FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN MEKANIKAL

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA CAWANGAN PULAU PINANG

KAMPUS PERMATANG PAUH

LABORATORY ASSESSMENT FORM

MEC 424 (APPLIED MECHANICS LAB)
EXPERIMENT : Tensile Test.

VENUE : Material Strength Laboratory.

PREPAPRED BY :

NAME GROUP STUDENT ID

1.

2.

3.

4.
DATE PERFORMED
DATE SUBMITTED
LECTURER’S NAME
LAB. TECHNICIAN NAME
ASSESSMENT Marks Score Marks
CRITERIA STD. NO STD. NO STD. STD.
1 2 NO 3
NO 4

1. Abstract (CO4:PO9) 5
2. Introduction (CO1:PO1) 5
3 Theory (CO3:PO5) 8
4. Experimental procedures (CO2:PO7) 5
5. Results (CO3:PO5) 8
6. Discussion (CO4:PO9) 5
7. Conclusions (CO4:PO9) 5
8. Overall impression of report (CO4:PO9) 5
9. Team works (CO4:PO9) 5
TOTAL 51

1
1.0 ABSTRACT

Elastics Modulus is defined as the change in stress when applied the strain. The experiment
was done to elastic modulus (E) of specimen by using the deflection method. The purpose of
this tensile test was to determine the tensile properties of a mild steel specimen when it
undergoes tensile loading. Apart from that types of fracture surface were identified after
specimen was subjected to tensile loading. Data between experimental and theoretical was
validated by calculating the difference between experimental value and theoretical value. The
experiment was conducted by subjecting the specimen to tensile loading until fracture occurs.
The values for stress and strain were obtained and graph was plotted. It can be concluded that
the specimen exhibited elastic properties up to the load where necking occurs. After this point
the stress increased until the specimen fractured. From the results obtained, it is indicated that
mild steel has relatively high tensile strength and ductility.

2
2.0 TABLE OF CONTENTS

No Content Page
1. Laboratory Assessment Form 1

2. Abstract 2

3. Table of Contents 3

4. Introduction 4

5. Theory 5-6

6. Experimental Procedures 7-8

7. Results 9-12

8. Discussion 13

9. Conclusions 14

10. References 22

11. Teamwork Assessment 23-26

3
3.0 INTRODUCTION

Metals have its own aspects of characteristics such as physical, mechanical and thermal
properties. The most important is the mechanical properties which is including ductility,
hardness, strength and toughness. As for any types of metals, there are markers for its
measurements which is used as reference for material selection. To know the mechanical
properties of metals, it needs material testing. One of the material testing is the tensile test.

Tensile test is a measurement that evaluate the strength of material within giving
loads in uniaxial direction to the specimen. The tested specimen is exposed by the
increasing uniaxial force continuously while its charge on elongation is being observed. The
tensile test measures the resistant of a material to the given static load. The results that
generated from the tensile test shows the mechanical properties of the specimen. The
mechanical properties of materials that can be gain from tensile test includes:

• Tensile strength
• Yield strength
• Modulus of elasticity
• Ductility
• Resilience
• Toughness

Apart from that, the stress-strain curve which is can be obtained from the experiment
of measurement which allows one to compute the mechanical properties above

The tensile test is very vital for it tells the impact of load given to the material’s
mechanical properties of a material. These mechanical properties parameters would give
the basic details of data if the strength of a material in this experiment is mild steel.

4
 4.0 THEORY
The strength of a material depends on its ability to sustain a load without undue deformation or
failure. This property can be determined by conducting tensile test. Tensile test is primarily used
to determine the relationship between normal stress and normal strain Figure 1.
,
Where;
Fracture
UTS UTS is the ultimate tensile stress
YS YS is the yield stress

2
Slope = Young Young modulus, E = ; (N/m )
modulus
,

Figure 1: Stress-strain diagram

Stress, can be determined by dividing the applied load P by the specimen’s original area, A0
= 0

Besides, strain, ∈ can be calculated by finding the division of the change in the specimen’s length by the specimen’s original length.
=
∆
0

5
The tensile properties that can be extracted from the graph are:

1) Yield stress
2) Ultimate tensile stress
3) Elastic or Young modulus can be determined from the slope of the curve of stress-
strain diagram when the Hooke’s law is obeyed (elastic region). aa
4) Strain energy

A material will deform when loads are applied to it. Provided no energy is lost in the form
of heat, the external work done by the loads will be converted into internal work called strain
energy. This energy, which is always positive, is stored in the body and is caused by the
action of either normal or shear stress. If the energy is measured up until proportional limit it
is modulus of resilience, and if it is measured up to the point of fracture it is called the
modulus of toughness. The energy can be determined from the area underneath the stress-
strain curve up to the point of deformation.

