CHAPTER 2 FURTHER MATHEMATICS REVISION

EXERCISE 13, Page 25

1. Convert the following angles to degrees correct to 3 decimal places (where necessary):

(a) 0.6 rad (b) 0.8 rad (c) 2 rad (d) 3.14159 rad

180
(a) 0.6 rad = 0.6 rad ×  rad = 34.377
180
(b) 0.8 rad = 0.8 rad ×  rad = 45.837
180
(c) 2 rad = 2 rad ×  rad = 114.592
180
(d) 3.14159 rad = 3.14159 rad ×  rad = 180

2. Convert the following angles to radians correct to 4 decimal places:

(a) 45 (b) 90 (c) 120 (d) 180

 rad 
(a) 45 = 45 × 180 = 4 rad or 0.7854 rad
 rad 
(b) 90 = 90 × 180 rad = 2 rad or 1.5708 rad
 rad 2
(c) 120 = 120 × 180 rad = 3 rad or 2.0944 rad
 rad
(d) 180 = 180 × 180 =  rad or 3.1416 rad

© John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis 52

EXERCISE 14, Page 26

1. Find the cosine, sine and tangent of the following angles, where appropriate each correct to 4

decimal places:

(a) 60 (b) 90 (c) 150 (d) 180 (e) 210 (f) 270 (g) 330 (h) - 30 (i) 420 (j) 450

(k) 510

(a) cos 60 = 0.5000 sin 60 = 0.8660 tan 60 = 1.7321

(b) cos 90 = 0 sin 90 = 1 tan 90 = 

(c) cos 150 = - 0.8660 sin 150 = 0.5000 tan 150 = - 0.5774

(d) cos 180 = - 1 sin 180 = 0 tan 180 = 0

(e) cos 210 = - 0.8660 sin 210 = - 0.5000 tan 210 = 0.5774

(f) cos 270 = 0 sin 270 = - 1 tan 270 = - 

(g) cos 330 = 0.8660 sin 330 = - 0.5000 tan 330 = - 0.5774

(h) cos - 30 = 0.8660 sin - 30 = - 0.5000 tan - 30 = - 0.5774

(i) cos 420 = 0.5000 sin 420 = 0.8660 tan 420 = 1.7321

(j) cos 450 = 0 sin 450 = 1 tan 450 = 

(k) cos 510 = - 0.8660 sin 510 = 0.5000 tan 510 = - 0.5774

© John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis 53

EXERCISE 15, Page 27

1. If ab = 2.1 m and bc = 1.5 m, determine angle .

It is convenient to use the expression for tan θ, since sides ab and bc are given.

bc 1.5

Hence, tan θ = ab 2.1 = 0.7142857…

1
from which, θ = tan (0.7142857…) = 35.54º

2. If ab = 2.3 m and ac = 5.0 m, determine angle .

It is convenient to use the expression for cos θ, since sides ab and ac are given.

ab 2.3

Hence, cos θ = ac 5.0 = 0.460

1
from which, θ = cos (0.460) = 62.61º

3. If bc = 3.1 m and ac = 6.4 m, determine angle .

It is convenient to use the expression for sin θ, since sides bc and ac are given.

