SAMPLING SIZE AND SAMPLING Given: n = ? N = 8000 e = 2% > 0.

02

TECHNIQUES Solution

Population – composed person or objects that N

n=
possess same common characteristics that are 1+ Ne2
of interest to the researchers
8000
Parameter - numeric characteristic of n=
1+8000 (0.02)2
population
n=1904.76 ≈ 1905
Sample – a subset of the entire population or a
group of individuals that represents the Other Considerations
population and serves as the respondents of the
The following are the acceptable sizes for
study
different types of research (Gay, 1976)
Statistic – numeric characteristic of
> Descriptive Research – 10%-20% may be
sample
required
Element –sing member of the sample
> Correlational Research – 30 subjects or
Factors to consider in determining the sample respondents
size
> Comparative Research – 15 subjects 1 group
1. homogenity of the population
> Experimental Research 15 to 30 subjects per

Practical Research 2
2. degree or precision desired by the
researcher
group

Types of Sampling Techniques

1

3. types of sampling procedure

> Probability Sampling – process of selecting
Margin of error – changes of error the respondents in which the members of the
entire population have an equal chance of being
- medical research 1%, social
selected as samples
science research 5%
Types of Probability Sampling
The use of Formulas
 Simple Random Sampling – random sampling
>Slovin’s Formula
technique in which every element of the
N population has the same probability of being
n= selected
1+ Ne2
Where:  Systematic Random Sampling – random
sampling technique in which a list of elements of
n – sample size the population is used as sampling frame and
sample are selected by skipping through the list
N – population size
at regular intervals
e – desired margin of error

Example: The parameter of the population is

8000 at 2% of error or 98% accuracy (use the
slovin’s formula)

ABIS, John Adrianne D. Grade 12 Section E

 Stratified Random Sampling – random
sampling technique in which the population is
first divided into “strata” (characteristics) and
then samples are randomly selected separately
from each stratum
 Cluster Random Sampling – also known as
“area random sampling”, a sampling technique in
which the entire population is broken into small
groups, or clusters, and then some of the
clusters are randomly selected
> Nonprobability Sampling - process of
selecting the respondents in which the members
of the entire population don’t have an equal
chance of being selected as samples
Types of Nonprobability Sampling
 Convenience Sampling – also called as
“accidental or incident sampling” that involves
the sample being drawn from part of the
population that is close to hand
Practical Research 2
 Quota Sampling – sampling technique in which
researchers look for a specific characteristics
in their respondents and then take a tailored
sample that is in proportion to a population of
interest.
 Purposive Sampling – a sampling technique in
which researchers have purpose on why did they
choose as their subject. It involves the hand
picking of subjects. It is also known as
“judgemental sampling”
 Snowball Sampling – also known as “chain
sampling, chain referral sampling or referral
sampling”. A sampling technique where existing
study subjects recruit future subjects from
among their acquaintances.
Validity – how accurate is at measuring what is
it trying to measure. Is the ability of an
instrument to measure what instead to measure
ABIS, John Adrianne D.
Types of Validity
> Face Validity – the degree to which
assessment, or test, subjectively appears to
measure the variable or construct that is
supposed to measure
> Content Validity – demonstrating that a test
is relevant to and covers a given area of content
or ability, this is determined by studying the
questions to see whether they able to enlist the
necessary information
> Construct Validity – this refers to whether
the test responds to its theoretical construct
> Criterion Related Validity – this type of
validity is an expression of whole scores from
the test that are correlated with an external
criterion. It involves the examination of a test
and its relationship with a second measure.
Types of Criterion Related Validity
 Postdictive Criterion Related Validity – the
test is valid measure of something that 2
happened before
 Concurrent Criterion Related Validity –
measures how well a new test compare to a well-
established test. It can also refer to the
practice of concurrently testing 2 groups at the
same time or asking 2 different groups of
people to take the same test
 Predictive Criterion Related Validity
Relativity – refers to the consistency of the
result. Is the degree to which an assessment to
all procedures stable and consistent.
Methods of establishing Relativity
>Test – Retest or Stability Test – the same
test is given to the same people on two
occasions. The scores are correlated, and if the
reliability coefficient is positive and high
interest is reliable
Grade 12 Section E
> Parallel Forms Reliability – is a measure of
reliability obtained by administering different
versions of an assessment that (both versions
must contain items that probe the same
construct skill, knowledge, base etc.) to the
same group of individuals
Finding answers through Data Collection
Statistics (plural) –a set of numerical data
Statistics (singular) – a branch of science which
deals with copying, organizing, presenting,
analysing and interpreting quantitative data

> Inter – Rater Reliability (KAPPA 2 Branch of Statistics

Coefficient) – It measures the consistency of
scores assigned by two or more raters on a > Descriptive Statistics – involves tabulating,
certain set of results depicting and determining the collected data

> Internal Consistency – is a measure of  Frequency Percentage – used to determine

reliability used to evaluate the degree to which the percentage usually for data on profile (level,
different test items that prone the same grade, age, gender, etc.)
produce similar results F
%= ×10 0
3 ways n

 Split Half – is a method of establishing Where:

internal consistency where in a test is given only % - percentage
once to the respondents
F - frequency
 Kuder-Richardson Test – this method

Practical Research 2
measures the extent to which items in one form
of a test share commonalities with one another
as do the items of an equivalence form
n – number of observations

 Measures of Central Tendency – it indicates

3

where the center of the distribution tends to

 Cronbach’s Alpha – is a measure of internal be located. It refers to the typical or average
consistency, that is how closely related a set of score in a distribution
items are as a group
> Mean – it is the exact mathematical center of
K the distribution. It is equal to the sum of all
a= ¿ scores divided by the number of cases
K −1
Where: Ungrouped Data

