FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

___________________________________________________________________

Programme : Bachelor of Engineering (Hons) Mechanical (EM220) Course

Code : MEC 424

Lecturer : Profesor Madya Ahmad Kamil Bin Hussain

Group : EMD4M4A

___________________________________________________________________

MEC 424 - LABORATORY REPORT

TITLE: Physical Pendulum – Pure Bending in Beam
No NAME STUDENT ID

1. MUHAMAD AIDIL TASNIM BIN ROSLAN 2018250956

2. MIOR MUHAMMAD MUAZ BIN MIOR HANIP 2018660092

3. MOHAMAD AIDIL HAZIEM BIN MOHAMED ASRI 2018260026

4. MUHAMMAD ALHAM SODIQ BIN ALIMUDDIN 2018801486

5. IZATUL AINA AFIQAH BINTI MOHD ROHAZID 2018801416

REPORT SUBMISSION: 17 / 05 / 2020

(DATE)
*By signing above you attest that you have contributed to this submission and confirm that all work you have
contributed to this submission is your own work. Any suspicion of copying or plagiarism in this work will result in an
investigation of academic misconduct and may result in a “0” on the work, an “F” in the course, or possibly more
severe penalties.

Marking Scheme
No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Total

1
 FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Teamwork Assessment Form

Name : Mior Muhammad Muaz Bin Mior Hanip

Members’ name 1. Muhamad Aidil Tasnim Bin Roslan

2. Mohamad Aidil Haziem Bin Mohamed Asri
3. Muhammad Alham Sodiq Bin Alimuddin
4. Izatul Aina Afiqah Binti Mohd Rohazid

Scale 1 2 3 4 5
Level Poor Acceptable Excellent

You will rate yourself and your team members on the following criteria

Earned Assessment
Members
Element Self 1 2 3 4
I was ready to work with my team 5 5 5 5 5
I did my assigned work well and always on time 5 5 5 5 5
I was fair to my teammates and myself 5 5 5 5 5
I listened to others appreciatively and was supportive 5 5 5 5 5
I was very committed and focused in my team 5 5 5 5 5
I put extra efforts to finish or accomplish our task 5 5 5 5 5
I encouraged others in my team and was helpful 5 5 5 5 5
I managed and coordinated team efforts effectively 5 5 5 5 5
I was able to lead discussions and provide solutions 5 5 5 5 5
Overall, I was very satisfied and enjoyed my work 5 5 5 5 5
Total 50 50 50 50 50
Comment
Self:

Member 1: Kind

Member 2: Helpful

Member 3: Optimist

Member 4: Calm

2
ABSTRACT

In this lab, the method of deflection is observed to determine the elastic

modulus (E) of the beam specimen. The lab will focus to the different types of the
beam specimen by using mild steel, aluminium and brass in which 0.45 mm, 0.56
mm and 0.6 mm respectively that have different of width. The reason behind this
testing was to better understand the deflection of the beam when the load (W) was
applied. The testing was done by clamping using load holder and the centre point of
the specimen beam was marked by using universal magnetic stand. The value of the
deflection was measure by using dial gauge when the load applied continuously.
Measurement of the deflection was recorded and then later compared with their
theoretical value.

This experiment was discovered using deflection measurement, an

examination of the relationship between deflection and materials properties will be
shown along with a comparison of the materials based on their strength and
deflection, both theoretical and experimental. Every different type of materials have a
different elastic curve/Modulus young (E) and the properties of each material. Such
as, mild steel with 210 Gpa (E), aluminium with 70 Gpa (E) and brass with 104.1
Gpa (E). Aluminium has the lowest value of Modulus young and this clearly shows
that aluminium is softer than mild steel and brass. The load given to the beam is
proportionally with the deflection.

