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School of Civil & Urban Eng., IOTec. Hawassa University

Ex ample 4.1. (Classif ication of colu mns as shor t or l ong)

The frame shown in figure below is composed of members with rectangular cross sections. All
members are constructed of the same strength concrete (E is the same for both beams and
columns). Considering bending in the plane of the frame only, classify column EF as long or

short if the frame is braced. All girders are 300 x 600 mm.
600 525 KN
F I
C F M1 = 30 KNm
350 300
3.80 m 300
300 x 350
600
B H
E
400
3.80 m
300 x 400 E M2 = 45 KNm
A D G
9m 7.5 m

Solution:

Moments of inertia

3
300 x600
Girders:  I  g      54 x108 mm 4  
12
300 x 400 3
Columns:  I  DE      16 x10 8 mm 4  
12
3
300 x350
 I  EF      10.71875
 
 x10 8 mm 4 .  
12

Stiffness Coefficients:
  E 54 x108 
 EI  g    K  BE    K cF    6 x105 E .
9000
Girders : K  g      
 L g    E 54 x108 
  K  EH    K  FI    7.2 x105 E .
 7500

 K  DE    E 16 x103   4.21 x105 E 

8

 EI c 3.8 x10
Columns:  K c     
 Lc   E 10.71875108 
 K  EF    2.82 x10  E 
5

 3.8 x103

The column being considered is column EF.

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Rotational stiffnesses at joints E and F.

  EI col  / L  I col  / L 
     
  
   f   EI  g  / Leff      f   I  g  / Leff   
 K  EF   K  DE  4.21 x105  2.82 x105
Joint E:   E    5 5
 0.53  
 K  BE   K  EH  6 x10  75.2 x10
 K  EF  2.82 x10
Joint F:   F     0.21  
 K CF    K  FI  6 x105  7.2 x105

  E     F  0.53  0.21

 m  
 0.37  
2 2
For a braced column (Non sway structure ) for design
 Le  m  0.4 0.37  0.4
   0.66  0.7  
 L  m  0.8 0.37  0.8
Le= (0.7) (3.8) = 2.66m = 2660mm
 L  Le 2660
The slenderness ratio:    e    
i  I   A 10.71875 x10  300 x 350
8

    26 .327 .
   30 
   50  25   66.66  ok !  
  45  
 The colum is  short .

Example 2:  A column resting on an independent footing supports a flat slab. The super
imposed factored load transferred from the slab is 1000 kN. Design the column assuming a

gross
heightsteel
h = 4ratio
m. of (a) 0.01. Use concrete C30, steel S300 and class I works. Assume column

Solution:   fcd = 13.6 MPa; fyd = 260.87 MPa

 P du  = A g [  f 

  cd  (1 –  ρ) + ρ f   ]
 yd 

(a)  For ρ = 0.01 and Pd = 1000 k 

 N,

 P d 
 A g    
[  f  cd  (1    )      f   yd  ]
  3
2 1000 * 10
S   =   S = 249 mm
13.6(1  0.01)  0.01( 260 .87)

Use 250 mm × 250 mm cross section

2 2
 A st =  ρ A g = 0.01 (250)  = 625 mm

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2
Use 4 numbers of 16 mm dia rods; A st  provided = 804 mm

Ties: d ≥ 6 mm (or) S ≤ 12* dia of main bar = 192 mm 

≥ Dia of main bar/4 = 16/4 = 4 mm  ≤ Least lateral dimension = 250 mm 

≤ 300 mm 
Therefore, use 6 mm dia rods at 190 mm center to center

Example 3
Design a slender braced (non-sway) column subjected to uniaxail bending.
Given: - factored load=1650KN
st
-factored 1  order equivalent constant
Moment=130KNm
-Geometric length: L=7m and Le=0.7L
-Material data; C-30, S-460 class I work

-Assume Column size

 b = 400mm; h = 400mm;
Required:  - quantity of reinforcement.
Solution
Assume cover = 20mm; ø long = 20mm and ølat. = 10mm 
d ' 40
 = 0.1 and d = 400-40 = 360mm
h 400

 Le 0.7 * 7000

ea >= = = 16.33 or 20mm
300   300  
Therefore; ea=20mm
Check for second order effect

- λ =  L e
=
4900
 = 42.4
 I  400 2
 A 12

- λ max = 50-25(  M  1

) ; here first order moment is constant throughout the column.
 M 2

Therefore; λ max= 50-25=25

As λ > λ max, second order effect has to be considered
Msd = etot*Nsd=(ee+ea) Nsd =ee* Nsd+ ea* Nsd =first order moment + moment due to e a 
= 130+ (1650*0.02) =163kNm