bc 3.1

Hence, sin θ = ac 6.4 = 0.484375

© John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis 54

 1
from which, θ = sin (0.484375) = 28.97º

4. If ab = 5.7 cm and bc = 4.2 cm, determine the length ac

From Pythagoras, ac2 = ab2 + bc2

= 5.72 + 4.22 = 32.49 + 17.64

= 50.13

from which, ac = 50.13 = 7.08 cm

5. If ab = 4.1 m and ac = 6.2 m, determine length bc.

From Pythagoras, ac2 = ab2 + bc2

from which, bc2 = ac2 - ab2

= 6.22 – 4.12 = 38.44 – 16.81

= 21.63

from which, ac = 21.63 = 4.65 m

© John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis 55

EXERCISE 16, Page 28

1. If b = 6 m, c = 4 m and B = 100, determine angles A and C and length a.

b c 6 4
 
Using the sine rule, sin B sin C i.e. sin100 sin C

4sin100 4  0.98481

from which, sin C = 6 6 = 0.65654

1
and C = sin (0.65654) = 41.04

Angle, A = 180 - 100 - 41.04 = 38.96

a b b sin A 6  sin 38.96

 
Using the sine rule again gives: sin A sin B i.e. a = sin B sin100 = 3.83 m

2. If a = 15 m, c = 23 m and B = 67, determine length b and angles A and C.

From the cosine rule, b 2  a 2  c 2  2ac cos B

= 15  23  2 15  23  cos 67

2 2

= 225 + 529 – 2(15)(23)cos 67

= 484.3955

© John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis 56

Hence, length, b = 484.3955 = 22.01 m

b c 22.01 23
 
Using the sine rule: sin B sin C i.e. sin 67 sin C

from which, 22.01 sin C = 23 sin 67

23sin 67
and sin C = 22.01 = 0.96191

1
and C = sin (0.96191) = 74.14

Since A + B + C = 180, then A = 180 - B - C = 180 - 67 - 74.14 = 38.86

3. If a = 4 m, b = 8 m and c = 6 m, determine angle A.

Applying the cosine rule: a2 = b2 + c2 - 2bc cos A

from which, 2bc cos A = b2 + c2 - a2

b2  c2  a 2 82  6 2  4 2
and cos A = 2bc = 2(8)(6) = 0.875

1
Hence, A = cos 0.875 = 28.96

4. If a = 10.0 cm, b = 8.0 cm and c = 7.0 cm, determine angles A, B and C.

Applying the cosine rule: a2 = b2 + c2 - 2bc cos A

from which, 2bc cos A = b2 + c2 - a2

© John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis 57

 b2  c2  a 2 8.02  7.02  10.02
and cos A = 2bc = 2(8.0)(7.0) = 0.11607

1
Hence, A = cos 0.11607 = 83.33

10.0 8.0

Applying the sine rule: sin 83.33 sin B

8.0sin 83.33
from which, sin B = 10.0 = 0.794585

1
Hence, B = sin 0.794585 = 52.62

and C = 180 - 83.33 - 52.62 = 44.05

5. PR represents the inclined jib of a crane and is 10.0 m long. PQ is 4.0 m long. Determine the

inclination of the jib to the vertical (i.e. angle P) and the length of tie QR.

PR PQ

Applying the sine rule: sin120 sin R

PQ sin120 (4.0) sin120

from which, sin R = PR = 10.0 = 0.3464

1
Hence, R = sin 0.3464 = 20.27 (or 159.73, which is not possible)

P = 180 - 120 - 20.27 = 39.73, which is the inclination of the jib to the vertical.

10.0 QR

Applying the sine rule: sin120 sin 39.73

10.0sin 39.73
from which, length of tie, QR = sin120 = 7.38 m

© John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis 58

EXERCISE 17 Page 29

1. Write log 2 + log 3 as the logarithm of a single number

log 2 + log 3 = log (2  3) by the first law of logarithms

= log 6

2. Write log 3 + log 5 as the logarithm of a single number

log 3 + log 5 = log (3  5) by the first law of logarithms

= log 15

3. Write log 3 + log 4 – log 6 as the logarithm of a single number

 3 4 
log  
log 3 + log 4 – log 6 =  6  = log 2

4. Write log 7 + log 21 – log 49 as the logarithm of a single number

 7  21 
log  
log 7 + log 21 – log 49 =  49  = log 3

5. Write 2 log 2 + log 3 as the logarithm of a single number

log 22  log 3  log  2 2  3

2 log 2 + log 3 = = log 12

6. Write 2 log 2 + 3 log 5 as the logarithm of a single number

© John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis 59

 log 22  log 53  log  22  53   log  4 125 
2 log 2 + 3 log 5 = = log 500

1
7. Write 2 log 5 - 2 log 81 + log 36 as the logarithm of a single number
1 1

2 log 5 – 2 log 81 + log 36 = log 5  log 81  log 36

2 2

= log 25  log 81  log 36  log 25  log 9  log 36

 25  36 
log  
=  9  = log 100

1 1
log 8  log 81  log 27
8. Write 3 2 as the logarithm of a single number

1 1
1 1
log 8  log 81  log 27  log 8 3  log 812  log 27
3 2

= log 8  log 81  log 27  log 2  log 9  log 27

3

 2  27 
log  
=  9  = log 6

1
log 4  2 log 3  log 45
9. Write 2 as the logarithm of a single number

1
1
log 4  2 log 3  log 45  log 4 2  log 32  log 45
2

= log 4  log 9  log 45  log 2  log 9  log 45

 2  45 
log  
=  9  = log 10

1
log16  2 log 3  log18
10. Write 4 as the logarithm of a single number

1 1

4 log 16 + 2 log 3 – log 18 = log16 4

 log 32  log18

© John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis 60

 = log 16  log 9  log18  log 2  log 9  log18
4

 29 
log  
=  18  = log 1 = 0

11. Solve the equation: log x4 - log x3 = log 5x - log 2x

Since log x4 - log x3 = log 5x - log 2x

 x4   5x 
log  3   log  
then x   2x 

i.e. log x = log 2.5 hence x = 2.5

12. Solve the equation: log 2t3 - log t = log 16 + log t

log 2t 3  log t  log16  log t

 2t 3 
log    log  16t  log  2t 2   log  16t 
 t 
i.e. i.e.

