Power Quality and Safety: Date: November 27, 2015 Venue: 40 IIEE Annual National Convention and 3E XPO 2015

Stronger transmission
for a stronger nation.
POWER QUALITY AND SAFETY
Date : November 27, 2015

Venue : 40th IIEE Annual National
Convention and 3E XPO 2015
PRESENTATION OUTLINE
Power Quality
I. INTRODUCTION
II. GRID CODE REQUIREMENTS
III. ERC RESOLUTION No. 9 Series of 2012
IV. POWER QUALITY MONITORING ISSUES

for a stronger nation. I. INTRODUCTION
What is Power Quality?
• Describes the product which is Voltage that is present

at the Point of Common Coupling (PCC) or at the
customer’s Connection Point (CP).
•It describes the magnitude, frequency and waveform

of the voltage that is expected at the delivery point
(PCC/CP).
•It is important because it affects both the Suppliers

and Customers.
What is Power Quality?
• Any power problem manifested in voltage, current or

frequency deviation that results in failure or misoperation of
customer equipment (R. C. Dugan et al).
•The concept of powering and grounding sensitive electronic

equipment in a manner suitable for th equipment (IEEE Std.
1100).
•Set of electrical boundaries that allows a piece of equipment

to function in its intended manner without significant loss of
performance and life expectancy (C. Sankaran).
I. INTRODUCTION
Ultimate reason for interest in power quality

is Economic Value
Impact to Suppliers (GENCOs, TRANSCOs &
DISCOs)
• Failure of power capacitors because of resonance

condition.
•Increase losses in cables, transformers and

transmission lines.
•Interference with ripple control and power line carrier

system used for remote switching, load control, etc.
I. INTRODUCTION
Impact to Customers (Industrial, Commercial and

Residential)
• Computers and communication equipment are prone

to failure from power system disturbances.
•Automated manufacturing processes can shutdown.
•Induction and synchronous motors can experience

abnormal heating and increase losses.
•Home electronic equipment are vulnerable to power

quality problems.
 Power Quality Performance (Philippine Grid Code Article 3.2)
a) System Frequency Deviation

b) Voltage Magnitude Deviation
c) Voltage Fluctuation
d) Harmonic Frequencies
e) Voltage Unbalance
f) Transient Voltage Variations
 Frequency Variation
a) Normal Frequency - 60Hz

b) Maintain Frequency during Normal Conditions
c) Limits: 59.4Hz ≤ f ≤ 60.4Hz
 Voltage Variation
a) Long Duration Voltage Variation
• Duration greater than 1 minute.

• Undervoltage – RMS value is less than or equal to
90% of the nominal value.
• Overvoltage – RMS value is greater than or equal to
110% of the nominal value.
• Limits: 95% ≤ RMS Value ≤ 105% of nominal value

 Voltage Variation
b) Short Duration Voltage Variation
• Duration greater than ½ cycle but not

exceeding one minute.
• Voltage Swell – RMS value increases
between 110% and 180% of nominal
value.
• Voltage Sag – RMS value decreases
between 10% and 90% of the nominal
value.
 Voltage Fluctuation
a) Random amplitude changes of of RMS value between 90%

to 110% nominal value.
b) Voltage fluctuation shall not exceed 1% of the nominal
voltage for every step change, which may occur
repetitively.
c) Large voltage fluctuation other than a step change maybe
allowed up to 3% provided it will not put to risk the Grid or
any User system.
 Voltage Fluctuation
a) Flicker Severity
b) Short Term Flicker Severity (PST) – short duty cycle
fluctuation computed over a 10-minutes period.
c) Long Term Flicker Severity (PLT) – long and varaible duty
cycle and is derived for the PST levels.
d) Limits for 115kV rated systems and above: PST ≤ 0.8 units
& PLT ≤ 0.6 units.
e) Limits for below 115kV rated systems: PST ≤ 1.0 units & PLT
≤ 0.8 units.

 Harmonic Frequencies
a) Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) – ratio of the

RMS value of the harmonic content to the RMS
value of the fundamental quantity in percent.
• Limits for 500kV rated systems: THD ≤ 1.5%
with individual harmonics Vh#odd ≤ 1.0% and
Vh#even ≤ 0.5%.
• Limits for 115-230kV rated systems: THD ≤
2.5% with individual harmonics Vh#odd ≤
1.5% and Vh#even ≤ 1.0%.
• Limits for 69kV rated systems: THD ≤ 3.0%
with individual harmonics Vh#odd ≤ 2.0% and
Vh#even ≤ 1.0%.
 Harmonic Frequencies
b) Total Demand Distortion (TDD) – ratio of the RMS value of

the harmonic content to the RMS value of the rated or
maximum fundamental quantity in percent.
• Limits for 500kV rated systems: TDD ≤ 1.5% with
individual harmonics Ih#odd ≤ 1.0% and h#even ≤ 0.5%.
• Limits for 115-230kV rated systems: TDD ≤ 2.5% with
• Limits for 69kV rated systems: TDD ≤ 5.0% with

 Voltage Unbalance
a) Refers to negative sequence unbalance factor and zero

sequence unbalance factor.
negative sequence components of voltages

Negative Sequence Unbalance Factor 
positive sequence components of voltages
zero sequence components of voltages
Zero Sequence Unbalance Factor 
positive sequence components of voltages
b) Limits is set to Unb (-/0) ≤ 1.0%.


