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KINEMATICS

MOTION IN TWO DIMENSION

G G
10. SCALARS AND VECTORS Then, r1  r2 (a1  a 2 )iˆ  (b1  b 2 )ˆj
G G
Some quantities can be deseribed by single number. For e.g.: r1  r2 (a1  a 2 )iˆ  (b1  b2 )ˆj
Mass, time, distance, speed. One piece of infermation is
enough to describe them fully. These are called SCALAR Multiplication of a vector by scalar quantity.
quantities. G
cr1 c(a1ˆi  b1ˆj) ca1ˆi  cb1ˆj
To tell someone how to get to Lakshya from some location,
G
one piece of information is not enough. To describe this fully, Representation of r1 on the co–ordinate axis
both distance and displacement are required. Quantities which
require both magnitude and direction to describe a situation
fully are known as VECTOR. For e.g.: displacement, velocity
The vectors are denoted by putting an arrow over the
symbols representing them.
JJJG
For e.g.: AB vector can be represented by AB

10.1 Unit vector

A unit vector has a magnitude of one and so it really gives just

the direction of the vector.
A unit vector can be found by dividing the original vector by
its magnitude G
magnitude and direction of r1
G
a
â G G
a Magnitude of r1( r1 ) a12  b12

unit vectors along different co–ordinate axis G

direction of r1

b1 component y  axis
tan T=
a1 component along x  axis

§b ·
T tan 1 ¨ 1 ¸
© a1 ¹

10.3 Parallel vectors

Two vectors are parallel if and only if they have the same
10.2 Addition, subtraction and scalar multiplication direction. When any vector is multiplied by a scalar, a vector
of vectors
parallel to the original vector is formed.
Suppose, we have two vectors G G G G
If b ka then b and a are parallel vector. In general to find
G
r1 a1ˆi  b1ˆj if two vectors are parallel or not we must find their unit vectors.
G
r2 a 2ˆi  b 2ˆj
 KINEMATICS

Another way is parallelogram rule of vector addition

10.4 Equality of vectors
Two vectors (representing two values of the same physical
quantity) are called equal if their magnitudes and directions
are same.
G G
on this we draw vectors a and b, with both the tails co–
inciding. Taking these two odjacent sides we complete the
parallelogram. the diagonal through the common tails gives
the sum of two vectors.

For e.g. (3iˆ  4ˆj)m and (3iˆ  4ˆj)m / s

Cannot be compared as they represent two different

physical quantities.

10.5 Addition of vectors

When two or more vectors are added, the answer is called

the resultant. The resultant of two vectors is equivalent to G G
Finding magnitude of a  b and its direction
the first vector followed immediately by the second vector.
|AD|2 = AE2 + ED2
AE = |a| + |b cos T|
ED = b sin T
AD2 = a2 + b2 cos2T + 2ab cos T + b2 sin2T
AD2 = a2 + b2 + 2ab cos T

AD = a 2  b 2  2ab cos T
G G
To find the resultant of vectors a and b, the tail of vector G G
where, T is the angle contained between a and b
G G G G
b must join to the head of vector a . The resultant a  b
ED bsin T
G
is the direct vector from the tail of vector a to the head of tan D =
AE a  b cos T
G
vector b . where D is the angle which the resultant makes with + x axis

Subtraction of vectors :
G G G G
Let a and b be two vectors. We define a  b as sum of
G
vectors a and the vectos  b .
G

G G
or, a   b

This is known as triangle rule of vector addition

KINEMATICS

Zero vector

a bc 0

Resolution of vectors

JJJG JJJG JJJG

In this triangle PQ  QR  PR must be equal to zero as
the overall journey results in a return to the starting point.
JJJG JJJG JJJG G
PQ  QR  RP O

JJJG G
OA a

By vector addition rule,

JJJG JJJG JJJG
OA OB  OC
JJJG
OB = a cos T

JJJG
OC = a sin T

If ˆi and ˆj denote vectors of unit magnitude along OX and

along OY respecively, we get
JJJG
OB = a cos T î
JJJG
OC = a sin T ĵ

G
a (a cos T)iˆ  (a sin T)ˆj
abcde 0

e (a  b  c  d)
 KINEMATICS

Suppose the particle moves along the path as shown to a

G
new position P1 with the position vector r
G
r1 x1ˆi  y1ˆj
change in position = displacement
10.6 Dot product or scalar product of two vector
G G
r1  r (x1ˆi  y1ˆj)  (xiˆ  yj)
ˆ

(x1  x)iˆ  (y1  y)ˆj

G G G G
a˜b a b cos T
'xiˆ  'yjˆ
from above figure we can see that
G G G G G G G G G G
If, T = 0° Ÿ a ˜ b a b r  ' r r1 or ' r r1  r