from which, 2t 2  16t i.e. 2t 2  16t  0 i.e. 2t(t – 8) = 0

Hence, t=8 (note that t = 0 is not a valid solution to the equation)

13. Solve the equation: 2 log b2 - 3 log b = log 8b - log 4b

Since 2 log b2 - 3 log b = log 8b - log 4b

then log b4 - log b3 = log 8b - log 4b

 b4   8b 
log  3   log  
i.e. b   4b 

i.e. log b = log 2 hence b = 2

14. Solve the equation: log(x + 1) + log(x – 1) = log 3

Since log(x + 1) + log(x – 1) = log 3

© John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis 61

then log(x + 1)(x – 1) = log 3

i.e. (x + 1)(x – 1) = 3

i.e. x2 1  3

from which, x 2  4 and x =  2

In the given equation, x = - 2 is not possible, hence, x = 2

EXERCISE 18 Page 30

1. Solve 3x = 6.4 correct to 4 significant figures

If 3  6.4 then x log10 3  log10 6.4

x
and

log10 6.4 0.80617997...

  1.689675...
x= log 10 3 0.47712125... = 1.690, correct to 4 significant figures.

2. Solve 2x = 9 correct to 4 significant figures

If 2  9 then x log10 2  log10 9

x
and

log10 9 0.95424250...
  3.169925...
x = log10 2 0.30102999... = 3.170, correct to 4 significant figures.

3. Solve x1.5 = 14.91 correct to 4 significant figures

Taking logarithms to base 10 of both sides gives:

log10 x1.5 = log10 14.91

1.5 log10 x = log10 14.91

log10 14.91
Hence, log10 x = 1.5 = 0.7823184
Thus, x = antilog 0.7823184 = 100.7823184 = 6.058, correct to 4 significant figures.

4. Solve 25.28 = 4.2x correct to 4 significant figures

© John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis 62

If 25.28  4.2
x
then log10 25.28  x log10 4.2

log10 25.28
from which, x = log10 4.2 = 2.251, correct to 4 significant figures.

5. Solve x-0.25 = 0.792 correct to 4 significant figures

0.25
If x
0.25
 0.792 then log10 x  log10 0.792

and 0.25log10 x  log10 0.792

log10 0.792
log10 x   0.4051
from which, 0.25

0.4051
and x = 10 = 2.542

6. Solve 0.027x = 3.26 correct to 4 significant figures

If 0.027  3.26
x
then x log10 0.027  log10 3.26

log10 3.26
from which, x = log10 0.027 = - 0.3272, correct to 4 significant figures.

P 
n  10 log10  2 
7. The decibel gain n of an amplifier is given by:  P1  where P1 is the power input and

P2
P2 is the power output. Find the power gain P1 when n = 25 decibels.

P 
10 log10  2 
When n = 25 then: 25 =  P1 
25 P  P 
 log10  2  log10  2 
10  P1   P1 
from which, i.e. 2.5 =

P2 P2
 102.5
Thus, P1 i.e. power gain, P1 = 316.2

© John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis 63

EXERCISE 19 Page 31

1. Solve, correct to 4 significant figures: 1.5 = 4e2t

1.5
Rearranging 1.5 = 4e2t gives: 4 = e2t

 1.5 
 
Taking Napierian logarithms of both sides gives: ln  4  = ln(e2t)
 1.5 
 
Since logee = , then ln  4  = 2t

1  1.5  1
 
Hence, t = 2 ln  4  = 2 (- 0.980829) = - 0.4904, correct to 4 significant figures.