 Transient Voltage Variation
a) High frequency overvoltages shorter in

duration compared to short duration voltage
variations.
b) In-frequent short-duration may exceed levels
of harmonic limits provided such increases do
not compromise service to end-users or cause
damage to Grid equipment.
c) In-frequent short-duration with a maximum
value of 2% maybe permitted for Voltage
Unbalance subject to the terms of the
Connection Agreement.
III. ERC RESOLUTION No. 9 Series of 2012
Requires Grid Users to monitor and submit Power

Quality (PQ) Data and Report to comply with the
Philippine Grid Code (PGC) requirement on Power
Quality.
 What to monitor?
 Where to monitor?
 When to monitor?
 How long to monitor?
 What device to use for monitoring?
 Acceptability Criterion?

 Compliance with the Philippine Grid
Code
Compare Power Quality recorded

information to limits given in the
Philippine Grid Code.
 Apply EN50160 Acceptability Criteria
Power Quality recorded indices should

be within the limits given in the
Philippine Grid Code for 95% of the
recording duration.
PRESENTATION OUTLINE
Safety
I. INTRODUCTION
II. INTER-RELATIONSHIP OF SAFETY

AND POWER QUALITY
III. BEST GROUNDING PRACTICES FOR

SAFETY AND POWER QUALITY
I. INTRODUCTION
“SAFETY IS EVERYBODY’S
RESPONSIBILITY”
I. INTRODUCTION
COMPLIANCE TO REGULATION
• Occupational Safety and Health Standards

•Fire Code of the Philippines
•Philippine Electrical Code
•Philippine Grid Code
I. INTRODUCTION
GENERAL REQUIREMENT FOR GROUNDING AND
BONDING
• Electrical Systems
•Electrical Equipment
•Bonding of Electrically Conductive Materials and other
Equipment
•Fault Current Pat Performance
II. INTER-RELATIONSHIP OF SAFETY AND

POWER QUALITY
 Insulation faults can be traced to
a) Over voltages
b) Over/under frequency
c) Harmonics
 Fault and its impact to Power Quality
a) Frequency
b) Voltage (Under/Over Voltage, Sag/Swell, Unbalance and
Transient Variation)
II. INTER-RELATIONSHIP OF SAFETY AND

POWER QUALITY
 Power Quality, which also impacts

Safety, occurs as a result of
inadequate or poor wiring.
a) Check wiring and grounding

b) Move your equipment to a
dedicated circuit
c) Install surge protectors
d) Application of new protection
technologies
III. BEST GROUNDING PRACTICE FOR SAFETY

AND POWER QUALITY
“Grounding is the most important factor that governs the
safety and the quality of a power system. “
a) Ground equipment via conductor

b) Use of isolated grounding system
c) Branch Circuit should also be grounded.
d) Good level of ground resistance
e) Use of ground rod
f) Use of ground ring
g) Use of an alternate grounding electrode system
h) Installation of lightning protection system
i) Application of surge protection device
THANK YOU!
How may we help you?

Power Quality and Safety: Date: November 27, 2015 Venue: 40 IIEE Annual National Convention and 3E XPO 2015

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Power Quality and Safety: Date: November 27, 2015 Venue: 40 IIEE Annual National Convention and 3E XPO 2015

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Stronger transmission

for a stronger nation.

POWER QUALITY AND SAFETY

Date : November 27, 2015

II. GRID CODE REQUIREMENTS

III. ERC RESOLUTION No. 9 Series of 2012

IV. POWER QUALITY MONITORING ISSUES

• Describes the product which is Voltage that is present

•It describes the magnitude, frequency and waveform

•It is important because it affects both the Suppliers

• Any power problem manifested in voltage, current or

•The concept of powering and grounding sensitive electronic

•Set of electrical boundaries that allows a piece of equipment

Ultimate reason for interest in power quality

• Failure of power capacitors because of resonance

•Increase losses in cables, transformers and

•Interference with ripple control and power line carrier

Impact to Customers (Industrial, Commercial and

• Computers and communication equipment are prone

•Automated manufacturing processes can shutdown.

•Induction and synchronous motors can experience

•Home electronic equipment are vulnerable to power

II. GRID CODE REQUIREMENTS

 Power Quality Performance (Philippine Grid Code Article 3.2)

a) System Frequency Deviation

II. GRID CODE REQUIREMENTS

a) Normal Frequency - 60Hz

II. GRID CODE REQUIREMENTS

a) Long Duration Voltage Variation

• Duration greater than 1 minute.

II. GRID CODE REQUIREMENTS

b) Short Duration Voltage Variation

• Duration greater than ½ cycle but not

II. GRID CODE REQUIREMENTS

a) Random amplitude changes of of RMS value between 90%

II. GRID CODE REQUIREMENTS

II. GRID CODE REQUIREMENTS

a) Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) – ratio of the

II. GRID CODE REQUIREMENTS

b) Total Demand Distortion (TDD) – ratio of the RMS value of

II. GRID CODE REQUIREMENTS

a) Refers to negative sequence unbalance factor and zero

negative sequence components of voltages

b) Limits is set to Unb (-/0) ≤ 1.0%.

II. GRID CODE REQUIREMENTS

a) High frequency overvoltages shorter in

III. ERC RESOLUTION No. 9 Series of 2012

Requires Grid Users to monitor and submit Power

IV. POWER QUALITY MONITORING ISSUES

 How long to monitor?

 What device to use for monitoring?

IV. POWER QUALITY MONITORING ISSUES

Compare Power Quality recorded

 Apply EN50160 Acceptability Criteria

Power Quality recorded indices should

II. INTER-RELATIONSHIP OF SAFETY

III. BEST GROUNDING PRACTICES FOR

• Occupational Safety and Health Standards

II. INTER-RELATIONSHIP OF SAFETY AND

 Fault and its impact to Power Quality

II. INTER-RELATIONSHIP OF SAFETY AND

 Power Quality, which also impacts

a) Check wiring and grounding