Conducted Emissions: Advanced Design For Signal Integrity and Compliance

01OUX… - Advanced Design for Signal Integrity and Compliance.  F.
Canavero, 2015
01OUXOQ, 01OUXOT, 01OUXOV, 01OUXPE
Advanced Design for Signal Integrity and

Compliance
7. Conducted Emissions
Flavio Canavero
Politecnico di Torino, Italy
flavio.canavero@polito.it
01OUX… - Advanced Design for Signal Integrity and Compliance.  F.Canavero, 2015
Outline
• Common & Differential Mode Currents
• Test Equipment & Setup
• EMI Filters
• Non-ideal Behavior of Components
1
Common mode (CM) & Differential mode

(DM) decomposition
In general, currents in three-conductor systems can be
decomposed into differential-mode (DM) and common-
mode (CM) components
A possible decomposition is
I1 ID IC
I2 ID IC
I3 = I1 + I2 2IC
where I1, I2, and I3 denote the physical currents, ID and IC are
the modal components, and wire 3 is the return
conductor
Common mode (CM) & Differential mode

(DM) decomposition
The DM components ID
are oppositely
directed in wires 1, 2 I1 ID IC
The CM components IC
I2 ID IC
are directed in the
same direction in
I3 = I1 + I2 2IC
wires 1, 2, and returns
on wire 3
Relationship between
physical and modal
currents:
2
Propagation of disturbances
Common Mode / Differential Mode
3
Separation of CM and DM
A diagnostic tool that can separate the total conducted
emission into its CM and DM components
Outline
• EMI Filters
4
Conducted Emissions
• For commercial ITE equipment, the frequency
range for CE extends from 150 kHz to 30 MHz
(CISPR 22)
• For military products, limits and applicability
are much more complicated and span much a
larger frequency range (MIL-STD-461E)
• Although the emission to be controlled is
current passing out the ac line cord, the limits
are given in volts
• Compliance is verified by inserting a line
impedance stabilization network (LISN) into
the unit’s ac power cord
5
6
Typical Test Configuration
1. The ac power cord of the product is plugged into the

input of the LISN
2. The output of the LISN is plugged into the commercial
power system outlet
Objectives of the LISN

1. To present a constant impedance to the product
power cord outlet over the frequency range of
the conducted emission test
– 50 Ω between phase conductor and green wire
– 50 Ω between neutral conductor and green
wire
2. To block conducted emissions that are not due
to the product being tested i.e., to prevent
external conducted noise on the power system
from contaminating the measurement
7
The LISN circuit
Equivalent Circuit of the LISN

Equivalent circuit of the LISN as seen by the
product over the conducted emission regulatory
frequency range
8
CM and DM Components
Contributions of DM and CM current components on

the measured conducted emissions
By decomposing noise currents into a DM component and

a CM component:
And the measured voltages are
9
Note that:
1. CM currents can be of the order of or exceed DM currents
in CE
2. The contributions due to each current add in VP and
subtract in VN
Generally, one component dominates the other so that the
magnitudes of the phase and neutral voltages are about
the same:
The Dominant Effect

To reduce the total conducted emission at a particular
frequency, we must reduce the dominant component at that
frequency
10
Outline
• EMI Filters
 Performance
 EMI filter types & design
 Installation
21
Power Supply Filters

Devices inserted on signal/power lines to eliminate
disturbances
Increase conducted immunity
 mitigate conducted emissions
Virtually all products contain a power supply filter
This is the last circuit that noise currents pass through before they
exit the product
Power supply filters contain components that are intended to reduce

either DM or CM currents
Hence:
Decomposition of the total currents into CM and DM components is
the key to designing effective power supply filters
22
11
Power Supply Filters

they are never matched (supply load impedance?)
• must operate as band-reject over a very large bandwidth

(up to 400 MHz ?!)
• must allow AC or DC current to flow through (effect on

topology, that must be low-pass and on the choice of
components)
• dimensions/weight (necessity for power delivery influences

component dimensions –big, like magnetic cores-; sometimes
contradiction with specifications)
23
Measuring the performance of a filter