2. Solve, correct to 4 significant figures: 7.83 = 2.91e-1.7x

7.83  7.83 
1.7x
e 1.7  ln e 1.7x  ln  
If 7.83  2.91e then 2.91 and  2.91 

 7.83  1  7.83 
ln    ln  
i.e. -1.7x =  2.91  and x= 1.7  2.91  = - 0.5822, correct to 4 significant figures.

t

3. Solve, correct to 4 significant figures: 16 = 24(1 - e
2
)

  
t
16 t
16  24 1  e 
2
 1 e

2

If   then 24

© John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis 64

 t
 16
e 2
 1
from which, 24

t  16 
  ln 1  
and 2  24 

 16 
2 ln  1  
and t=  24  = 2.197, correct to 4 significant figures.

 x 
 
4. Solve, correct to 4 significant figures: 5.17 = ln  4.64 

 x  x
 
From the definition of a logarithm, since 5.17 = ln  4.64  then e = 4.64
5.17

5.17
Rearranging gives: x = 4.64 e

i.e. x = 816.2, correct to 4 significant figures.

 1.59 
 
5. Solve, correct to 4 significant figures: 3.72 ln  x  = 2.43

 1.59   1.59  2.43

3.72 ln    2.43 ln  
If  x  then  x  3.72

 2.43 
1.59  
 e 3.72 
from which, x

 2.43 
1.59  
 2.43 
 1.59e  3.72 

 
 3.72 
and x= e = 0.8274, correct to 4 significant figures.

 x

5  8 1  e 2 
6. Solve, correct to 4 significant figures:  

 x
 5
5  8 1  e 2  
x

Rearranging   gives: 8 =1- e 2

© John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis 65

 x
5 3

and e 2
=1- 8 = 8
8
x

Taking the reciprocal of both sides gives: e = 3

2

8
  x

Taking Napierian logarithms of both sides gives: ln e = ln  3 

2

x 8
 
i.e. 2 = ln  3 

8
 
from which, x = 2 ln  3  = 1.962, correct to 4 significant figures.

7. Solve, correct to 4 significant figures: ln(x + 3) – ln x = ln(x – 1)

 x 3
ln    ln  x  1
Since ln(x + 3) – ln x = ln(x – 1) then  x 

 x 3
    x  1
from which,  x 

i.e. x + 3 = x(x – 1)

x+3= x x
2
i.e.

Rearranging gives: x 2  2x  3  0

Factorising gives: (x – 3)(x + 1) = 0

from which, x = 3 or x = - 1

In the given equation, x = - 1 is not a possible solution, hence, x = 3

ln  x  1  ln 3  ln  x  1
2

8. Solve, correct to 4 significant figures:

  x  1 2 
ln    ln  x  1
ln  x  1  ln 3  ln  x  1
2
 3 
Since then  

(x  1) 2
 x 1
from which, 3

© John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis 66

 x 2  2x  1
 x 1
i.e. 3

and x 2  2x  1  3x  3

i.e. x 2  5x  4  0

Factorising gives: (x – 4)(x – 1) = 0

from which, x = 4 or x = 1

The solution x = 1 is not possible in the given equation, hence, x = 4

P R 
 10 log10  1 
find the value of R1 when P  160, Q  8 and R 2  5
Q  R2 
9. If

P R  P R 
 10 log10  1   log10  1 
Q  R2  10Q  R2 
Since then
P
R1
1010Q 
and R2
P 160

from which, R1 = R 2  10 10Q

 5 10 80  5 10 2 = 5  100 = 500

W
 

10. If U 2  U1e
 PV 
make W the subject of the formula.

U2
W
   U2    PV
W

W
e  PV  ln    ln  e  

 
U1   
Since U 2  U1e 
 PV 
then U1 and  

U  W
ln  2  
i.e.  U1  PV

U 
W  PV ln  2 
from which,  U1 

© John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis 67

EXERCISE 20 Page 32

1. The temperature, TC, of a cooling object varies with time, t minutes, according to the

 0.04t
equation: T = 150 e . Determine the temperature when (a) t = 0, (b) t = 10 minutes.

 0.04t
(a) When t = 0, T = 150 e  150e0 = 150C

 0.04 t
(b) When t = 10, T = 150 e  150e 0.04(10)  150e 0.4 = 100.5C

Rt

2. The voltage drop, v volts, across an inductor L henrys at time t seconds is given by: v = 200 e
L
,

where R = 150  and L = 12.5 10- 3 H. Determine (a) the voltage when t = 160  10-6 s, and

(b) the time for the voltage to reach 85 V.

