Team#6, Final Project Report The Sliding Bus

Sem.441
Qassim University College of Engineering
‫ كلية الهندسة‬- ‫جامعة القصيم‬
Introduction to Engineering Design-2 "GE 213"

Course Project Checklist

Date (13 / 11/ 2022 ) Group : ( 1 )
Team Students Names
( 6 ) Mohammed Alkhudair Mohammed Alshamekh Mohammad Musaad Alabdulmuhsin

Work Self Assessed by Team 6 Work Evaluated by

I- General Report Requirements
Item Self Ass. Instructor
Scoring system: 0 = Not exist/acceptable, 1 = Weak, 2 = Acceptable, and 3 = Good 4 = Excellent Yes/No Evaluation
A. Style and Contents
1. The work is assembled in the correct order with this checklist on top and the cover
Yes
page and table of contents are well formatted?
2. The main body of the report is divided into sections with appropriate titles, suitable font
Yes
and size are used (12-14 pt.) and each page have Header/Footer.
3. The INTRODUCTION provides background, forecast the document and orient the Yes
reader?
4. The Conclusion is clear, insightful and outlines all important results? Yes
5. Used references are standard format, as the last Item of the report, and appear in the Yes
same order as they are referred to in the main body?
6. All tables and figures have a number, title, and mentioned in the text before it is Yes
placed?
7. All graphs have reasonable sizes, formats, descriptive title or caption, legend and Yes
both axes have labeled divisions, descriptive titles and units?
B. Technical Requirements
1. The problem is clearly defined and stated. Yes
2. Heuristics used to obtain the solution are well demonstrated. Yes
3. Different models are well described with appropriate illustrations before starting Yes
representing any solution.
4. All assumptions used in models are identified. Yes
5. Mathematical equations used in models are clearly written with their symbols Yes
explained.
6. Results and problem solution are presented in logical and clear manner with fair Yes
discussions.
7. Lessons learned from the problem modeling are determined. Yes
C. Team Process Requirements and Check
1. Are there an attached team meetings minutes including at least: Agenda, Yes
Discussions, Decisions and recommendations.
Self evaluation of the team performances (Evaluate by : None, week or ok)
Members Names Effective attendance Adherence to tasks Quality of the work
 OK OK OK
Mohammed Alkhudair

OK OK OK
Mohammed Alshamekh

Mohammad Musaad OK OK OK

TOTAL SCORE ( / 60 ) and Final Grade

E M NI NCE
Score  50 35 ≤ Score < 50 25 ≤ Score < 35 Score < 25

Page 1 of 1

Qassim University
College of Engineering

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 Introduction To Engineering Design II (GE 213)
Semester: 441

The Sliding Bus

Team#6
No. Name Dept. PIN Email
M.1 Mohammed Alkhudair CE 392111725 392111725@qu.edu.sa

M.2 Mohammed Alshamekh ME 411109488 411109488@qu.edu.sa

M.3 Mohammad Musaad EE 391108114 391108114@qu.edu.sa

Alabdulmuhsin

13/11/2022

Instructor: Prof.Hanafy Ahmad

Table of content

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Introduction.................................................................................................................................................7
Problem definition.......................................................................................................................................7
Assumptions................................................................................................................................................7
Heuristics.....................................................................................................................................................7
Objectives....................................................................................................................................................7
Strategy.......................................................................................................................................................8
Equations:................................................................................................................................................8
Model implementation:...............................................................................................................................8
General Information:...................................................................................................................................8
Entry Data:...................................................................................................................................................9
Calculations Area:........................................................................................................................................9
Overall Excel Sheet....................................................................................................................................10
Results & Discussion..................................................................................................................................10
Conclusion:................................................................................................................................................11
References:................................................................................................................................................12
Appendices:...............................................................................................................................................13

List of Tables
Table 1. General Information......................................................................................................................8
Table 2. Entry Data......................................................................................................................................9
Table 3. Calculation Area 1..........................................................................................................................9
Table 4. Calculation Area 2........................................................................................................................10

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 List of Figures
Figure 1: Model implementation excel sheet............................................................................................11
Figure 2: The graph of Momentum vs centrifugal force............................................................................12
Figure 3. Momentum (N) VS No. of Passengers.........................................................................................12

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Introduction
This project revolves around achieving the maximum level of safety when using automobiles
because we want to minimize the number of accidents and hopefully eradicate them by using
parameters that will help create equations that estimate solutions for this problem.
At the beginning of the project, we identified the problem for us and then we studied some
suggested solutions and then we gathered the information from some academic sources and then
we used several methods to solve it, including the Excel program.

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Problem definition
We have a bus containing 10 to 50 passengers, the bus is traveling with a speed between 30 to 80
km/h. and accident could occur due to the bus sliding off the road, the weight of the bus is said to be
between 2000 to 4000 kg, and the maximum number of passengers is 50. We need to find a solution to
prevent accidents using equations of momentum and centrifugal force and critical speed.