Insertion Loss (IL): ratio, in dB, of output voltage with and
without the device
24
12
Insertion Loss
NB:
magnitudes of the voltages
25
Change of performance, in a real situation

Conceptual Exemple: low-pass elementary filter
RL
RL Rs  RL
V L,w  Vs  Vs
R S  R L  j L L
1 j
Rs  RL
IL
+20 dB/dec
Rs
RL
Vs 0 dB
f
(Rs+RL)/2L
26
13
Insertion Loss of a Low-Pass Filter
27
DM insertion loss measurement
28
14
CM insertion loss measurement
29
Outline
• EMI Filters
 Performance
 Installation
30
15
Types of elementary filters
31
a) Through-capacitor (in
parallel)
• Low-pass
• 20 dB/dec slope
• Effective for high impedance
values at source and load
32
16

b) L-shape filter
• Effective for unequal impedance values at source
and load
• Inductor towards low impedance
33

c) -filter
• Effective for high
impedances
• Reduced bandwidth for
low impedances
34
17

d) T-filters
• Effective for low
impedances
• Reduced bandwidth for
low impedances
35
Typical filter schematic

uncoupled inductor
CM inductor
uncoupled inductor
Common-mode choke:
Ferrite toroidal core (high )
Symmetrical turns, in opposition
 Supply current does not saturate the core
36
18
Common-Mode Choke
Common-Mode Choke
19
Common-Mode Choke
Common-Mode Choke
20
Common mode choke

Insertion Loss
Common mode
Differential Mode
Frequency
Common-mode suppression
Done by means of Lp of the CM inductor, Lp/2 of the

uncoupled inductors and C2 + C2’ (the line wires must be
considered in parallel, since current return flows outside)
CM inductor Lp uncoupled inductor
Lp
uncoupled inductor
Lp
42
21
Differential-mode suppression
Done by means of Lp’0 of CM inductor, 2Lp of uncoupled

inductors, C1 e C2/2 (the line wires must be considered in
series, since current return flows inside the line)
CM inductor Lp uncoupled inductor
Lp
uncoupled inductor
Lp
43
Outline
• EMI Filters
 Performance
 Installation
44
22
Filter Placement
Poor Installation = Poor Performance
Filter IN
Filter OUT Filter
45
Tips for installation
46
23
Filter Placement
47
Tips for installation
filter
Interference
source load
Z*
ground
Bad ground bonding Z* does not shortcircuit the disturbances

effectively, since it shunts the load
48
24
Filter Placement
• Isolate Input & Output
– Establish boundaries with filters between
• Input or Output interfaces and active circuitry
• Digital and Analog
• Compartments and Modules
• Prevent bypass coupling
– Control line exposure on line side of filter
– Use dog-house compartment
– Shielded cables to control exposed cable runs
• Terminate - Terminate - Terminate
– Low impedance to ground termination
– Minimize lead length
49
Outline
• EMI Filters

 Resitors
 Capacitors
 Inductors
 Effect of non-ideal components on filter performance

50
25
Resistors
• types
(1) carbon composition
• constructed by forming a cylindrical block of carbon and attaching
two wires to the ends
(2) wire wound
• formed by winding a length of wire that has the desired dc
resistance on a cylindrical form to conserve space
– significant amount of inductance due to the construction technique
(3) thin film
• constructed by depositing a thin, metallic film on an insulating
substrate; leads are attached to the ends of the metallic film
+ more precise values of resistance than carbon-composition type &
less inductance than wire-wound type
51
Resistors
• ideal resistor
52
26
Resistors
• parasitic effects
• equivalent
53
Resistors
• equivalent impedance
for   0, Z = R
54
27
Resistors
for   , Z  
for  > 1/RCpar, denominator of Z increases
for 2 = 1/LleadCpar, numerator of Z has a minimum
55
Resistors
56
28
Outline
• EMI Filters