 150  160106 
R t 

(a) Voltage v  200e

L
= 200 e
12.5103
 200 e 1.92 = 29.32 volts

© John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis 68

 150 t
150 t 85 
 e 12.510
3


(b) When v = 85 V, 85  200 e

3
12.510
from which, 200

150 t  85 
 3
 ln  
and 12.5 10  200 

12.5  10 3  85 
 ln  
Thus, time t = 150  200  = 71.31  106 s

3. The length l metres of a metal bar at temperature toC is given by l = l0et, where l0 and  are

4
constants. Determine (a) the value of l when l0 = 1.894,  = 2.038  10 and t = 250oC, and

4
(b) the value of l0 when l = 2.416, t = 310oC and  = 1.682  10 .

t  2.03810   250  1.894e 0.05096  (1.894)(1.05227)

4

(a) Length, l = l0e  1.894e = 1.993 m

l
 l e   t  2.416 e
 
 1.682104  310 
 2.416 e  0.052142
t
(b) Since l = l0e , then l 0 = e
t

= (2.416)(0.949194) = 2.293 m

4. The instantaneous current i at time t is given by: i = 10e-t/CR when a capacitor is being charged.

6
The capacitance C is 7  10 farads and the resistance R is 0.3  106 ohms. Determine:

(a) the instantaneous current when t is 2.5 seconds, and

(b) the time for the instantaneous current to fall to 5 amperes.

Sketch a curve of current against time from t = 0 to t = 6 seconds

2.5

7106  0.3106
(a) Current, i = 10 e = 3.04 A

t
t 5 
 e 2.1

(b) When i = 5, 5  10 e 2.1

from which, 10

5 t
ln    
Thus,  10  2.1 and time, t = (2.1) ln 0.5 = 1.46 s

© John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis 69

 Time t 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Current i 10 6.21 3.86 2.40 1.49 0.92 0.57

A graph of current against time is shown below.

5. The current i flowing in a capacitor at time t is given by: i = 12.5(1 - e-t/CR) where resistance R is

30 k and the capacitance C is 20 F. Determine (a) the current flowing after 0.5 seconds, and

(b) the time for the current to reach 10 amperes.

 
t
  
0.5
3 
i  12.5  1  e CR  12.5 1  e 2010 3010 
6

(a) Current,  =   = 7.07 A

 
t
 10 
t
10  12.5 1  e 0.6   1 e 0.6

(b) When i = 10 A,   from which, 12.5


t
10 t  10 
e 0.6
 1   ln  1  
Thus, 12.5 and 0.6  12.5 

 10 
0.6 ln 1  
i.e. time, t =  12.5  = 0.966 s

© John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis 70

EXERCISE 21, Page 34

1. Corresponding values obtained experimentally for two quantities are:

x -5 -3 -1 0 2 4
y - 13 - 9 - 5 -3 1 5
Plot a graph of y (vertically) against x (horizontally) to scales of 2 cm = 1 for the

horizontal x-axis and 1 cm = 1 for the vertical y-axis. (This graph will need the whole of

the graph paper with the origin somewhere in the centre of the paper).

From the graph find: (a) the value of y when x = 1 (b) the value of y when x = - 2.5

(c) the value of x when y = - 6 (d) the value of x when y = 5

A graph of y against x is shown plotted below.

© John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis 71

(a) When x = 1, the value of y = - 1

(b) When x = - 2.5, the value of y = - 8

(c) When y = - 6, the value of x = - 1.5

(d) When y = 5, the value of x = 4

2. Corresponding values obtained experimentally for two quantities are:

x - 2.0 - 0.5 0 1.0 2.5 3.0 5.0
y - 13.0 - 5.5 - 3.0 2.0 9.5 12.0 22.0
1
Use a horizontal scale for x of 1 cm = 2 unit and a vertical scale for y of 1 cm = 2 units and draw
a graph of x against y. Label the graph and each of its axes. By interpolation, find from the graph

the value of y when x is 3.5

Graph of y/x

© John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis 72

The graph of y against x is shown plotted above.

From the graph, when x = 3.5, y = 14.5

3. Draw a graph of y - 3x + 5 = 0 over a range of x = - 3 to x = 4. Hence determine (a) the value of y

when x = 1.3 and (b) the value of x when y = - 9.2

If y – 3x + 5 = 0 then y = 3x – 5

A table of values is shown below:

x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
y - 14 - 11 - 8 - 5 - 2 1 4 7

A graph of y against x is shown plotted below.

© John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis 73

(a) When x = 1.3, the value of y = - 1.1

(b) When y = - 9.2, the value of x = - 1.4

4. The speed n rev/min of a motor changes when the voltage V across the armature is varied.

The results are shown in the following table:

n (rev/min) 560 720 900 1010 1240 1410

V (volts) 80 100 120 140 160 180

It is suspected that one of the readings taken of the speed is inaccurate. Plot a graph of

speed (horizontally) against voltage (vertically) and find this value. Find also (a) the speed

at a voltage of 132 V, and (b) the voltage at a speed of 1300 rev/min.

