NO ANGKA GILIRAN: 2018122340079 KOD KERTAS PEPERIKSAAN: SCES3083

Nama: Muhamad Syahmi Rifqi Bin Shariman

No IC: 990613065487

Opsyen: Sains 2

Ambilan: Jun 2018

QUESTION 1

Wx = mg sin𝛉

W= mg
. f

Wy = mg cos𝛉

Calculation

f ≤ μs N
f max =μ s N

x-Axis:
W x =¿ mg sin𝛉

F x =0

F x : mgsin θ+ (−fs )

F x : mgsin θ−μ s N=0

y-Axis:
y : N−mg cos θ=0
N=mgcos θ

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NO ANGKA GILIRAN: 2018122340079 KOD KERTAS PEPERIKSAAN: SCES3083

The maximum value of the angle of tilt is;

mg sin θ=μ s N

mg sin θ=μ s mg cos θ

sin θ=μ s cos θ

sinθ
μs =
cos θ

μs =tan θ

θ=tan −1 μs

The normal reaction between the block and the rough plane is;
N=mgcos θ
N=mgcos ( tan−1 μ s)

The friction between the block and the rough plane is

f =μ s N

f =μ s (mgcos ⁡[ tan−1 μ s ])

Objects placed on sloping surfaces often slide on the surface. The speed of the
object glides over the surface, depending on how steep the surface is; the higher the
slope of the surface, the faster the objects will move downwards. In physics, an
inclined surface is called an inclined plane. Objects are known to accelerate tilt due
to unbalanced force. To understand this type of motion, it is important to analyze the
forces acting on objects in an inclined plane. The diagram on the right shows the two
forces acting on the housing located in an inclined plane (which is assumed to have
no friction). As shown in the figure, objects that are in an inclined plane are always
exposed to at least two forces: the gravitational force and the normal force.
Gravitational force (also known as gravity) acts downward; but normal force acts in a

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direction that is perpendicular to the surface (actually, normal means

“perpendicular”).

The first feature of an aircraft problem is that normal force is not directed in the
direction we normally work. Up to this point along the path we always see a normal
force acting upwards, opposite to the direction of gravity. However, this is only
because the objects are always on a horizontal surface and never tilt. The truth
about normal forces is not that they are always forward-oriented, but are always
perpendicular to the surface on which the object is located.

The task of determining the total force acting on objects on an inclined plane is a
difficult method because two (or more) forces are not directed in opposite directions.
Therefore, one (or more) forces must be distributed over the vertical components so
that they can be easily added to other forces acting on the object. Usually, any force
directed at an angle to the horizon is diluted into horizontal and vertical components.
However, this is not a procedure that we will continue with an inclined plane. Instead,
the process of analyzing the forces acting on objects on an inclined plane will involve
grouping the weight vectors (F grav) into two vertical components. This is another
feature of the aircraft tilt problem. The gravitational force will be selected in two basic
forces - one directed parallel to the inclined surface and the other directed
perpendicular to the inclined surface. The diagram below shows how the
gravitational force is replaced by two components - a parallel and a vertical force
component. 

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NO ANGKA GILIRAN: 2018122340079 KOD KERTAS PEPERIKSAAN: SCES3083

The vertical component of gravitational force is directed against normal force and
thus balances normal force. The parallel component of gravitational force is out of
equilibrium with other forces. This object will immediately accelerate the inclined
plane due to the unbalanced force. This rush is caused by the parallel component of
gravity. The parallel component of the force of gravity is the total force.

The task of determining the size of two gravitational components is a simple way of
using the equation. The equations for parallel and vertical components are:

In the absence of friction and other forces (tension, applied, etc.), the acceleration of
an object on an incline is the value of the parallel component (m*g*sine of angle)
divided by the mass (m). This yields the equation

(in the absence of friction and other forces)

Normal force is defined as the force produced by pressing two parallel surfaces and
their direction perpendicular to the surface. In the simple case of a mass supported

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NO ANGKA GILIRAN: 2018122340079 KOD KERTAS PEPERIKSAAN: SCES3083

on a horizontal surface, the only component of the normal force is the force due to
gravity, where displays the force N = mg. In this case, the magnitude of the friction
force is the product of the mass of the body, the acceleration due to gravity, and the
coefficient of friction. However, the coefficient of friction is not a function of mass or
volume; depends only on the material. For example, a large aluminum beam has the
same coefficient of friction as a small aluminum beam. However, the size of the
friction force depends on the normal force and, therefore, on the mass of the block.

