5) Bmjvg we‡ivwaZv t-
gyb vwdK‡`i cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ wQj Bmjvg Z_v m‡Z¨i we‡ivwaZv
Kiv| GB Rb¨ Zviv Bgvb`v‡ii Awfbq Ki‡jI Avmj gymwjg‡`i †Pv‡Li
Avov‡j Zv‡`i Bmjvg we‡ivwaZv Ges gymwjg‡`i cÖwZ wnsmv-we‡Øl dz‡U
DV‡Zv| ïay ZvB bq mvaviY gymwjg‡`i‡K wb‡q nvwm-VvÆv, Zvgvkvq
†g‡Z DV‡Zv, Bmjv‡gi weiæ‡× N„Yv Qwo‡q wewfbœ wel‡qi m‡›`n m„wó K‡i
 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨ 239
Zviv mvaviY RbMY‡K Bmjvg †_‡K `y‡i ivLvi †Póv KiZ| ZvB Avjøvn&
e‡jb-         
Avjøvn&i c_ n‡Z Z_v Bmjv‡gi cÖwZ N„Yv m„wó K‡i I m‡›`n Av‡ivc
K‡i|
6) PzovšÍ AeyS t-
gybvwdKiv mvg‡Ri D”P †kÖYx‡Z Ae¯’vb Ki‡jI Zviv Bmjvg
Gi e¨vcv‡i PzovšÍ wbey©w×Zvi cwiPq w`Z| A‡hŠw³Kfv‡e c~‡e© D‡jøwLZ
wg_¨vPvi, K_vq K_vq kc‡_i e¨envi, Bmjvg we‡ivaxZv| bvex (mt) Gi
weiæ‡× wewfbœ KUz evK¨ cÖ ‡ qvM K‡i Zv‡K Am¤§vb Ki‡Zv| Gme
Aciv‡ai cwiYvg m¤ú‡K© Zv‡`i‡K AewnZ Kiv n‡j Zviv †mUv‡K
Ae‡njv Ki‡Zv| GK K_vq †Kv‡bv cvËvB w`Zbv| Gm‡e gymwjg RbMY
Ges bex (mt) AZ¨šÍ nZvk n‡q †h‡Zb| m¤¢eZ Zv‡`i‡K kvšÍbv †`Iqvi
Rb¨ Avjøvn& Zvqvjv GB AvqvZwU AeZxY© K‡ib-
          