Assumptions
 If the number of passengers, the quantity of motion will increase.
 When a regular rotation of the body quickly, the angular momentum is fixed body resists
any attempt to change the amount or direction of the angular momentum.
 If the velocity increases the weight of vehicles decreases.

Heuristics
1- Understanding the problem and the requirements.
2- using randbetween() function
3- using if statement.
4- finding momentum and centrifugal force to get the curve.

Objectives

1- determining the safest number of passengers allowed on the bus

2- determining the maximum allowed speed of the bus

3- determining the maximum load on the bus

Strategy

Equations:
1- Weight of passengers = No. of passenger * Weight of one passenger
2- Total weight (kg) = mass of bus + mass of persons
3- momentum = m * v [1]
where v = velocity. m = mass.

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 4- F = m * v2/r [1]
where F = Centrifugal force. m = mass. v = velocity. r = radius of curve.
5- Critical speed= u*g*r [2]
where u = is coefficient of friction dry asphalt. g = gravity = 9.81 m/s^2. r = radius
of curve.

Model implementation:
Initially we divided the work into three fields, namely: the general information, and then the
data entered the project, and at the end the calculation area and graphs are present.

General Information:
Table.1 below shows the general information of the course and the team that worked on this
project.
Table 1. General Information

General Information
Course GE213
Group No. 1
Team No. 6
Mohammad Musaad
Team member Mohammed Al-Khudair Alabdulmuhsin
Mohammed ali al-shamekh
Assignment Course Project
Project Name Bus sliding at curves
Date 13/11/2022
Semester [441]

Entry Data:
These are the entry data of the project given in Table.2 below
Table 2. Entry Data

Entry Data
Number of passengers 10 50 -
Mass of passengers 40 100 kg

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 initial velocity 30 km/h
final velocity 80 km/h
Radius of curve 300 600 m
Mass of Bus 2000 4000 kg
Calculations Area:
This where the work is done, the calculations and the graphs are present in this section,
Table.3 below shows the calculation area
Table 3. Calculation Area 1

No. of passenger mass of passenger mass of bus total mass

31 47 3198 4655
48 55 3144 5784
43 96 2965 7093
17 86 2856 4318
38 51 3360 5298
20 46 3916 4836
39 56 3651 5835

Table 4. Calculation Area 2

velocity momentum radius of curve critical speed centrifugal force

37 172235 564 66.53023373 11299
72 416448 549 65.63956124 The bus will slide
51 361743 370 53.88654749 49861
80 345440 411 56.79373205 The bus will slide
40 211920 414 57.00063158 20475
53 256308 504 62.89190727 26953
41 239235 565 66.58918831 17360

Overall Excel Sheet

Figure.1 Below shows the entire sheet of this project.

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 Figure 1: Model implementation excel sheet.

Results & Discussion

At the end, we found the required results, which are divided into each part separately. By
entering the basic parameters, we used a function called the auto fill. We plotted many
parameters such as weight and passengers occupying the bus, momentum and centrifugal force to
determine the possibility of a bus crash it was assessed that if centrifugal force happens to be more than
50000 N the car will most likely slide otherwise not. Finally, we created a curve to show the speed when
bus begins to slide, also it is found that there is no dependence on the mass anymore because the
centrifugal and frictional force increase proportionally to the buses mass. All that remains regarding
variables is coefficient of friction (lower friction, lower critical speed) and the radius of the curve (smaller
radius, narrower curve, smaller critical speed).

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Fig.2 below demonstrates the relationship between Momentum of the bus and the centrifugal force (N)
graphically.

Figure 2: The graph of Momentum vs centrifugal force

Figure.3 below shows the relationship between the momentum (N) and number of passengers.

60 Momentum vs No. of passenger

50
No. of passenger

40

30

20

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momentum (N)
Figure 3. Momentum (N) VS No. of Passengers

Conclusion:
In conclusion, we found that if the angle/radius of the bus increases, the percentage of sliding
off increases. Also, if the speed limit increases, the percentage of sliding off will increase.

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References:
http://www.startimes.com/f.aspx?t=22759978 [1]
https://metinmediamath.wordpress.com/2013/12/15/car-dynamics-sliding-and-overturning/ [2]

Appendices:
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 Team Meeting
Arrival Time Mission
For
Final Project
Day Friday
Date 11/11/2022
Starting Time 4:00 PM
Finishing Time 9:45 PM
Location ZOOM
Name
Mohammad Al-Abdulmuhsin
3:53 Work in Excel

Mohammed Al-Khudair
3:57 Work in Word
and PowerPoint
Mohammed Al-Shamek
3:55 Write the Main
Body

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The Goals for the Meeting:
Finishing what we started in project part II and the Final project.

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