3
TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT...................................................................................................................3
TABLE OF CONTENTS...............................................................................................4
LIST OF FIGURE..........................................................................................................5
LIST OF TABLE............................................................................................................5
1.0 Title.....................................................................................................................6
2.0 Objective.............................................................................................................6
3.0 Introduction.........................................................................................................6
4.0 Theory.................................................................................................................8
5.0 Experimental procedures..................................................................................10
5.1 Location of Experiment..................................................................................10
5.2 Apparatus......................................................................................................10
5.3 Experimental procedure................................................................................11
6.0 Result and data.................................................................................................12
7.0 Discussion........................................................................................................19
8.0 Conclusion........................................................................................................20
9.0 References.......................................................................................................21

4
LIST OF FIGURE
Figure 1 Shear force diagram for beam.......................................................................5
Figure 2 Bending moment diagram for beam...............................................................5
Figure 3 set up for experiment......................................................................................9
Figure 4 graph load vs. deflection of beam for aluminium.........................................11
Figure 5 graph of load vs deflection of beam for brass..............................................11
Figure 6 graph of load vs. deflection for mild steel.....................................................12
Figure 7 graph of w vs. y............................................................................................13

LIST OF TABLE
Table 1 initial measurement of materials....................................................................10
Table 2 result of experiment.......................................................................................10

5
1.0 Title
I. Pure Bending in Beam

2.0 Objective
I. Determine the elastic modulus (E) of beam specimen by method of deflection
of Mild Steel, Aluminium and Brass.
II. Validate the data between experimental and theoretical values

3.0 Introduction
Bending characterizes the behaviour of a slender structural element subjected
to external load applied perpendicularly to a longitudinal axis of the element. A
structural element subjected to bending is known as a beam. In this experiment, the
beam is subjected to pure bending at the central section. When a beam experiences
a bending moment, it will change its shape and internal stresses will be developed.
The photograph illustrates the shape change of elements of beam in bending. Not
that the material is in compression on the inside of the curve and tension on the
outside of the curve, and that transverse planes in the material remain parallel to the
radius during bending.

6
 Shear force is the force in the beam acting perpendicular to its longitudinal (x)
axis. For design purposes, the beam's ability to resist shear force is more important
than its ability to resist an axial force. Axial force is the force in the beam acting
parallel to the longitudinal axis. Shear force diagrams are simply plotting of the shear
force (on the y-axis) versus the position of various points along the beam (on the x-
axis). Thus, the following is the generalized shear force diagram for the beam shown
below.

Figure 1 Shear force diagram for beam

The bending moment at any point along the beam is equal to the area under
the shear force diagram up to that point. Bending moment diagrams are simply plots
of the bending moment (on the y-axis) versus the position of various points along the
beam (on the x-axis). Thus, the following is the generalized bending moment
diagram for the beam shown below.

Figure 2 Bending moment diagram for beam

7
4.0 Theory

Where;
R = Radius of curvature of beam,
L = length of the beam,
y = the deflection of the beam,
W = weight of the load,
d = distance

The beam deflects into the shape of an arc of a circle of a radius, R;

2 2 L 2
R =( R− y) +( )
2
Simplify;

L2
R=
8y

Formula for flexural stress;

M E
=
I R

The radius of curvature, R is given as;

EI
R=
M

Moment equation;

8
M =Wd

Moment of inertia on the beam;

b h3
I=
12

Where, E is elastic modulus and I about neutral axis.

In terms of the measured quantities, therefore;

Wd L2
E=
8 Iy

Can be factorize;

W d L2
E=( )( )
y 8I

9
5.0 Experimental procedures
5.1 Location of Experiment
I. Via Youtube / Strength laboratory

5.2 Apparatus
I. Universal System Vibration Apparatus (TM155), which includes:
II. Mild Steel, Aluminum, and Brass beams
III. The cantilever beam setup
IV. Vernier calliper, dial gauge, and 1-m steel ruler
V. Load hangers
VI. Loads/Weights to be hung on the beam.