Figure 2: Strain energy

(kN/mm)

Strain energy

(mm/mm)
1
U= 2σx

Where;

U= Strain energy
= , =

6
5.0 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
1. Statement of location of experiment
This experiment conducted in Dynamic Laboratory of Faculty of Mechanical Engineering of
Universiti Teknologi MARA Campus Pulau Pinang, Pulau Pinang.

2. Apparatus

Figure 1 Universal testing Machine

Table 1: List of Apparatus

Number Name of Component
1 Tensile test jig
2 Manual remote control
3 Computer with trapezium software

7
 1

3 2

Figure 2

Table 2: List of Apparatus

Number Name of Component
1 Vernier calipers
2 Marker stick
3 Steel plate

3. Procedure
1) The steel plate measured for its initial thickness, and width by using Vernier calipers. The
gage length was determined to be 80 mm and marked using marker stick.
2) The steel plate then placed into the jig and fitted according to the gage length. The reading
set to zero.
3)The trapezium software for acquiring and recording data was activated and the material
corresponding to the specimen was selected in the software.
4) The machine was started to apply tensile load until the steel plate break.
5) The data recorded by the software transferred into spreadsheet for analysis.
6) The steel plate then removed and measured for its final thickness, width and length.
7) All data were tabulated and graph were plotted.

8
6.0 RESULTS
2
Time (s) Load (kN) Elongation (m) Stress (kPa) Strain Area (m )
0 -0.00469 0 -86.851852 0 0.000054
8 8.426562 0.001059 156047.444 0.013238 0.000054
16 13.63906 0.002126 252575.185 0.026575 0.000054
24 13.6875 0.003193 253472.222 0.039913 0.000054
32 13.84375 0.00426 256365.741 0.05325 0.000054
40 13.68906 0.005326 253501.111 0.066575 0.000054
48 13.90938 0.006393 257581.111 0.079913 0.000054
56 13.67656 0.007459 253269.63 0.093238 0.000054
64 14.04219 0.008526 260040.556 0.106575 0.000054
72 13.92344 0.009593 257841.481 0.119913 0.000054
80 13.87813 0.01066 257002.407 0.13325 0.000054
88 14.45156 0.011726 267621.481 0.146575 0.000054
96 14.68125 0.012793 271875 0.159913 0.000054
104 14.86719 0.013859 275318.333 0.173238 0.000054
112 15.03125 0.014926 278356.481 0.186575 0.000054
120 15.16875 0.015993 280902.778 0.199913 0.000054
128 15.28906 0.017059 283130.741 0.213238 0.000054
136 15.39375 0.018126 285069.444 0.226575 0.000054
144 15.48438 0.019193 286747.778 0.239913 0.000054
152 15.55937 0.02026 288136.481 0.25325 0.000054
160 15.62344 0.021326 289322.963 0.266575 0.000054
168 15.68125 0.022393 290393.519 0.279913 0.000054
176 15.71875 0.023459 291087.963 0.293238 0.000054
184 15.75781 0.024526 291811.296 0.306575 0.000054
192 15.78906 0.025593 292390 0.319913 0.000054
200 15.81563 0.02666 292882.037 0.33325 0.000054
208 15.82656 0.027726 293084.444 0.346575 0.000054
216 15.83594 0.028793 293258.148 0.359913 0.000054
224 15.8375 0.029859 293287.037 0.373238 0.000054
232 15.825 0.030926 293055.556 0.386575 0.000054
240 15.80469 0.031993 292679.444 0.399913 0.000054
248 15.7875 0.033059 292361.111 0.413238 0.000054
256 15.73281 0.034126 291348.333 0.426575 0.000054
264 15.62969 0.035193 289438.704 0.439913 0.000054
272 15.40156 0.03626 285214.074 0.45325 0.000054
280 14.89219 0.037326 275781.296 0.466575 0.000054
288 13.66719 0.038393 253096.111 0.479913 0.000054
292 11.74063 0.038926 217419.074 0.486575 0.000054