Normal force is defined as the total force that simultaneously pushes two parallel
surfaces, and the direction is perpendicular to the surface. In the simple case of
matter resting on a horizontal surface the only part of the normal force is the force
caused by gravity, where N = mg. In this case, the magnitude of the friction force is
the product of body weight, acceleration due to gravity, and coefficient of friction.
However, the coefficient of friction is not a function of mass or volume; depends only
on the material. For example, large aluminum beams have the same coefficient of
friction as small aluminum beams. But the magnitude of the friction force depends on
the normal force and then on the mass of the block.

If the object is on a flat surface and the force that tends to slide is a horizontal force,
the normal force N between the object and the surface is only its mass equal to its
mass multiplied by the speed due to gravity. g. the object is located on an inclined
surface, like an inclined plane, the normal force is smaller because the gravitational
force is less perpendicular to the plane. The normal force and finally the friction force
are therefore determined by vector analysis, usually from a free body diagram.
Depending on the situation, normal force calculations may involve different
gravitational forces.

The coefficient of friction (COF), often symbolized by the Greek letter µ, is a

dimensionless scalar value which describes the ratio of the force of friction between
two bodies and the force pressing them together. The coefficient of friction depends
on the materials used; for example, ice on steel has a low coefficient of friction, while
rubber on pavement has a high coefficient of friction. Coefficients of friction range
from near zero to greater than one. For surfaces at rest relative to each other μ ¿ μ s
where μs is the coefficient of static friction. This is usually larger than its kinetic

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NO ANGKA GILIRAN: 2018122340079 KOD KERTAS PEPERIKSAAN: SCES3083

counterpart. The coefficient of static friction exhibited by a pair of contacting surfaces

depends upon the combined effects of material deformation characteristics and
surface roughness, both of which have their origins in the chemical bonding between
atoms in each of the bulk materials and between the material surfaces and any
adsorbed material. The fractality of surfaces, a parameter describing the scaling
behavior of surface asperities, is known to play an important role in determining the
magnitude of the static friction.

For surfaces in relative motion μ ¿ μ k , where μk is the coefficient of kinetic friction. The
Coulomb friction is equal to F f , and the frictional force on each surface is exerted in
the direction opposite to its motion relative to the other surface.

Static friction is the friction between two or more solid objects that do not move
towards each other. For example, static friction can prevent objects from slipping
under sloping surfaces. The static coefficient of friction, usually shown as μs , is
generally higher than the coefficient of kinetic friction. Static friction is considered to
be due to surface roughness properties at varying degrees of length on solid
surfaces.

Static friction must be exceeded by the force acting before the object moves. The
maximum possible friction between two surfaces before cutting is the product of the
static coefficient of friction and the normal force F max=μ s F n. If there is no shear, the
friction can have a value from zero to, F max. A forced force less than F max, which tries
to slide from one surface over another, is against friction of the same magnitude and
in the opposite direction. A force greater than F max exceeds the static friction force
and causes shear. Rapid cutting occurs when static friction is no longer applied -
friction between two surfaces is called kinetic friction.

In some applications, it is more useful to determine the static friction in terms of the
maximum angle before the element begins to move. This is called the friction angle
or friction angle. This is defined as:
μs =tan θ

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NO ANGKA GILIRAN: 2018122340079 KOD KERTAS PEPERIKSAAN: SCES3083

Where θ is the horizontal angle and μs is the static coefficient of friction between the
objects. This formula can also be used to calculate empirical measures μs of friction
angles.

QUESTION 2

The principle of balloon physics is to use hot air to create a bohemian atmosphere. A
balloon contains a large envelope, called an envelope, and consists of a rod or a
basket with the rods. The hamburger basket (a few megawatts of normal power) is
stored in containers and used to heat the air in the open air. This hot air rises in
strong winds.

The warm air inside the envelope is less dense than the surrounding air (cooler air).
This change in density causes the balloon to escape from the ground due to the
sales force generated by the surrounding air. The principle behind this lift is called
Archimedes' principle, which states that any object (regardless of its shape) that is
suspended in a fluid, is acted upon by an upward buoyant force equal to the weight
of the fluid displaced by the object. Therefore, objects that swim in water remain
floating on the same principle as hot air balloons. The photo below illustrates
Archimedes' principle for objects that are completely immersed in a liquid (such as
water or air).