10
 5.3 Experimental procedure

Figure 3 set up for experiment

1 The apparatus was set up as shown in Figure 3.

2 The measurement of each material’s (mild steel, brass and aluminium) length,
width and thickness were taken.
3 The length of L and x is measured 400 mm and 100 mm by using ruler
provided.
4 The middle point from length L is calculated to put the gauge onto the point at
the beam surface.
5 The load holder was tightened used screw driver between point L and x that
measured.
6 The scale on the dial gauge was set to zero.
7 2 Newton loads was added at both holder (Right side and Left side).
8 The reading on the dial gauge was recorded.
9 Every reading recorded from the gauge is time by 0.01mm.
10 Step 7 and 8 is repeated until both side of load were added to 16 Newton
loads.
11 The procedure was then repeated again but using different type of specimen.
12 All the data collected was shown in the result.

11
6.0 Result and data

Initial Measurements
Thickness(mm
Materials Length(mm) Width(mm)
)
Aluminium 998 19.30 6.52
Brass 1005 20.00 6.00
Mild Steel 999 20.36 4.00
Table 1 initial measurement of materials

Table of result
Beam Maximum Deflection (mm)
Load
Materials
(N) Aluminium Brass Mild Steel
0 0 0 0
2 0.15 0.12 0.19
4 0.32 0.24 0.42
6 0.48 0.35 0.63
8 0.64 0.47 0.84
10 0.8 0.59 1.05
12 1.06 0.7 1.26
14 1.12 0.82 1.47
16 1.28 0.94 1.68
Table 2 result of experiment

12
 Aluminium: Load, N vs Deflection of beam,mm
18

16

14

12

10
Load, N

0
0 0.15 0.32 0.48 0.64 0.8 1.06 1.12 1.28
Deflection of beam, mm

Figure 4 graph load vs. deflection of beam for aluminium

Brass: Load, N vs Deflection of beam, mm

18

16

14

12

10
Load, N

0
0 0.12 0.24 0.35 0.47 0.59 0.7 0.82 0.94
Deflection of beam, mm

Figure 5 graph of load vs deflection of beam for brass

13
 Mild Steel: Load, N vs Deflection of beam, mm
18

16

14

12

10
Load, N

0
0 0.19 0.42 0.63 0.84 1.05 1.26 1.47 1.68
Deflection of beam, mm

Figure 6 graph of load vs. deflection for mild steel

14
Sample calculations

Figure 7 graph of w vs. y

I. Aluminium

Finding the slope

W 1−W 2 16−2
⌀¿ =
Y 2−Y 1 ( 1.28 × 10 )−(0.15 ×10−3)
−3

¿ 12389.38

Finding the first moment of inertia,

b h3
I=
12

( 0.019 ) ( 0.007 )3
I=
12

I =5.43 ×10−10 m 4

Finding Eexperimental,

Φ ( X )L2
E=
I ×8

15
 ( 12389.38 ) ( 0.13 ) (0.397)2
E=
( 5.43× 10−10 ) ( 8 )