9
 Stress vs Strain
350000

Ultimate Stress

300000
Yield Point

250000

200000

Break Point
Stress

150000 Strain
0.20% offset

100000

50000

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6

-50000
Strain
10
Sample Calculation

Specimen length, L = 0.08 m, Width, w = 0.018 m, Thickness, t = 0.003 m

• Cross Sectional area, A = Width x Thickness

= 0.018m x 0.003m2
= 0.000054

At time, t = 80 s,
• Normal stress, =

= 3
13.87813 10
0.000054
= 257.002

• Normal strain, =
= 0.01066
0.08
= 0.13325

11
PROPERTIES FROM THE GRAPH

• Elasticity/Young Modulus, E
−
=2 1 2− 1

= 252575.1852k − 0 0.026575 − 0
= 9.504

Ductility, µ
=
0.373238
= 0.026575
= 14.045

• Modulus of Toughness
= ( − ) curve

+2
=( − )( 1
)
2 1

= (0.486575 − 0) (252575.1852 − 217419.0741 ) 2

= 8.553

• Modulus of Resilience
= Area under − at yield point
2
1
= = = 2

2 2

(252575.1852 )2
= = 3.356
2(9.504 )

12
7.0 DISCUSSION

Yield stress is how much force an object needs to be applied to cause it to change
from elastic to plastic deformation. Based on the graph stress vs strain above, we can
determine yield stress occurred at point 252 MPa where’s it change from elastic to plastic
deformation. Elastic deformation is non-permanent phase where the material returns to its
original shape and size after the applied stress (load) is released.

Meanwhile, the ultimate stress happened at point 293MPa. It's because ultimate
tensile stress is defined as maximum load divided by the sample’s original cross section. This
is when curves of stress-strain are presented in this form the ultimate stress appear higher
than the fracture stress.

Fracture is caused by a strain placed on an object so it deforms and breaks beyond its
elastic limit. It also determined to occur when the stress applied exceeds the toughness of the
material. In this experiment, the fracture or breaking point occurred at point 217MPa.

Other than that, from the graph above, we also can get the value of young modulus
using slope which valued 9.504GPa. Next, the ductility is define as the percent elongation at
failure and indicates that the general ability of the material to be plastically deformed. So
from the graph the value that we get for the ductility is 14.045.

Modulus of toughness is the ability of a material to absorb energy in plastic

deformation. From the equation above, the value for modulus of toughness that we get are
8.553 MPa. Next, the modulus of resilience is defined as the maximum energy that can be
absorbed per unit volume without creating a permanent distortion. The value that we get from
the equation is 3.356 MPa.

13
8.0 CONCLUSION

As a conclusion, we able to evaluate the tensile test experiment using mild steel as the
specimen and the universal testing machine as the device. From the data obtained we were
able to identify the young’s modulus, ultimate tensile strength, yield stress and breaking point
values for the mild steel. By using the data obtained, we can get the value for ductility,
modulus of toughness and modulus of resilience. We also can saw the elastic and plastic
deformation occurred from the graph above.

14
7.0 DISCUSSION

Based on the experiment, machine used in the experiment was the tensile test
machine, which is to determine the mechanical properties of the mild steel. The properties
can be obtained by applying a tension force to the mild steel. we can see that there are only a
small different between the experimental and theoretical values. This can be proved from the
stress-strain diagram because the experimental graph has the same overall look. From the
graph, we get the values of the ultimate tensile strength, yield strength which is 293.287 MPa
and 252.575 MPa respectively. The specimen breaks at 217.419 MPa. The Young Modulus
can be achieved by calculating the gradient from the stress-strain graph before yielding. The
value of Young Modulus is 9.504 GPa. If we refer to the graph, the area under the graph
before the yield point is when elastic deformation takes place. During this period, the
specimen can still revert back to its original dimensions, shape and properties. Then, if we
look further the graph, we can see the area between the yield point and ultimate strength is
when plastic deformation takes place. The specimen began necking after the ultimate stress
point and the specimen will never get back to its original shape.