K – number of items or questions Sample Mean

n
S2y 1 – sum of the item variances 1
X́ = ∗∑ xi
n i=1
S2x – variance of total score
Population Mean
Planning the Collection of Data
n
1
The following should be considered in the data u= ∗∑ xi
n i=1
collection

1. People 3. Schedule

2. Finances 4. Miscellaneous

ABIS, John Adrianne D. Grade 12 Section E

 n

∑ W i X1
Example: Consider the example X́ w = i=1n
2, 4, 6, 0, -1, 5, 7 ∑ Wi
i=1
2+ 4+ 6+0+ (−1 ) +5+7
X́ = Where:
7
W i – Weight
X́ = 3.29
X 1 – Observation
> Median – it is the middle most value in a
distribution below or above which is exactly 50% Example
of cases that are found
Subject Grade Unit
Example: Consider the example Gen.Bio 1 95 3
PR2 99 6
1. -1, 0, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7
Gen.Phy 1 80 3
~ MIL 75 3
X =4
Emp.Tech 95 3
2. 2.3, 2.9, 3.5, 3.8, 4.1, 4.7, 5.2, 5.4 PE 3 100 1

3.8+ 4.1 X1 Wi
~
X= GWA: 91
2

Practical Research 2
~ = 3.9
X
Solution: 4
> Mode – it refers to the most frequently
occurring score in a distribution
95 (3 )+ 99 ( 6 ) +80 ( 3 ) +75 ( 3 ) +95 ( 3 ) +100(1)
X́ w =
3+6+3+3+ 3+1
Example:
X́ w = 91
1. 7, 4, 8, 6, 5, 8, 10, 7, 8
 Skewness and Kurtosis
Mode = 8
Skewness – measures of symmetry of
2. 6, 3, 5, 4, 7, 3, 8, 9, 6 distribution
Mode = 3 & 6 Pearsonian Coefficent of Skewness
3. 1, 3, 6, 8, 4, 2, 5, 9 Sample SK
Mode = No Mode ~
3( X́ − X )
Sk=
 Weighted Mean – is a modification of the s
usual mean that assigns weight (or measures of
Population SK
relative importance) to the observations to be
observed 3( ú−~u)
Sk=
s
*The coefficient of skewness ranges 0-3

ABIS, John Adrianne D. Grade 12 Section E

1. A coefficient of 0 means that the distribution > Mesokurtic (Kurtosis = 0) – distribution is not
is symmetric. Mean = Median = Mode too peaked or too flat

2. A coefficient greater than 0, the distribution

is positively skewed or skewed to the right.
Mean < Median < Mode

3. A coefficient less than 0, the distribution is

positively skewed or skewed to the left. Mean >
Median > Mode

Kurtosis – measures the relative peakness or

flatness of a distribution as compared to a
normal distribution.

Types of Kurtosis

> Leptokurtic (Kurtosis > 0) – values are

dustered heavily on the center. Tall with narrow
humps and long, high tails

> Malykurtic (Kurtosis < 0) – values are more

evenly distributed. Flat and broad humps and
short trails

Practical Research 2 5

Measures of Dispersion – indicate the extent to

which the individual items in the series are
scattered about an average

Range – it is the difference between the largest

and the smallest values

Standard Deviation – statistic that measures

the dispersion of a dataset relative to its mean
and is calculated as the square of the variance

N
σ=
√ 1
N∑i=1
¿¿¿

ABIS, John Adrianne D. Grade 12 Section E

 N > Inferential Statistics – it involves
s=
√ 1
∑ ¿¿¿
N−1 i=1
generalizations about the population through a
sample from it
Variance – the average of the squared
> T-test
differences from the mean
N
> Z-test
σ =∑ ¿ ¿ ¿ > F-test
i=1

Statistical Treatment – culmination of the long

s=∑ ¿ ¿ ¿
process of formulating a hypothesis,
Example: The health of the dogs (at the constructing the instrument, and collecting data
shoulders) are 600mm, 470mm, 170mm, 430mm,
Levels of Measurement
and 300mm respectively. Try to find the mean,
variance, and standard deviation 1. Nominal 3. Interval

Mean 2. Ordinal 4. Ratio

600+ 470+170+ 430+300 Non-Parametric – does not require normal

u=
5 distribution of scores. It can be utilized when
the data are numerical or ordinal
u = 394
1. Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test

Practical Research 2
Variance
N
2. Mann-Whitney U Test

3. Kriskal Wallis Test

6

σ =∑ ¿ ¿ ¿ 4. Spearman’s Rank Order Correlation

i=1
Coefficient
X 1 −u ¿¿
5. Chi-Square Test
600-394 206 42436
470-394 76 5776 Normal Distribution – continuous symmetric,
170-394 -224 50176 bell-shaped distribution of a variable
430-394 36 1296
300-394 -94 8836 Hypothesis Testing
108520
> Statistical Hypothesis – an assertion or
conjuncture concerning one or more population
108520
σ= > Null Hypothesis – hypothesis that is being
5 tested, it represents what the experiments
σ =2170 4 doubts to be true

Standard Deviation > Alternative Hypothesis – operational

statement of the theory that the experimenter
2
σ =√ σ believes to be true and wishes to prove it is the
contradiction of the null hypothesis
σ =147.32
2 Types of Test

ABIS, John Adrianne D. Grade 12 Section E

 One-Tailed Test – the alternative
hypothesis specifies a one-directional
difference for the parameter of the interest

 Two-Tailed Test – the alternative

hypothesis does not specify a directional
differences for the parameter of the interest

Practical Research 2 7

ABIS, John Adrianne D. Grade 12 Section E