E=58.436GPa

Finding the percentage of failure,

|THEORETICALVALUE −CALCULATEDVALUE|
Percentage =
THEORETICALVALUE
|70 – 58.436|
= X 100%
70
= 16.52 %

16
 II. Brass

Finding the slope, ⌀

W 1−W 2 16−2
⌀ ¿ =
Y 2−Y 1 ( 0.94 ×10 )−(0.12× 10−3 )
−3

¿ 17073.17

Finding the first moment of inertia,

b h3
I=
12

( 0.02 )( 0.006 )3
I=
12

I =3.60 ×10−10 m4

Finding Eexperimental,

Φ ( X )L2
E=
I ×8
( 17073.17 )( 0.15 ) ( 0.397)2
E=
( 3.60× 10−10 ) ( 8 )
E=140.15GPa

Finding the percentage of failure,

|THEORETICALVALUE −CALCULATEDVALUE|
Percentage =
THEORETICALVALUE
|100−140.15|
= X 100%
100
= 40.15 %

17
 III. Mild steel

Finding the slope, ⌀

W 1−W 2 16−2
⌀¿ =
Y 2−Y 1 ( 1.68 × 10 )−(0.19 ×10−3)
−3

¿ 9395.97

Finding the first moment of inertia,

b h3
I=
12

( 0.0204 ) ( 0.004 )3
I=
12

I =1.067 ×10−10 m4

Finding Eexperimental,

Φ ( X )L2
E=
I ×8
( 9395.97 )( 0.13 ) (0.397)2
E=
( 1.067 ×10−10 ) ( 8 )
E=225.53GPa

Finding the percentage of failure,

|THEORETICALVALUE −CALCULATEDVALUE|
PERCENTAGE =
THEORETICALVALUE
|200−225.53|
= X 100%
100
11.32 %

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7.0 Discussion

In this experiment, we used three beams of different materials, mild steel with
the length of 100.4 cm, aluminium with the length of 99.9 cm and brass also with the
length of 99.9 cm. When these beams were subjected to bending, we managed to
calculate these values of modulus of elasticity or Young’s modulus (E) of the three
specimens (mild steel, aluminium and brass) and compare it with the theoretical
values.

Comparing the values, we could see that the experimental values of Young’s
modulus are different compared to the theoretical values. The percentage of error for
the three beams is 11.32% for mild steel, 16.52% for aluminium and 40.15% for
brass beam. Brass beam deflects the least at 0.94 mm when subjected to bending,
followed by aluminium which deflects 1.28 mm and mild steel which deflects the
most at 1.68 mm. From these values we obtained during the experiment, we could
see that the brass beam we used is the strongest material, followed by aluminium
and mild steel being the least strong out of all three specimens.

However, there might be some errors in the data collected. There are a few possible
sources of errors that might influence the values of the data obtained:

Parallax error. This error occurs due to the position of the eye is not perpendicular to
the scale of the extension gage when reading the data, which results in inaccuracy of
the data. Way to overcome this error is to make sure eye level is perpendicular to the
scale of instrument.

Machine error. The machine may have a decrease in its functionality as it has been
used a lot of times before. To overcome this, we must regularly check if the machine
is fully functional before starting the experiment.

19
8.0 Conclusion

In conclusion, we can say that this experiment is successful. We managed to

achieve both objectives, which is we determined the elastic modulus (E) of beam
specimen by method of deflection of mild steel, aluminium and brass, and we have
validated the data between experimental and theoretical values.

From the results, mild steel has the maximum beam deflection followed by
aluminium and brass. It can be concluded that among the three specimens used in
this experiment, brass is the strongest material, followed by aluminium and mild
steel. Lastly, the experimental values of the Young’s modulus and the theoretical
values are different and it migh have happened due to some errors as discussed
before. However, the values are not very big in difference and therefore this
experiment is successful.

20
9.0 References

1. Bending of Beams. (n.d.). Retrieved April 9, 2019, from

https://www.princeton.edu/~humcomp/bikes/design/desi_64.htm

2. Farsi, A., Pullen, A. D., Latham, J. P., Bowen, J., Carlsson, M., Stitt, E. H., &
Marigo, M. (2017, April 11). Full deflection profile calculation and Young's
modulus optimisation for engineered high performance materials. Retrieved
April 9, 2019, from https://www.nature.com/articles/srep46190

3. R.C. Hibbeler (2017). Mechanics of Materials: Global Edition. Harlow, United

Kingdom: Pearson Education Limited.

4. Shear Force and Bending Moment. (2000, October 5). Retrieved April 8,
2019, from
http://people.virginia.edu/~pjm8f/engr162/beam/shear_force_and_bending_m
oment.htm

5. University of Arizona College of Optical Sciences. (2016). Flexural Stresses in

Beams. Retrieved from University of Arizona College of Optical Sciences

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