During this experiment, there are some errors that have been encountered. There are
errors while taking the dimension measurement of the specimen. The measurement taking
process involves the use a Vernier calliper. We really need to make sure that our eyes
perpendicular to the scale. Vernier calliper is a very hard measuring tool to use and students
often make mistake while using it. Then, the tensile test machine might give some errors
because the machine is used very often so there might be a slight occurrence from the data.
Besides, the consideration of putting the specimen on the universal testing machine by tied
the orderly at grip for holding test specimen firmly at fixed head in order to avoid the
specimen became loosen from that machine during the experiment.

15
8.0 CONCLUSION

From this experiment, we can conclude that all objective for this experiment has been
achieved. The results of the experiment show that the specimen undergoes ductile fracture
because there was a reduction of cross section area at the fractured point and the fracture
appeared in cup and cone, which prove that mild steel is a ductile material. In order to obtain
better results, the experiment should be conduct carefully and use well calibrated instruments
to avoid errors. Tensile test is a simplest and widely used way of determining on how
material will react when it is puller apart when a force is applied to it in tension by measuring
the force required to elongate a specimen to break. The material properties will allow the
engineer to predict ductility and strength of the material in their applications.

16
7.0 DISCUSSION

In this experiment, we were able to plot stress-strain graph to obtain the tensile properties of
steel that subjected to tensile loading. We were able to examine mechanical properties of steel
such as tensile strength, yield strength, modulus of elasticity, ductility, resilience and
toughness by analysing the stress vs strain graph. In the same time, we also able to determine
the types of fracture happens to the steel plate.

From the graph stress vs strain, the yield stress started to take place at point 252 MPa. The
relationship of stress and strain before reaching the yield stress are directly proportional
which this gradient will give us the value of the Young’s Modulus which is about 9.504 GPa.
Beyond this yield point, the steel start to elongate and unable return to its original shape or
size. The steel will transform to the plastic deformation. At point 293 MPa, the steel achieved
its maximum stress can withstand or known as Ultimate tensile strength. Beyond this point,
the elongation will continue but the force exerted started to decline and necking process will
started to happen. Finally, the steel will reach its breaking point at value 217Mpa. The steel
plate will break apart as the stress applied exceeds the toughness of the material.

The experimental values obtained such as yield strength and ultimate tensile strength
were slightly lower than the theoretical value given. To justify these discrepancies to occur in
this experiment is due to some factors and errors. For example, some impurities or defect will
effect the specimen from achieving its true strength and capability. Besides, human error can
occur when taking measurement of specimen that will cause some inaccuracy of data.

17
8.0 CONCLUSION

Based on the experiment carried out, we were able discover the tensile properties for
mild steel when subjected to tensile loading through the universal testing machine. All
parameters can be determined to help us understand material strength and behaviour. We also
able recognise types of fracture surface exerted. These parameters are important to be known
so that engineer or manufacturer able to produce safe and high quality product that helps to
reduce the chance of failure in the field.

18
7.0 DISCUSSION

Things change when forces are applied to them, but not all items change the same,
even if the same force is used. Before looking at what causes these changes, there are a few
concepts that need to be looked at first. Stress is the amount of forces that is being exerted on
an object, divided by its cross-sectional area to account for size. Larger objects are able to
withstand higher forces. By using stress instead of just force, we are able to use the same
yield stress for the same material, regardless of how large the object actually is.

Based on the experiment, we were using mild steel for the type of specimen. It has
several significant mechanical properties. Firstly, yield stress. Stress and strain are directly
related to each other: as one increases, the other increases as well. So, the more stress that
an object experiences, the more it deforms until the object fails. All objects will begin
experiencing elastic deformation at first, but once the stress on the object exceeds a certain
amount, it will experience plastic deformation. When that switch happens, the object has
reached its yield stress. Typically, every material has the same stress-strain relationship,
though the size of each portion may be different. Elastic deformation is linear. The slope of
the line is dependent on the material the object is made out of. Plastic deformation is not
linear, making it more difficult to model. Based on the graph obtained, we can determine
yield stress occurred at point 252MPa.

