九十七學年第一學期 PHYS2310 電磁學 期中考試題(共兩頁)

[Griffiths Ch.1-3] 2008/11/18, 10:10am–12:00am, 教師：張存續

記得寫上學號，班別及姓名等。請依題號順序每頁答一題。
◇ Useful formulas
∂V 1 ∂V ˆ 1 ∂V 1 ∂ 2 1 ∂ 1 ∂
∇V = rˆ + θ+ φˆ and ∇ ⋅ v = 2 (r vr ) + (sin θ vθ ) + vφ
∂r r ∂θ r sin θ ∂φ r ∂r r sin θ ∂θ r sin θ ∂φ

1. (6%, 7%, 7%) Suppose the potential at the surface of a hollow hemisphere is specified, as shown
in the figure, where V1 (a, θ ) = 0 , V2 (b, θ ) = V0 (2 cos θ − 5cos θ sin 2 θ ) , V3 (r , π 2) = 0 . V0 is a
constant.
(a) Show the general solution in the region b ≤ r ≤ a .
(b) Determine the potential in the region b ≤ r ≤ a , using the boundary conditions.
(c) Calculate the electric field in the region b ≤ r ≤ a .
[Hint: P0 ( x) = 1, P1 ( x) = x, P2 ( x) = (3x 2 − 1) / 2, and P3 ( x) = (5 x3 − 3x) / 2 .]

2. (10%, 10%) A point charge q is situated a large distance r from a neutral atom of polarizability
α.
(a) Find the induced dipole moment of the atom p.
(b) Find the force between them (attractive or repulsive).

3. (10%, 10%) A point charge q is situated at distance a from the center of a conducting sphere of
radius R. The sphere is maintained at the constant potential V0.
(a) Find the position and the value of the image charge.
(b) Verify that the tangential component of the electric field is zero throughout on the surface of
the metal sphere.
[Hint: 1. use the notations shown below. 2. Assume q lays on the z-axis]

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4. (8%, 6%, 6%) Consider two infinite parallel metal plates separated by a distance s are at potential
0 and V0 as shown in the figure. .
(a) Use Poisson’s equation to find the potential V in the region between the plates where the
x
space change density is ρ = ρ0 .
d
(b) Find the electric field E in the region between the plates.
(c) Use the boundary condition to determine the charge densities on the plates.
[Note: The electric field inside the metal plate is zero Einside = 0 .]
V=0 V=V0

x=0 x=d

5. (8%, 6%, 6%) Consider a hollowed charged sphere with radius R and uniform charge density ρ
as shown in the figure. The inner radius of the spherical cavity is R/2 .
(a) If the observer is very far from the charged sphere, find the multiple expansion of the
potential V in power of 1/r
(b) Find the dipole moment p.
(c) Find the electric field E up to the dipole term.
[Note: Specify a vector with both magnitude and direction.]

r
R
2
ρ
R

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1.
(a)
(i) V1 (a, θ ) = 0

Boundary condition (ii) V2 (b, θ ) = V0 (2 cos θ − 5cos θ sin 2 θ ) = V0 (5cos3 θ − 3cos θ ) = 2V0 P3
(ii) V3 (r , θ = π 2) = 0

∞
General solution V (r , θ ) = ∑ ( A r + B r − ( +1)
) P (cos θ )
=0

(b)
∞
B.C. (i) → V (a, θ ) = ∑ ( A a + B a − ( +1)
) P (cos θ ) = 0 ⇒ B = − A a 2 +1

=0
∞
B.C. (ii) → V (b,θ ) = ∑ ( A b + B b − ( +1)
) P (cos θ ) = 2V0 P3 (cos θ )
=0

Comparing the coefficiency ⇒ A3b3 + B3b −4 = 2V0 , A = B = 0 for = 0,1, 2, 4,5,...

B.C. (iii) → V (r , θ = π2 ) = ( A3 r 3 + B3r −4 ) P3 (0) = 0
⇒ A = B = 0 except = 3,
2V b 4 2V b 4 a 7
A3 = 7 0 7 and B3 = − 70 7
b −a b −a
 2V   5cos θ − 3cos θ 
3
2V
∴V (r , θ ) =  7 0 7 b 4 r 3 − 7 0 7 b 4 a 7 r −4   
b −a b −a  2 
(c)
 2V   5cos θ − 3cos θ 
3
2V
V (r , θ ) =  7 0 7 b 4 r 3 − 7 0 7 b 4 a 7 r −4   
b −a b −a  2 
∂V 1 ∂V ˆ
E = −∇V = − rˆ − θ
∂r r ∂θ
 6V0 4 7 −5   5cos θ − 3cos θ 
3
8V0
= − 7 br − 7
4 2
b a r   rˆ
b −a b − a7 
7
2 
 6V   15cos θ sin θ − 3sin θ 
2
8V
+  7 0 7 b 4 r 2 − 7 0 7 b 4 a 7 r −5    θ̂
b −a b −a  2 

2.
(a)
q 1
The electric field of a point charge E = rˆ
4πε r 2
1 αq
The induced dipole moment p = α E = rˆ
4πε r 2
(b)

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 1 1 1 2 α q2
The total electric static energy U = −( )p ⋅ E = −( )( ) 4
2 2 4πε r
1
Note : ( ) comes from the fact that the dipole moment p is induced by E.
2
1 2 q2
The force bewteen is F = −∇U = − 2α ( ) rˆ attractive.
4πε r 5
The direction of the induced dipole p is in line with the electric field E generated by the charge q.