A_©vr Zv‡`i ü`‡q kxj‡gvni jvwM‡q †`Iqv n‡q‡Q| d‡j Zviv †Kv‡bv
wKQzB eyS‡Z cv‡i bv|
Dcmsnvi t-
D‡jø w LZ ˆewkó¨¸wj bex (mt) Gi hy ‡ M gy b vwdK‡`i m‡½
m¤úwK©Z| Zvi cieZ©x hy‡M ÔgybvwdKÕ m¤úª`v‡qi Dcw¯’wZ Av‡Q wK †bB
G wel‡q cwÐrMY wØavwf³| Z‡e gby l¨ mgv‡R GB me K`h© ˆewkó¨
m¤úbœ Bmjvg Z_v m‡Z¨i we‡ivax †jvKRb‡`i wP‡b †bIqvi Rb¨ myiv
gybvwdKzb G ewY©Z GBme ˆewkó¸wj AZ¨šÍ mnvqK|
Question :- Give an account of   and assess his
services to Hadith ( )
240 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨
or
Write an essay on the life of   and his
contribution to  
f‚wgKv t-
‡h mg¯Í e¨w³Z¡eM© AK¬všÍ cwikÖg K‡i, hv‡`i Rxeb a¨vb me©¯^
nvw`m kv¯¿ msMÖn Kivi Rb¨ Kó‡K, Kó e‡j g‡b bv K‡i AvcÖvY †Póvq
nvw`m kv‡¯¿ wb‡Ri Ae`vb †i‡L †h‡Z mÿg n‡q‡Qb Zv‡`i g‡a¨ GKRb
n‡jb Bgvg eyLvix|
Rb¥ I esk cwiPq t-
wZbvi Avmj bvg gynv¤§v`, wcZvi bvg BmgvBj| WvK bvg Avey
Avãyjøvn| cye©cyiæl Biv‡bi Awaevmx| Zvi cÖwcZv gyMxiv web evi‡`R †en
nhiZ BmgvBj Rywdi nv‡Z BmjvgMÖnY K‡ib|
Bgvg eyLvix 184 wnRix mv‡j 13 kIqvj Rygvi w`b eyLvivq
Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| ˆkk‡eB Zvi wcZ… we‡qvM N‡U| gvZ…‡¯œ‡n jvwjZ cvwjZ
nb| ˆkk‡eB Zvi Zxÿè †gav mevB‡K PgrK…Z K‡i| gvÎ `k eQi eq‡mB
wZwb K‡qK nvRvi nvw`m mb`mn gyL¯’ K‡i †d‡jb| A_P nvw`m gyL¯’
Kiv KziAvb gyL¯’ Kiv †_‡K AwZ KwVb|
hLb wZbvi eqm `k eQi ZLb wZwb ZrKvjxb †kÖ ô nvw`m
wekvi` Bgvg `v‡Ljxi cÖv½‡b nvw`‡mi cvV †bIqvi mgq `v‡Ljx GKUv
nvw`‡mi mb` f‚j Ki‡j wZwb Zv ¯§iY Kwi‡q †`b|
PwiÎ t-
Bgvg eyLvixi kvixwiK MVb wQj nvjKv cvZjv ai‡Yi| wZwb Lye
j¤^v ev †e‡U wQ‡jb bv eis ga¨eZ©x MV‡bi wQ‡jb| wZwb wQ‡jb `i‡ek
cÖ K … w Zi †jvK, Avwe` I Rvwn`| ˆcZ… K m~ ‡ Î A‡bK m¤ú‡`i gvwjK
n‡qwQ‡jb| wZwb meB Avjøvn&i iv¯Ívq m`K¡v K‡i †`b| wZwb Lye Kg
 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨ 241
†L‡Zb| Qv‡Îi cÖwZ wQ‡jb LyeB `qvjy Ges mvaviY †jvK‡`i cÖwZ wQ‡jb
`vbkxj|
g„Zz¨ t-
Bgvg eyLvix L¨vwZi wk‡l© Av‡ivnY K‡i 256 wnRix m‡b B`yj
†dZ‡ii iv‡Î Bkvi bvgv‡Ri ci B‡šÍKvj K‡ib| G mgq Zvi eqm wQj
13 w`b Kg 62 eQi| mgiK›` †_‡K wKQz `y‡i LiZ½ bvgK GK cjøx
MÖv‡g Zv‡K mgvwnZ Kiv nq| Zvi †Kvb cyÎ mšÍvb wQ‡jb bv|
ewY©Z Av‡Q Zvi RvbvRvi ci hLb Zv‡K Ke‡i ivLv nq, ZLb
Zvi Kei kwi‡di gvwU n‡Z †gkK Av¤^v‡ii myMÜ cÖevwnZ n‡q PZzw`©K
†gvwnZ K‡i †d‡j| we‡kl GK mgq ch©šÍ †jv‡Kiv Ke‡ii gvwU wb‡q Zv
†_‡K myMÜ MÖnY Ki‡Zb|
nvw`m msMÖn t-
gvÎ 16 eQi eqm n‡Z wZwb nhiZ Avãyjøvn& Be‡b †gveviK I
Bgvg Idx msM„wnZ nv`xm KÚ¯’ K‡i †bb| nv`xm msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ wZwb
wmwiqv, wgki, evmiv, Kzdv, BivK, †nRvR (g°v I g`xbv) mdi K‡ib|
G mgq wZwb jÿ jÿ nvw`‡mi nv‡dR nb| 18 eQi eq‡mB wZwb MÖš’
iPbvq nvZ †`b| G mgq mvnvex I Zv‡eqx‡`i evYx m¤^wjZ GKwU MÖš’ I
GKwU BwZnvm MÖš’ iPbv K‡ib|
mnxn eyLvix t-
mnxn& MÖš’ mg~‡ni g‡a¨ eyLvixi ¯’vb me©wk‡l©| mnxn& eyLvix cÖbqb
m¤ú‡K© wZwb e‡jb- Avwg GK mgq BmnvK web ivIqvnv Gi `iev‡i
Dcw¯’Z wQjvg| †m mgq †Kvb †Kvb Avgvi mv_x Avgv‡`i‡K ej‡jb- hw`
†Zvgiv ivm~jyjøvn&&i nv`x‡mi g‡a¨ mnxn& nv`xm¸wji Dci mswÿß GKLvbv
MÖš’ iPbv Ki‡Z Z‡e KZB bv DËg nZ| †mw`b †_‡K G ai‡bi GKLvbv
242 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨
weï× MÖš’ iPbv Kivi B”Qv Avgvi g‡b †iLv cvZ K‡i| ZvB Avwg GB MÖš’
iPbvq nvZ †`B|
wZwb AviI e‡jb Avgvi G Rv‡g mnxn& eyLvix‡Z mnxn& nv`xm
Qvov Ab¨ nv`xm mKjb Kwiwb| myZ ivs mnxn& ŸyL vixi mKj nvw`mB
weï×Zg| Z‡e `xN© vwqZ nIqvi f‡q eû nv`xm D‡jø L Kwiwb| Bgvg
eyLvix e‡jb, Avwg Avkv Kwi gnvb Avjøvn& gymwjg mgvR‡K G MÖš’ Øviv
eiKZ `vb Ki‡eb| wZwb AviI e‡jb Zv‡Z Avwg mg¯Í nv`xm msKj‡bi
c~‡e© bZzb K‡i †Mvmj K‡i cvK cweÎ n‡q `yB ivKAvZ bdj bvgvR
Av`vq K‡i Zvici nv`xm Lvbv wjwce× K‡iwQ| G‡Z †gvU nv`xm i‡q‡Q
7275 Lvbv gZvšÍ‡i 7397, 9082 BZ¨vw`|
iPbvejx t-
eyLvix kwid QvovI Zvi iwPZ K‡qKLvbv cy¯ÍK n‡jv h_vµ‡g-
                 