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0.85  f  ck  0.85 * 24

For C-30 concrete; f ck = 24; f cd= = = 13.6MPa
  s 1.5  
 
 f   yk  460
f yd = = = 400MPa
   s 1.15  
 
 N  sd  1650 * 10 3
 νsd = = = 0.76
 Ac  f  cd  400 2 * 13.6
 
 M  sd  163 * 10 6
  sd     = =0.187
 Ac  f  cd  h 400 2 * 13.6 * 400

Using chart no- 2; for νsd = 0.76 and   sd  = 0.187; ω = 0.32;  bal  = 0.25

  sd  0.187 1 5 5    
* 10 3 = 10.42*10  
-3 -6
K 2 = = = 0.75, = K 2 ( ) 10 = 0.75(
  0.25 r  d  360
bal 
     
 K 1 Le2 1
e2 =   ( ) here K 1 = 1 for λ > 35 
10 r 

1(4900 ) 2
=  
( 10 .42 * 10  6 ) = 25mm
10  
  3
130 * 10
e tot = ee + ea+e2 =  20  25  123 .8mm  
1650

123.8 204 .3 * 10 3
Msd =Nsd* etot = 1650* = 204.3kNm ,      = 0.236 implies
1000 400 3 * 13 .6
ω=0.45 
Recalculating k 2, μ bal=0.3
0.235 1 5     3 -6
k 2= = 0.78 , = 0.78( ) *10 = 10.8*10
0.3 r    360
e2= 26mm
etot = 124.8

124.8  M  sd  205 .1 * 10 6

Msd = 1650* 1000 = 205.09 kNm ,   sd      A  f   h = 400 2 * 13.6 * 400 = 0.236
  c cd 

ω = 0.45 
Interaction can be stopped.

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0.45 *  400 2 * 13.6 2

 A st   = 2448mm  
400  
Use 8 number of 20mm diameter rods.
As provided = 2512, compare the result with minimum and maximum code requirements
2
>0.008*400 =1280
2
<0.08*400 =12800 Hence ok

Lateral ties: ø   6 or 20/4=5 Hence use ø 10 bar



   {    
  

Use 10mm diameter bar @240mm c/c.

Example 4
A uni-axial column is to be constructed from a materials C-30, S-400 class I works. If the
st
diagram for 1   order end moment and axial force are as shown, determine the area of
reinforcement assuming non-sway frame system.(use b/h =300/400 and Le=0.75L, with
L=7.5m)

d ' 40
Soln: Assume d’= 40mm;   = = 0.1 use uniaxail chart no-2
h 400
ee    0.6eo2+0.4eo1  or 0.4eo2 
155
eo2=   * 1000 =121.1mm
1280
 82
eo1=   * 1000 =-64.1mm
1280

 
    
       

le 0.75 * 7500
ea   = =18.75mm or 20mm; use ea =20mm
300 300

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0.75 * 7500  82
Check for e2; λ= =48.7 ; λ max=50-25( )=63.2
400 2 155
12
λ < λ max; therefore; neglect second order eccentricity
etot=eo2 +ea =121.1+20=141.1mm
141.1
Msd= Nsd*etot=1280* =180.6kNm; fcd= 13.6 ; fyd=347.8
1000
  3
 N  1280 *10  M  sd  180.61*106
 ν =  sd   =0.78 and μ=  =0.28
 f  cd bh 13.6 * 300 * 400  f  cd bh 2 13.6 * 300 * 4002

implis ώ=0.6 

 * Ac  *  f  cd  0.6 * 400 * 300 *13.6

As= = = 2815.4mm; use 8ø22mm bar
 f   yd  347.8
2

As pov= 8* 22 *   =3041mm2 
4
2
< Asmax= 0.08*Ag=9600mm  
2
>Asmin=0.008Ag=960mm  
Lateral reinforcement
Ø  6 or 22/4 S  12* 22 =264 or 300
Use 6mm Ø ties at 260mm spacing.
Example 5
Design a column to sustain a factored design axial load of 900KN and biaxial moments of
M =270KNM and M =180KNm including all other effects. Use C-30, S-300 class I works.
dx dy

Solution:  f ck = 24MPa ;f cd=13.6MPa; fyd=260.87MPa

b' h'
Assume b*h = 400*600mm and  = =0.1, Nsd= 900kN
b h
Mh=Mdx=270kNm
M b=Mdy=180kNm
  3
900 * 10
 ν= =0.28(between0.2 and0.4)
13.6 * 400 * 600
 M b 180 * 10 6  M h 270 *10 6
 b    = =0.14 and  h    = =0.14
 f    A b 13.6 * 600 * 400 2  f    A h 13.6 * 400 * 600 2
cd  c cd  c
Using biaxial chart no- 9 thus:
for   =0.2;  h =0.14 ,  b =0.14; ώ=0.4 
for   =0.4;  h =0.14,  b =0.14; ώ=0.4
By interpolation for   =0.28; ώ=0.4 

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  * Ac  *  f  cd  0.4 * 400 * 600 *13.6

As= = =5005mm2
 f   yd  260.87
< Asmax= 0.08*Ag=19200mm2
>Asmin=0.008Ag=1920mm2
use 8ø30mm bar
Lateral reinforcement

Ø  6 or 30/4
 
 { 

 
Use 8mm Ø ties at 300mm spacing.


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