 Resitors
 Capacitors
 Inductors

57
Capacitors
• types
(1) ceramic
• large band, smaller values
(2) tantalum electrolytic

• large values in small size
• ideal capacitor
58
29
Capacitors
• approximation Rdiel  
Clead  0
59
Capacitors
for   0, Z  
for   , Z  
for 2 = 1/LleadC, numerator of Z has a minimum
60
30
Capacitors
61
Capacitors
• use of capacitors in parallel to divert noise current
if Z is high impedance
bandwidth ZCAP= 1/jC Zin = ZCAP // ZLOAD
value
NOISE High freq 0 Zin  0
FUNCTIONAL signal Low freq large Zin  ZLOAD
62
31
Outline
• EMI Filters

 Resitors
 Capacitors
 Inductors

63
Inductors
Basic construction technique: winding turns of wire on a
cylindrical form.
The specific construction technique will determine the values
of the parasitic elements.
• ideal inductor
64
32
Inductors
approximation: Llead & Clead  0
65
Inductors
for   0, ZL  Rpar
for   , ZL  0
for  > Rpar/L numerator of Z increases
for 2 = 1/LCpar, denominator of ZL has a minimum
66
33
Inductors
67
Inductors
• use of inductors in series to block noise current
if Z is low impedance
bandwidth ZL= jL Zin = ZL + ZLOAD
value
NOISE High freq large Zin  
FUNCTIONAL signal Low freq small Zin  ZLOAD
68
34
Outline
• EMI Filters

 Resitors
 Capacitors
 Inductors

69
Effect of non-ideal components
Example
Filter schematic
Parasitic elements added to
components
70
35
Effect of non-ideal components
Influence on frequency response
Attenuation
dB
71
36

Conducted Emissions: Advanced Design For Signal Integrity and Compliance

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01OUX… - Advanced Design for Signal Integrity and Compliance.  F.

01OUXOQ, 01OUXOT, 01OUXOV, 01OUXPE

Advanced Design for Signal Integrity and

• Common & Differential Mode Currents

• Test Equipment & Setup

• Non-ideal Behavior of Components

Common mode (CM) & Differential mode

Common mode (CM) & Differential mode

• Common & Differential Mode Currents

• Test Equipment & Setup

• Non-ideal Behavior of Components

Typical Test Configuration

1. The ac power cord of the product is plugged into the

Objectives of the LISN

The LISN circuit

Equivalent Circuit of the LISN

Contributions of DM and CM current components on

By decomposing noise currents into a DM component and

And the measured voltages are

The Dominant Effect

• Common & Differential Mode Currents

• Test Equipment & Setup

 EMI filter types & design

• Non-ideal Behavior of Components

Power Supply Filters

Power supply filters contain components that are intended to reduce

Power Supply Filters

• must operate as band-reject over a very large bandwidth

• must allow AC or DC current to flow through (effect on

• dimensions/weight (necessity for power delivery influences

Measuring the performance of a filter

Change of performance, in a real situation

Insertion Loss of a Low-Pass Filter

DM insertion loss measurement

CM insertion loss measurement

• Common & Differential Mode Currents

• Test Equipment & Setup

 EMI filter types & design

• Non-ideal Behavior of Components

Types of elementary filters

Types of elementary filters

Types of elementary filters

Types of elementary filters

Types of elementary filters

Typical filter schematic

Common mode choke

Done by means of Lp of the CM inductor, Lp/2 of the

CM inductor Lp uncoupled inductor

Done by means of Lp’0 of CM inductor, 2Lp of uncoupled

CM inductor Lp uncoupled inductor

• Common & Differential Mode Currents

• Test Equipment & Setup

 EMI filter types & design

• Non-ideal Behavior of Components

Tips for installation

Tips for installation

Bad ground bonding Z* does not shortcircuit the disturbances

• Test Equipment & Setup

• Non-ideal Behavior of Components

 Effect of non-ideal components on filter performance

for  > 1/RCpar, denominator of Z increases

for 2 = 1/LleadCpar, numerator of Z has a minimum

• Test Equipment & Setup