                   |
Dcmsnvi t-
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq Bgvg eyLvix Zvi AK¬všÍ cwikÖg K‡i Avgv‡`i
Rb¨ hv m¤ú` †i‡L †M‡Qb Zv Abw¯^Kvh©| Zvi cÖ‡Póv bv _vK‡j nq‡Zv
GB gnvg~j¨evb m¤ú‡`i Aw¯ÍZ¡ c„w_exi ey‡K cvIqv †hZ bv| ZvB Avgiv
mK‡j cÖv_©bv RvbvB Avjøvn& †hb Zvi Dci Kiæb el©b K‡i Avwgb|
Question :- Who was   ? What was his crime?
Narrate the incident happend relating to him.
DËi t- gvqvb wQj Igi (ivt) Gi hy‡Mi GKRb `yó †Pvi e¨w³| Zvi
Aciva wQj †h, †m wLjvdv‡Zi AvswU bKj K‡i Kzdvi ivR¯^ Av`vq
 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨ 243
K‡iwQj Ab¨vq fv‡e|
Zvi m¤úwK©Z NUbvwU wb‡¤œ Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv nj-
gvqvb web hv‡q` bvgK GK e¨w³ ‡Ljvd‡Zi wmj‡gvni
(AvswUi) bKkvi gZ bKkv K‡i wb‡qwQj| ‡m Zv Øviv Dgv‡ii mgq
Kzdvi ivR‡Z¡i A_© Av`vq K‡i wb‡qwQj| hLb Dgvi Gi wbKU †mB
msev` †cŠ‡QwQj, ZLb wZwb gywMiv web ïÕev‡K wj‡LwQ‡jb: Avgvi wbKU
msev` †cŠ‡Q‡Q †h, gvqvb web hvq` bvgK GK e¨w³ †Ljvd‡Zi AvswUi
bKkv Rvj K‡i‡Q, †m Zv Øviv Kydvi ivR‡¯^i A_© Av`vq K‡i‡Q; hLb
Avgvi GB cÎ ‡Zvgvi wbKU †cŠQv‡e ZLb Zvi m¤ú‡K© (cÖ`Ë) Avgvi
Av‡`k Kvh©Ki Ki‡e Ges Avgvi `~‡Zi K_v gvb‡e| Zvici (†mB cÎ
jvf K‡i) gywMiv hLb Av¯^‡ii bvgvR mgvß K‡iwQ‡jb Ges †jv‡Kiv
Zv‡`i emvi ¯’ v ‡bB e‡mwQ‡jb, wZwb Igv‡ii `~ Z ‡K wb‡q ‡ewi‡q
c‡owQ‡jb| Avi †jv‡Kiv Zv‡`i w`‡K ZvKvw”Qj, wZwb wM‡q gvqv‡bi
mvg‡b `vwo‡qwQ‡jb, Zvici wZwb `~Z‡K e‡jwQ‡jb, wek¦vmx‡`i †bZv
Avgv‡K Av‡`k K‡i‡Q, Gi e¨cv‡i Avcbvi Av‡`k cvjb Ki‡Z; Kv‡RB
Avcbvi B”QvgZ Avcwb Avgv‡K Av‡`k Kiæb| ZLb `yZ e‡jwQj, Avg‡K
GKUv iwk G‡b w`b, Avwg †mUv Zvi Mjvq evua‡ev| Zvi wbKU GKUv iwk
Avbv n‡qwQj, Ges †mUv Zvi Mjvq jvwM‡q Lye K‡l †eu‡a wQ‡jb| Zvici
gyMxiv‡K e‡jwQ‡jb: hZÿb ch©šÍ wek¦vmx‡`i ‡bZvi (  )
wbKU †_‡K G e¨cv‡i (cieZ©x) wb‡`©k bv Av‡m, G‡K (KvivMv‡i) ew›`
K‡i ivLyb, wZwb ZvB K‡iwQ‡jb|
†mB mgq KvivMvi wQj Kv‡Vi (jvwVi) Zvici gvqvb (KvivMvi
n‡Z) †ei nIqvi Dcvq D`fveb K‡iwQj Ges Zvi cwievi e‡M©i wbKU
msev` cvwV‡qwQ‡jt Avgvi wbKU †Zvgiv cvVvI Avgvi Eóªx, `vmx I myZx