© John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis 74

A graph of voltage against speed is shown below.

The 1010 rev/min reading should be 1070 rev/min at 140 V

(a) At a voltage of 132 V, the speed = 1000 rev/min

(b) At a speed of 1300 rev/min, the voltage = 167 V

EXERCISE 22, Page 36

1. The equation of a line is 4y = 2x + 5. A table of corresponding values is produced and is shown

below. Complete the table and plot a graph of y against x. Find the gradient of the graph.

x -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
y - 0.25 1.25 3.25

4y = 2x + 5 hence y = 0.5x + 1.25

The missing values are shown in bold.

© John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis 75

 x -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
y - 0.75 - 0.25 0.25 0.75 1.25 1.75 2.25 2.75 3.25

A graph of y/x is shown below.

AB 3.25  0.25 3 1
 
Gradient of graph = BC 4  2 6= 2

2. Determine the gradient and intercept on the y-axis for each of the following equations:

(a) y = 4x – 2 (b) y = - x (c) y = - 3x - 4 (d) y = 4

(a) Since y = 4x – 2, then gradient = 4 and y-axis intercept = - 2

(b) Since y = - x, then gradient = - 1 and y-axis intercept = 0

(c) Since y = - 3x – 4, then gradient = - 3 and y-axis intercept = - 4

(d) Since y = 4 i.e. y = 0x + 4, then gradient = 0 and y-axis intercept = 4

3. Draw on the same axes the graphs of y = 3x - 5 and 3y + 2x = 7. Find the co-ordinates of the point

of intersection. Check the result obtained by solving the two simultaneous equations algebraically.

© John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis 76

 2 7
 x
The graphs of y = 3x – 5 and 3y + 2x = 7, i.e. y = 3 3 are shown below.

The two graphs intersect at x = 2 and y = 1, i.e. the co-ordinate (2, 1)

Solving simultaneously gives:

y = 3x – 5 i.e. y – 3x = -5 (1)
2 7
 x
y= 3 3 i.e. 3y + 2x = 7 (2)
3  (1) gives: 3y – 9x = -15 (3)

(2) – (3) gives: 11x = 22 from which, x = 2

Substituting in (1) gives: y – 6 = -5 from which, y = 1 as obtained graphically above.

4. A piece of elastic is tied to a support so that it hangs vertically, and a pan, on which weights

can be placed, is attached to the free end. The length of the elastic is measured as various

weights are added to the pan and the results obtained are as follows:

Load, W (N) 5 10 15 20 25
Length, l (cm) 60 72 84 96 108
Plot a graph of load (horizontally) against length (vertically) and determine:

(a) the length when the load is 17 N, (b) the value of load when the length is 74 cm,

(c) its gradient, and (d) the equation of the graph.

A graph of load against length is plotted as shown below.

(a) When the load is 17 N, the length = 89 cm

© John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis 77

(b) When the length is 74 cm, the load = 11 N

AB 108  60 48
 
(c) Gradient = BC 25  5 20 = 2.4

(d) Vertical axis intercept = 48 cm

Hence, the equation of the graph is: l = 2.4W + 48

EXERCISE 23 Page 38

1. The resistance R ohms of a copper winding is measured at various temperatures toC and the results

are as follows:
R ohms 112 120 126 131 134
tC 20 36 48 58 64

Plot a graph of R (vertically) against t (horizontally) and find from it (a) the temperature when the

resistance is 122  and (b) the resistance when the temperature is 52C
© John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis 78
A graph of resistance R against temperature t is shown below.

From the graph:

(a) the temperature when the resistance is 122  is 40C

(b) the resistance when the temperature is 52C is 128 

2. The following table gives the force F Newtons which, when applied to a lifting machine,

overcomes a corresponding load of L Newtons.

Force F Newtons 25 47 64 120 149 187

Load L Newtons 50 140 210 430 550 700

Choose suitable scales and plot a graph of F (vertically) against L (horizontally). Draw the best

straight line through the points. Determine from the graph (a) the gradient, (b) the F-axis intercept,
© John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis 79
 (c) the equation of the graph, (d) the force applied when the load is 310 N, and (e) the load that a

force of 160 N will overcome. (f) If the graph were to continue in the same manner, what value of

force will be needed to overcome a 800 N load?

A graph of F against L is shown below.