Body

G
.
FLUID 7
Fg
NO ANGKA GILIRAN: 2018122340079 KOD KERTAS PEPERIKSAAN: SCES3083

As shown in the figure above, the center of buoyancy acts through point C, which is
the centroid of the volume V of the object. This volume is equal to the displaced
volume of the fluid. The upward buoyant force FB is equal to the weight of the
displaced volume of fluid V. For the object to remain in an unconditionally stable
orientation (i.e. not rotate) the center of mass of the object G must be directly below
point C. This means that if the object were to be rotated by any amount, it will
automatically rotate back to the original position where point G lies directly below
point C. This is what is meant by unconditional stability.

In a hot air balloon, the rising force acting on it is equal to the weight (or mass) of
cold air around the air released from the hot air balloon. Because the air inside the
enclosure is heated, it is less dense than the surrounding air, which means that the
explosive power caused by the cold air around it is greater than the weight of the hot
air inside the enclosure. And to lift the elevator, this explosive power must exceed
the weight of the heated air plus the weight of the enclosure plus the weight of the
passengers and equipment in the aircraft. As a result, a hot air balloon will have
enough experience to lift the ground completely.

As shown in the following image, the weight of the hot air balloon is more
concentrated near the bottom of the balloon, and therefore the weight of the hot air
balloon is always below the center of the balloon. Buoyancy C. Satisfied, the balloon
is always stable during flight.

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NO ANGKA GILIRAN: 2018122340079 KOD KERTAS PEPERIKSAAN: SCES3083

The heated air inside the envelope is at roughly the same pressure as the outside
air. With this in mind we can calculate the density of the heated air at a given
temperature, using the Ideal gas law, as follows:

P = ρRT

Where:

P is the absolute pressure of the gas, in Pa

ρ is the density of the gas, in kg/m3

R is the gas constant, in Joules/kg. K

T is the absolute temperature of the gas, in Kelvins (K)

Wgas Wp

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NO ANGKA GILIRAN: 2018122340079 KOD KERTAS PEPERIKSAAN: SCES3083

To get the number of passenger, we must to find the density of the external and
internal air (Pex).

Density of external air

Pex = 1.3 kg/m3

Density of internal air

Pin = 0.75 x Pex

Pin = 0.75 x 1.3 kg/m3

Pin = 0.975 kg/m3

The volume of the balloon is given by:

4
V = π r2
3

Where,

The radius is r = 10m

Numerically evaluating

4
V = π ( 10 m )2
3

V =4188.8 m 2

The weight of the internal air is

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W =ρ¿ ×V × g

Where,

Volume is V = 4188.8 m2

The density Pin = 0.975 kg/m3

Acceleration of gravity g = 9.81 m/s2

Numerically evaluating

W =0.975 kg /m3 ×4188.8 m2 ×9.81 m/s 2

W =40064.8 N

The buoyant force is given by

β=ρ ex gV

Where,

Volume is V = 4188.8 m2

Acceleration of gravity g = 9.81 m/s2

The air density is ρex = 1.3 kg/m3

Numerically evaluating

β=1.3 kg / m3 × 9.81m/ s2 × 4188.8 m2

β=53419.8 N

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NO ANGKA GILIRAN: 2018122340079 KOD KERTAS PEPERIKSAAN: SCES3083

The net force on the balloon is

F net=β −W

F net=53419.8 N −40064.8 N

F net=13355 N

Now, the weight of each passenger is equal to

W p =850 N

F net
N=
Wp

Where,

The net force on the balloon F net = 13355 N

The weight of each passenger W p = 850 N

13355 N
N=
850 N

N=15.7

Approaching he smallest interger, for safety, we have to

The number of passengers is 15.

This is the net buoyant force pushing upwards on the heated air inside the envelope.
The hot air balloon components (such as envelope, gondola, burner, fuel tanks, and
passengers) can at most weigh 711 N in order for the buoyant force to be able to
completely lift the hot air balloon off the ground. It means this hot balloon can up if
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the number of passenger is 15. If the weight of the passenger more than 850 N or
the number of the passenger more than 15 the hot balloon can’t fly.

For the conclusion, hot air balloons float because the hot air inside the envelope has
a lower density than the cold air outside. Just like a ship is supported by ocean
water, cold water is what supports hot air balloons.

The operation of a hot air balloon requires special knowledge and skills. A pilot must
understand the wind direction at different heights, because the only driving method is
to capture the wind direction. By controlling the amount of hot air inside the balloon,
the pilot can change the vertical direction up or down.

In order for the ship to board, the pilot starts the propane stove and can change the
speed by controlling the power of the flame. In the upper part of the balloon there is
a self-covering which can be controlled by the pilot with a long rope. This mechanism
allows the pilot to release the hot air at a constant speed to slow down or bring the
ball back to the ground. When moving the ball up and down, the pilot can catch
different winds that move in different directions to navigate the sky.

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