3.(a)
Assume the image charge q′ is placed at a distance b from the center of the sphere.
It is equipotential on the surface of a grounded sphere.
Using two boundary conditions at P1 and P2
1 q′ q 
At P1: ( + ) = 0
4πε 0 R − b a − R 
 two equations and two unknowns (q′ and b)
1 q′ q
At P2 : ( + ) = 0
4πε 0 R + b a + R 
R2 R
b= (position), q′ = − q(value of the image charge)
a a
(b)
The potential outside the sphere when V =0
1  q′ q  R2 R
V (r ) =  +  , where b = and q′ = − q
4πε 0  r − bzˆ r − azˆ  a a
The potential outside the sphere when V =V0
1  4πε 0 RV0 q′ q 
V (r ) =  + + 
4πε 0  r r − bzˆ r − azˆ 
 r − bzˆ = (r 2 sin 2 θ + ( r cos θ − b) 2 = (r 2 − 2br cos θ + b 2 )
where  ,
 r − azˆ = (r sin θ + (r cos θ − a) = (r − 2ar cos θ + a )
2 2 2 2 2

∂V 1 ∂V ˆ
On the surface of the metal sphere, E = −∇V (r ) = − rˆ − θ
∂r r ∂θ

1 ∂V 1 1 ∂  q′ q 
Eθ = − =−  + 
r ∂θ 4πε 0 r ∂θ  (r 2 − 2br cos θ + b 2 ) (r 2 − 2ar cos θ + a 2 ) 

1 1 q′(−2br sin θ ) q (−2ar sin θ ) 
=−  2 + 2 2 3/ 2 
4πε 0 r  (r − 2br cos θ + b )
2 3/ 2
(r − 2ar cos θ + a ) 
2sin θ  q′b qa 
=  2 + 2 2 3/ 2 
4πε 0  (r − 2br cos θ + b )
2 3/ 2
(r − 2ar cos θ + a ) 

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 R R2 R3
− q − q
q′b a a a2
= =
( R + 2bR cos θ − b 2 )3/ 2
2
R2 R4 R3 2
(R − 2
2
R cos θ + 2 )3/ 2 3
(a − 2aR cos θ + R 2 )3/ 2
a a a
qa
=− 2
( R − 2aR cos θ + a 2 )3/ 2

2sin θ  qa qa 
Eθ (@ r = R ) = − 2 + 2 2 3/ 2 
=0
4πε 0  ( R − 2aR cos θ + a )
2 3/ 2
( R − 2aR cos θ + a ) 

4.(a)
d 2V ρ0 x ρ0 x3
= − ⇒ V ( x ) = − + c1 x + c2
dx 2 ε 0d 6ε 0 d
Use the boundary conditions to determine the coefficiencies.
 V (0) = 0 ⇒ c2 =0

 ρ0 d 2 V0 ρ0 d
V (d ) = V0 = − 6ε + c1d ⇒ c1 = d + 6ε
 0 0

ρx 3
V ρd
V ( x) = − 0 + ( 0 + 0 ) x
6ε 0 d d 6ε 0
(b)
ρ0 x3 V0 ρ0 d
V ( x) = − +( + )x
6ε 0 d d 6ε 0
ρ x2 V ρ d
E = −∇V ( x) = 0 − ( 0 + 0 )xˆ
2ε 0 d d 6ε 0
(c)
 V0 ρ0 d  ε 0V0 ρ0 d
E x =0 = −( d + 6ε )xˆ σ x =0 = ε 0 ( Eoutside − Einside ) = −( d + 6 )

⇒
0
 
E = ( 2 ρ0 d − V0 )xˆ σ = ε ( E 2 ρ0 d ε 0V0
outside − Einside ) = ( − )
 x = d 3ε 0 d  x =d 0
3 d

5.
(a)
Consider this problem as two charge spheres, one with charge density ρ
the other with opposite charge density − ρ .
1 4π 3 1 4π R 3
Vbig = (ρ R ) and Vsmall = (− ρ ( ) )
4πε 0 r 3 4πε 0 r − 1 R 3 2
2
1R
1 1
= (1 + ( 2 ) cos θ + …)
r − 12 R r r

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Using the principle of superposition, we find,
1R
1 4π 3 1 4π R 3
V= (ρ R )− (ρ ( ) )(1 + ( 2 ) cos θ + …)
4πε 0 r 3 4πε 0 r 3 2 r
1 7 4π 3 1 4π R 3 R 4π 3
= (ρ R )− (ρ ( ) )( ) cos θ + … , let Q = ρ R
4πε 0 r 8 3 4πε 0 r 3 2 2r 3
1 7Q 1 QR
= − ( ) cos θ + …
4πε 0 r 8 4πε 0 r 2 8 2

(b)
4π 3
Q=ρ R
3
1 7Q 1 QR
V= − ( ) cos θ + …
4πε 0 r 8 4πε 0 r 2 8 2
The first term is the monopole term and the second term is the dipole term.
QR
So the dipole moment p = − zˆ .
16
(c)
1 7Q 1 QR
V= − ( ) cos θ + …
4πε 0 r 8 4πε 0 r 2 8 2
∂V 1 ∂V ˆ 1 ∂V
E = −∇V = − rˆ − θ− φˆ
∂r r ∂θ r sin θ ∂φ
 1 7Q 2p  p
= − cos θ  rˆ − sin θ θˆ
 4πε r 8 4πε r
2 3  4πε 0 r 3
 0 0 

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