Secondly, ultimate stress. Ultimate tensile strength or simply, tensile strength, is the
measure of the maximum stress that material can withstand without being elongated,
stretched or pulled. From the graph, we can conclude that it happened at point 293MPa. This
is where the curve of stress-strain are presented in this form the ultimate stress appears
higher than the fracture stress.

Thirdly, fracture or breaking point. Fracture strength is the ability of a material to

resist failure and is designated specifically according to the mode of applied loading, such as
tensile, compressive, or bending. It is also determined when the stress applied exceeds the
toughness of materials. Based on the graph obtained, we found that mild steel’ fracture
strength is 217MPa.

19
 Next, young modulus. The stress-strain diagrams for most engineering materials
exhibit a linear relationship between stress and strain within the elastic region. Consequently,
an increase in stress cause a proportionate increase in strain. This fact was discovered by
Robert Hooke in 1676 using springs and ultimately known as Hooke’s Law. From the
Hooke’s Law, modulus of elasticity or Young’s Modulus were found by Thomas Young
who published an account of it in 1807. From the slope from the graph, we can conclude the
value of it is 9.504GPa. Other than that, ductility. Ductility is the ability of a material to be
drawn or plastically deformed without fracture. It is therefore an indication of how ‘soft’ or
malleable the material is. The ductility of steels varies depending on the types and levels of
alloying elements present. An increase in carbon, for example, will increase the strength but
decrease the ductility. From the graph acquired, we can conclude that ductility for mild steel
is 14.045

Apart from that, modulus of toughness. Modulus of toughness is the ability of a

material to absorb energy in plastic deformation. It is defined as the amount of strain energy
density that a given material can absorb before it fractures. It can be determined in a test by
calculating the total area under the stress-strain curve up until the fracture point of the
specimen. A material's modulus of toughness will vary depending on the material's ductility;
two materials with the same yield strength can vary greatly in their modulus of toughness if
one of the materials is more ductile than the other. The ductile material will stretch further
and have a greater area under its stress-strain curve. For mild steel’s modulus of toughness is
8.553MPa.

Finally, modulus of resilience. The modulus of resilience is the amount of strain energy
per unit volume that a material can absorb without permanent deformation resulting. The
modulus of resilience is calculated as the area under the stress-strain curve up to the elastic limit.
However, since the elastic limit and the yield point are typically very close, the resilience can be
approximated as the area under the stress-strain curve up to the yield point. Since the stress-
strain curve is very nearly linear up to the elastic limit, this area is triangular. So, from the graph
we can conclude that the value of modulus of resilience is 3.356MPa.

20
8.0 CONCLUSION

Based on the findings for this experiment, we can conclude that every objective plot
were successfully discovered. We know that for every material selection, it needs tensile test
which can gives engineers vital mechanical properties. From the data obtained, we can
possibly evaluate and finalize the value for every mechanical properties which is ultimate
tensile strength (UTS), yield stress and breaking point for mild steel. And then, from the
data obtained from the graph, we can get the value of other mechanical properties which is
ductility, modulus of toughness and modulus of resilience.

21
9.0 REFERENCES

th
1. R.C. Hibbeler, (2016) Mechanics of Materials (10 Edition), Pearson Education.

2. G, J., & Barry. (2012). Mechanics of Materials (8th Edition ed.). CL Engineering.

3. Davies, J. (2004). Tensile Testing (2nd Edition ed.). ASM International.

4. Micheal F. Asby, K. J. (2013). Materials and Design (3rd Edition ed.). Butterworth.

5. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/materials-science/tensile-testing.

22
 FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Teamwork Assessment Form

Name :Mohd Khairul Hakim bin Muhamad

Member’s Name 1 :Siti Nurfahira binti Mohd Zaman

2 :Mohd Irfan Zufayri bin Abdul Jaid

3 :Muhamad Asif bin Che Mohd Arif

Scale 1 2 3 4 5
Level Poor Acceptable Excellent

You will rate yourself and your team’s member on the following criteria

Earned Assessment
Element Members
Self
1 2 3 4
I was ready to work with my team 5 5 5
I did my assigned work well and always on time 5 5 5
I was fair to my teammates and myself 5 5 5
I listened to others appreciatively and was supportive 5 5 5
I was very committed and focused in my team 5 5 5
I put extra efforts to finish or accomplish our task 5 5 5
I encouraged others in my team and was helpful 5 5 5
I managed and coordinated team efforts effectively 5 5 5
I was able to lead discussions and provide solutions 5 5 5
Overall, I was very satisfied and enjoyed my work 5 5 5
Total 55 55 55

Comment

Self : Able to complete the task in the given time.

