Distillation and Hardness of Water (Exp.

5)

Abstract:

Introduction:

Objective:

Methodology

Results
A. Distillation of home tap water
1. Temperature at the start of collecting the distillate = 96.0 °C
2. Temperature at the end of collecting the distillate = 99.0 °C
3. Experimental boiling range for collected sample = °C

B. Standardisation of the EDTA solution

Concentration of standard Ca2+ solution = 0.007M
Volume of the standard Ca2+ solution = 25.0 ml

Rough 1 2
Final reading of EDTA solution 37.50 35.75 35.55

Initial reading of EDTA 0.10 0.15 0.20

solution
Volume of EDTA solution
(mL)

C. Hardness of Water

Concentration of EDTA = M
Water sample Lab tap water Lab distilled Home tap Distilled Deionized 0.1 M NaOH
water water home tap water
water
Final reading 2.00 4.00 1.85 0.30 9.90 10.85
of standard
EDTA
Initial reading 0.10 2.10 0.20 0.10 4.10 10.00
of standard
EDTA
Volume of
standard
EDTA used
(ml)
Volume of 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0
water sample
(mL)
[Ca2+ + Mg2+]
(mol/L)
Hardness
(ppm)
*Hardness is usually expressed as ppm CaCO3

Discussion

Conclusion

References

Questions
1. Why should the water in the condenser flow uphill during distillation?

2. Compare the hardness between i) lab tap water and lab distilled water ii) home tap water and
home distilled tap water. Did the distillation have a significant effect on the water hardness?
Explain your answer.
3. Water with hardness in the range 0-60 ppm is termed soft, 60-120 ppm is medium hard, 120-
180 ppm is hard and above 180 ppm is very hard. Classify the water samples that you analysed in
the experiment.
4. Do you think there should be a correlation between conductance and hardness
results? Explain your answer.

5. Suggest any ways you can think of to improve any parts in this experiment. The experiment
should be repeated at least once to ensure that the value of the titre that was obtained was
accurate.