Actividad de aprendizaje 15

Evidencia 5: Summary “Export-import theory”

Contar con los conocimientos necesarios para realizar un proceso de exportación,

requiere no solo de manejar habilidades lectoras para apropiar las normas y pasos
a seguir, sino también comprender y extraer los aspectos más importantes de
cada texto. Existen gran cantidad de textos referentes exportación e importación
en inglés, por lo cual es necesario fortalecer las competencias en dicha lengua.

Para reforzar lo mencionado, realice las siguientes actividades:

1. Lea el siguiente texto:

Export-Import Theory1

Setting up the business

Whether it is a new or existing export-import business, the legal form, or

structure, will determine how the business is to be conducted, its tax
liability, and other important considerations. Each form of business
organization has its own advantages and disadvantages, and the
entrepreneur has to select the one that best fulfills the goals of the
entrepreneur and the business. Selection of an appropriate business
organization is a task that requires accounting and legal expertise and
should be done with the advice of a competent attorney or accountant.

Ownership structure

In this section, we examine different forms of business organizations: sole

proprietorships, partnerships, corporations, and limited liability companies.

1
Belay, S. (2009). Export-Import Theory, Practices, and Procedures. (2a ed.). New York: Routledge.
Sole proprietorships

A sole proprietorship is a firm owned and operated by one individual. No

separate legal entity exists. There is one principal in the business who has
total control over all export-import operations and who can make decisions
without consulting anyone. The major advantages of sole proprietorships
are as follows:

1. They are easy to organize and simple to control. Establishing an export-

import business as sole proprietorship is simple and inexpensive and
requires little or no government approval. At the state level, registration of
the business name is required, while at the federal level, sole proprietors
need to keep accurate accounting records and attach a profit or loss
statement for the business when filing individual tax returns (Schedule C,
Internal Revenue Service Form 1040). They must operate on a calendar
year and can use the cash or accrual method of accounting.

2. They are more flexible to manage than partnerships or corporations. The

owner makes all operational and management decisions concerning the
business. The owner can remove money or other assets of the business
without legal or tax consequences. He or she can also easily transfer or
terminate the business.

3. Sole proprietorships are subject to minimal government regulations

versus other business concerns.

4. The owner of a sole proprietorship is taxed as an individual, at a rate

lower than the corporate income tax rate. Losses from the export import
business can be applied by the owner to offset taxable income from other
sources. Sole proprietors are also allowed to establish tax exempt
retirement accounts. (Harper, 1991; Cheeseman, 2006a)
The major disadvantage of running an export-import concern as a sole
proprietorship is the risk of unlimited liability. The owner is personally liable
for the debts and other liabilities of the business. Insurance can be bought
to protect against these liabilities; however, if insurance protection is not
sufficient to cover legal liability for defective products or debts, judgment
creditors’ next recourse is the personal assets of the owner. Another
disadvantage is that the proprietor’s access to capital is limited to personal
funds plus any loans that can be obtained. In addition, very few individuals
have all the necessary skills to run an export-import business, and the
owner may lack certain skills. The business may also terminate upon the
death or disability of the owner.

Establishing an appropriate business organization: pointers

 Does the entrepreneur intend to be the sole owner of the export-import

business? If not, how many people have an ownership interest?

 Does the entrepreneur need additional capital and/or expertise?

 What legal form provides the greatest flexibility for management?

 What legal form affords the most advantageous tax treatment for the
business concern and individual entrepreneurs?

 Which legal structure is easy and less expensive to establish and subject
to a low degree of government regulation?

 How important is it to limit personal liability of owners?

 o Which legal structure is the most appropriate in light of the goals and
objectives of the export-import business? (Belay, 2009).