From the graph:

AB 187  37 150
 
(a) the gradient = BC 700  100 600 = 0.25

(b) the F-axis intercept = 12 N

(c) the equation of the graph is: F = 0.25L + 12

(d) the force applied when the load is 310 N is 89.5 N

(e) the load that a force of 160 N will overcome is 592 N

(f) If the graph were to continue in the same manner the force needed to overcome a 800 N load is

212 N. From the equation of the graph, F = 0.25L + 12 = 0.25(800) + 12 = 200 + 12 = 212 N

3. The speed of a motor varies with armature voltage as shown by the following experimental results:
© John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis 80
 n (rev/min) 285 517 615 750 917 1050
V volts 60 95 110 130 155 175

Plot a graph of speed (horizontally) against voltage (vertically) and draw the best straight line

through the points. Find from the graph (a) the speed at a voltage of 145 V, and (b) the voltage at a

speed of 400 rev/min.

A graph of speed against voltage is shown below.

From the graph:

(a) at a voltage of 145 V, the speed = 850 rev/min,

(b) at a speed of 400 rev/min, the voltage = 77.5 V

4. An experiment with a set of pulley blocks gave the following results:

Effort, E (newtons) 9.0 11.0 13.6 17.4 20.8 23.6

Load, L (newtons) 15 25 38 57 74 88

Plot a graph of effort (vertically) against load (horizontally) and determine (a) the gradient, (b) the

© John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis 81

 vertical axis intercept, (c) the law of the graph, (d) the effort when the load is 30 N and (e) the

load when the effort is 19 N.

A graph of effort E against load L is shown below.

AB 22  6 16 1
 
(a) Gradient of straight line = BC 80  0 80 = 5 or 0.2

(b) Vertical axis intercept = 6

(c) The law of the graph is: E = 0.2L + 6

(d) From the graph, when the load is 30 N, effort, E = 12 N

(e) From the graph, when the effort is 19 N, load, L = 65 N

EXERCISE 24 Page 41

1. A rectangular field has an area of 1.2 hectares and a length of 150 m. If 1 hectare = 10000 m2 find

(a) its width, and (b) the length of a diagonal.

© John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis 82

 2 2
Area of field = 1.2 ha = 1.2  10000 m = 12000 m

area 12000

(a) Area = length  width from which, width = length 150 = 80 m

(b) By Pythagoras, length of diagonal =

 150 2
 802 
= 170 m

2. Find the area of a triangle whose base is 8.5 cm and perpendicular height 6.4 cm.

1 1
 base  perpendicular height  8.5  6.4 2
Area of triangle = 2 = 2 = 27.2 cm

2
3. A square has an area of 162 cm . Determine the length of a diagonal.

2
Let each side of square = x, then area = x = 162

from which, x = 162

Using Pythagoras’ theorem, x  x  d where d is the length of the diagonal

2 2 2

   
2 2
162 162  d2
i.e.

2
i.e. 162 + 162 = d

from which, diagonal, d = 324 = 18 cm

2
4. A rectangular picture has an area of 0.96 m . If one of the sides has a length of 800 mm,

calculate, in millimetres, the length of the other side.

area 0.96 106 mm 2


Area of picture = length  width from which, width = length 800 mm = 1200 mm

5. Determine the area of each of the angle iron sections shown below.

© John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis 83

 2
(a) Area = 2 (7  2) + (1  1) = 28 + 1 = 29 cm

2
(b) Area = (30  8) + 10(25 – 8 – 6) + (6  50) = 240 + 110 + 300 = 650 mm

6. The diagram shows a 4 m wide path within the outside wall of a 41 m by 37 m garden.

Calculate the area of the path.

2
Area of path = (41 × 37) – [(41 – 8) × (37 – 8)] = 1517 – 957 = 560 m

7. Calculate the area of the steel plate shown.

© John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis 84

 1 
 25
2   55  50 
Area of steel plate = (25  60) + (140 – 60)(25) + + (50  25) +  2 

= 1500 + 2000 + 625 + 1250 + 1375

2
= 6750 mm

8. Determine the area of an equilateral triangle of side 10.0 cm.

An equilateral triangle is shown below.

1
Area of triangle = 2 × base × height

and h = 10.0  5.0 = 8.66 cm

2 2
By Pythagoras, h  5.0  10.0
2 2 2

1
cm 2
Area of triangle = 2 ×10.0 × 8.66 = 43.30

9. If paving slabs are produced in 250 mm by 250 mm squares, determine the number of slabs

2
required to cover an area of 2 m .