wcinvb; Zviv Zv K‡iwQj| Zvici †m iv‡Î (KvivMvi n‡Z) †ewi‡q
c‡owQj, Zvi `vmx‡K wcQ‡b ewm‡q Pj‡Z ïiæ K‡iwQj hZÿb bv, †m fq
K‡iwQj †h, cÖfvZ Zv‡K cÖKvwkZ K‡iÕ †`‡e ZLb †m Zvi Eóªx‡K ewm‡q
244 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨
Zv‡K †e‡a †i‡LwQj, Zvici †m wb‡R‡K jywK‡‡q †i‡LwQj, hZÿb bv
Zvi m¤^‡Ü AbymÜvb †kl n‡qwQj| Zvici hLb mܨv AvMvZ n‡qwQj †m
Zvi Eóªxi wbKU wd‡i GmwQj wcinvbUv wb‡q, Zvi Dci †mUv‡K †e‡a
w`‡qwQj Ges Zvi `vmx‡K wcQ‡b ewm‡q cy b ivq hvÎv ïiæ K‡iwQj|
Ae‡k‡m †m Dg‡ii wbKU Dcw¯’Z n‡qwQj, (†mB mgq) hLb wZwb Zvi
Qwo (jvwV) m‡½ wb‡q Zvn¾y‡`i bvgvR Av`vqKvix‡`i dR‡ii bvg‡Ri
Rb¨ RvMvw”Q‡jb
‡m Zvi Eóªx I `vmx‡K GKw`‡K †i‡L wM‡qwQj, Zvici Dg‡ii
wbKU wM‡q e‡jwQj: †n Avwgiæj gy‡gwbb Avcbvi Dci Avjøvni kvwšÍ,
Kiæbv I Kj¨vY ewl©Z †nvK| wZwb e‡jwQ‡jb †Zvgvi DciI; Zzwg ‡K?
†m e‡jwQj gvqvb web hvq` Avwg; Avwg Avcbvi wbKU G‡mwQ AbyZß
n‡q| wZwb e‡jwQ‡jb: ask nI Avjøvn †Zvgv‡K bv ivLyK| Zvici hLb
wZwb dR‡ii bvgvR †kl K‡i wQ‡jb ZLb †jvK‡`i‡K e‡jwQ‡jb †Zvgiv
†Zvgv‡`i RvqMvq (e‡m) _vK| Zvici hLb myh©¨ Dw`Z n‡qwQj, ZLb
wZwb e‡jwQ‡jb GB n‡”Q gvqvb web hv‡q`, †m †Ljvd‡Zi AvswUi bKkv
Rvj K‡i‡Q, Ges Zvi gva¨‡g Kzdvi ivR¯^ Av`vq K‡i‡Q †Zvgiv Zvi
m¤^‡Ü wK ej? ZLb GK Rb e‡jwQj Zvi nvZ †K‡U w`b , Ab¨ GKRb
e‡jwQ‡jb Zv‡K ï‡j Povb: Avwj (iv) Pz c K‡iwQ‡jb; Igvi Zv‡K
e‡jwQ‡jb †n Aveyj nvmvb Zzwg Kx ejQ? wZwb e‡jwQ‡jb †n wek¦vmx‡`i
†bZv, †h e¨vw³ wg_¨v K_v e‡j Zvi kvw¯Í n‡”Q Zvi kwi‡i (†eÎvNvZ
Kiv)| Kv‡RB Igvi Zv‡K cÖn vi K‡iwQ‡jb, fxlb fv‡e A_ev KwVb
fv‡e, Ges Zv‡K e›`x K‡iwQ‡jb; Avjøvn hZw`b B”Qv K‡ib ZZw`b †m
KvivMv‡i wQj| Zvici †m Zvi Kzivqkx eÜzi wbKU msev` cvwV‡qwQj:
Avwgiæj †gv‡gbx‡bi m‡½ Avgvi gyw³i c_ mg‡Ü K_v ej| d‡j †mB
Kzivqkx e¨vw³ e‡jwQ‡jb (Zv‡K) †n Avwgiæj †gv‡gbxb: gvqvb web hvq`
Zvi (`yK‡g©i) Dchy³ kvw¯Í †c‡q‡Q, GLb Avcwb hw` fv‡jv g‡b K‡ib
Zvic_ gy ³ K‡i w`‡Z cv‡ib| ZLb Igvi e‡jwQ‡jb Zz w g Avgv‡K
 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨ 245 246 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨

(cv‡ci) kvw¯Í i K_v ¯^ iY Kwi‡q w`‡qQ Avwg ‡Zv fy‡ jB wM‡qwQjvg, Short Note in Arabic. Marks-10
gvqvb‡K Avgvi wbKU Avb| Zvici Zv‡K (cybivq) cÖnvi K‡i KvivMv‡i 2 out of 4 (2x5=10)
ivL‡Z Av‡`k w`‡qwQ‡jb| Zvici gvqvb Zvi cÖ‡Z¨K eÜyi wbKU msev` Suggestion
cvwV‡qwQ‡jb| ‡Zvgiv Avgvi K_v Avwgiæj †gvwg‡bi wbKU D‡jø L
K‡ivbv| Avjøvn hZw`b PvB‡jb ZZw`b e›`x wQj| Zvici Zvi K_v Igvi
Gi ¯^iY n‡j wZwb e‡jwQ‡jb gvqvb‡K Avgvi wbKU Avb, Zv‡K Zvi      
wbKU Avbv n‡qwQj, wZwb Zv‡K kc_ Kwi‡qwQ‡jb (H iƒc Aciva bv
                   
Kivi Rb¨)| Zvici Zv‡K gy³ K‡i w`‡qwQ‡jb|
                 
                   
                  
   
      
    
      
      
               


 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨ 247 248 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨

      

             
                            
                                     
                                   
       
             
                            
                              
                       
            
                    
     
              
                        
                                      
                   
          
                                 
         
       
 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨ 249 250 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨

                   

                        
                             
                  
                       
                
      
                                
          
                                          

                       
                       
                     
   
                
       
                   
                       
                        
 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨ 251 252 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨

                
                 
                                       
                       
                                              
                   
                           
                                   
                            
             
                             
          
            
     
       
       
                             
 we.G. Aviex mvdj¨ we.G. Aviex mvdj¨

             
               
                    
   
                 
          