2. Elabore una lista de vocabulario sobre el texto, mínimo de 15 palabras y escriba

su respectivo significado en inglés.
Word Meaning
Person legally authorized to advise and
defend the rights and interests of
Attorney
another person in legal matters and
represent it in a lawsuit.
Indicates lack or lack of any material or
Without
immaterial thing.
Property rights In the right, the domain
or property, is the direct and immediate
power over an object or good, by which
Proprietorships
is attributed to its owner the ability to
dispose of it, without further limitations
than those imposed by law
The return is the act of giving something
back to someone. It is a process that is
based on a right of possession of a
Returns
certain person with respect to a certain
good that was delivered with some type
of specific objective.
The ability is the innate aptitude, talent,
skill or ability that a person holds to
Skills
carry out and of course with success,
certain activity, work
Small amount of blood or discharge
from the womb that is abnormally
Losses
expelled outside of the menstrual
period.
Faculty of understanding, by virtue of
Judgment which man can distinguish good from
evil and true from false
Heritage prefix of Latin origin that enters
Upon the formation of names with the
meaning of 'above', 'besides'
Sole It applies to one or several things of
which or of whose species there are no
 others.
 A loan is an operation by which a
financial institution puts at our disposal
Loans
a certain amount of money through a
contract.
 Circumstance or situation that gives
Advantages
superiority in something.
Applied That puts effort
Income Amount of money earned or collected.
Little That has a smaller size than normal.
That it remains inactive letting things
Liabilities
happen without your intervention.

3. El texto sugerido al inicio de esta evidencia cuenta con varios párrafos, y al

interior de cada párrafo se encuentran varias ideas principales. Por favor, lea el
material complementario “Identifying the main idea” para conocer cómo se
puede encontrar la idea principal en un párrafo escrito en inglés.

 How to carry out a business

 There are different forms of commercial organizations
 The director controls all export and import operations
 The sole proprietors are simple and low in costs
 The owners are in charge of making all the decisions
 The individual companies are governmental
 The individual owners have a lower rate than the tax rate
 The owners are responsible for their business

4. Luego de analizar el material complementario, por favor escriba las ideas

principales de cada párrafo, en presente simple, en inglés. No haga
transcripción literal de los párrafos. A continuación, transforme la oración a
presente progresivo, también en inglés.
Simple Present Tense Present Progressive Tense
How to carry out a business How to carrying out a business
There are different forms of There's are differencing forms of
commercial organizations commercial organizations
The director controls all export and The director controlling all export and
import operations import operations
The sole proprietors are simple and The sole proprietors are simple and
low in costs low in costing
The owners are in charge of making all The owners are in charge of making all
the decisions the decisions
 The individual companies are The individual companying are
governmental governmental
The individual owners have a lower The individual owners having a lower
rate than the tax rate rate than the tax rate
The owners are responsible for their The owners are responsible for their
business business

5. Organice las ideas en un solo resumen, de manera que se conecten

coherentemente, en 15 líneas.
The art of conducting a business internationally is a science that every logistics
connoisseur must be fully clear in order to help the business development of the
company itself; That is why as a first instance it should be clear about different
forms of trade organizations, since in each case the director controls in a different
way all the international operations of the trade balance, where the sole owners are
simple and low cost and take all decisions against the business.
As a second aspect; you must always have a clear understanding of each legal
form in which the company cedes its production, administrative and commercial
processes; In order not to have legal consequences with the superior control
entities in matters such as the environment, etc ... (even with a single administrator
or boss, the same requirement must be provided in order to create an environment
of safety, quality and trust both for the client and for the parties involved)
To conclude, the fundamental secret for all international business to be successful
is always the responsibility in strict compliance with each of the international
requirements and their respective restrictions.

Nota: para el desarrollo de esta evidencia se debe tener en cuenta el material de

formación “Using simple present and progressive to export” y el material
complementario asociado a esta actividad de aprendizaje.

Desarrolle esta evidencia con la herramienta ofimática de su preferencia y envíe el

archivo al instructor a través de la plataforma virtual de aprendizaje en formato
.doc o .pdf.

Pasos para enviar la evidencia:

1. Clic en el título de la evidencia.

2. Clic en Examinar mi equipo y buscar el archivo previamente guardado.
3. Dejar un comentario al instructor (opcional).
4. Clic en Enviar.
Nota: esta evidencia es de carácter individual. Recuerde revisar la guía de
aprendizaje con el fin de verificar que ha realizado todas las actividades
propuestas, saber cómo desarrollarlas y entregarlas correctamente.
 Criterios de evaluación
Realiza resúmenes de la información relevante y detallada de un texto técnico en
inglés.