2  106 mm 2
Number of slabs = 250  250 = 32

10. A rectangular garden measures 40 m by 15 m. A 1 m flower border is made round the two

shorter sides and one long side. A circular swimming pool of diameter 8 m is constructed in the

middle of the garden. Find, correct to the nearest square metre, the area remaining.

© John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis 85

A sketch of a plan of the garden is shown below.
  42 
Shaded area = (40  15) – [(15  1) + (38  1) + (15  1) + ]

= 600 – [15 + 38 + 15 + 16]

2 2
= 600 – 118.27 = 481.73 m = 482 m , correct to the nearest square metre.

11. Determine the area of circles having (a) a radius of 4 cm (b) a diameter of 30 mm (c) a

circumference of 200 mm.

(a) Area of circle = r2 =  (4)2 = 16 = 50.27 cm2

d 2 (30)2 900
(b) Area of circle = 4 = 4 = 4 = 706.9 mm2
c 200 100
(c) Circumference, c = 2r hence radius, r = 2 = 2 =  mm
2
 100  1002
 
Area of circle = r2 =     =  = 3183 mm2 or 31.83 cm2

12. Calculate the areas of the following sectors of circles:

(a) radius 9 cm, angle subtended at centre 75

(b) diameter 35 mm, angle subtended at centre 4837'

2 75 75   81
(a) Area of sector = 360 (r2) = 360 (92) = 360 = 53.01 cm2

(b) If diameter = 35 mm, then radius, r = 35/2 =17.5 mm, and

© John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis 86

 37
48
4837 ' 60 (17.52 ) 48.617 ( 17.52 )
(17.52 )
area of sector = 360 = 360 = 360 = 129.9 mm2

13. Determine the shaded area of the template shown.

1
  80 
2
2
Area of template = shaded area = (120  90) - 4 = 10800 – 5026.55 = 5773 mm

14. An archway consists of a rectangular opening topped by a semi-circular arch as shown below.

Determine the area of the opening if the width is 1 m and the greatest height is 2 m.

The semicircle has a diameter of 1 m, i.e. a radius of 0.5 m. Hence, the archway shown is made up

of a rectangle of sides 1 m by 1.5 m and a semicircle of radius 0.5 m.

1
  0.5  
2

Thus, area of opening = (1.5  1) + 2   = 1.5 + 0.393 = 1.89 m 2

15. The floodlights at a sports ground spread its illumination over an angle of 40 to a distance of

48 m. Determine (a) the angle in radians, and (b) the maximum area that is floodlit.

© John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis 87

 
40  rad
(a) In radians, 40 = 180 = 0.69813 rad = 0.698 rad, correct to 3 decimal places
1 2 1
r    48   0.69813
2
2
(b) Maximum area floodlit = area of sector = 2 2 = 804.2 m

16. Find the area swept out in 50 minutes by the minute hand of a large floral clock, if the

hand is 2 m long.

50 50
 r 2     2 
2
2
Area swept out = 60 60 = 10.47 m

© John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis 88

EXERCISE 25 Page 43

1. Plot a graph of y = 3x - x2 by completing a table of values of y from x = 0 to x = 3. Determine the

area enclosed by the curve, the x-axis and ordinate x = 0 and x = 3 by the mid-ordinate rule

A table of values is shown below.

x 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

y  3x  x 2 0 1.25 2.0 2.25 2.0 1.25 0

A graph of y  3x  x is shown below.

2

Using the mid-ordinate rule, with 6 intervals, with mid-ordinates occurring at

0.25 0.75 1.25 1.75 2.25 2.75

where the y-values are: 0.6875 1.6875 2.1875 2.1875 1.6875 0.6875

area  (0.5)[0.6875 + 1.6875 + 2.1875 + 1.6875 + 0.6875] = (0.5)(9.125)

= 4.563 square units

2. Plot the graph of y = 2x2 + 3 between x = 0 and x = 4. Estimate the area enclosed by the curve, the

ordinates x = 0 and x = 4, and the x-axis by an approximate method.

© John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis 89

A table of values is shown below.

x 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0

y  2x  32 3 3.5 5.0 7.5 11.0 15.5 21.0 27.5 35.0

A graph of y  2x  3 is shown below.

2

8 intervals are used, each of width 0.5, and the mid-ordinates are shown by the broken lines.

area = (width of interval)(sum of mid-ordinates)

 (0.5)  3.1  4.1  6.1  9.1  13.1  18.1  24.1  31.1

= (0.5)[108.8]

= 54.5 square units

© John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis 90

© John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis 91