Member 1: She always give good point during discussion.

Member 2: Giving good cooperation during discussion.

Member 3: Good and efficient to work with.

23
 FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Teamwork Assessment Form

Name :Siti Nurfahira binti Mohd Zaman

Member’s Name 1 :Mohd Khairul Hakim bin Muhamad

2 :Muhamad Asif bin Che Mohd Arif

3 :Mohd Irfan Zufayri bin Abdul Jaid

Scale 1 2 3 4 5
Level Poor Acceptable Excellent

You will rate yourself and your team’s member on the following criteria

Earned Assessment
Element Members
Self
1 2 3 4
I was ready to work with my team 5 5 5
I did my assigned work well and always on time 5 5 5
I was fair to my teammates and myself 5 5 5
I listened to others appreciatively and was supportive 5 5 5
I was very committed and focused in my team 5 5 5
I put extra efforts to finish or accomplish our task 5 5 5
I encouraged others in my team and was helpful 5 5 5
I managed and coordinated team efforts effectively 5 5 5
I was able to lead discussions and provide solutions 5 5 5
Overall, I was very satisfied and enjoyed my work 5 5 5
Total 55 55 55
Comment
Self : I am paying attention to detail during report making.
Member 1: Speaking up in team discussion and providing good point.
Member 2: Handles group discussion very well.
Member 3: Always check the progress of the report.

24
 FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Teamwork Assessment Form

Name :Mohd Irfan Zufayri bin Abdul Jaid

Member’s Name 1 :Muhamad Asif bin Che Mohd Arif

2 :Siti Nurfahira binti Mohd Zaman

3 :Mohd Khairul Hakim bin Muhamad

Scale 1 2 3 4 5
Level Poor Acceptable Excellent

You will rate yourself and your team’s member on the following criteria

Earned Assessment
Element Members
Self
1 2 3 4
I was ready to work with my team 5 5 5
I did my assigned work well and always on time 5 5 5
I was fair to my teammates and myself 5 5 5
I listened to others appreciatively and was supportive 5 5 5
I was very committed and focused in my team 5 5 5
I put extra efforts to finish or accomplish our task 5 5 5
I encouraged others in my team and was helpful 5 5 5
I managed and coordinated team efforts effectively 5 5 5
I was able to lead discussions and provide solutions 5 5 5
Overall, I was very satisfied and enjoyed my work 5 5 5
Total 55 55 55

Comment

Self : I manage to do the lab report well.

Member 1: He helps the other group mates in need.

Member 2: She give good cooperation during report discussion.

Member 3: He submits his part of the report on-time.

25
 FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Teamwork Assessment Form

Name :Muhamad Asif bin Che Mohd Arif

Member’s Name 1 :Siti Nurfahira binti Mohd Zaman

2 :Mohd Khairul Hakim bin Muhamad

3 :Mohd Irfan Zufayri bin Abdul Jaid

Scale 1 2 3 4 5
Level Poor Acceptable Excellent

You will rate yourself and your team’s member on the following criteria

Earned Assessment
Element Members
Self
1 2 3 4
I was ready to work with my team 5 5 5
I did my assigned work well and always on time 5 5 5
I was fair to my teammates and myself 5 5 5
I listened to others appreciatively and was supportive 5 5 5
I was very committed and focused in my team 5 5 5
I put extra efforts to finish or accomplish our task 5 5 5
I encouraged others in my team and was helpful 5 5 5
I managed and coordinated team efforts effectively 5 5 5
I was able to lead discussions and provide solutions 5 5 5
Overall, I was very satisfied and enjoyed my work 5 5 5
Total 55 55 55

Comment

Self : I manage to distinguish my work by having it done so well.

Member 1: She always committed during report making.

Member 2: He gives good cooperation during the report discussion.

Member 3: He always will to lend a help to others.

26