G G G G (triangle law of vector addition)

T = 90° Ÿ a ˜ b a b cos 90° = 0
11.2 Average velocity
ˆi ˜ ˆi ˆi ˆi cos 0q i 2 u 1 1
G
G 'r 'xiˆ  'yjˆ
vav
ˆj ˜ ˆj 1 't 't
Similarly, kˆ ˜ kˆ 1
vavg v x iˆ  v y ˆj
ˆi ˜ ˆj ˆi ˆj cos90q 1 u 1u 0 0
G
Note : Direction of the average velocity is same as that of ' r
Similarly, ˆj ˜ kˆ 0 and kˆ ˜ ˆi 0
11.3 Instantaneous velocity
The dot product is commutative and distributive
G
G G G G
a ˜b b˜a G 'v dr
v lim
'to0 't dt
G G G G G G G
a ˜ (b  c) a ˜ b  a ˜ c G
v v u ˆi  v y ˆj

11. MOTION IN 2D (PLANE)

11.1 Position vector and Displacement

G
The position vector r of a particle P located in a plane
with referecne to the origin of an xy–coordinate system is
given by

dx dy
where, vx = and v y
dt dt
G
r = x ˆi + yjˆ G
v v 2x  v 2y

vy § vy ·
tan T = or T = tan–1 ¨ v ¸
vx © x¹
KINEMATICS

Note : The direction of instantaneous velocity at any point Horizontal axis Vertical axis
on the path of an object is tangent to the path at that point ux = u cosT uy = u sin T
and is in the direction of motion.
ax = 0 ay = – g
11.4 Averge acceleration (In the absence of any sy = uyt + 1/2 ay t2
external force ax will be 0 – 0 = u sin T t – 1/2g t2
G
G 'v 'v x ˆ 'v y ˆ 2u sin T 2u y
a avg i j assumed to be zero) T=
't 't 't g g
G sx = ux t + 1/2ax t2
a avg a x ˆi  a y ˆj vy = uy + ay t
x – 0 = u cos T t vy = u sin T – gt
11.5 Instantaneous acceleration
x = u cos T× 2uy/g It depends on time ‘t’
G
G dv dv x ˆ dv y ˆ 2u 2 cos T sin T
a i j x= It in not constant
dt dt dt g

G
a
G
a x ˆi  a y ˆj u 2 sin 2T
R= It’s magnitude first
g
12. PROJECTILE MOTION (' 2 cos T sin T = sin 2T) decreases becomes zero
horizontal distance covered and then increases.
When a particle is projected obliquely near the earth
is known as Range
surface, it moves simultaneously in horizontal and vertical
vx = ux + ax t maximum height obtained
directions. Motion of such a particle is called projectile
by the particle
motion.
vx = u cos T Method 1 : using time of
It is independent of t ascent

1
It is constant sy = uyt1 + ay t12
2

u 2 sin 2 T
time of ascent and time of H=
2g

descent
At top most point vy = 0 Method 2 : using third
vy = uy + ay t equation of motion
In this case a particle is projected at an angle T with an
Ÿ 0 = u sin T – gt v2y  u 2y 2a y s y
initial velocity u. For this particular case we will calculate
the following :
u sin T
(a) time taken to reach A from O t1 = g 0 – u2 sin2T = – 2g sy

(b) horizontal distance covered (OA)

u sin T u sin T 1 u 2 sin 2 T
(c) maxm height reached during the motion t2 = T – t1 = = u sin T ×  g
g g 2 g2
(d) velocity at any time ‘t’ during the motion
T u sin T u 2 sin 2 T
t1 = t2 = H=
2 g 2g
 KINEMATICS

Maximum Range 12.2 Equation of trajectory

u 2 sin 2T u2 Trajectory is the path traced by the body. To find the

R and R max
g g trajectory we must find relation between y and x by
Range is maximum when sin 2Tis maximum eliminating time.

max (sin 2T) = 1 or, T = 45° [Ref. to the earlier diag]

Horizontal Motion Vertical Motion

12.1 Analysis of velocity in case of a projectile
ux = u cos T uy = u sin T
ax = 0 ay = – g

1
sx = u cos T t = x sy = uyt + a t2
2 y

x § x · 1 x2
t= y = u sin T ¨ ¸ g 2
u cos T © u cos T ¹ 2 u cos2 T

gx 2
y = x tan T –  Ÿ y = bx – ax2
2u 2 cos 2 T
From the above equations;
(i) v1x = v2x = v3x = v4x = ux = u cos T (i) This is a equation of a parabola
which means that the velocity along x axis remains constant (ii) Because the co–officient of x2 is negative, it is an inverted
parabola.
[as there is no external force acting along that direction]
(ii) a) magnitude of velocity along y axis first decreases and
then it increases after the top most point
b) at top most point magnitude of velocity is zero.
c) direction of velocity is in the upward direction while
ascending and is in the downward direction while
descending.
d) magnitude of velocity at A is same as magnitude of Path of the projectile is a parabola
velcoity at 0; but the direction is inverse
e) angle which the net velocity makes with the horizontal 2u 2 sin T cos T 2u 2 R
R or,
can be calculated by g g sin T cos T

vy Substituting this value in the above equation we have,

velocity along y axis
tan D
vx velocity along x axis
ª xº
y = x tan T «1- »
¬ R¼
net velocity is always along the tangent
KINEMATICS

A boatman starts from point A on one bank of a river

13. RELATIVE MOTION G
with velocity vbr in the direction shown in figure. River
Relative is a very general term G
is flowing along positive x–direction with velocity v r .
In physics we use relative very oftenly. Width of the river is d. Then
For eg G G G
vb v r  v br

Therefore, vbx = v rx + vbrx = v r – v br sin T

and vby = vby + vbry = 0 + vbr cosT = vbr cosT

Case I : If you are observing a car moving on a straight

road then you say velocity of car is 20 m/s which means
velocity of car relative to you is 20 m/s or, velocity of
car relative to ground is 20 m/s (as you are standing
on the ground. Now, time taken by the boatman to cross the river is :
Case II : If you go inside a car and observe you will find
that the car is at rest while the road is moving back d d d
t or t ...(i)
wards. you will say; v by v br cos T v br cos T
velocity of car relative to the car is 0 m/s
Further, displacement along x–axis when he reaches
Mathematically, velocity of B relative to A is represented
on the other bank (also called drift) is
as
G G G d
v BA = v B - v A x v bx t vr  v br sin T
v br cos T

This being a vector quantity direction is very important

d
or x v r  v br sin T ...(ii)
G G v br cos T
? v BA ≠ v AB
Condition when the boatman crosses the river in
14. RIVER–BOAT PROBLEMS shortest interval of time
From eq. (i) we can see that time (t) will be minimum
In river–boat problems we come across the following
when T = 0° i.e., the boatman should steer his boat
three terms :
perpendicular to the river current.
G
v r absolute velocity of river.. Condition when the boat wants to reach point B, i.e.,
G at a point just opposite from where he started (shortest
v br velocity of boatman with respect to river or
distance)
G
velocity of boatman in still water and v b absolute In this case, the drift (x) should be zero.
velocity of boatman.
? x=0
G
Hence, it is important to note that vbr is the velocity
d
G
of boatman with which he steers and vb is the actual or v r  v br sin T 0 or v r v br sin T
v br cos T
velocity of boatman relative to ground. Further
G G G
v b v br  v r vr §v ·
or sin T or T sin 1 ¨ r ¸
Now, let us derive some standard results and their v br © v br ¹
special cases.
Hence, to reach point B the boatman should row at an
 KINEMATICS

G JJJG
§v ·
1
 vm OC , which will be represented by diagonal
angle T sin ¨ r ¸ upstream from AB.
© v br ¹ JJJG
OD of rectangle OBDC.

d d ? v rm v2r  vm2  2v r v m cos 90q vr2  v 2m

t
vb v 2br  v 2r

Since sin T ! 1 . So, if vr > vbr, the boatman can never

reach at point B. Because if vr = vbr, sinT = 1 or T = 90°
and it is just impossible to reach at B if T = 90°.
Similarly, if vr > vbr, sinT > 1, i.e., no such angle exists.
Practically it can be realized in this manner that it is
not possible to reach at B if river velocity (vr) is too
high.

15. RELATIVE VELOCITY OF RAIN W.R.T

THE MOVING MAN G
If T is the angle which v rm makes with the vertical
G direction then
Consider a man walking west with velocity v m ,
JJJG
represented by OA . Let the rain be falling vertically BD vm §v ·
G JJJG tan T or T tan 1 ¨ m ¸
downwards with velocity v r , represented by OB . OB vr © vr ¹
Figure. To find the relative velocity of rain with respect
G Here, angle T is from vertical towards west and is
to man ( i.e. v rm ) bring the man at rest by imposing a written as T, west of vertical.
G
velocity  v m on man and apply this velocity on rain Note : In the above problem if the man wants to protect
also. Now the relative velocity of rain with respect to himself from the rain, he should hold his umbrella in
G JJJG the direction of relative velocity of rain with respect
man will be the resultant velocity of v r OB and to man i.e. the umbrella should be held making an angle
T (= tan–1 vm/vr) west of vertical.
 F E B . 20 . 21 . 22

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